备战2023英语新中考二轮复习考点精讲精练（北京专用）突破 19 阅读体裁篇说明文

一、考点总结

考点一、题型特点

＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是中考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。

考点二、解题技巧

浏览全文，把握大意

对于这类文章，先不必急于答题。而是快速浏览全文。弄清材料介绍或说明的对家是何物或何事。这一步可以解决试题中出现的主旨大意题或文章出处题。

精读全文，把握细节

在把握了文章的中心后，再精读全文，看作者是从哪些方面来介绍或说明这-事物或对象的。 在这个步骤中，我们要弄清全文的结构和脉络。这步可以解决试题中出现的细节理解题。

认真读题，确定关键

在把握全文的基本结构之后，我们可以认真看题，确定试题的关键词语。每一道题都会有测试的重点， 这些测试的重点就是通过这些关键词语体现出来的。

依据关键，快速定位

试题中的关键词语往往会在文章中出现，而与本题相关的答题依据往往也就出现在这些关键词语的前后。我们可以通过这些关键词语迅速地确定答案。

基于依据，推理判断

对于推理判断题，我们在把握了相关的信息之后，就要利用好这些信息进行相应的推理判断，并得出合理的结论。

二、考点突破

Passage 1

Beijing, with co-host Zhangjiakou in neighboring Hebei Province, will host the 2022 Winter Olympics. That will give benefits to the capital as well as its residents (居民), so the below are something to be expected from the Winter Olympic Games.

Blue skies. It is highly expected that hosting the Winter Olympic Games will push Beijing to reduce pollution and improve the air quality more effectively. Beijing began carrying out a five-year plan from 2013 that cost 130 billion US dollars to upgrade heating systems, cut car emissions (排放) and close heavy-polluting factories. Such efforts will not only be made in Beijing but in a neighboring Hebei and Tianjin as well, as suggested by a development action plan to integrate (结合) the three places. Hopefully, blue skies will become a regular feature even after the Games.

Transportation. Although Beijing is the host city of the 2022 Winter Games, Chongli county of Zhangjiakou will host some of the snow events. The capital region is likely to benefit from investments in infrastructure (基础设施), including the Beijing-Zhangjiakou intercity railways, expansion of Beijing subway systems, upgraded highway networks and another regional airport.

Winter sports. Beijing’s plan is to develop a winter sports market for more than 300 million people in northern China. With rich facilities (设施) left by the summer Olympics, China plans to reuse 11 of 12 venues built for the 2008 Olympics and only needs to build a new rink (溜冰场) for speed skating, effectively easing (减轻) possible problems of facilities being left idle after the Winter Olympic Games.

Transformation (转变). On the back of the Winter Olympics, the Beijing government is looking at developing sports-related industry to improve its economy. The goal is to combine the Winter Games with sustainable development (可持续发展) plans for the wider region, focusing on clean energy, green technology, and improvement in ecology and air quality.

Tourism. The country’s plan to develop a winter sports industry will improve Zhangjiakou’s popularity as a tourist destination by upgrading its transportation system and facilities, such as hotels and restaurants.

1．What does the word “idle” probably mean in the fourth paragraph?

A．Not effective. B．Not serious. C．Not in use. D．Not working hard.

2．Which is Not the benefit of hosting the 2022 Winter Games?

A．There will be more convenience in transportation.

B．Winter sports will get more popularity across China.

C．Air quality will be expected to see further improvement.

D．A large number of tourists will be attracted with the help of the 2022 Winter Games.

3．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

A．①②/③④/⑤⑥ B．①/②③④⑤/⑥ C．①/②③④⑤⑥ D．①/②③④/⑤⑥

4．What is the best title of the text?

A．How Important the 2022 Winter Games Is

B．What Have Been Done for the 2022 Winter Games

C．When and Where to Hold the 2022 Winter Games

D．What to Expect from the 2022 Winter Games

5．What can we infer from the text?

A．People can’t see the blue sky after the Games.

B．Only did Beijing make such an effort to the air quality.

C．All the sports events will be held in Beijing.

D．More and more new jobs will appear because of the Winter Olympics.

Passage 2

Chopsticks are pairs of sticks with the same length that have been used as kitchenware in most of eastern Asian regions for over three thousand years. According to the relevant historical resources, the first chopsticks were thought to appear in China over 5,000 years ago. During the Spring and Autumn Period, chopsticks made of copper and iron developed gradually. Later the chopsticks with coating came in the Han Dynasty. Then gold and silver chopsticks followed.

Different materials have been used to make chopsticks until now, among which the most expensive ones are made of elephant tusks and the green stone. Those showed how wealthy the owners were.

It was said that silver chopsticks would turn black immediately if they touched poisoned food (but we know it was wrong today), so in history many kings and emperors used silver chopsticks to check whether the food was bad for them or not before eating. Chopsticks are also regarded as gifts to others. In China, chopsticks are traditionally given to a daughter when she marries to hope that they will have a child very soon, because the pronunciation of word “chopsticks” in Chinese is like “quick child”. Meanwhile, people often believe chopsticks have something to do with good luck. So many families will choose to put new chopsticks on the table at dinner on New Year’s Eve as a way of wishing for luck while dropping chopsticks is a sign of bad luck to come.

It’s believed that using chopsticks can increase fingers’ flexibility. That means if we use chopsticks frequently at dinner, it will make our fingers do everything freely. Some experts also prove that it can improve memory. Many westerners, businessmen and tourists put their knives and forks beside the bowls and plates but choose chopsticks in China.

6．What does the underlined word “Those” refer to?

A．The chopsticks in ancient times B．The chopsticks with coating

C．Elephant tusks and green stone chopsticks D．Different materials used for making chopsticks

7．Why did kings and emperors in history use silver chopsticks to have dinner?

A．They tried to avoid being killed by poisoned food. B．They meant to show their wealth and power.

C．Silver sticks can bring them “quick child”. D．Silver sticks are good for their health.

8．What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Chopsticks can always bring the owners luck and good fortune.

B．Chopsticks are not only eating tools but also a part of culture.

C．Western businessmen and tourists are used to using chopsticks.

D．Using chopsticks frequently will improve people’s health condition.

9．What is this article mainly about?

A．The advantages of using chopsticks. B．The development of chopsticks in China.

C．Some stories and meanings behind chopsticks. D．Different materials used in making chopsticks.

Passage 3  The Truth About Lying

Is it ever better to tell a lie rather than the truth? If so, when?

Most of us are taught to believe that lying is wrong. But it seems that everybody tells lies—not big lies, but what we call “white lies”. If we believe that lying is wrong. Why do we do it? Most of the time, people have very good reasons for lying. For example, they might want to protect a friendship, or someone’s feelings. So, when do we lie? A recent study found that the average person lies about seven times a day. Here are some ways and reasons.

#1 Lying to hide something: People often lie because they want to hide something from someone. For example, a son doesn’t tell his parents that he’s dating because he doesn’t think they will like her. Instead, he says he’s going out with the guys.

#2 Lying to make an excuse: Sometimes people lie because they don’t want to do something. For example, someone invites you to a party. You think it will be boring, so you say you’re busy.

#3 Lying to make someone feel good: Often we stretch the truth to make someone feel good. For example, your friend cooks dinner for you. But it tastes terrible. Do you say so? No, you probably say, “Mmm, this is delicious!”

#4 Lying to avoid sharing bad news: Sometimes we don’t want to tell someone bad news. For example, you have just had a very bad day at work. But you don’t feel like talking about it. So if someone asks you about your day, you just say that everything was fine.

10．Which of the following is true about lying?

A．All of us seem to believe that lying is wrong. B．Big lies are usually called “white lies”.

C．People often lie to express their emotions. D．People sometimes lie to care about others’ feelings.

11．Someone you don’t like invites you to a movie, so you say, “I’ve already seen it.” In this situation, you tell a lie to ________.

A．hide something. B．make an excuse. C．make someone feel good. D．avoid sharing bad news.

12．What is the topic of the passage?

A．Family education B．Traditional culture 

C．Interpersonal communication D．Historical research

Passage 4

When you look at the night sky, what you see are actually lots of “power plants” (发电厂). Every star makes a huge amount of energy through nuclear fusion (核聚变). For years, scientists have tried to make this kind of energy. They to make a “mini star” on Earth. Recently, some scientists made a big step forward.

In February 2002, the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy in Oxfordshire, UK, doubled a world record set in 1997. The machine there, named Jet, used fusion engines (发动机) to make the same amount of energy as four wind turbines (涡轮机) make, reported The Cuardian.

In the past, no experiment could mate more energy than what was used to start the fusion engine. This new experiment, although it only lasted five seconds, showed it’s possible to make more power.

Another good thing about the experiment is that the reaction stopped when the equipment (设备) got too hot. This problem can be solved with cooling systems. Future fusion reactions may last much longer than five seconds, minutes or even hours.

You may wonder why fusion energy is so hard to make. Creating conditions similar to a star is not easy. The machine must reach temperatures as high as 10 times that of the sun’s core (核).

Even so, it’s time to get excited about star power. If it can be successfully rolled out (开展), it will be a landmark (里程碑) in human history.

13．What does the word “plants” in the first paragraph refer to?

A．scientists B．nuclear plants C．stars in the sky D．mini stars on Earth

14．In 1997, the world record for nuclear fusion produced as much energy as ________.

A．a wind turbine B．two wind turbines C．three wind turbines D．four wind turbines

15．According to the passage, what can make the reaction last longer?

A．Choosing hotter equipment. B．Starting a new experiment.

C．Creating a warmer environment. D．Using a cooling system.

16．What can we learn about fusion energy from the passage?

A．It exists in a very cold environment. B．Scientists are trying to take it from the core of the sun.

C．It is very difficult to make on Earth. D．It is now useful in everyday life.

Passage 5

阅读下面短文，根据短文内容判断句子的正误。正确的写”A”，错误的写”B”。

School bullying（欺凌）has become a serious problem in our society. Luckily, dealing with bullyings is not as hard as you think.

The first step is to understand them. Most bullies make others feel bad so they feel better about themselves. Their main goal is to make you upset so they feel in control. The best way to deal with this is to avoid them. If they come up to you, just walk away.

When it is impossible to avoid bullies, you will have to take a further step. Bullies prefer to aim at kids who they think are vulnerable. So behave bravely and confidently when a bully picks on you or someone else.

If they still picks on you, the next step is to report the bullies to a teacher. Bullies have been around for a long time, so experienced teachers will know how to deal with them.

Bullies can give you a big trouble. However, if you act quickly, you can almost always keep them from troubling you. Just remember to never get into a fight with a bully. Fighting always makes the situation worse. Be smart when dealing with bullies, so you could survive（生存）without getting hurt!

17．Bullies feel better about themselves when they control others.

18．The underlined word “vulnerable” means “patient’’ in the article.

19．If you are bullied, try to deal with it by yourself before turning to teachers.

20．The writer thinks fighting against bullies is not a good way to solve the problem.

21．There are three ways mentioned to deal with bullies in the article.

参考答案：

1．C

2．B

3．C

4．D

5．D

【解析】

本文主要讲2022年冬奥会有什么值得期待的。

1．

词义猜测题。根据“With rich facilities left by the summer Olympics, China plans to reuse 11 of 12 venues built for the 2008 Olympics and only needs to build a new rink for speed skating, effectively easing possible problems of facilities being left idle after the Winter Olympic Games.”可知举办夏季奥运会所遗留的设施将得到充分的利用，可推知该词所在句子意思是 “有效缓解运动会后设施闲置可能出现的问题”， idle意思是 “没有被使用”。故选C。

2．

推理判断题。根据“Beijing’s plan is to develop a winter sports market for more than 300 million people in northern China.”可推出2022冬奥会后冬季运动将在北方受欢迎，而非全国，B项错误。故选B。

3．

篇章结构题。第一段总写2022年冬奥会值得期待；第二、三、四、五、六段分写2022年冬奥会有什么值得期待的，①/②③④⑤⑥符合原文的结构。故选C。

4．

最佳标题。根据“so the below are something to be expected from the Winter Olympic Games”结合全文可知主要讲2022年冬奥会有什么值得期待的，用“What to Expect from the 2022 Winter Games ”做标题最合适。故选D。

5．

推理判断题。根据“On the back of the Winter Olympics, the Beijing government is looking at developing sports-related industry to improve its economy.”可知在冬奥会的背景下，北京市政府正着眼于培育体育相关产业，将其作为推动经济增长的新驱动力，由此推出由于冬奥会，将会出现越来越多的新工作。故选D。

6．C

7．A

8．B

9．C

【解析】

本文主要介绍了筷子的发展，材质，寓意以及使用筷子的好处。

6．

词义猜测题。根据“among which the most expensive ones are made of elephant tusks and the green stone. Those showed how wealthy the owners were”可知，用象牙和绿色的石头制作的筷子显示了主人有多富有，所以those指代“Elephant tusks and green stone chopsticks”，故选C。

7．

细节理解题。根据“It was said that silver chopsticks would turn black immediately if they touched poisoned food(but we know it was wrong today), so in history many kings and emperors used silver chopsticks to check whether the food was bad for them or not before eating”可知，他们试图避免被有毒食物杀死，故选A。

8．

推理判断题。根据第一段至第三段的介绍可知，筷子不仅是吃饭的工具，也是文化的一部分，故选B。

9．

主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了与筷子有关的一些事情，用C选项“筷子背后的一些故事和含义”概括本文的主题大意最符合，故选C。

10．D

11．B

12．C

【解析】

本文是一篇说明文。在人际交往中，我们有时候不得不说一些谎话，本文介绍了四种说谎的方式和原因。

10．

细节理解题。根据“…people have very good reasons for lying…they might want to protect a friendship, or someone’s feelings.”可知，有时人们撒谎是为了照顾某人的感受。故选D。

11．

细节理解题。根据“Lying to make an excuse: Sometimes people lie because they don’t want to do something. ”可知，你不喜欢的人邀请你去看电影，你说“我已经看过了。”，这种情况属于找借口撒谎。故选B。

12．

最佳标题题。通读全文可知，文章讲的是撒谎的方式和原因，而这些都是人际交往的一部分。因此C选项“人际交往”为最佳标题。故选C。

13．C

14．B

15．D

16．C

【解析】

本文是一篇说明文，介绍科学家们正在研究核聚变，如果成功地开展，这将是人类历史上的一个里程碑。

13．

推理判断题。根据“When you look at the night sky, what you see are actually lots of “power plants” (发电厂).”可知，当你仰望夜空时，你看到的实际上是许多“发电厂”，此处plants指的是天上的星星，故选C。

14．

细节理解题。根据“In February 2002, the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy in Oxfordshire, UK, doubled a world record set in 1997. The machine there, named Jet, used fusion engines (发动机) to make the same amount of energy as four wind turbines (涡轮机) make”可知，这台名为Jet的机器使用核聚变引擎来产生相当于四台风力涡轮机所产生的能量，是在1997年创下的世界纪录的基础上翻了一番，所以1997年的记录是两台。故选B。

15．

细节理解题。根据“This problem can be solved with cooling systems. Future fusion reactions may last much longer than five seconds, minutes or even hours.”可知，这个问题可以用冷却系统来解决，未来的核聚变反应可能会持续比5秒、几分钟甚至几小时更长时间。所以用冷却系统可以使反应持续更长时间，故选D。

16．

推理判断题。根据“You may wonder why fusion energy is so hard to make. Creating conditions similar to a star is not easy.”可知，核聚变难以制造，创造出与恒星相似的条件并不容易，所以在地球上很难制造。故选C。

17．A

18．B

19．A

20．A

21．A

【解析】

本文就如何解决校园欺凌提出了三条建议。

17．

细节理解题。根据“Most bullies make others feel bad so they feel better about themselves. Their main goal is to make you upset so they feel in control”可知，当霸凌者控制他人时，他们自我感觉更好，此句表述正确，故答案为A。

18．

词义猜测题。根据“Bullies prefer to aim at kids who they think are vulnerable”可知，霸凌者更喜欢把目标对准他们认为脆弱的孩子，所以vulnerable表示“脆弱的”，此句表示错误，故答案为B。

19．

细节理解题。根据“So behave bravely and confidently when a bully picks on you or someone else”以及“If they still picks on you, the next step is to report the bullies to a teacher”可知，遇见校园欺凌先自己勇敢地站出来，如果解决不了再向老师求助，此处表述正确，故答案为A。

20．

细节理解题。根据“Just remember to never get into a fight with a bully. Fighting always makes the situation worse”可知，作者认为打击恶霸并不是解决问题的好方法，此句表述正确，故答案为A。

21．

细节理解题。根据“The first step is to understand them”“When it is impossible to avoid bullies, you will have to take a further step”“If they still picks on you, the next step is to report the bullies to a teacher”可知，本文给出了三条建议，此句表述正确，故答案为A。