初中英语中考复习 秘籍04 动词的时态和语态-2020年中考英语抢分秘籍（原卷版）

这是一份初中英语中考复习 秘籍04 动词的时态和语态-2020年中考英语抢分秘籍（原卷版），共16页。试卷主要包含了各种时态的构成，各种时态的用法等内容，欢迎下载使用。
秘笈01 动词的时态和语态 考点 1 动词的时态动词的时态历来是中考题中考查的重头戏之一。测试重点放在根据特定语言环境区别使用一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时；一般现在时(过去时)与现在(过去)进行时；特定的时间状语中时态的使用；结合所获得的语言知识确定正确时态的能力等。综上所述，动词的时态在中考测试中的地位非常重要。因而考生在复习备考中必须对本专题引起足够的重视。二、各种时态的构成三、各种时态的用法考向1 一般现在时1. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every day，every other day，sometimes，often，usually，on Sunday …2. 用在客观真理，客观存在，科学事实或格言警句中。Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。3. 表示按计划表或时间表将要发生的动作，某些动词如come, go, move, stop, leave, finish, start等，在一般现在时态中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。The train comes at 3 o’clock.火车三点钟到。Class starts in two mimutes. 两分钟后就要上课了。4. 由when，as soon as，until，before，after引导的时间状语从句或由if，unless，as long as，once 引导的条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。I won’t leave unless you tell me everything.考向2 一般过去时1. 表示在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1981等。Where did you go just now? 刚才你去哪儿了？2. 表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。特别是由would / used to表达的句型，本身表达的就是过去时。常与always，usually，often，sometimes，never等时间状语连用。When I was a child, I often play football in the yard.3. 用于追述逝去的人或事，以及在从句中叙述历史事实。Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.4. 用于虚拟语气(非真实的过去)。If I know the truth, I would tell you now.5. 辨析used to / be used to1) used to+do：“过去常常”，表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful. 母亲以前没有这么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk after supper. 斯卡夫过去在晚饭后常常散步。2) be used to+doing：“对……已感到习惯”，或“习惯于”，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。Scarf is used to taking a walk after supper. 斯卡夫现在习惯于在晚饭后散步。考向3现在进行时1. 表示现在 (指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。在句中往往有now等时间状语或是像Look! /Listen! 等提示词语，有的则是通过上下文暗示某动作正在进行。We are waiting for you outside the classroom now.2. 表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作，也许此时此刻这个动作并没有进行。The students are preparing for the examination. Mr. Green is writing another novel these days.格林先生这些天在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）3. 与always，forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。You are always making your mind. 你总是改变主意。（表示抱怨或不满）4. 某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有arrive，come，leave，die等。例如：They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow. 他们明天要去香港。考向4过去进行时1. 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，这一特定的时间或时刻除了上下文暗示之外，还有时间状语如at that time / moment，at this time yesterday或when / while等引导的状语从句表示。What were you doing at nine o’clock yesterday evening?与always，forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。He was always ringing me up. 3. come / go / leave / arrive / set out / start等一些表示趋向动作的动词用过去进行时可表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作，一般强调按计划、要求、打算进行的动作。Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon. 考向5现在完成时1. 一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在（也许还将持续下去）。表示从过去持续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：up to now / till now / until now / so far，in the last / past few days，lately / recently，for+时间段/ since+过去的时间点，ever since / since then / ever since then等。She has been a nurse for ten years.2. 一件发生在过去的事情对现在产生影响，注意这时说话者的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响上。常用的时间状语有already，yet，just，never，before等。I have never been Beijing 3. 关于瞬间动词1) 瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词、终止性动词或非延续性动词，表示动作瞬间完成，可以有现在完成时态，但不能持续一段时间。在完成时中表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词来代替短暂性动词，有的可变为been+相应的介词/形容词。常见的有：borrow → buy → become →marry → finish → die →begin/start → fall asleep → fall ill →leave → open → close →2) 瞬间动词若要接一段时间，需要做一些相应的变换。如：① He has come to Beijing since last year. (×)He has been in Beijing since last year. (√)②He has joined the army for three years. (×)He has served in / been a member of the army for three years. (√)He joined the army three years ago. (√)He has been a soldier for three years. (√)It is three years since he joined the army. (√)3) 但在否定句中，短暂性动词可以与时间段连用。例如：I haven’t bought the bike for a year.我买这辆自行车还不到一年。She hasn’t come here for an hour.她来这儿还没有一个小时。4. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时1) 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。I saw this film yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film. 这部电影我看过了。（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）2) 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。句子中如有过去时的时间副词如 yesterday，last week，in 1986时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（×）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（√）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.考向6过去完成时表示过去的过去   其构成形式是“had +过去分词”， 那时以前那时现在2. 一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表示“过去的过去”)，那么发生在先的事情的动词须用过去完成时。这个过去的时间可用before等介词短语构成一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以通过上下文给出暗示。She had learned some English before she came to this city.3. 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：by then，by that time，by the end of，before 2012，by the time等。By then he had learned English for four years.4. 用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句中。也可用在状语从句中，此时，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先用过去完成时；发生在后用一般过去时。She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 她说她从来没去过巴黎。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 等到警察来的时候，贼早已经跑了。5. 过去完成时与现在完成时的主要区别是时间参照点不用：过去完成时的时间参照点是某个“过去的”时间；现在完成时的时间参照点是“现在”。在使用时，还要注意现在完成时中的很多规则，也适用于过去完成时。When I got to the cinema, the film has started for five minutes.考向7一般将来时      表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及打算、计划或准备要做的事。其构成形式为: “will / shall+动词原形”或“am / is / are going to+动词原形”。与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：tomorrow，next week，in five days等。2. 当主语是第一人称I或we时，问句中一般用shall，表示征求对方的意见：When and where shall we meet? 我们何时何地见面呢？3.“am / is / are going to +动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事，表示已决定的，很可能发生的事，或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。He is going to speak on TV this evening. Look at the clouds, there is going to be a storm. 4. 以下几种情况只可用will表将来，而不可用be going to结构。①表示有礼貌的询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。Will you please borrow  me your pencil?②表示意愿时。We will help him if he asks us. ③表单纯的将来，与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。Fish will die without the water.5. 一般现在时表将来①下列动词come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明早六点发车。②在if，as soon as，until，when等引导的状语从句中。When Bill comes, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来了后，让他等我。I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我一到那儿就给你写信。6. 现在进行时表将来意为“意图”、“打算”、“安排”，常用于人。常用词为come，go，start，arrive，leave，stay等。I’m leaving tomorrow. 我打算明天动身。Are you staying here till next week? 你打算在这儿住到下周吗？考向8过去将来时表示在过去看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，即立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来。其构成形式为“would+动词原形”或“was / were going to+动词原形”。与过去将来时态连用的时间状语有：the next day / year，the following week / month等。具体运用时，多用于宾语从句或间接引语中。He told me that he would visit me if possible. Jim asked Lucy if she would buy the new book. 考点 2 动词的语态  动词的语态是中考出现频率较高的语法项目之一。考题多以具体的语境为主，体现了对语法知识、语境理解、语言交际能力的综合考查。中考考查重点：1. 被动语态的句型；2. 被动语态的各种时态形式；3. 被动语态的用法；4. 主动语态变被动语态；5. 主动形式表示被动意义。被动语态考向1 被动语态的句型句型构成例句肯定句主语 + be + 过去分词( + by... )English is spoken everywhere. 到处有人说英语。否定句主语 + be + not + 过去分词( + by…)English isn’ t spoken by people here. 这里的人不说英语。一般疑问句Be + 主语 + 过去分词(+ by...)?—Was Tom asked to come early? 汤姆被要求早点来吗?—Yes, he was. 是的，他被要求了。/No, he wasn’ t. 不，他没有。特殊疑问句特殊疑问词 + be + 主语 + 过去分词(+by...)?Why was this bridge destroyed by the government? 政府为什么要拆毁这座桥?考向2 被动语态的各种时态形式时态结构例句一般现在时主语 + am/is/are + 过去分词 + 其他History is made by the people. 历史是人们创造的。These books are designed for children. 这些书是为孩子们设计的。一般过去时主语 + was/were + 过去分词 + 其他The letter was written in English. 这封信是用英语写的。The cars were made in Shanghai. 这些车是上海生产的。一般将来时主语 + will be + 过去分词 + 其他Your job will be kept open for your return. 你的工作将保留到你回来。When will the work be finished? 这项工作什么时候完成？现在进行时主语+ am/is/am + being + 过去分词 +其他A new railway is being built. 一条新铁路正在修建。Because my car is being repaired, I have to go to work by taxi. 因为我的车正在修理，所以我不得不坐出租车去上班。过去进行时主语+ was/were + being + 过去分词+ 其他The hall was being built last year. I’ m not sure if it is completed. 这个个大厅去年正在修建，我不清楚建好了没有。 现在完成时主语 +have/has been + 过去分词 + 其他He has been sent to work in Shanghai. 他已经被派往上海工作了。 过去完成时主语 + had been + 过去分词 + 其他The room had been broken into before we came. 我们来之前已经有人强行进过这间屋子。 情态动词主语 + 情态动词 + be + 过去分词 + 其他Her temperature should be taken twice a day. 她的体温应该一天量两次。 考向3 被动语态的用法用法例句不知道或者不必说出动作的执行者How is this word pronounced? 这个单词怎么发音？The book was published in 2005. 这本书是2005年出版的。强调动作的承受者School will be opened in our village. 我们村将开办一所新的希望学校。当动作的执行者是泛指时He is suspected of robbing the bank. 有人怀疑他抢劫银行。表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作的执行者I have been told many times not to make noises. 有人多次告诉我不要吵闹。句法修饰的需要The lecture will be made by Joe, who is a young musician from Italy. 乔要做这个报告，他是意大利的一位年轻的音乐家。有些动词习惯上常用被动语态He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。 考向4 主动语态变被动语态说明例句含有单个宾语的主动句，即＂主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语＂：把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，并依据上表（被动语态的各种时态形式）谓语改为被动形式；如果需要说明动作的发出者，则需加上＂by + 主动句的主语（人称代词宾格）＂。The famous professor gave two lectures in English.→Two lectures were given (by the famous professor) in English. 那位著名的教授用英语作了两次报告。They often ask some questions after class. →Some questions are often asked (by them) after class. 他们经常在课后问一些问题。含有双宾语的主动句，即＂主语 + 间接宾语+ 直接宾语＂：当直接宾语是名词或代词时，可将间接宾语和直接宾语中的任意一个变为被动的主语，而另一个保持不动。但是，当直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前应加上介词to或or。The doctor gave me some good advice on the pronunciation.→I was given some good advice on the pronunciation.→Some good advice was given to me on the pronunciation.老师给我提了一些关于发音方面的好建议。含有复合宾语的主动句，即＂主语 + 宾语 +宾语补足语＂：把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补保持不动(成为主语补足语，简称主补)。We call him Li Hua.→He is called Li Hua. 我们叫他李华。They painted the room white.→The room was painted white. 他们把房间刷成了白色。含有动词短语（作谓语）的主动句：谓语为及物动词短语的主动句方可变为被动语态。They take good care of these children.→These children are taken good care of. 他们把这些孩子照顾得非常好。We should make full use of the good chance.→The good chance should be made full use of. 我们应该充分利用这次好机会。 考向5 主动形式表示被动意义情况例句说明主语的性质、特征的动词，用主动形式表达被动意义，如：lock，open，read，sell，teach，wash，write等。The cloth washes well. 这种布料很容易洗.A freshly baked cake doesn’ t cut easily. 刚烤好的蛋糕不容易切。表示感官的连系动词，用主动形式表达被动意义，如：smell，feel，taste，sound等。This piece of music sounds good. 这段音乐听起来不错。Mooncakes taste delicious. 月饼尝起来很美味。某些动词后用动名词的主动形式表达被动意义，如：need，want，require，worth等。The bike needs repairing. 这辆自行车需要修理。Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。【知识拓展】常见的被动形式表示主动意义的词组：be seated 坐着，就座        be hidden 躲藏        be lost 迷路be drunk 喝醉               be dressed 穿着 【注意】一般现在时用用在客观真理，客观存在，科学事实或格言警句，如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。【注意区别】一般过去时表示在过去某个时间“发生了的动作”或“存在了的状态”，而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时刻或某一段时间“正在进行的动作”。Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. (表明信写完了)Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.(只表明“一直在写”，不清楚“是否写完”，也许信还没有写完)【注意区别】并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for twenty years. 我在这里工作过20年。(我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for twenty years. 我已经在这里工作20年了。(现在我仍在这里工作。)Bill says that he will stay in Nanjing for three more days. 比尔说他将要在南京再待三天。【易错警示】感官动词和使役动词后接动词原形作宾补，变为被动语态时，需要在动词原形前加上省略的不定式符号to，即＂be seen/heard/found/observed/noticed/made to do sth＂。They saw her enter the meeting room just now.【易错警示】动词短语用于被动语态时，把它们看作一个整体变成被动结构，其后的介词和副词不可丢掉。She was seen to enter the meeting room just now. 刚才他们看见她进入了会议室。被动语态记忆口诀被动语态强调＂宾＂，用 be加上＂过去分＂。＂be＂要随着主语变，人称时态要弄准。＂行为对象＂作主语，逻辑主语＂by＂来引。原句若是双宾语，一变＂主＂来一保＂宾＂。＂间宾＂要把主语变，原来＂直宾＂还是＂宾＂。＂直宾＂要把主语变，＂间宾＂前加＂to＂最称心。唯有原＂宾＂是＂复合＂，只有变宾要当心。原句＂宾补＂变＂主补＂，位置不必挪寸分。情态动词变＂被动＂，情态加be加过分。如若＂情态＂后带to，变后有to才弄准。＂短语动词＂变＂被动＂，相当＂及物＂莫疑心。不过其后＂介＂或＂副＂，变后还得要承认。1．（2019 • 湖北省孝感市初三联考）I don’t know how long they _____. I remember he _____ his wife on a sunny day. A．married, got married to          B．married, got married withC．have been married , got married with D．have been married, married2．（2020·江苏省泰兴市实验初级中学初三月考）—My grandma _____ looking at that photo on the wall.—I can understand. It helps her remember her childhood.A．enjoys           B．Enjoyed           C．was enjoying       D．will enjoy3．（2020·浙江温州市初三联考一）—Where’s your father, Tom?— He _____ newspaper in the study.A．reads            B．Read             C．is reading          D．has read4．（2020·陕西省凤翔县竞存中学初三月考）The girl is amazed at the beauty of Wuxi. She said she _____here for another two weeks.A．stayed           B．has stayed         C．would stay         D．had stayed5．（2019·江西省南昌二中初三期末）—Look! There_____ so many noisy kids in the room!—Haven’t you heard the saying “When the cat is away, the mice _____?”A．have; play B．is; are going to playC．have; are playing D．are; will play6．（2019·哈尔滨工业大学附属中学校初三月考）Don’t make any noise. We_____ to a piece of wonderful music.A．will listen        B．are listening        C．listen             D．have listened7.（2019·青岛大学附属中学初三开学考试）— Why did so many people get hurt in the earthquake?—Don’t you know? People_____ when it happened that night.A．slept            B．have slept          C．sleep             D．were sleeping8．（2019·江苏省盐城市初三一模）The factory_____ over 1200 cars a month. My car_____ in it in 2013.A．produces,was produced B．was produced,producesC．produces,produces D．was produced,produced9．（2019·江苏省扬州中学初三一模）The manager asked him if he _____ for the extra work the next weekend.A．had come        B．will come          C．would come        D．came【答案】C【解析】句意：经理问他下周末是否来加班。此题是考查间接引语的用法，主句是一般过去时态，根据句意是过去将来要做某事，所以应用过去将来时态，故选C。10．（2019·福州三牧中学初三期中）Look at the picture. The top five TV plays _____ in it.A. list              B. are listed            C. will list             D. will be listed11．（2019·东莞市光明中学初三月考）It is said that one Greater Bay Area university _____ in Guangdong in the future.A. will be built       B. build               C. will build           D. is built12．（2019·郑州外国语中学初三月考）A new school _____ last year in my hometown.A. set up            B. sets up              C. is set up            D. was set up13．（2019·洛阳外国语中学初三月考）—The traffic is too busy. We have to drive slowly.—I think more new roads_____ in our city.A. should be builtB. should builtC. have builtD. build14．（2019·浙江杭州中学初三月考）Jack told the librarian that the book _____as soon as he finished reading it.A. was returnedB. would be returnedC. has been returnedD. will be returned 1．— What did you do after school yesterday?— I _____ basketball with Peter.A．play            B．will play          C．played           D．has played2．—Dear, I have an important meeting tomorrow.—It doesn’t matter. If you _____ go to the movie tomorrow, I _____ my friend to go with me. A．don’t; will ask    B．won’t; will ask       C．don’t; ask         D．won’t; ask3．—Hey, Kathy. How do you like my new shoes?—Oh, sorry. But what did you say just now? I _____ something else.A．thought          B．was thinking        C．am thinking       D．will think4．Mr Black _____ Shanghai in a few days．Do you know when the earliest plane _____ on Sunday?A．is leaving; takes offB．leaves; takes offC．is leaving; take offD．leaves; is taking off5．— Oh, dear! A power cut!— So rry, I didn’t know you _____ the washing machine.A．are using         B．used              C．use              D．were using6．—What do you often do at weekends?—I often _____ my grandparents.A．visit            B．visited             C．have visited       D．will visit7．Two _____ students _____ to the opening ceremony last Friday.A. hundreds; were invitedB. hundred; were invitedC. hundreds of ; invitedD. hundred of; invited8．He has ordered a watch on line for his father and it _____ to him before Father's Day.A. send             B. will be sent          C. was sent           D. sent 9．Around the world, 300 million tons of plastic _____each year, of which about 10 percent ends up in the sea.A. is created         B. was created          C. creates10．Hangzhou _____ as the City of Silk. Tourists like shopping for silk there.A. knowsB. is knownC. was knownD. will be known