2023届高考英语二轮复习独立主格结构课件

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习独立主格结构课件，共22页。

一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式
独立主格结构（the abslute structure）是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：
1）Night enshruding the earth，nbdy culd make ut what the dark mass was frm a distance． （黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。） 2）He lay at full length upn his stmach，his head resting upn his left frearm． （他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。）
独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为： 1）Because night enshruded the earth， nbdy culd make ut what the dark mass was frm a distance． 2）He lay at full length upn his stmach．His head rested upn his left frearm．
二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式
独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词／代词＋分词（短语）外，还有如下特殊构成形式。 1．名词＋介词短语 1）The mayr f Hirshima strde at a leisure pace tward the puzzled jurnalist，a bunch f flwers in his hands．（广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。）2．名词＋形容词（短语） 1）The Trjans asleep，the Greek sldiers crept ut f the hllw wden hrse．（特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。）3．名词＋副词 1）This little excitement ver，nth- ing was t be dne but t return t a steadfast gaze at my mute cmpanin．（一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。）
The wretched by，wh has recently been dragged frm the frest t scrub flrs in the barracks，is nw sweeping away the snw，his hands numb with cld．This intermezz ver，he fund himself surrunded by several stunning， prcelain-faced Japanese wmen in kimns．Every afternn a very ld wman hbbled past the ramshackle huse，a vast lad f firewd n her back．
with + 复合宾语形式：with +名词（或代词）+现在分词1.He fell asleep with the lamp can’t leave here with the machine him taking charge f the task, I have n dubt f its winter cming n, it’s time t buy warm clthes.
with +名词（或代词）+过去分词5.The ld man was listening t the radi, with his eyes half the afternn he wrked with the dr the trees grwn tall, we can get mre the wrk finished, all f us went ut fr a std fr an instant with his hand still raised.
with +名词（或代词）+动词不定式11.I can’t g ut with all these dishes t s many bks t read, I culdn’t g ut with nly tw minutes t g, they hurried t the all this wrk t d, I dn’t knw if I’ll have time t g ut.
with +名词（或代词）+介词短语15.He walked alng with his hat n the back f his simply stared at her with that peculiar expressin n his was asleep with his head n his saw a brk with red flwers and green grass n bth sides.
with +名词（或代词）+形容词19.The man was sleeping with the windw mther desn’t allw her child t talk with his muth full.with +名词（或代词）+副词21.With Jhn away, we’ve gt mre Emperr walked in the middle f the prcessin with nthing student listened t his teacher with his head the teacher there, he can’t write.
三、独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
1．作时间状语 1）My shes remved，I entered a lw-ceilinged rm，treading cautiusly n the sft tatami matting．＝After my shes were remved， I entered a lw-ceilinged rm，treading cautiusly n the sft tatami matting．（我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。） 2）The gvernr pndering the matter， mre strikers gathered acrss his path．＝While the gvernr was pndering the matter，mre strikers gathered acrss his path．（总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。）
2．作条件状语 1）Weather permitting，they will g n an uting t the beach tmrrw．＝If weather permits，they will g n an uting t the beach tmrrw．（如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。） 2）Such being the case，yu have n grunds fr dismissing him．＝If such is the case，yu have n grunds fr dismissing him．（如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。）
3．作原因状语 1）The strm drawing near，the navvy decided t call it a day． ＝Since the strm was drawing near，the navvy decided t call it a day．（由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。） 2）The Cssack being intent n his stalking，his ft tuched the prtruding bugh that was the trigger． ＝Because the Cssack was intent n his stalking，his ft tuched the prtruding bugh that was the trigger．（这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。）
4．作伴随状语 1）I tk my ticket，and marched prudly up the platfrm，with my cheeses，the peple falling back respectfully n either side． ＝I tk my ticket，and marched prudly up the plat- frm，with my cheeses，and the peple fell back respectfully n either side．（我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。）
四、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略
独立主格结构是一常考项目，在高考中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如： 1）All flights        ，we decided t take a greyhund． A．were canceled B．had been canceled C．having canceled  D．having been canceled 2）The prductin          steadily，the factry needs an ever-increasing supply f raw material． A．has gne up B．is ging up C．having gne up D．being gne up
此类题型的解题策略可以概括为“结构分析法”，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断： 1）选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句（但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导）； 2）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语（但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语）； 3）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构（独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子）。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。
上述例题1）中的选项A和B与All flights构成了句子，但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导，与主句之间也无连接词，因而是错误的，应排除。选项C和D与All flights都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，应选D，因为“班机”是“被取消”的。 同样，例题2）中的选项A和B与名词 the prductin构成了句子，但该句无连接词连接两个句子，因而应排除。选项C和D与 the prductin都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，“产量在稳步增长”，在逻辑上是主谓关系，应用主动语态，所以应选C。 此外，独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如Clze Test等题型中，并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见，掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。
1．Frd tried dividing the labr，each wrker           a separate task． A．assigning B．assigned C．was assigned D．wuld be assigned 2．The lecture           ，he left his seat s quietly that n ne cmplained that his leaving disturbed the speaker． A．began B．beginning  C．having begun D．being beginning 3．Such           the case ，there are n grunds t justify yur cmplaints． A．being B．is  C．was D．t be
4．Darkness           in，the yung peple lingered n merrymaking． A．set B．setting  C．has set D．was set 5．With all factrs           ，we think this prgram may excel all the thers in achieving the gal． A．being cnsidered  B．cnsidering C．cnsidered   D．are cnsidered 6．A new technique           ，the yields as a whle increased by 20 percent． A．t have been wrked ut  B．having wrked ut C．wrking ut  D．having been wrked ut