【高考二轮重难点复习】2023年高考英语易错点精讲精练学案——专题03 第五讲 词义猜测题（阅读理解题型突破）（含解析）

这是一份【高考二轮重难点复习】2023年高考英语易错点精讲精练学案——专题03 第五讲 词义猜测题（阅读理解题型突破）（含解析），共18页。学案主要包含了考点解读，命题方向，解题策略，解题步骤，浙江高考真题卷，设问方式，2022年 全国乙卷，2022年全国甲卷等内容，欢迎下载使用。



专题03 第五讲
词句猜测题---阅读理解题型突破



【考点解读】
词句猜测题是阅读理解的必考题型。考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的含义。其中不乏熟词生义。
【命题方向】

考点一 词义猜测题

【解题策略】
运用逻辑关系、语法关系、构词法和上下文语境均可快速的猜测所指定的词。
因果关系
because, so,, as a result, so/such...that, result in...
对比关系
while, in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary;
并列关系
in other words, that is to say, as well as, just as, the same as,
转折关系
but, yet , however, while, unlike, instead of, rather than, unfortunately

派生法
单词的前缀或后缀，否定意义；如un-, dis-, im-, -less等
后缀不改变词义但改变词性
合成法
合成词构成新词，根据上下文语境猜测词义
转化法
词性的转换：如名词转化为动词；动词转化为名词；形容词转化为动词

考点二 句意猜测题

【解题步骤】
1. 对原句进行语法、句法和逻辑关系的精准分析，理解句意。其中对前后语境的理解是首位，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理推断，最后归纳总结。
2. 找出与原句句意一致的选项，注意词汇的转换，最后把选项带入文章，结合上下文语境合理翻译验证。
真题透视
【浙江高考真题卷】
Money with no strings attached. It's not something you see every day.But at Union Sta tion in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read,“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”
24. What does the expression “money with no
strings attached" in paragraph 1 mean? A. Money spent without hesitation. B. Money not legally made.
C. Money offered without conditions. D. Money not tied together.答案 C
【答案】C
【解析】 句意猜测题。根据下文的内容并结合木板上写的“Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”可知,钉在木板上的钱是可以随意取的,并不附带任何条件,故选C项。
考点三 代词指代题

代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中,考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。
【设问方式】
1. What does the underlined word“this/it/them/ which..." refer to?
2. The underlined part“it/that/they/which...” in paragraph...refers to“"
【解题步骤】
第一步
明确代词所指代词的位置
代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前一句中,或者前几句中。

第二步

熟悉代词的含义
it/this/that可指代一件事
it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物
which/that/who等关系代词指代所修饰的先行词,非限制性定语从句中which指代前面整句话的内容
第三步
替换核实再比较
1.用所找的指代内容替换画线代词,核实句意是否合理通顺
2.比较所指代部分与选项,确定意思最接近的选项

真题典例
1. 【2021年 新高考I卷】
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?
A．provider  B．delivery man
C．collector  D．medical doctor
2. 【2022年 全国乙卷】
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. 
What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? 
A. personnel safety.         
B. assistance from drones.  
C. inspection and repair.      
D. construction of infrastructure. 
3.【2022年全国甲卷】
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things.  B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories.  D. Stick to a promise.
4.【2022年浙江卷6月】
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
8．The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A．is good at handling pressure B．works hard to become successful
C．a has a natural talent for his job. D．gets on well with his co-workers

模拟演练
1.【安徽省部分学校2022-2023学年高三1月联考英语试】
How would you translate Chairman Mao Zedong’s expression: “Bu Ai Hong Zhuang Ai Wu Zhuang”? “English or American translators might use the words: They love uniforms not gay dresses,” said Xu Yuanchong, a well-known Chinese translator and the first Asian winner of the world’s highest prize for translation, the Aurora Borealis Prize. Xu thought that this translation was correct but not beautiful at all. He cleverly used just two words—“face” and “powder”—to translate it as “To face the powder and not to powder the face”, which became one of Xu’s most representative translations.
Xu thought that the equivalence (相同) of idea, sound and form were the three basic elements found in good translation. However, his method—recreation instead of literal (字面的)—is controversial. Some people said that it was different from the original text. “I think not.” Xu replied firmly. “Western languages are comparable. It’s easy to find the equivalent of English in other languages. But it’s different in Chinese. There are only 50% of equivalents between Chinese and English. If you cannot find an equivalent, then you must find the best words to translate. To find the best word is innovation. It’s recreation,” he explained.
Xu Yuanchong likes to communicate with the younger generation about academic work, hoping that working together to spread Chinese culture will contribute to making the world a better place.
Xu Yuanchong also authored a book, which in Chinese is called “Meng Yu Zhen”, which literally means “dream and reality”. But Xu created a different English name for it. He used “A dream translated into reality”. “This summarizes my entire life. My whole life is about translating my dream into reality,” he explained.
Xu Yuanchong was an expert at translating ancient Chinese poems into English and French but even at the age of 96 had one dream still to fulfill—to translate all of Shakespeare’s works into Chinese.
4．What does Xu Yuanchong’s translation mainly focus on?
A．The accuracy of grammar. B．The surface meaning.
C．Internal meaning and language beauty. D．Consistence with the original.
5．What does the underlined word “controversial” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Debatable. B．Conventional. C．Admirable. D．Fundamental.
6．Why does Xu Yuanchong like to be with young people?
A．To keep a young mind inside himself.
B．To teach them more academic knowledge.
C．To make up for his existing translation skills.
D．To jointly improve the world with Chinese culture.
7．Which of the following cam be used to describe Xu Yuanchong?
A．Smart and tolerant. B．Creative and ambitious.
C．Humorous and generous. D．Cooperative and sensitive.

2.【安徽皖南八校2022-2023学年高三大联考 】
New bio-plastics are being made in laboratories from straw, wood chips and food waste, with researchers aiming to replace oil as the source of the world’s plastic.
The new approaches include genetically modifying bacteria to eat wood and produce useful chemicals. But the bio-plastics are currently significantly more expensive to make than fossil fuel-based plastics.
Land and seas around the world, from high mountains to deep oceans, have become polluted with plastic, prompting major public concern. The world has produced 8bn tons of plastic since the 1950s and demand is still rising.
While some waste plastic is recycled, much of it is burnt to produce electricity, resulting in carbon emissions that drive climate change. In contrast to plastic made from oil, plastics made from plant-based materials only release the carbon the plants absorbed from the air as they grew. Bio-plastics will also give more options for products that biodegrade (生物降解) in the environment, although they can be made very long-lasting if required.
“Plastics are an incredible enhancement to our daily lives,” said Paul Mines, CEO of Biome Technologies in the UK, which has spent t5m in the last five years on bio-plastics research. “But we can’t go on using fossil fuel-based materials. About 6-7% of every barrel (桶) of oil is used to make plastics.”
“Using plant materials is feasible,” said professor Simon, at the University of York. “Replacing half of the nation’s plastic bottles could be done using just 3% of the sugar beet crop, 5% of wheat straw or 2.5% of food waste,” he said.
Currently, just a few thousand tons of bio-plastic are used in the UK each year, compared to millions of tons of conventional plastic. Mines said this could rise to about 20,000 tons in the next five years.
32．Why are high mountains and deep oceans mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A．To display the range of plastic pollution. B．To show the widespread use of plastic.
C．To present a reason of wide use of plastic. D．To stress the increasing demand for plastic.
33．What is one advantage of bio-plastics over fossil fuel-based plastics?
A．Producing electricity. B．Being eco-friendly.
C．Driving climate change. D．Biodegrading other plastic.
34．What does the underlined word “feasible” mean in Paragraph 6?
A．Possible. B．Troublesome. C．Original. D．Costly.
35．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Plastics arc necessary in daily life. B．Oil is the source of the world’s plastic.
C．Bioplastic making is a promising industry. D．Scientists are researching bioplastic making.

3.【云南省昆明市三中2023年高三综合试题】
We took a rare family road trip to the Adirondacks in late August,and it was as refreshing and exhausting as family vacations tend to be.Toward the end of our long drive home, even the kids were leaning forward in their seats urging my lead foot on.At that point in a road trip, even sixty-five miles per hour feels slow. We have become numb to our speed and numb to the road signs flashing by.
My family lives on the edge of Lancaster County. Only thirty miles from home,I hit the brakes, and we began to roll, slowly, behind a horse-drawn carriage.We began to open our eyes again. We saw familiar green hills and the farm with the best watermelons. I rolled down the windows, and we breathed again. Just-cut hay and a barn full of dairy cattle.
At five miles per hour,you remember what you forget at sixty-five.You are thinking about a place,even when you are moving from place to place.
I am a placemaker. A homemaker, too. I am a mother of a young kid at home, and also a writer and a gardener. But, for me, those roles are wrapped up with the one big thing I want to do with the rest of my life: I want to cultivate a place and share it with others.
The place I make with my family is a red-brick farmhouse built in l880. It has quite a few nineteenth-century bedrooms and a few acres of land, and we love nothing more than to fill them with neighbors and friends. We grow vegetables and flowers,keep a baker’s dozen of egg—laying chickens, and, since we moved in three years ago, we have planted many, many trees.
Living with my life’s purpose does not allow for much travel. I need to be here,feeding the chickens and watering the tomatoes. Any extra in the budget,and we spend it on trees.
But I learned something at the end of our family road trip.Travel can help me in the task of caring for my own place.When I slow down and pay attention to the road between here and there,travel tells me the connections between my place and all the other places.
5．What does the author try to express in the first paragraph?
A．The tiredness of her past family life.
B．Her disappointment at the family road trip.
C．The family’s eagerness to return home.
D．Kids’excitement at driving fast on the road.
6．Why did the author slow her car some miles from her home?
A．Because she made a way for a horse-drawn carriage.
B．Because she enjoyed the scenery along the road.
C．Because she needed a break after the long drive.
D．Because she wanted to get rid of a fast-paced life.
7．The underlined word“placemaker”in the 4th paragraph refers to someone who_______ .
A．devotes most of his energy and time to building his house
B．is ready to help anyone in need in the community
C．makes a creative design for others’houses
D．is good at cultivating a place and sharing it with others
8．What can be the best title of the passage?
A．On the Way Home B．Never Travel again
C．Escape from a Family Life D．Life on the Farm

4.【福建省莆田第一中学2022-2023学年模拟】
Elizabeth Spelke, a cognitive (认知的) psychologist at Harvard, has spent her career testing the world's most complex learning system-the mind of a baby. Babies might seem like no match for artificial intelligence (AI). They are terrible at labeling images, hopeless at mining text, and awful at video games. Then again, babies can do things beyond the reach of any AI. By just a few months old, they’ve begun to grasp the foundations of language, such as grammar. They’ve started to understand how to adapt to unfamiliar situations.
Yet even experts like Spelke don’t understand precisely how babies — or adults, for that matter — learn. That gap points to a puzzle at the heart of modern artificial intelligence: We're not sure what to aim for.
Consider one of the most impressive examples of AI, Alpha Zero, a programme that plays board games with superhuman skill. After playing thousands of games against itself at a super speed, and learning from winning positions, Alpha Zero independently discovered several famous chess strategies and even invented new ones. It certainly seems like a machine eclipsing human cognitive abilities. But Alpha Zero needs to play millions more games than a person during practice to learn a game. Most importantly, it cannot take what it has learned from the game and apply it to another area.
To some AI experts, that calls for a new approach. In a November research paper, Francois Chollet, a well-known AI engineer, argued that it’s misguided to measure machine intelligence just according to its skills at specific tasks. “Humans don’t start out with skills; they start out with a broad ability to acquire new skills,” he says. “What a strong human chess player is demonstrating is not only the ability to play chess, but the potential to fulfill any task of a similar difficulty.” Chollet posed a set of problems, each of which requires an AI programme to arrange colored squares on a grid (格栅) based on just a few prior examples. It’s not hard for a person. But modern machine-learning programmes-trained on huge amounts of data — cannot learn from so few examples.
Josh Tenenbaum, a professor in MIT's Center for Brains, Minds & Machines, works closely with Spelke and uses insights from cognitive science as inspiration for his programmes. He says much of modern AI misses the bigger picture, comparing it to a cartoon about a two-dimensional world populated by simple geometrical (几何形的) people. AI programmes will need to learn in new ways — for example, by drawing causal inferences rather than simply finding patterns. “At some point — you know, if you’re intelligent — you realize maybe there's something else out there,” he says.
32．Compared to an advanced AI programme, a baby might be better at _______________.
A．labeling images B．identifying locations
C．playing games D．making adjustments
33．What does the underlined word “eclipsing” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Stimulating. B．Measuring. C．Beating. D．Limiting.
34．Both Francois Chollet and Josh Tenenbaum may agree that _______________.
A．AI is good at finding similar patterns
B．AI should gain abilities with less training
C．AI lacks the ability of generalizing a skill
D．AI will match humans in cognitive ability
35．Which would be the best title for this passage?
A．What is exactly intelligence?
B．Why is modern AI advanced?
C．Where is human intelligence going?
D．How do humans tackle the challenge of AI?

5.【南京外国语中学2022年高三12月】
The power of modern electronic media-the net, mobile phones and video games to capture the attention of the human mind particularly the young mind and then distract it, has lately become a subject of concern. We are, say the worriers, losing the ability to apply ourselves properly to a single task, like reading a book in its entirety or mastering a piece of music on an instrument with the result that our thinking is becoming shallower
Nicholas Carr, the American writer, has explored this theme for his new book The Shallows, in which he argues that new media are not just changing our habits but our brain too. It turns out that the mature human brain is not an immutable seat of personality and intellect but a changeable thing, subject to “neuroplasticity” (神经可塑性). When our activities alter so does the architecture of our brain “I’m not thinking the way I used to think,” writes Carr. “I feel it most strongly when I’m reading.” Years of internet use have, he suspects, dented his ability to read deeply to absorb himself in books: “My brain wasn’t just drifting. It was hungry. It was demanding to be fed the way the net fed it.” He describes getting fidgety when faced with a long text: “When we go online, we enter an environment that promotes cursory reading, hurried and distracted thinking, and superficial learning.”
Carr cites research by Gary Small, a professor of psychiatry at UCLA, who concluded that constant exposure to modern media strengthens new neural pathways while weakening older ones. Just five hours of internet use is enough to awaken previously dormant parts of the brain’s prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮层), concluded Small. For Carr, this is proof that the net can rewire the mind. He sees dangers. Deep thought, the ability to immerse oneself in an area of study, to follow a narrative, to understand an argument and develop a critique, is giving way to skimming. Young users of the Internet are good at drawing together information for a school project, for example, but that does not mean they have digested it.
12．The underlined word “dented” in paragraph 2 means ______.
A．strengthened B．exhausted C．stimulated D．damaged
13．In his new book, The Shallows, Nicholas Carr believes that ______.
A．five hours of net use can rewire the mind
B．modern electronic media help focus users attention on the task
C．electronic media have affected his fulfillment of reading books
D．our brain evolves when fed with information and knowledge from the net
14．What can we learn from the passage?
A．The sharper the attention, the sharper the memory.
B．Nicholas Carr’s book on the subject is a bestseller.
C．Superficial thinking and learning are associated with the new media.
D．Years of internet use do harm to people’s management over multi-tasking.
15．What is the overall danger of the Internet that Carr pointed out in the last paragraph?
A．Young users cannot digest information from the Internet.
B．Using the Internet will cause damage to our prefrontal cortex.
C．Constant internet use will impair our intensive reading ability
D．The Internet can waste young users’ time to an alarming extent

6.【山东省东营市第一中学2022-2023学年模拟】
Andrew White brings his four-legged friends Oliver and Amore to his neighborhood Petco pet stores in San Diego for a little takeout. He has brought the pair to a kibble refill station (宠物食品补给站) that allows owners to use their own containers (容器).
“It’s more affordable for everyone,” he said.
Like the price of many things these days, the price of owning a pet has been increasing. A report on petfoodindustry.com finds the cost of feeding household animals was up about 6% in March over last year. The overall pet category saw a 7.5% increase compared to March of 2021. The American Pet Products Association says a record $123.6 billion was spent in the US last year on pets. A survey shows 70% of American families now include a pet of some Kind.
In Kansas City, the KC Pet Project is seeing animals surrendered because of their owners’ money problems. “It is sad to see a number of pets coming in through our doors,” said KC Pet Project Chief Communications Officer Tori Fugate. “People are calling us every week saying, ‘I don’t want to leave my animal, but I can’t find a place to live with it.’”
One big cost is vet (兽医) care. The KC Pet Project gave out more than $96,000 last year to help owners with medical bills. Recent findings from Consumers’ Checkbook show costs differed widely from vet to vet in seven Cities they listed. So they say f pet owners want to save money, do some checking first. “If you know that your pets are going to need certain treatment, you can call around and get prices, and then decide what to do next,” said Consumers Checkbook Executive Editor Kevin Brasler.
In Florida, the Humane Society of Tampa Bay has increased its animal pantries (食品储藏室), so people can get free food for their dogs and cats.
“I believe things will get better,” said Sherry Silk, CEO of the Humane Society of Tampa Bay.“It’s got to get better because the animals really need us.”
8．What do the numbers in paragraph 3 mainly show?
A．Keeping pets is still popular in the US.
B．The costs for pets are rising in the US.
C．Most Americans have difficulty keeping pets.
D．Many Americans are careful about having pets.
9．What does the underlined word “surrendered” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Hunted for. B．Looked over. C．Given up. D．Handed out.
10．What can pet owners do to treat their pets according to Kevin?
A．Ask for medical prices first. B．Choose a big local pet hospital.
C．Call the KC Pet Project for help. D．Get different vets to examine them.
11．What is Sherry’s attitude to pets’ future?
A．Uncertain. B．Worried. C．Hopeful. D．Doubtful.

答案
真题典例
1.【2021年 新高考I卷】
【答案】B
【解析】“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
3. 【2022年 全国乙卷】
【答案】C
【解析】根据第二句 … sending maintenance staff … to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. 可知maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，C项Inspection and repair与句中的inspect and repair对应。因此答案为C。
3.【2022年全国甲卷】
【答案】A
【解析】根据下文 “After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile.”可知，此处是指做有挑战性的事情，所以take the plunge意为“尝试有挑战性的事情”。B选项表示获得一个学位；容易受到After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts这句话的干扰。C.选项表示找回失去的记忆；D选项表示坚守承诺。C和D选项是无中生有。故选A。
4.【2022年浙江卷6月】
【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。

模拟演练
1.【答案】4．C    5．A    6．D    7．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了著名翻译家许渊冲的故事。
4．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Xu thought that this translation was correct but not beautiful at all.(许渊冲认为这个翻译是正确的，但一点也不漂亮。)”和第二段的“Xu thought that the equivalence (相同) of idea, sound and form were the three basic elements found in good translation. However, his method—recreation instead of literal (字面的)(许渊冲认为，思想、声音和形式的对等是良好翻译中的三个基本要素。然而，他的方法——再现而不是字面)”可知，许渊冲的翻译方式关注原文的内在含义和语言的美。故选C。
5．词句猜测题。根据下文的“However, his method—recreation instead of literal (字面的)—is controversial. Some people said that it was different from the original text.(然而，他的方法娱乐而不是字面意义上的娱乐是controversial。有人说它与原文不同。)”可知，有些人对许渊冲的翻译方法提出异议，所以controversial在此意为“有争议的”。故选A项。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Xu Yuanchong likes to communicate with the younger generation about academic work, hoping that working together to spread Chinese culture will contribute to making the world a better place.(许渊冲喜欢与年轻一代交流学术工作，希望通过共同传播中国文化，为世界变得更美好做出贡献。)”可知，许渊冲喜欢和年轻人在一起是因为他希望与年轻人共同传播中国文化使世界更美好。故选D。
7．推理判断题。根据第二段的第二段的“ However, his method— recreation instead of literal (字面的)—is controversial.(然而，他的方法——再现而不是字面——是有争议的。)”和最后一段的“Xu Yuanchong was an expert at translating ancient Chinese poems into English and French but even at the age of 96 had one dream still to fulfill—to translate all of Shakespeare’s works into Chinese.(许渊冲是一位将中国古代诗词翻译成英语和法语的专家，但即使在96岁高龄，他仍有一个梦想没有实现——将莎士比亚的所有作品翻译成中文。)”可知，他有创造力并且是有志向的。故选B。
2.【答案】32．A    33．B    34．A    35．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。实验室正在用稻草、木屑和食物垃圾制造新型生物塑料，研究人员的目标是取代石油成为世界塑料的来源。文章主要介绍了研究者们正在研究生物塑料。
32．推理判断题。根据第三段“The world has produced 8bn tons of plastic since the 1950s and demand is still rising.(自上世纪50年代以来，全球已经生产了80亿吨塑料，而且需求仍在上升)”可知，塑料污染范围很广，因此第三段提到高山和深海是为了展示塑料污染的范围之大。故选A。
33．推理判断题。根据第四段第二句“In contrast to plastic made from oil, plastics made from plant-based materials only release the carbon the plants absorbed from the air as they grew.(与由石油制成的塑料不同，由植物性材料制成的塑料只释放植物在生长过程中从空气中吸收的碳)”可知，与化石燃料塑料相比，生物塑料的一个优势是它排放的碳更少，即更环保。故选B。
34．词句猜测题。根据第六段第二句““Replacing half of the nation’s plastic bottles could be done using just 3% of the sugar beet crop, 5% of wheat straw or 2.5% of food waste,” he said.(他说“只需使用3%的甜菜作物、5%的麦秸或2.5%的食物垃圾，就可以替换全国一半的塑料瓶。”)”可知，利用植物材料是可行的。故画线词意思是“可能的”。故选A。
35．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“New bio-plastics are being made in laboratories from straw, wood chips and food waste, with researchers aiming to replace oil as the source of the world’s plastic.(实验室正在用稻草、木屑和食物垃圾制造新型生物塑料，研究人员的目标是取代石油成为世界塑料的来源)”并结合全文可知，文章主要介绍了研究者们正在研究生物塑料。故选D。
3.【答案】5．C    6．B    7．D    8．A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在旅途回来的过程中放慢车速，欣赏路上美景，由此而引发的感叹。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段“Toward the end of our long drive home, even the kids were leaning forward in their seats urging my lead foot on. (在我们漫长的开车回家的路上，就连孩子们都在座位上向前倾着身子，催促我那只领头的脚。)”可知作者一家人回家的急切心情，故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段“We began to open our eyes again．We saw familiar green hills and the farm with the best watermelons. I rolled down the windows, and we breathed again．Just-cut hay and a barn full of dairy cattle.(我们又睁开了眼睛。我们看到了熟悉的青山和种着最好西瓜的农场。我摇下窗户，我们重新呼吸。刚割的干草和一谷仓的奶牛。)”可知减慢车速是为了欣赏路上的景色，故选B。
7．词义猜测题。根据第四段“But, for me, those roles are wrapped up with the one big thing I want to do with the rest of my life: I want to cultivate a place and share it with others.( 但是，对我来说，这些角色都包含了我余生想要做的一件大事：我想培育一个地方，并与他人分享。) ”可知作者在生命的时光里最想做的是经营一块地方并与他人分享，所以“placemaker”意思是善于培养一个地方，并与他人分享，故选D。
8．主旨大意题。 通读文章，尤其最后一段“But I learned something at the end of our family road trip.Travel can help me in the task of caring for my own place.When I slow down and pay attention to the road between here and there,travel tells me the connections between my place and all the other places.(但在我们的家庭公路旅行结束时，我学到了一些东西。旅行可以帮助我照顾自己的地方。当我放慢速度，注意这里和那里之间的道路时，旅行告诉我我的地方和所有其他地方之间的联系。)”文章讲述了作者在旅途回来的过程中放慢车速，欣赏路上美景，由此而引发的感叹，故A选项符合文章大意，适合做标题。故选A。
4.【答案】32．D    33．C    34．C    35．A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过比较人工智能和人类的智能，想要告诉我们——什么是真正的智力。
32．细节理解题。根据第一段“They’ve started to understand how to adapt to unfamiliar situations.( 他们开始懂得如何适应陌生的环境)”可知，与高级人工智能程序相比，婴儿可能更善于做出调整。故选D。
33．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前一句“After playing thousands of games against itself at a super speed, and learning from winning positions, Alpha Zero independently discovered several famous chess strategies and even invented new ones. (在以超快的速度与自己对弈数千场，并从获胜位置中学习之后，阿尔法零独立地发现了几种著名的国际象棋策略，甚至发明了新的策略)”可推知，阿尔法零超越了人类的认知能力，所以划线单词“eclipsing”的意思是“超过，胜过”，划线句意是：它看起来确实像是一台超越人类认知能力的机器。故选C。
34．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“What a strong human chess player is demonstrating is not only the ability to play chess, but the potential to fulfill any task of a similar difficulty. (一位强大的人类棋手展示的不仅是下棋的能力，还有完成任何类似难度任务的潜力)”和最后一段“AI programmes will need to learn in new ways — for example, by drawing causal inferences rather than simply finding patterns. (人工智能程序将需要以新的方式学习——例如，通过得出因果推论，而不是简单地寻找模式)”可推知， Francois Chollet 和Josh Tenenbaum可能同意人工智能缺乏一种技能的泛化能力。故选C。
35．主旨大意题。阅读文章，并根据第二段“Yet even experts like Spelke don't understand precisely how babies — or adults, for that matter — learn. That gap points to a puzzle at the heart of modern artificial intelligence: We’re not sure what to aim for. (然而，即使是像斯皮尔克这样的专家也不能确切地理解婴儿——或成人——是如何学习的。这一差距指向了现代人工智能的一个核心难题:我们不确定该以什么为目标)”可知，本文讲述了所谓真正的智力到底是什么。故选A。
5. 12．D    13．C    14．C    15．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了现代电子媒体不仅改变了我们的习惯，也改变了我们的大脑。
12．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“He describes getting fidgety when faced with a long text: “When we go online, we enter an environment that promotes cursory reading, hurried and distracted thinking, and superficial learning.””(他描述了自己在面对长篇文章时变得焦躁不安的情况:“当我们上网时，我们进入了一个促进草草阅读、匆忙和分心思考、肤浅学习的环境。”)”可知，此处表达作者因为多年的网络使用，使他无法再沉下心来阅读长篇文章，所以是损害了他深入阅读、全身心投入书籍的能力，所以dented意思是是“损害”之意，和damaged意思相近。故选D项。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Nicholas Carr, the American writer, has explored this theme for his new book The Shallows, in which he argues that new media are not just changing our habits but our brain too.(美国作家尼古拉斯·卡尔在他的新书《浅滩》中探讨了这一主题。他在书中认为，新媒体不仅改变了我们的习惯，也改变了我们的大脑)”以及“When our activities alter so does the architecture of our brain “I’m not thinking the way I used to think,” writes Carr. “I feel it most strongly when I’m reading.” Years of internet use have, he suspects, dented his ability to read deeply to absorb himself in books: “My brain wasn’t just drifting. It was hungry. It was demanding to be fed the way the net fed it.” He describes getting fidgety when faced with a long text: “When we go online, we enter an environment that promotes cursory reading, hurried and distracted thinking, and superficial learning.””(“当我阅读时，这种感觉最强烈。”他怀疑，多年的网络使用削弱了他深入阅读、全身心投入书籍的能力:“我的大脑不只是飘忽不定。它饿了。它要求以网络喂养它的方式喂养它。”他描述了自己在面对长篇文章时变得焦躁不安的情况:“当我们上网时，我们进入了一个促进草草阅读、匆忙和分心思考、肤浅学习的环境。”)”可知，尼古拉斯·卡尔在他的新书《浅滩》中认为电子媒体影响了他读书的满足感。故选C项。
14．推理判断题，根据第二段中“He describes getting fidgety when faced with a long text: “When we go online, we enter an environment that promotes cursory reading, hurried and distracted thinking, and superficial learning.””(他描述了自己在面对长篇文章时变得焦躁不安的情况：“当我们上网时，我们进入了一个促进草草阅读、匆忙和分心思考、肤浅学习的环境。”)”可知，在本文中我们可以看到肤浅的思考和学习与新媒体联系在一起。故选C项。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“For Carr, this is proof that the net can rewire the mind. He sees dangers. Deep thought, the ability to immerse oneself in an area of study, to follow a narrative, to understand an argument and develop a critique, is giving way to skimming.(对于卡尔来说，这证明了网络可以重塑思维。他看到了危险。深入思考，让自己沉浸在一个研究领域的能力，追随一段叙述，理解一个论点并提出批评，正在让位于略读)”可知，卡尔在本段中指出的互联网的总体危险是经常上网会让我们倾向于略读一段文字，这会损害我们的精读能力。故选C项。
6.【答案】8．B    9．C    10．A    11．C
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是养宠物的价格在上涨这个现象。
8．推理判断题。根据第三段的“Like the price of many things these days, the price of owning a pet has been increasing. A report on petfoodindustry.com finds the cost of feeding household animals was up about 6% in March over last year. The overall pet category saw a 7.5% increase compared to March of 2021. The American Pet Products Association says a record $123.6 billion was spent in the US last year on pets.(就像现在很多东西的价格一样，养宠物的价格也在上涨。petfoodindustry.com的一份报告发现，今年3月，饲养家养动物的成本比去年同期上涨了约6%。与2021年3月相比，宠物类的整体销量增长了7.5%。美国宠物用品协会表示，去年美国人在宠物上的花费达到创纪录的1236亿美元。)”可知，第三段中的数字主要说明了在美国，养宠物的费用正在上升。故选B。
9．词句猜测题。根据第四段的“because of their owners’ money problems(因为主人的经济问题)”和“It is sad to see a number of pets coming in through our doors(看到这么多宠物走进我们的家门，我们很难过)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“在堪萨斯城，KC宠物项目看到一些动物因为主人的经济问题而被遗弃”，划线词surrendered的意思是“遗弃”，和given up意思相近，故选C。
10．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的““If you know that your pets are going to need certain treatment, you can call around and get prices, and then decide what to do next,” said Consumers Checkbook Executive Editor Kevin Brasler.(Consumers Checkbook执行编辑凯文·布拉斯勒说：“如果你知道你的宠物需要某种治疗，你可以打电话询问价格，然后决定下一步该怎么做。”)”可知，根据凯文的说法，宠物主人可以首先询问医疗价格。故选A。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段的““I believe things will get better,” said Sherry Silk, CEO of the Humane Society of Tampa Bay.“It’s got to get better because the animals really need us.”(Humane Society of Tampa Bay的首席执行官Sherry Silk说：“我相信情况会变好。”“事情必须变得更好，因为动物们真的需要我们。”)”可知，雪莉对宠物的未来是充满希望的，故选C。