备战2023英语新中考二轮复习考点精讲精练（河北专用）突破12 非谓语动词

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 一、考点总结考点一、非谓语动词的形式                                            构成：to + 动词原形                             动词不定式                                            作用：作除谓语外的任何成分                                      构成：v-.ing/v.-ed(规则动词)动词的非谓语形式           分词                                      作用：表、定、状、补                                        构成：v.-ing                              动名词                                        作用：主、宾、表、定考点二、 动词不定式的用法动词不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语置于句末，这样可使主语不至显得太长，避免头重脚轻的现象。动词不定式作主语的基本结构是：It+be+形容词(+for/of sb)+to do sth.. To learn English well is not easy.=It is not easy to learn English well. 学好英语不容易。▲for sb.句型前常用表示事物的特征、特点、客观形式的形容词。如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等。如：It’s easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了。It’s difficult for Jim to learn Chinese well. 对于吉姆来说学好中文是困难的。It’s important for us to protect the environment. 保护环境对于我们来说是重要的。▲of sb.句型前常用表示人物的性格、品德、主观感情、态度、赞扬或批评的形容词。如：careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise, rude, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), selfish(自私的)等。如：It’s very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。// It’s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。动词不定式在句中做主语时，常用于下列句式中。如： （1） It+be+名词+to do sth. 如：It’s our duty to take good care of the old. （2） It takes sb+some time+to do sth. 如：It took me half an hour to walk there. 我走到那儿花了半小时的时间。（3） It seems(appears)+形容词+to do. 如：It seemed impossible to save money. 节约钱似乎是不可能的。（4） It+动词+宾语+ to do sth. 如：It cost a lot of money to build this museum. 建造这座博物馆花了许多钱。【注意】动词不定式做主语时，谓语动词常常用单数。如：To walk after dinner is my hobby. 饭后散步是我的爱好。//  ( \8 n9 b) ^) ^# S, }9 _5 ^; YTo be a scientist is my dream. 当一名科学家是我的梦想。To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。// To sweep the floor is my duty every day. 每天打扫地板是我的责任。动词不定式作宾语（1） 只能接动词不定式作宾语的动词，初中阶段常见的有：ask, choose, agree, expect, hope, decide, learn, prefer, pretend, know, wish, want, would like, love, afford, dare, fail, manage, need, plan, promise, refuse, seem等。如：He can’t afford to go abroad. 他负担不起出国的费用。//  We hope to get there before dark.我们希望天黑以前到那儿。They didn’t agree to do that. 他们不同意那样做。//  The girl decided to do it herself. 那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。（2）动词feel, find, make, think等后面接不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+ feel/find/make/think+it+宾补(形容词/名词)+不定式”结构。如：He found it very difficult to get to sleep. 他发现很难入睡。I find it useful to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很有用。We thought it wrong not to tell her. 我们认为不告诉她是错误的。动词不定式作补语动词不定式作补语时，在主动语态中作宾语补足语，在被动语态中作主语补足语，句子的宾语或主语是不定式动作的逻辑执行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的宾语或主语就是逻辑承受者。（1）英语中许多动词可跟一个“名词（代词）+不定式”构成的复合宾语，这里的动词不定式就作宾语补足语。常见的这类动词有：ask, allow, permit, advise, expect, suppose, invite, encourage, teach, tell, want, wait for, wish, would like/love等。如：I’d invite her to have dinner at my house. Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones. // Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. （2） 英语中有些动词要求不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，这些动词有：四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch；三“让”：have, let, make；二“听”：hear, listen to；一“感觉”：feel；一“注意”：notice等。help后不定式的to可以省略，也可以保留。如：Can you help me (to) learn English?They were made to work day and night. // She was heard to sing in the room.This picture makes me feel tense! // Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.动词不定式作状语（1） 动词不定式作目的状语：在强调这种目的状语时，不定式前可加in order或so as如：He went to Paris to learn French. 他去巴黎学法语。I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。A group of young people got together (in order/so as) to discuss this question. 一群年轻人聚在一群目的是讨论这个问题。（2） 动词不定式作原因状语：不定式常跟在表示情感的形容词后，修饰形容词，作原因状语，不定式作原因状语的基本结构是：“sb.+be+adj.+to do sth.”。能用于该结构的形容词有：angry, clever, careful, happy, lucky, nice, pleased, right, sorry, slow等。如：I’m very glad to see you again. 我很高兴又见到你。（3）动词不定式作结果状语，多见于“too+形容词+to do sth.”结构句中。如：The T-shirt is too big for me to wear. 这件T恤对于我来说太大了而不能穿。（4） 动词不定式作程度状语，多见于 “形容词/副词+enough+to do sth.”结构句中。如：The boy is old enough to go to school. // Jack ran fast enough to catch the bus.动词不定式作定语(须后置)   （1）不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，它与其他修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上可能是主谓关系。如：I can’t think of any good advice to give her.  //  I have nothing to say on this question.He needs time to do homework. // Is that a good place to hang out? // You want to know the best way to get around the city.（2）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要有相应的介词。但当名词是time, place或way时，不定式后的介词可以省略。如：I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔写字。// I have a comfortable house to live in. 我有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。Tom had no money and no place to live (in). 汤姆没有钱，也没有地方居住。动词不定式作表语动词不定式往往放在系动词be（become, sound, taste 等系动词后面一般不接不定式）的后面作表语，表示将来的情况，说明主语的内容。如：My wish is to become a teacher. 我的愿望是当一名教师。Your job today is to clean the playground. 你今天的工作是打扫操场。Their duty is to look after the animals. 他们的职责是照看动物。动词不定式的特殊结构（1）“疑问词＋不定式”结构：动词不定式前面可与疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where等连用，构成不定式短语，相当于一个宾语从句，在句子里用作主语、宾语、表语、宾补等，或者单独使用。动词decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等常与疑问词连用。“疑问词＋不定式”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：I can’t decide where to go. (作宾语)  //  Where to go is not decided yet. (作主语)The question is how to put it into practice. (作表语) // Can you tell me how to get to Guilin Middle School? (作宾补)单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。如：What to do next?(=What will we/you do next?) // Why go there?(=Why do we/you go there?)（2）动词不定式的否定形式：“not/never+to+动词原形”，有些动词可以不用to。如：My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. 他的父母亲告诉他决不要在酒后开车。（3） 动词不定式的省略：在“You’d+动词原形”、“Why not+动词原形” 、“Why don’t you+动词原形?”、“would rather+动词原形”、“Will/Would /Could you please(not)+动词原形?”句型中，动词不定式符号to常常省略。如：You’d better get up early. // Why not have a picnic in the countryside this Sunday?Will/Would /Could you please not open the window? It’s too cold outside. // I would rather stay at home.（4）有时为了避免重复，在动词except, hope, wish, forget, want, try等，短语be glad/happy, would like, would love, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等出现与上下文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而把其他部分省略。如：---- I heard that you would go to Kunming for you summer vacation. ---- I planned to, but I have something important to do. (planned to后省略了go)---- Would you like to come to my birthday party? ---- Yes, I’d love to. (I’d love to后省略了come)考点三、动名词动名词的构成动名词是由＂动词+-ing＂构成，和现在分词形式一样，兼有动词和名词的特点。动名词作用句子成分用法例句作主语单个动名词作主语时谓语动词用单数形式，常用的句型结构有：It is no use（good）+v.ing.Seeing is believing.眼见为实。It is no use arguing again.再去争吵也没有用。作表语放在系动词后面作表语Her job is looking after the children.她的工作是照顾这些小孩子。作宾语用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语的词有：avoid, finish, consider, give up, cannot help, allow, imagine, include, keep, mind, practice, suggest，succeed in, be used to do, look forward to, enjoy, be busyNo matter what happened, I won’t give up achieving my dream.不管发生了什么事情，我都不会放弃去实现我的梦想。作定语用于名词前，起修饰说明作用There is a swimming pool in her home.她家有个游泳池。动名词的特殊用法      即可接动词不定式又可接动名词作宾语的动词有： love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等动词。有时两者之间的意义差别不大，但remember, regret, want, try等词后差别比较明显。考点四、现在分词现在分词常放在see, hear ,watch ,notice 等之后作宾补。I saw the boy playing in the street just now .现在分词作定语常放在被修饰词之前，现在分词短语要放在被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。A sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping .Did you know the man talking to Mr Li?=Did you know the man who was talking to Mr Li?现在分词表伴随情况He came into the classroom ,carrying a book.考点五、过去分词过去分词作宾补  have /get +sth +done 表示请别人干某事I had my TV repaired last night .过去分词作定语单一的过去分词作定语，要放在被修饰词的前面，过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。Have you ever read any books written by Luxun?=Have you ever read any books that were written by Luxun? 过去分词作表语   过去分词作表语已经形容词化My cup is broken .二、考点突破1．—I can’t find Simon. Do you see him?—Yes. He with he friends _________ volleyball. A．are practising playing B．is practising playingC．are practising to play D．is practising to play2．The flood in Zhengzhou made lots of people ________ homeless this year.A．became B．become C．becoming D．to become3．In order to protect wildlife, we should first let more people understand the importance of it. The underlined part is used to ________.A．express a result B．express a purpose C．give a reason D．give an example4．I saw Daniel ________ basketball when I walked past the playground, but now he isn’t there.A．play B．played C．playing D．to play5．James is busy ________ sports because he wants ________ healthy.A．to do; keeping B．to do; to keep C．doing; keeping D．doing; to keep6．After the new workers came into the factory, they were taught ________.A．what to do it B．how to do C．how to do it7．My sister used to _______ bikes to school, but now she is used to _______ to school because she wants to exercise.A．ride; walk B．ride; walking C．riding; walking D．riding; walk8．— Mike, have you ________ learning to cook from your father if you are fired?— Yes. If he ________ , I’ll leave the company right now.A．decided; will B．thought; did C．considered; does9．On January 29th, 2020, Zhong Nanshan and his team ________ over four hours online ________ five patients who were seriously ill, and made a treatment plan for those patients.A．spent; checking B．spent; to check. C．spend; checking10．— Have you heard from Mary lately?— Yes. She ________ swimming class in her last letter.A．mentioned attending B．has mentioned to attend C．mentioned to attend11．In order ________ fat, Linda runs ________ the Dadu River every morning.A．to be; across B．not to be; along C．not being; past12．—You look upset. What’s wrong?—My parents don’t allow me _______ out with my friends.A．hang B．hangs C．hanged D．to hang13．          increase people’s incomes, our government called for a comeback of street stalls (地摊) last year.A．Help B．Helping C．To help14．—To fight against the COVID-19, people should wear masks and avoid ________ in public.—I agree with you. People all over the world ________ each other so far.A．gathering; to support B．gather; supporting C．gather; supported D．gathering; have supported15．— Excuse me, can you tell me          the robot?— Of course.A．how use B．how to use C．how using D．how to using16．—How about going shopping this Saturday, Tina?—I prefer ________ at home to ________ out for shopping.A．staying; go B．staying; going C．stay; go D．stay; going17．The teacher will show him ________.A．to use B．use it C．how to use it D．uses18．We are told ________ everywhere. It’s our duty to keep our school clean and tidy.A．not to make much noise B．to throw waste paper C．to draw D．not to spit19．I have no paper. Could you give me a piece of paper ________?A．to write in B．write in C．to write on D．write on20．Thank you very much ________ the present.A．to give me B．for giving me C．giving me D．for give me
参考答案：1．B【解析】句意：——我找不到Simon。你看见他了吗？——是的。他跟他的朋友正在练习打排球。考查主谓一致以及非谓语动词。with修饰中心词时，be动词遵循“就远原则”，与be动词最远的主语he是第三人称，助动词用is。practise doing sth“练习做某事”，动名词作宾语，故选B。2．B【解析】句意：今年郑州的洪水使许多人无家可归。考查非谓语动词。make sb. do sth.“使某人做某事”，make后用省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。故选B。3．B【解析】句意：为了保护野生动物，我们首先应该让更多的人了解它的重要性。划线部分是用来表达一个目的。考查句子成分。express a result表达一个结果；express a purpose表达一个目的；give a reason给出一个原因；give an example给出一个例子。in order to do sth“为了做某事”，动词不定式作目的状语，故选B。4．C【解析】句意：当我走过操场时，我看到丹尼尔在打篮球，但现在他不在那里。考查非谓语动词。see sb do sth看见某人做某事，强调看见整个过程或经常做这个动作；see sb doing sth看见某人正在做某事，强调正在做这个动作。根据“I saw Daniel … basketball when I walked past the playground”可知，强调走过操场时看见他正在打篮球，故选C。5．D【解析】句意：詹姆斯正忙于运动，因为他想保持健康。考查非谓语。be busy doing sth“忙于做某事”，want to do sth“想要做某事”，均为固定短语，所以第一空用动名词形式，第二空用不定式形式，故选D。6．C【解析】句意：新工人进入工厂后，他们被教如何做这件事。考查特殊疑问词+动词不定式。根据固定搭配“怎么做：how to do it”可知，“how to do it”符合句意。故选C。7．B【解析】句意：我妹妹过去骑自行车上学，但现在她习惯步行上学，因为她想锻炼身体。考查非谓语动词。used to do sth.意为“过去常常做某事”，所以第一空使用ride；be used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做某事”，所以第二空使用walking。故选B。8．C【解析】句意：——迈克，如果你被解雇了，你考虑过跟你爸爸学做饭吗？——是的。如果他这么做，我现在就离开公司。考查动词辨析和时态。decided决定；thought认为；considered考虑。第一处是“consider doing sth.考虑做某事”；第二处是if引导的条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”原则。故选C。9．A【解析】句意：2020年1月29日，钟南山和他的团队花了4个多小时在线检查了5名重症患者，并制定了治疗方案。考查时态和非谓语动词。根据“On January 29th, 2020”可知事情发生在过去，用一般过去时态，排除C。“spend...(in) doing sth.”意为“在做某事上花费……”，此处in可以省略，动名词作宾语。故选A。10．A【解析】句意：—— 你最近有玛丽的消息吗？—— 是的。她在上一封信中提到参加游泳课。考查一般过去时和固定搭配。根据“in her last letter”可知，此句是一般过去时态；再者根据“mention doing sth.”可知，“mentioned attending”符合句意。故选A。11．B【解析】句意：为了不发胖，琳达每天早上沿着大渡河跑步。考查不定式和介词辨析。“in order (not) to do sth为了做某事”，排除C；across（平面）穿过；along沿着；past经过。根据“the Dadu River”可知，是沿着大渡河跑步。故选B。12．D【解析】句意：——你看起来很沮丧。怎么了？——我父母不允许我和朋友们出去玩。考查非谓语动词。allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”，不定式作宾补，是固定结构，故选D。13．C【解析】句意：为了帮助增加人们的收入，政府去年号召大家摆地摊。考查动词不定式。help帮助，根据“our government called for a comeback of street stalls (地摊) last year”可知，应该是为了帮助增加人们的收入，用动词不定式作目的状语，故选C。14．D【解析】句意：——为了应对新冠肺炎疫情，人们应该戴上口罩，避免在公共场所聚集。——我同意你的观点。到目前为止，世界各地的人民都相互支持。考查非谓语动词以及动词时态。avoid doing sth表示“避免做某事”，动名词作宾语。根据“so far”可知，第二空应用现在完成时，故选D。15．B【解析】句意：——对不起，你能告诉我如何使用这个机器人吗？——当然可以。考查疑问词＋动词不定式。此句是“特殊疑问词（why除外）＋动词不定式”结构，相当于名词短语，可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，此句应用how to use“如何使用”，故选B。16．B【解析】句意：——蒂娜，这个星期六去购物怎么样？——我宁愿呆在家里也不愿出去购物。考查动词形式。stay是动词，意为“待”；go是动词，意为“走”。prefer doing sth. to doing sth.意为“宁愿做某事也不愿意某事”，故选B。17．C【解析】句意：老师将教他如何使用它。考查非谓语动词。to use动词不定式；use it动词原形；how to use it特殊疑问词+动词不定式；uses动词单三式。根据空前动词show可知，空处应是特殊疑问词+动词不定式，show sb. how to do sth.教给某人怎样做某事。故选C。18．D【解析】句意：我们被告知不要随地吐痰。保持学校干净整洁是我们的责任。考查动词和短语辨析。make noise吵闹；throw waste paper扔废纸；draw画；spit吐痰。tell sb. (not) to do sth.告诉某人（不要）做某事，其被动语态形式为：sb. be told (not) to do sth.；根据下文“It’s our duty to keep our school clean and tidy”，可知是被告知不要随地吐痰，故选D。19．C【解析】句意：我没有纸。你能给我一张纸写字吗？考查非谓语动词。to write in写在里面；write in写在里面；to write on写在上面；write on写在上面，根据空前的“give me a piece of paper”可知，应该用动词不定式作后置定语，排除B和D，由“a piece of paper”可知，应该是在纸上写字，用to write on，排除A，故选C。20．B【解析】句意：非常感谢你给我这份礼物。考查非谓语动词。Thank you for doing sth.“因为做某事而感谢你”；短语give sb. sth.“给某人某物”，此处用give的动名词giving，动词后加代词宾格，me是人称代词宾格，我。故选B。