专题01 名词-2023年高考英语一轮复习《考点•题型 •技巧》精讲与精练资料（学生版＋教师版）

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专题01 名词《考点•题型 •技巧》  名词和主谓一致是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。主谓一致一般会与名词、动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。高考关于主谓一致的考查主要集中在一下三个方面：①语法一致②意义一致③就近原则对名词部分主要考查：①名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配②名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）③名词的所有格④抽象名词的具体化⑤名词和冠词的搭配在学习过程中，要掌握常用名词的基本用法，注意一词多义和旧词新义。另外要多归纳总结，做题时要结合语境。 考点01 可数名词的复数 (1)规则变化情况方法例词一般情况加－sstudents，teachers，doc tors，tables以s，x，ch，sh结尾加－es（如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要+s, 如stomachs）glasses，dishes，boxes，watches以辅音字母＋y结尾变y为i再加－esfamilies，babies，armies，bodies以元音字母＋y结尾加－sboys，toys，pianos，photos以f或fe结尾大都变f或fe为v，再加－esthieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives少数加－sbeliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs以o结尾通常加－sradios，videos，zoos，tobaccos有的加－esheroes，potatoes，tomatoes(2)不规则变化①常见单复数同形的名词②自身有特殊变化的名词考点02 不可数名词具体化(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词(2)不可数名词具体化①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，②物质名词具体化③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。考点03 名词所有格（1）-’s所有格（2）“of＋名词”所有格（3）双重所有格（4）-’s所有格的特殊表示形式有：①用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后②用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后③用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后（5）所有格的句法功能①表所有关系②表主谓关系③表动宾关系④表修饰关系⑤表同位关系(只用of所有格)考点04名词的语法功能1.作主语2.作宾语（1）作及物动词的直接宾语（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。（3）作介词的宾语。3.作表语4.作宾语的补足语5.作定语（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。（2）名词所有格作定语。（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性6.作状语时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。考点05  疑难名词比较与辨析1.force; energy; strength; powerforce表示＂力、力量＂的意思。指为做或实现某事而实际运用的力量。energy主要强调＂精力＂，指用来做某事或完成某事的能力。还可以指＂能源＂。strength表示＂力＂的意思。指做事情的--种内在能力。就人而育，着重指力气；就物而言，着重指强度潜力等。power 表示 ＂能力、能量、动力＂的意思。指身体上、心理上和道德上的能力(不管是否发挥出)。2.manner; means; method; waymanner表示＂方式、方法＂的意思。指个人喜欢采用的方式。means表示＂方法、手段 、工具＂的意思。method指做某事的具体步骤或程序，也指系统的、抽象概念的原理。way是最通用的词，也是最不正式的词，本义是＂通道、通路＂，引申作＂方式、方法＂讲，含义很广。3.cost; price; value; worth; expensecost表示＂成本、费用＂的意思。 原指生产某种物品的成本 ，包括生产中所支付的原料和劳动。一般要低于售价，有时也可用来泛指价格。也可用于借喻，指所付出的代价，甚至生命。price表示＂价格、价钱、定价＂的意思。 指经营商品出售的单价，通常要高于商品的出厂成本。也用于借喻，指做某事所付出的代价。value表示＂价值、价格＂。指我们所估计一件东西的价值，因此是不能 以金钱估价的。worth意思是价值。指东西本身的真正价值，是经久不变的，是可贵的。expense意思是＂费用、支出、开销＂，指花费金钱、时间和精力。4.land; ground; soil; earthland表示＂陆地、土地、地＂，是河流和海洋的相对用语。用于指土地或土壤时，着重指它的性质、用途等。有时泛指大地，也可作＂国家、地产＂讲。ground(n. )表示＂地、土地＂的意思。主要指大地表面，也可以指土壤、场地。也可用于借喻指＂根据、理由＂。soil表示＂土壤、土地＂，指可以生长植物且富有有机物的沃土，宜于农耕。earth表示＂地、地球、泥土＂，着重指＂大地＂，以别于天空。作＂泥土＂解时，常用于以别于坚硬的岩石。5.practice; exercise; training; drill都表示＂练习、训练＂的意思training表示＂训练、培养、教练、锻炼＂的意思。一般指对于身体的锻炼、对动物的训练、对士兵的训练等。exercise主要指为提高技巧或业务水平而规定的＂练习或体格锻炼＂。practice主要指正规的、有条理的、不断反复的 ＂练习＂或把理论道理贯彻在行动中的 ＂实践＂。drill表示＂操练、训练＂的意思。一般指严格的训练或反反复复练习或军事上的练兵。6.sign; signal; mark; symbolsign表示 ＂符号、记号、招牌＂等意思。是最普通的用语，指一个具有公认意义的、简单的、随意制定的代表物。signal表示 ＂暗号、信号＂的意思。有时是有意的;有时是无意的。有意的，如强风讯号、求救信号等。mark表示 ＂痕迹、记号、商标、特征、分数＂的意思。指印在物品上的记号，可用在好坏两个方面。作动词时，表示＂标明、作记号＂的意思。symbol表示 ＂象征＂的意思，特别强调故意用来包含某一特定意义的东西，或故意构成的传达某一特定意义的事物。a good luck symbol 好运气的象征1. 整体把握，注意语境从近年高考试题看，高考语法填空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：（1）根据语境判断名词的单复数；（2）提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词；（3）名词的固定搭配；（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识2. 确定考点，注意搭配语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格，还是考查主谓一致、名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来做出正确解答。3. 多记单词，积累词缀高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇，并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。4. 巧用就近原则当主语是由or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接的并列成分时以及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。【题型分析】1.… In the more than five years since Hannah began her activities, she has received a lot of  51  .For example, she received the 2007 BRICK Award recognizing the   52    of young people to change the world….51. A. praises    B. invitations   C. replies   D. appointments52. A. needs    B. interests   C. dreams  D. efforts2.Before the school year ended ,I gave the kids a special    48   , T-shirts with the words “Verbs Are Your   49   ” on them. I had advised the kids that while verbs（动词）may seem dull ,most of the fun  things they do.48.A.lesson           B. gift              C. report              D. message49. A. Friends          B. Awards             C. Masters            D. Tasks3．The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable ______.A．reservation B．transformation C．distinction D．Submission4. At the meeting they discussed three different _______ to the study of mathematics。A. approaches   B. means   C. methods    D. ways5.Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made.A. assignment      B. association      C. acquisition      D. assumption6. The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don’t give you any direct________.A. solution           B. target   C. measure          D. function7.The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ______ around that level since.A．are remaining B．have remainedC．is remaining D．has remained1.Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick. 2.Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do. 3.Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. 4.When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night. 5.When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night. 1.This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）   as   a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side   62    (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.2.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014   66that/which   showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all   67   (cause).3.Filled with   64   (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.4.The far side of the moon is of particular   64   (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so   65   the familiar near side.5. Chinese New Year is a  61   (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.6.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014  that/which   showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all   67   (cause).7.Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese   56  (dish) is seen as especially troublesome. Ⅰ、单项选择1. His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his _____________as one of America's greatest writers.A. trust B. contact C. reputation D. theory2. We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in many ways.A. statement B. impactC. impression D. judgment3. The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _________ walk. A. a four hour    B. a four hour’s  C. a four-hours  D. a four hours’4. It is important to remember that success ________ a sum of small efforts made each day and often ________ years of achieve.A. is; takes  B. are; takes C. are; take  D. is; take5. Nowadays the ___________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.A. priority B. potential C. proportion D. pension6.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in many ways.A. statement   B. impact     C. impression    D. judgmentⅡ、语法填空7. The far side of the moon is of particular         (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side.8. When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting _______________(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it.9. A mere 5 to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all           (cause).10. I’m a              (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.11. We would much appreciate ________ (guide) from an expert in this field.12. Tom was doing his homework and the boys who were playing outside his house added_______ (anxious) to him.13. In many ways my___________ (disable) has helped me grow stronger psychologically and become more independent.14. Compared to the advantages of the Internet, those of the television alone will not be enough to ensure its ____________ (survive), and many people think the latter will be replaced.15. You'd better take into account your own ________ (strong) and weaknesses before choosing a major.16. The headmaster didn’t seem to be aware that there should have been so much _____ (disagree) about the decision.17. Sorry, I can't read the ______ (express) on her face.18. I explained that each person has different ideas of what ___________(free) is.19. Different persons have different _________( believe).20. We have our furniture moved to the new house when the ________ (decorate) of the house is finished.21. I regard ________ (creative) both as a gift and as a skill.22. Visitors were struck by the natural scenery here, which was beautiful beyond______. (describe)23.Chinese New Year is a 61. _ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 24.Filled with 64._  (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.25.Historical _44.  (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.26. Later，they learned to work with the 62.  (season)27.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014   66that/which   showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all   67   (cause).Ⅲ、短文改错28. My dad don’t like the soup and I don’t enjoy apples. 29.Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick. 30. For example, every morning, my dad has to have the bowl of egg soup while I had to eat an apple.  31.Suddenly football fell just in front of me but almost hit me. 32.Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do. Ⅳ、完形填空Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second_____1_____. He learned the value and beauty of ____2____ there from a very young age.When he was 16,Molai began to notice something disturbing happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the ____3____ it caused had driven away a number of birds. Besides, the number of snakes had declined as well. He realized that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the ____4____. The solution,of course,was to plant trees so the animals could seek ____5____ during the daytime. He turned to the ____6____ department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However,Molai went looking on his own and discovered a nearby island where he began to plant trees.1. A. dream B. job C. home D. choice2. A. nature B. youth C. culture D. knowledge3. A. waste B. tension C. pain D. damage4. A. noise B. heat C. disease D. dust5. A. directions B. partners C. help D. shelter6. A. labor B. police C. forest D. finance