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【高考二轮题型复习】2023年高考英语题型精讲精练学案(新高考)——专题01 高频语法之名词、代词、冠词、介词与语法填空(原卷版+解析版)
展开专题01 高频语法之名词、代词、冠词、介词与语法填空(解析版)
一、名词、代词、冠词
1. 思维导图
2. 高考真题再现
一、2022年高考真题
1.(2022新高考I卷)
Covering an area about three times __________ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
答案:the
解析:考查冠词。句意:该公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍,将成为中国首批国家公园之一。本句的结构为:倍数+ the size of +比较成份。故填the。
2.(2022全国甲卷)
____________ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.
答案:A
解析:考查冠词。句意:他的一位朋友吴凡在旅行中自愿成为他的同伴。根据句意可知,此处泛指“他的一个朋友”,应用不定冠词,friend以辅音音素开头,应用a,空处位于句首,首字母大写。故填A。
3. (2022年浙江 1月真题)
Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak if she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of ___________ time, they agreed.
答案:the
解析: 考查冠词。句意:对于她的出席,Cobb开始询问邀请她的组织者是否可以远程进行。大约有四分之三的时间,他们同意了。此处特指Cobb询问的时间范围内,故填the。
4. (2022新高考二卷)
___37___ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.
答案:The
解析:考查冠词。句意:布朗一家住在多伦多郊外的一栋公寓楼里。根据句子结构,设空处要填写冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。the+姓氏,意为“某某一家人”,the符合句意。同时该单词置于句首,首字母应该大写。故填The。
5. (2022.6新高考1卷 语法填空)
The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___62___ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and _eventually (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
答案:.populations
6. (2022全国乙卷)
“As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the __largest_ (large) tea-producing country, China has a ___65___ (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.
答案: responsibility
解析:考查名词。句意:中国是茶的发源地和最大产茶国,作为国际茶日的主要推动者,中国有责任与其他国家共同促进茶产业的健康发展。不定冠词a后接可数名词的单数形式。故填responsibility。
解析: 考查名词。句意:GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系,最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。设空处和and后的复数名词homes并列在句中作宾语,应用可数名词population (种群)的复数的形式。故填populations。
7. (2022全国乙卷)
The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony opening _____ _____ (it)first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.
答案:its
解析:考查代词。句意:在开幕式上,中国古茶博物馆正式揭牌,开启了它的第一个展览:大道遗真—普洱茶专题展。名词exhibition前用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
二、2021年高考真题
1. (2021.6新高考1卷 语法填空)
While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is 10 must to visit!
【答案】a
【解析】考查冠词。分析句子结构可知,must 为名词,表示 "必须的事" ,所以前应用冠词,且无特指。故填a。
2. (2021.6新高考1卷 语法填空)
The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 2 (human) are.
【答案】humans
【解析】考查名词。分析句子结构可知,空处所填词应该作 we 的同位语,故应该填名词的复数形式。故填humans。
3. (2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空)
Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and 9 (watchtower) to take pictures...
【答案】watchtowers
【解析】考查名词。根据句子结构, and 前后一致, and前是the different gates,名词的复数形式,所以空格也应该是名词的复数形式。故填watchtowers。
4. (2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空).
9 (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
【答案】Activities
【解析】考查可数名词复数。空格所填词作主语,同时谓语动词range为非三单形式,因此应使用名词复数形式。句意:那里有从鲸鱼观赏到远足等活动……。故填Activities。
5. (2021.6新高考1卷 语法填空)
As the song goes, this long and winding road "will never disappear", and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in 9 (I).
【答案】mine
【解析】考查代词。根据提示词可知,句意为:这首歌必定会留在我的记忆中。句中it指代the song, does指代动词sticks,空格处应指 my memory, 为了避免重复,用名词性物主代词来代替 "形容词性物主代词 + 名词"。故填mine。
6. (2021.1 浙江卷 语法填空)
It is calculated by dividing a 3 (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 4 (consider) healthy.
【答案】person's
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意:BMI的计算方式是用人的体重数(以千克为单位)除以身高数(以米为单位)的平方。分析句子结构It is calculated by dividing a (person) weight可知weight和person是从属关系。故答案为person's。
7. (2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空)
It took us about 3 hours to go all 8 way around the Xi'an City Wall.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。 all the way 为固定搭配,意为 "自始自终,一路上" 。故填the。
8. (2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空)
Due to 5 growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles:
【答案】the
【解析】考查定冠词。空格处所填词与空后的growing popularity of…一起作to的宾语,构成the growing popularity of…的固定用法。句意:因为与环境相关的且有冒险性的旅行越来越流行……。故填the。
9. (2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空)
9 Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.
【答案】the
【解析】考查定冠词the,the Linclons 林肯一家人。the+姓氏的复数,表示一家人。句意:林肯一家人在1856年把房子扩建为一栋二楼,以满足他们日益增长的家人的需求。
10. (2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空)
In 1844 they bought it for$ 1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their 3 (marry) ceremony in 1842.
【答案】marriage
【解析】考查名词。此题考查动词变名词,marry→marriage,这里表示结婚仪式。句意:Charles Dresser 于1842年在这里举行了他们的结婚仪式。
11. .(2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空)
Ecotourism has 3 (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.
【答案】its
【解析】考查形容词性物主代词。空格所填词与空后的origin一起作has的宾语;同时与空后的origin构成限定关系,因此应填形容词物主代词。句意:生态旅游业起源于20世纪70年代的环保运动。故填its。
12. (2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空)
It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the 2 (develop) of the local areas.
【答案】development
【解析】考查名词作宾语。根据空前冠词the和空后介词of可知,空格应填名词。句意:……并且对于当地地区的发展有益。故填development。
13. (2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空)
She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of 6 (she), everything in good taste and in perfect order."
【答案】herself
【解析】考查反身代词。句意:她非常漂亮,并且她的房子就是她的写照,每件东西都摆放整齐,品味也很好。
三、2020年高考真题
1. (2020·新课标I卷语法填空)
The far side of the moon is of particular 64 (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so 65 the familiar near side.
【答案】interest
【解析】考查名词。句意:月球背面让科学家尤其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词particular可知,空处应填名词,interest是不可数名词,be of interest to sb.意为“(某物)使某人感兴趣”。故填interest。
2. (2020·新课标I卷语法填空)
Data about the moon’s composition, such as how 69 ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 70 (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
69.【答案】much
【解析】考查形容词。句意:关于月亮构成的数据,比如它含有多少水和其他财富,可以帮助中国决定它未来月球基地的计划是否实用。ice是不可数名词,应使用much修饰,故填much。
70.【答案】its
【解析】考查代词。句意同上。根据空后的名词plans可知,此处应使用形容词性物主代词its,故填its。
3. (2020·新课标II卷语法填空)
Chinese New Year is a 61 (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
【答案】celebration
【解析】考查名词。句意:中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填celebration。
4. (2020·山东卷语法填空)
As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine 42. (they) living at a different time in history or 43(walking)(walk)through a rainforest.
【答案】themselves
【解析】考查反身代词。句意:除了观赏展品,游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏,想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期,或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代visitors,意为“他们自己”,应使用反身代词。故填themselves。
四、2019年高考真题
1. 【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】
Of ___69___ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
【答案】the
【解析】考查定冠词。此处为特指,意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”,故填the。
2. 【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】
Everybody wears___57___ same style of clothes.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。句意:每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词,意思是“相同的”,常与the连用修饰名词。故填the。
3. .(2019·北京卷·语法填空)
Nervously __facing_ (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to ___3___(I) the two simple words “Be yourself”.
【答案】myself
【解析】考查代词。句意:紧张地面对挑战,我知道我将轻声对自己说两个简单的字“做你自己”。本句的主语是I,当宾语与主语是同一人称时,宾语要用反身代词。故填myself。
五.2018年高考真题
1. 【2018·新课标卷I·语法填空】
Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).
【答案】causes
【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明,仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步,就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
2. 【2018·新课标卷II·语法填空】
Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。句意:玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%,而大米只增长了7%。故是特指在过去的25年里。故填the。
3. 【2018·新课标卷III·语法填空】
Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ____62____ top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。此处为固定短语at the top of,此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。
4. 【2018·新课标卷III·语法填空
】My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ___66___(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
【答案】scientist
【解析】根据语境可知,我是一名科学家。scientist科学家。
5. 【2018·浙江卷·语法填空】
Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese 56 (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
【答案】dishes
【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜,表示泛指应该用名词复数,故填dishes。
6. 【2018·浙江卷·语法填空】
F Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in 64 (weigh) problems.
【答案】weight
【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题,用名词修饰problems,故填weight。
六、2017年高考真题
1. 【2017·新课标卷I·语法填空】
As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
【答案】a
【解析】考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示"结果"。句意:结果,人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。
2. 【2017·新课标卷II ·语法填空】
It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61 (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
【答案】crowds
【解析】考查名词复数。因为crowd为可数名词,并且其前没有限定词,所以此处用其复数形式。
3. 【2017·新课标卷II ·语法填空】
This included digging up the road, laying (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over 64 top.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。此处指的是在顶端建造一个结实的顶,所以在 top前加the。
3. 模拟检测
1.(2022·新疆·布尔津县高级中学一模)
Handwriting is____5____important skill that goes beyond communication.
【答案】an
【解析】
考查冠词。句意:书写是一项重要的技能,它超越了交流。skill是可数名词,此处表示“一种技能”,且important发音以元音音素开头,需用不定冠词an修饰。故填an。
2.(2022·云南·一模)
It has long been a dream for the Lao people to see their country change from a land-locked country ___15___ a “land-linked one”, and the opening of the new railway is a big step toward turning their dream into reality.
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意:老挝人民长期以来一直梦想看到自己的国家从一个内陆国家转变为一个“与土地相连的国家”,而新铁路的开通是实现他们的梦想的一大步。固定搭配change from...to... (从……变成……)。故填to。
3.(2022·河南·模拟预测)
Water mist was sprayed ___45___ the air ,which was then crystallized (结晶) the snow with the freezing air temperature.
【解析】考查固定短语。句意:水雾被喷射到空气中,然后在极冷的气温下结晶成雪。分析句子可知,句中涉及固定短语“spray into…”,意为“喷入……”,空格处应用介词“into”。故填into。
4.(2022·云南·一模)
The opening of the China-Laos Railway will thus help speed the development of the China-Laos Economic Corridor, and will further advance the building of a China-Laos community with ____20____ shared future.
【答案】a
【解析】
考查冠词。句意:因此,中老铁路的开通将有助于加快中老经济走廊的发展,并将进一步推动建设一个有着共同未来的中老共同体。此处泛指“一个共同的未来”,shared以辅音音素开头,用不定冠词a。故填a。
5.(2022·河南·三模)
These Games are not ____39____ end of the story. With their performance and their appearance, each of these athletes can win over a huge new fan community for the time after the Games.
【答案】the
【解析】
考查冠词。句意:这些比赛并不是故事的结局。end是可数名词,由句意可知此处表示特指,因而用定冠词the。故填the。
6.(2022·重庆南开中学模拟预测)
And without courage, we’ll never step into ____44____ unknown.
【答案】the
【解析】
考查定冠词。句意:没有勇气,我们永远无法踏入未知的世界。“the +形容词”表一类人或事物,the unknown表示“未知的世界”。故填the。
7.(2022·重庆·一模)
They also set up the traffic signals and ___55___ series of traffic monitoring equipment.
【答案】a
【解析】
考查固定搭配。句意:他们还设置了交通信号和一系列交通监控设备。固定搭配a series of (一系列)。故填a。
8.(2021•漳州一中新高考模拟•语法填空•T10)
The asteroid (小行星) 10930 Jinyong (1998 CR2) is named ___10___ him.
【答案】after
【解析】
考查固定短语搭配。name after…. 意为“以…命名”。句意:10930号小行星(1998年CR2号)就是以他的名字命名的。故填after。
9.【江苏省常州高级中学2021届高三调研】
On canvas (画布),its effect is close ______ the art of Chinese calligraphy.
【参考答案】
考查固定短语。句意:在画布上,其效果接近中国书法艺术。be close to“靠近;接近”,固定短语。故填to。
10.【湖北省武汉外国语学校2021届高三调研】
The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease ______ their bodies with their meals.
【参考答案】
考查固定短语。第二种理论是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒带入了体内。absorb...into...“将……吸收进……”,为固定短语。
11.【辽宁省朝阳市建平县2021届高三9月联考】
While it’s wonderful for people who want to see what these museums offer and teach them, it’s not always the best for the museums facing increasing hardships in terms ______ funding.
【参考答案】
考查固定搭配。固定搭配in terms of(就……而言)。故填of。
4. 考试技巧
【名词的关键技法点拨】
语法填空解题策略:
1. 根据语境标志词判断名词
(1)看到冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词时, 要想到名词;
(2)遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词;
(3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词。
2. 根据规则确定名词单复数
(1)如果空格处被these, several, many和数词等修饰时, 要考虑用名词的复数形式;
(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are, 要考虑用名词的复数形式;
(3)在平时学习中要熟记名词单数变复数的规则, 方能解决好此类问题。
3. 熟记常见名词后缀:-age表示“状态;场所;费用”;-ory表示“工作场所;住处”;-ology表示“……学;……论”;-ure表示“状态”;-cy表示“性质;状态”;-ery表示“境遇;状况;性质;行为”;-ism表示“主义”;-ty表示“性质;状态;程度”。
【冠词和代词的关键技法点拨】
【关键技法点拨】
语法填空解题策略
在语法填空中冠词和介词(短语)必考, 不给出提示词。代词考查相对较少, 而且有时会给出提示词或者可能填其他词。
1. 根据泛指或特指选择冠词
如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。
2. 根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词
英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语, 记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。
3. 熟记常用的不定代词, 如one, all, both, either, neither, each, many, much, little, few, other, another, something, nothing等。
4. 人称、物主、反身代词: “成分”是关键
(1)如果句中缺少主语, 则用人称代词的主格;
(2)如果句中缺少宾语或表语, 则用人称代词的宾格;
(3)如果句中缺少定语, 则用形容词性物主代词;
(4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语, 则用反身代词。
5. 知识点拓展
1. 名词
考点1.可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化:一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
规则
例词
一般在词尾加-s
map—maps,sea—seas,girl—girls,day—days
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es
class—classes,box—boxes,watch—watches,dish—dishes
以-f或
-fe结尾
的词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf—leaves,thief—thieves,knife—knives,half—halves,loaf—loaves,wife—wives,shelf—shelves
加-s
belief—beliefs,chief—chiefs,proof—proofs,roof—roofs
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es
party—parties,family—families,story—stories,city—cities
以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s
toy—toys,boy—boys,day—days,ray—rays,Henry—Henrys
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词
一般加-es
hero—heroes,potato—potatoes,tomato—tomatoes
不少外来词加-s
piano—pianos,photo—photos,kilo—kilos
两者皆可
zero—zeros/zeroes
volcano—volcanos/volcanoes
mosquito—mosquitos/mosquitoes
规则
例词
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio—radios,bamboo—bamboos,zoo—zoos
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth—truths,mouth—mouths,month—months,path—paths
(2)不规则变化
规则
例词
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,goose—geese,mouse—mice
单复数相同
species,sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,li,yuan,jin
只有复数形式
ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people,police,cattle,staff
部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)
audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件,报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)
表示
“某国
人”
加-s
Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen,Frenchwomen
合成
名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers,men servants
考点2 不可数名词
1. 不可数名词量的表达
不可数名词一般不能直接用不定冠词或数词修饰,而应与特定的单位名词连用来表示量的概念,如:a cup of tea, four pieces of bread等。
2. 抽象名词的具体化
这类名词如果仅仅表示某种概念,是不可数名词;如果表示具体的人或事,就成了可数名词,前面常加不定冠词,如:pleasure, help, honor, surprise, success, failure等。有些抽象名词在具体化时,还可以用复数形式出现,如:no pains, no gains;表示特指时,可与定冠词连用。
3. 学科名词和集体名词的意义
(1)有些学科名词以s结尾,但表示单数意义,如:physics, maths, politics等。
(2)有些集体名词通常只用于表示复数概念,如:police, people, cattle等。
(3)有些集体名词在表示整体时为单数概念,在表示集体中的各个成员时为复数概念,如:class, family, couple, audience, government, public等。
考点3 名词所有格
1. 表示有生命物体的名词所有格
(1)一般在词尾加’s,如:the boy’s bag, men’s rooms等。
(2)以s结尾的词直接加’,如:the workers’ struggle, the students’ reading room等。
(3)并列名词表示各自所属时,在名词后都加’s,如:John’s and Mary’s rooms(约翰和玛丽各自的房间);表示共同所属时,在最后一个名词后加’s,如:John and Mary’s room(约翰和玛丽共同的房间)。
(4)在表示店铺、餐馆、诊所的名称或某人的家时,其所有格后面的名词可省略,如:at the doctor’s在诊所,at my sister’s在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。
2.of所有格的用法
用于无生命的东西
the legs of the chair,the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时
the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词
the struggle of the oppressed
考点4 名词作定语
1. 名词作定语时一般用单数,表示类别、处所、材料、身份、性别、功能、用途等。例如:stone figures石像, paper money纸币, book stores书店, evening dress晚礼服。
2. 有些情况下,也可用复数作定语。例如:a goods train货运列车, two men doctors两个男医生, a clothes shop服装店, a sales manager销售经理。
3. “数字+连字符+名词”作定语时,名词一般用单数形式。例如:a five-year plan一个五年计划,a ten-mile walk一段十英里的路程。
考点5 名词与固定搭配
名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类:“动词+名词”和“介词+名词”。常见短语如下:
make preparations for, make friends with, give regards to, make both ends meet, fix one’s eyes upon/on, in great demand,in high spirits,in agreement with,pay attention to,keep pace with,attach importance to,gain/have an advantage over,make a/no/some difference
2.代词:
考点1 人称代词;物主代词;反身代词
人称
单复数
主格
宾格
形容词性物主代词
名词性物主代词
反身代词
第一人称
单数
I
me
my
mine
myself
复数
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
第二人称
单数
you
you
your
yours
yourself
复数
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
第三人称
单数
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
It
It
Its
its
itself
复数
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
考点2
指示代词
this,that,these,those,such,some
疑问代词
who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever
关系代词
that,which,who,whom,whose,as
不定
代词
普通不定代词
one/ some/ any,each/ every,none/ no,many/ much,few/ little/ a few/ a little,other/ another,all/ both,neither/ either
复合不定代词
something,anything,nothing,everything,somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody, everyone, no one/none,someone,anyone
相互代词
each other,one another
考点3 常见代词用法比较
1. each, both, all, either, any, neither, none用法辨析
全体都
each
两者及以上每一
与not连用表部分否定
both
两者全都
all
三者及以上全都
全体中任一
either
两者任一
与not连用表全部否定
any
三者及以上任一
全体都不
neither
两者都不
表全部否定
none
三者及以上都不
2. one, it, that, those用法辨析
one
泛指同类事物
替代单数可数名词,复数为ones。
it
特指同一事物
替代单数可数名词,也可指代前面整个句子内容。
that
特指同类事物
替代单数可数名词,同the one,或替代不可数名词,后接of。
those
特指同类事物
替代复数可数名词,同the ones,后接定语或接of结构。
3. other, another, others用法辨析
other
(两者之中)另一个或(三者以上)其余。one... the other表“两者中一个……另一个……”;还用于(数词+)other+名词。
another
作形容词,后接单数名词,表“另一,又一”;还用于another+数词+复数名词。
others
表泛指,the others指“剩余全部”,常见形式some...(the) others。
4. many, much, some, any, little, few用法辨析
许多
many
修饰名词复数,谓语用复数。
much
修饰不可数名词,谓语用单数;作副词修饰比较级。
一些
some
修饰名词,常用于肯定句中。与复数名词或不可数名词连用,表“一些”;修饰单数名词,表“某一”;作副词,用于数词前,表“大约”。
any
修饰名词,用于否定句和疑问句中,与不可数名词或复数名词连用;用于肯定句中时,修饰单数名词,表“任一”;作副词修饰比较级。
少量
(a)little
修饰不可数名词,谓语用单数;作副词修饰比较级;not a little表“非常,很”,而not a bit表示“一点也不”。
(a)few
修饰名词复数,谓语用复数。
考点4 it的用法
非人称
代词
It’s quite hot here in summer,isn’t it?
It’s early midnight now.We’d better go to bed.
It’s about an hour’s drive from here to Nanchang.
指代日期、时间、季节、天气、温度、距离、重量、环境、情况等
形式
成分
形式
主语
It is difficult to understand why she barks every minute she is outside.
真正的主语由不定式、动词-ing形式或从句充当
形式
宾语
Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
真正的宾语由不定式、动词-ing形式或从句充当
强调
句型
It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball this morning.
It is Mr Bell who/that often comes and looks after the old man.
指人时可以用who或that,其他情况一律用that
3. 冠词
1:考点梳理
1. 定冠词与不定冠词的区别;
2. 不定冠词a,an的区别;
3. 零冠词的使用;
4. 常见搭配中的冠词;
5. 特指与泛指时冠词的使用。
2:考点详解
考点1 不定冠词a(n)
1. 用于泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。
The village where I was born has grown into a town.
2. 用于第一次提到或出现的名词前,表泛指,不特别指明具体情况。
There is a cup on the desk, but the cup isn’t mine.
3. 用于序数词前,表示“又一,再一”。
I have three books, and I want to buy a fourth one.
4. 用于形容词的比较级前,表示“一个更……的”。
If we sit near the front of the bus, we’ll have a better view.
5. 用于姓名、星期名称前,表示“某个名叫……的人,一个跟某人相仿的人,某人的作品、发明”或“某个星期几”。
Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be a Picasso. 专家们认为这幅新发现的油画或许是毕加索的画作。
6. 用于表示价格、速度、比率等的名词前表示“每一”。
He works eight hours a day.
7. 用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。
这类名词仅表示概念时,是不可数名词,前面不加冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事,特别是前面有形容词修饰时,就变成了可数名词,前面要加不定冠词。具有此用法的名词有:success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, comfort, honour等。
surprise惊奇 → a surprise 一件意想不到/令人惊奇的事
failure失败 → a failure 一个失败的人;一件失败的事
success成功 → a success 一个成功的人;一件成功的事
rain雨 → a heavy rain 一场大雨
注意:常考的不可数名词有:baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space(太空), advice, word(消息), progress, information, news, equipment, wealth等。这些不可数名词一般不与不定冠词连用。
考点2 定冠词the
1. 表示某一类人或物
The horse is a useful animal.
2. 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean
3. 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Would you mind opening the door?
4. 用于乐器前面
play the violin,play the guitar
5. 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the rich,the living,the wounded
6. 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”
the Greens,the Wangs
7. 用于序数词或形容词、副词比较级、最高级前
He is the taller of the two children.
8. 用于国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前
the United States,the Communist Party of China,the West Lake
9. 用于表示发明物的单数名词前
The compass was invented in China.
10. 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代
in the 1990s
11. 用于表示单位的名词前
I hired the car by the hour.
12. 用于方位名词、身体部位名词以及表示时间的词组前
He patted me on the shoulder.
考点3 零冠词
1. 不含普通名词的专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、复数名词或不可数名词前通常不加冠词。
Rock climbing is of great fun. You will get close to nature and take adventures at the same time.
2. 表示季节、月份、星期、节日、学科、语言、球类、棋类以及三餐等的名词前,常用零冠词。
He had nothing for breakfast this morning.
Spring comes after winter.
3. 表示独一无二的职位、职务、头衔的名词在句中作表语、补足语、同位语时,其前通常不加冠词。
We made him monitor of our class.
4. 在“单数可数名词+as/though”引导的让步状语从句中,单数可数名词前不加冠词。
Good choice as/though it may be, he has decided to give it up.
5. turn意为“变为,成为”时,后面作表语的单数可数名词前不用冠词。但是become意为“变为,成为”时,后面作表语的单数名词前加不定冠词。
His dream is to turn lawyer while his sister’s is to become a dancer.
6. 名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any等指示代词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格时,其前不加冠词。
I want that book about cars.
考点4 固定搭配
1:all of a sudden突然;as a matter of fact事实上;once a week每周一次;at a loss不知所措,茫然;be on a visit参观,拜访;be/go on a diet节食;give sb.a lift让某人搭便车;have a gift for...在……方面有天赋;have a good time玩得开心;have a word with...与……谈话;in a hurry匆忙地;in a way从某种意义上说;make a living谋生;take a walk散步;take an interest in...对……感兴趣;take/have a rest休息一会儿;a couple of两三个; a bit一点; once upon a time从前;many a time许多次
2:at the moment此刻,目前;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说一下;on the spot当场;make the best/most of...充分利用……;in the distance在远处;in the end最终;in the habit of有……的习惯;the other day前几天;on the one hand...,on the other hand...一方面……,另一方面……;to the point中肯,切题
3:in fact事实上;for example例如;in danger在危险中;with pleasure高兴地;in time及时;in fear恐惧地;at work在上班;at dinner在吃饭;after school放学后;at first起初;at last最终;by hand手工做的;pay attention to注意;set fire to放火;take pride in以……为豪;take care of照顾;take office就职;take part in参加;in town在城里;keep...in mind牢记;in trouble处在麻烦中;on foot步行;leave word留言;on time按时;catch sight of看见;do harm to对……有害;lose weight减肥
二、介词
1. 思维导图
2. 高考真题再现
2022-2018年高考真题
1.(2022年新高考1卷)
Giant pandas also serve ___64___ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.
答案: as
解析:考查介词。句意:大熊猫还扮演着保护伞的角色,为中国西南和西北地区的许多动植物带来保护。固定短语:serve as (充当)。故填as。
2.(2022全国甲卷)
He flew 4, 700 kilometers ___69___ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
答案: from
解析:考查介词。句意:9月20日,他从4700公里外的西安飞到了喀什,计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。根据句意和Xi’an to Kashgar 可知,此处表示“从西安飞往喀什”,应用介词from,固定搭配from…to…表示“从……到……”。故填from。
3.(2022全国乙卷)
May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially ___61___ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.
答案: by
解析:考查介词。句意:2019年11月27日,联合国正式将5月21日定为第一个国际茶日。根据句意可知,此处表达“被联合国在5月21日命名”。表示被动,使用固定结构“be+过去分词+by”。故填by。
4. (2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空)
It was built originally to protect the city 2 the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复).
【答案】 in
【解析】考查介词。在唐朝the Tang dynasty,是段时间,故填 in。
5.(2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空)Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types 6 trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
【答案】of
【解析】考查介词。根据空格前后为名词并具有所属关系。句意:……各种各样的旅行被归类于生态旅行。故填of。
6.(2021.1 浙江卷 语法填空)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased 5 2.1 in women and men.
【答案】by
【解析】考查介词。句意:研究发现1985-2017年间,男人和女人BMI的平均数值上升了2.1。increase by+数值表示增长了多少,故答案为by。
7.(2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空) In 1844 they bought it 2 $ 1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser...
【答案】for
【解析】考查介词。buy sth. for +价格,表示以什么价格购买某物。句意:1844年,他们以1200美元的价格购买了这个房子和一些地。
8.(2020·新课标II卷语法填空)Oranges: Orange trees are more 64 decoration; they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth.
【答案】than
【解析】考查短语。句意:桔子树不仅仅是装饰品;more than不仅仅,不只是。故填than。
9.(2020·新课标III卷语法填空)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist 70. earth, Mother Nature.
【答案】on
【解析】考查介词。句意:这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
10.(2020·山东卷语法填空)Museums must compete 45 people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
【答案】for
【解析】考查介词。句意:博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语:compete for,意为“为了……竞争”。故填for。
11.(2020·浙江卷语法填空)Some time after 10,000 BC,people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 56. ,through agriculture.56.
【答案】in
【解析】考查介词。句意:公元前10000年以后,人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知,“they lived _____”应是之前名词the world 的定语从句,定语从句引导词被省略,可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语,即:they lived in the world. live in+名词,意为“居住在某地”。故填in。
12.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Modem methods ___63___ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.
【答案】of/for
【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语,用of 连接,“methods of doing sth.”,意为“……的方法”,构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
13.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ___63___ dogs,seven to be exact.
【答案】of
【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。
14.【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer ___61___ this question is not clear.
【答案】to
【解析】考查介词。句意:这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/answer to ...这是固定搭配,“……的答案是……”。故填to。
15.【2018·新课标III卷·语法填空】I was searching ___67___ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
【答案】 for
【解析】考查动词短语搭配。search for是固定搭配,表示“寻找”,表示“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。
3. 模拟检测
1.(2022·广东广州·一模)
For Lucy, nothing beats traveling, which she described ______59______ her favorite part of being alive.
【解析】考查介词。句意:对露西来说,没有什么比旅行更好的了,她说这是她生活中最喜欢的部分。describe as为固定搭配,意为“把……描述为”。故填 as。
2.(2022·新疆·布尔津县高级中学一模)
Studies have shown that students who use handwriting to take notes in class remember information better—improving their scores____7____as much as 15 percent.
【解析】考查介词。句意:研究表明,在课堂上用手写笔记的学生能更好地记住信息——他们的分数提高了15%。此处表示“提高了”,应用介词by。故填by。
3.(2022·陕西省榆林中学二模)
____23____ other words, just “lie flat”.
【解析】考查介词。句意:换句话说,就是“躺平”。根据固定搭配“in other words” 意为“换句话说”,所以这里应填介词in;又因放在句首,所以首字母要大写。故填In。
4.(2022·重庆·一模)
It began on January 19 and finished ___56___ the early morning of January 20.
【答案】on
【解析】考查介词。句意:从1月19日开始,到1月20日凌晨结束。on +具体时间,the early morning of January 20是具体时间,用介词on。故填on。
5.(2021·诸暨市5月模拟·语法填空·T5)
Scientists say that another 26.5 trillion pounds will be produced worldwide ___5___ 2050.
【答案】by
【解析】
考查介词。句意:科学家们表示,到2050年,全球将再生产26.5万亿磅。此处表示“到……之前”应用介词by,故填by。
6.(2021·成都三诊·语法填空·T8)
After taking my pulse, looking at my tongue, and asking a few questions ___8___my diet and lifestyle, the acupuncturist correctly reasoned that I was worn-out.
【答案】about
【解析】
考查介词。句意:针灸医生量了量我的脉搏,看了看我的舌头,问了几个关于我的饮食和生活方式的问题,然后正确地推断出我疲惫不堪。此处是指关于我的饮食和生活方式的问题,应用介词about表示“关于”。故填about。
7.(2021•珠海市二模•语法填空•T9)
Analysis of elements in the relics indicates sources similar ____9____ those of other cultures along the Yangtze River.
【答案】to
【解析】
考查介词。句意:对这些文物的元素分析表明,它们的来源与长江沿岸的其他文化相似。固定短语:be similar to“与……相似”。故填to。
8.(2021•肇庆市三模•语法填空•T2)
Changes to water resources can have a big impact ____2____ people's lives.
【答案】on/upon
【解析】
考查介词。句意:水资源的变化会对人们的生活产生很大的影响。结合句意表示“对……有很大影响”可知短语为have a big impact on/upon。故填on/upon。
9.(2021•玉林市一模•语法填空•T10)
“Accusing the British ____10____ having no sense of humor is like telling Rolls-Royce that its cars are down-market.”
【答案】as
【解析】
考查介词。句意:“指责英国人没有幽默感,就像告诉劳斯莱斯它的汽车是低端市场。”短语accuse sb. of sth.“指责某人某事,因某事控告某人”,是固定搭配。故填of。
10.(2021•永春县第三次联考•语法填空•T7)
“Tu’s winning the prize signifies China’s prosperity and progress in scientific and technological field, marks a great contribution of traditional Chinese medicine ____7____ the cause of human health and shows China’s growing strengths and rising international standing,” Premier Li Keqiang said in a congratulatory letter on Monday evening.
【答案】to
【解析】
考查介词。固定搭配:contribute to sth. “对某事的贡献”,故填to。
11.【辽宁省辽阳市2021届高三模拟】
It's not actually just for grandparents, but it's also to give grandparents an opportunity to show love ______ their children's children.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:这不仅仅是为了祖父母,也是为了给祖父母一个向他们孩子的孩子表达爱的机会。show love to/for sb.为固定用法,意为“表达对某人的爱”。故填to/for。
12.【辽宁省辽西地区2021届高三大联考】
We use bicycles today for recreation, fitness and so on. ______ the bicycle, much of the world might stop working!
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:如果没有自行车,世界上很多地方可能会停止工作!根据句意可知,句子陈述的是“没有”自行车的情况下会发生什么,故空格处应用without,意为“没有”,介词词性,句首单词首字母大写。故填Without。
13.【辽宁省葫芦岛市2021届高三模拟】
The ride lasts several minutes. It travels from the security area to the boarding gate______ a speed of 3. 5 kilometers per hour.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:它以每小时3.5公里的速度从安检区到达登机口。at a speed of...表示“以……的速度”,故填at。
14.【江苏省如皋市2021届高三调研】
This results in the accidental entry ______ foreign objects.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:这就导致了异物的意外进入。名词“entry”与“foreign objects”构成所属关系,应用介词of构成无生命名词所有格。故填of。
15.【江苏省海安高级中学2021届高三五调】
In 1995, Dr. Madan Kataria called on a group of students in a park to test whether adding regular laughter to people’s lives would improve their well-being, Kataria also introduced deep breathing and simple yoga moves______ the exercises.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:……卡塔里亚博士还在练习中引入了深呼吸和简单的瑜伽动作。introduce…into…“把……引进……”为动词固定短语,故填into。
16.【湖南省长沙一中2021届高三四调】
I was remarkable how a community lost so much and was still able to recover, and this left the deepest impression______ the students.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:值得注意的是,一个社区遭受了这么大的灾难后仍然能够恢复,这给学生们留下了最深刻的印象。结合句意表示“给……留下深刻印象”短语为leave an impression on sb.故填on。
17.【湖北省宜昌市2021届高三联考】
A top official told Xinhua. “______ (give) the difficulties experienced this year, the progress being made by Beijing 2022 has been unusual.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:考虑到今年经历的困难,北京2022年冬奥会取得的进展是不寻常的。过去分词活用成介词,介宾短语做状语,given 考虑到。故填Given。
18.【湖北省孝感高中2021届高三模拟】
It began ______a sport enjoyed mainly by very rich people.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:它最初作为一种被富人所喜欢的运动而开始。根据句意和句子结构可知,此处用介词as“作为”符合语境。故填as。
19.【湖北省孝感高级中学2021届高三调研】
So trying to build close connections______a few people should be a priority(优先考虑的事情).
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:因此,尝试与一些人建立亲密关系应该是优先考虑的事情。此处表示“和……的联系”,应用介词with。故填with。
20.【湖北省武汉市武昌区2021届高三质检】
Xiong, a visually disabled young woman who started learning the piano at the age of 6, said her idol was Beethoven, who went completely deaf later and their physical challenges led both of them to establish a connection with the outside world ______music.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:熊小姐从6岁开始学习钢琴,她说她的偶像是贝多芬,贝多芬后来完全失聪,他们的身体挑战让他们两人通过音乐与外部世界建立了联系。此处是指通过音乐让他们和外部世界建立了联系。所以应用介词through(通过)。故填through。
21.【广东省深圳外国语学校2021届高三四调】
Following his recent rise to fame, Rizea has been asked by many cities, including the capital of Romania to transform their old tree trunks ______ works of art.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:随着其声名鹊起,许多城市都要求Rizea将其古老的树干改造成艺术品,其中包括罗马尼亚首都。结合句意表示“将……改造成……”短语为transform sth. into…。故填into。
22.【广东省华南师大附中2021届高三调研】
If a woman is ______ 40, or even if she is 80, her birthday is always the 39th. If she is in her thirties, her birthday will be the 29th.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:如果一个女人超过40岁,或者即使她80岁了,她的生日总是39岁。根据“or even if she is 80”可知此处表示“超过……岁”,用介词over表示“在……之上”,故填over。
23.【广东省华南师大附中2021届高三调研】
And in her twenties, it’s the 19th. They usually have their “real” birthday when they are ______20.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意同上,上一句说她二十多岁,会说自己19岁,这说明真正的生日通常是在20岁以下,此处用介词below表示“在……以下”,故填below。
24.【广东省2021届高三四校联考】
When we look up ______ the night sky, we see stars, the twinkle of a moving satellite and occasionally a distant planet.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意:当我们仰望夜空时,我们会看到星星。固定短语look up at/into/to“抬头看,仰望”。故填at / into / to。
25.【福建省福州一中2021届高三调研】
Elephants are not fans of strangers. However ,Chen and his colleagues can take only three days ______ every month.
【参考答案】
考查介词。句意同上。固定短语: take three days off意为“休假三天”,故填off。
4. 考试技巧
【介词的关键技法点拨】
“四种方法”确定介词
(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系;
(2)根据语境含义结合介词用法;
(3)根据特殊的结构关系, 如接复合宾语就只能用with或without;
(4)根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。
5. 知识点拓展
一、 表示“时间”的介词
1. at, on, in
(1) at表示“在某一时刻,某一时点”。如:
I get up at 6:00 every day. 我每天6点起床。
注:at daybreak在黎明 at noon在中午
at night在夜间 at Christmas在圣诞节期间
at the age of five在五岁时
(2) on表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。如:
I heard a shot on (the morning of ) March 18. 三月十八日(早晨) 我听到一声枪响。
We don’t have classes on Sunday. 星期天我们不上课。
(3) in表示“在某世纪、年、季度、月、周”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。如:
in the 20th century在20世纪 in 1999在1999年
in winter在冬季 in September在九月
in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上
【巧学妙记】
at用在时刻前,亦与正午、午夜连,黎明、终止和开端,at与之紧接着相伴。
周月季年长时间,in须放在其前面, 泛指一晌和傍晚,也要放在in后边。
on指特定某一天,日期、星期和节日前 某天上下和夜晚,依然要在on后站。
今明昨天前后天,上下这那每之前,at、in、on都不用,此乃习惯记心间。
注:“上下这那每之前”是指“last/next/this/that/every”之前。
2. for, during, through
(1) for后接“一段时间”,表示某事持续多久,多与完成时连用。如:
She has been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。
(2) during表示“在……期间”。如:
I went to France for two weeks during the summer. 夏天我去了法国两个星期。
(3) through表示“一直……,自始至终”。如:
They worked hard through the winter. 整个冬天他们都在努力工作。
3. from, since
(1) from表示“时间的起点”,可译作“从……”,多用于“from…to/till…”中。如:
You can come anytime from Monday to Friday. 周一至周五你什么时间来都行。
(2) since表示“自从……以来(直到现在)”。如:
We have known each other since ten years ago. 我们十年前就认识了。
注意:
for和since都常与完成时连用,但for接时间段,since接时间点。如:
for two hours(持续)两小时 since last week从上周直到现在
4. before, by, till, until
(1) before指“在……之前”,与after相对。如:
Please come before ten o’clock. 请10点以前来。
(2) by指“不迟于,到……时为止,在……以前”。如:
We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term.
到上学期末为止,我们已经学了1000多个单词了。
We will have learned 2000 English words by the end of this term.
到本学期结束前,我们将学了两千英语单词了。
注:by后接过去时间,常与过去完成时连用;by后接将来时间,常与将来完成时连用。
(3) till (until) “直到……为止”。 在肯定句中,till/until必须与延续动词连用;在否定句中,till/until常与非
延续性动词连用。如
I didn’t go to bed until 12 o’clock. 直到12点我才睡。
You must wait for him till tomorrow. 你必须一直等到他明天。
5. after, in, within
(1) in和after都可表示“在……之后”,但用法不同:
a. 用in时要具备两个条件:用于将来时;后接时间段
I’ll arrive in an hour. 我一小时后到达。
b. after既可用于将来时,也可用于过去时
He got a cancer and died after a year. 他患了癌症,一年后去世了。
The meeting will end after 3:00pm. 会议将在下午三点后结束。
(2) within“在……时间之内”。强调事情发生的全过程不超出某一时间,没有时态的限制。如:
I can finish it within an hour. 我不需一小时就可把它做完。
二、 表示“地点、方位”的介词
1. at, on, to, in
at表示在小地方; 在……附近,旁边
in 表示 在大地方; 在……围之内
on 表示毗邻,接壤
to 表示在„„范围外,不强调是否接壤
He arrived at the station at ten.
He is sitting at the desk.
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
Jiangsu lies in the east of China.
Russia live on the north of China.
Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province.
2. above, over, on
above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与 below相对;
over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触;
on表示某物体上面并与之接触。
The bird is flying above my head.
There is a bridge over the river.
He put his watch on the desk.
3. along, through, across
(1) across 和 through 都可表示“横过”或“穿过”,前者主要表示从某物的表面“横过”,涉及“面”的概念;而后者则表示从某个空间“穿过”,涉及“体”的概念。如:
He walked across the road carefully. 他小心地走过马路。
He walked through the forest alone. 他独自一人走过森林。
有时 across 表示“横过”也可在“体”内进行,但此时它仍与through 有差别:前者表示从某个“体”的一端到另一端,而后者表示穿过两端。如:
He walked across the hall. 他从大厅的一端走到另一端。
He walked through the hall. 他穿过大厅。
(2)along 表示“沿着”,通常用于狭长的东西。如:
I saw him running along the road. 我看见他沿着这条路跑。
4. between, among
between一般指“两者之间”
among用于三个或三个以上的人或物之中,或笼统的一群人或一些物之中,表示“在……中间”。如:
Between the door and the windows there is a map. 门和窗户的中间有一张地图。
They hid themselves among the trees. 他们躲在树林中。
三、其他介词
1. 表示“工具或手段”的介词 by, with, on
(1)by用某种方式,多用于交通。
by bus乘公共汽车,
by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。
注意:表示搭乘交通工具时,用by时不用冠词,用in时要用冠词。请比较:
I went there by bus/in a bus. 我是坐公共汽车去的那儿。
(2)with表示“用某种工具”。如:
He broke the window with a stone. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。
注意:with表示用某种工具时,必须用冠词或物主代词。
(3)on表示“以……方式”,多用于固定词组。
They talked on the telephone. 他们通过电话进行交谈。
She learns English on the radio/on tv. 她通过收音机/电视学英语。
2. 表示关于的介词 of, about, on
(1) of仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事。如:
He spoke of the film the other day. 他前几天提到了这部影片。
(2) about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。如:
Can you tell me something about yourself? 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗?
(3)on指“关于”学术性的或严肃的事。如:
It’s a textbook on the history of china. 它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。
3. 表原因或理由的介词for, at, from, of, with, by, because of
(1)for表示原因,常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。如:
I am sorry for what i said to you. 我后悔不该对你讲那些话。
(2)at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而……”。如:
He was surprised at the news. 听到这消息他大吃一惊。
(3)from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸等。如:
He died from the wound. 他因受伤而致死。
(4) of指“内在的原因”,如病、饿等。如:
The old man died of hunger. 老人死于饥饿。
(5) with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。如:
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 他们听到这个消息,欣喜若狂。
(6)by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。
Her body was bent by age. 他因年老背弯了。
She took your umbrella by mistake. 我因弄错拿了你的雨伞。
(7)because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如:
He retired last month because of illness/because he ill.
考向2 介词短语
常见的介词搭配:
1. “介词+ 名词”型
(1) in 构成的短语
in advance 在前头,事先,预先 in case 如果,万一
in charge主管,掌管,看管 in common共有,共同,公有
in demand有需要的 in doubt 感到疑惑的,难以确定的
in effect实际上,生效 in fact事实上
in order按序,井然有序,情况良好; 恰当 in progress进行中
in return作为回报 in vain徒劳
in turn依次,替换地;相应地,转而
(2) on构成的短语
on guard 在值勤 on leave在休假
on holiday在度假 on strike罢工
on sale出售 on loan借贷
on the move在移动,搬迁;离开 on the march在行军
on the go正在活动,正在奔走 on the air正在广播
(3) beyond构成的短语
beyond one's power是某人力所不及的 beyond praise夸不胜夸
beyond one's reach够不着 beyond description难以形容
beyond words无法用语言形容 beyond doubt无疑
beyond one's understanding 无法理解
(4) under构成的短语
under development 在发展中 under observation在观察中
under test在测试中 under construction在建设中
under examination在检查(调查)中 under consideration在考虑中
under repair在修理中
(5) at 构成的短语
at length 详细地,长时间 at sea茫然
at will任意地 at work在上班
at lunch在吃午饭 at rest在休息
at table在吃饭 at school上学
at church做礼拜 at peace处于和平状态
(6) out of 构成的短语
out of breath 上气不接下气 out of balance失去平衡
out of date过时 out of patience不耐烦
out of control失去控制 out of business破产
out of style过时,不时髦 out of the ordinary不寻常的
out of touch失去联系
2. 复杂介词型
(1) 表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于,因为”。
because of:表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系);
on account of:常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素。
(2) 表示“除……之外”。
with the exception of= except, except for“除……之外”;
apart from (=美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词,既可表示“除……之外”,相当于except (for), 又可以表示“除……之外,(还,也)”,相当于besides;
in addition to“除……之外(还,也)”,相当于besides。
(3) 表示“有关,关于”。
concerning=regarding“关于,就……而论,在……方面”;
with respect to“关于,就……而言”;
as for和as to用于句首时表示“至于”。
(4) 表示“在……之前”。
ahead of=in advance of,可表示“(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前,更早”, 还可表示“领先,优于”;
in front of 多指空间的前后关系,“在……前方”。
(5) 表示“支持,赞成”。
in support of 维护,支持,支援;
in favor of 可指某人“支持,赞成”,也可指事物“有利于……”
(6) 表示“鉴于,由于;根据,按照”。
in the light of 按照,考虑到 in terms of 就……而言,谈到
according to 根据;按照 in view of 鉴于,因为
(7) 表示“尽管”。
in spite of 尽管,不管
三、模拟演练
1.(2022·湖南·雅礼中学一模)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
With the rapid development of third-party mobile payment tools, ___1___increasing number of consumers across China are using cashless payment methods.
Transactions(交易)___2___(involve) third-party mobile payments rose by 39. 1 percent in the first quarter of 2021 compared ___3___ the previous quarter to 74 trillion yuan. Although China has the most third-party payment accounts in the world, it is not the first country ___4___(seek) a cashless society. Developed states like Sweden, Denmark and Singapore are also witnessing that increase.
However, the rapid development of cashless payments does not mean there are no challenges and criticisms. Alibaba’s Hema Fresh Store, ___5___ customers can shop, dine and order goods for delivery from their mobile phones via Alipay, ___6___(come) into the spotlight recently. Media reports say that consumers can’t purchase goods with cash there, which would be considered ___7___(legal).
Alipay and WeChat Pay, the nation’s two major third-party mobile payment tools, have also launched ___8___(campaign) to encourage more merchants and customers to use cashless payment methods, which has caused concerns over ___9___ cash will soon disappear.
However, experts believe that a cashless society does not mean that cash will ____10____(complete) disappear. As the economy grows, the circulation of cash is still very huge. In the long term, various payment methods will be used by consumers, and merchants should respect consumers’ payment habits.
答案:
1. an
2. involving
3. with##to
4. to seek
5. where
6. has come
7. illegal
8. campaigns
9. whether
10. completely
【分析】这是一篇说明文。随着第三方移动支付工具的快速发展,中国越来越多的消费者正在使用无现金支付方式。文章主要探讨了未来现金是否会消失的问题。
1.考查冠词。句意:随着第三方移动支付工具的快速发展,中国越来越多的消费者正在使用无现金支付方式。此处为短语an increasing number of,表示“越来越多的”。故填an。
2.考查非谓语动词。句意:2021年第一季度,第三方移动支付交易额达到74万亿元,同比增长39.1%。分析句子结构可知involve在句中应用非谓语动词形式,与逻辑主语Transactions构成主动关系,故用现在分词作定语。故填involving。
3.考查介词。句意:2021年第一季度,第三方移动支付交易额达到74万亿元,同比增长39.1%。结合语境表示“与.....比较”可知短语为be compared with/to。故填with/to。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意:尽管中国拥有世界上最多的第三方支付账户,但它并不是第一个寻求无现金社会的国家。名词country由序数词修饰,后跟不定式作定语。故填to seek。
5.考查定语从句。句意:阿里巴巴的“盒马鲜生店”最近备受关注,顾客可以通过支付宝手机购物、用餐和订购外卖。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Alibaba’s Hema Fresh Store,先行词在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where引导。故填where。
6.考查时态。句意:阿里巴巴的“盒马鲜生店”最近备受关注,顾客可以通过支付宝手机购物、用餐和订购外卖。根据后文recently可知用现在完成时,主语为,助动词用has。故填has come。
7.考查形容词。句意:媒体报道称,消费者不能在那里用现金购买商品,这将被视为非法行为。结合句意表示“非法”应用形容词illegal,作补足语。故填illegal。
8.考查名词的数。句意:国内两大第三方移动支付工具支付宝和微信支付也发起了活动,鼓励更多的商家和客户使用无现金支付方式,这引发了人们对现金是否会很快消失的担忧。campaign为可数名词,前文没有冠词应用复数形式。故填campaigns。
9.考查宾语从句。句意:国内两大第三方移动支付工具支付宝和微信支付也发起了活动,鼓励更多的商家和客户使用无现金支付方式,这引发了人们对现金是否会很快消失的担忧。引导宾语从句,从句不缺少成分, 表示“是否”应用whether。故填whether。
10.考查副词。句意:然而,专家认为,无现金社会并不意味着现金将完全消失。修饰动词disappear应用副词completely,作状语。故填completely。
2. (2022·海南·模拟预测)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Last month, I went to China to travel. While ____11____ (do) some research about the trip, I discovered that Chengdu had the pandas, so I decided to go there.
On my sixth day, I finally had a chance ____12____ (visit) the pandas! I didn’t go to the famous panda reservation in Wolong, but to Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding directly, which is much ____13____ (close), because I had heard that people might not see the pandas in Wolong but I wanted to be sure to see these cute fellows. At 7:30 a.m. I ____14____ (join)a group of five fellow panda ____15____ (fan) and we set off. My friends, ____16____ had visited the pandas before, told me about ____17____ active the pandas were, always playing around. However, all we saw them doing was sleeping and eating. I thought they must be tired, because most of them ____18____ (bare) moved. A few minutes later, a ____19____ (sleep) panda came down ____20____ his tree house to the ground. He was absolutely lovable.
答案:
11.doing
12.to visit
13.closer
14.joined
15.fans
16.who
17.how
18.barely
19.sleepy
20.from
【分析】这是一篇记叙文,文章主要描述了作者去成都看大熊猫的经历。
11.考查状语从句的省略。句意:在做一些关于这次旅行的研究时,我发现成都有大熊猫,所以我决定去那里。分析句子可知,此处是while引导的时间状语从句的省略,完整形式是While I was doing some research about the trip,当状语从句的主语和主句主语一致,且从句含有be动词时,可将从句的主语和be动词一起省略。故填doing。
12.考查动词不定式。句意:在第六天,我终于有机会参观熊猫了!have a chance to do sth(有机会做某事)是固定用法。故填to visit。
13.考查形容词比较级。句意:我没有去著名的卧龙大熊猫保护区,而是直接去了成都大熊猫繁育研究基地,那里更近,因为我听说人们在卧龙可能看不到熊猫,但我想确定能看到这些可爱的伙伴。结合句意及空前的much可知,此处应用形容词比较级。故填closer。
14.考查一般过去时。句意:在早上7:30,我加入了一个由五个熊猫迷组成的小组,我们出发了。结合上下文可知,文章是讲述过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时。故填joined。
15.考查名词复数。句意:在早上7:30,我加入了一个由五个熊猫迷组成的小组,我们出发了。fan是可数名词,由空前的five可知此处应用复数形式。故填fans。
16.考查定语从句。句意:我的朋友们以前参观过熊猫,告诉我熊猫是多么活跃,总是到处玩耍。分析句子可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词是friends,指人,关系词在从句中作主语,应用who引导非限制性定语从句。故填who。
17.考查宾语从句。句意:我的朋友们以前参观过熊猫,告诉我熊猫是多么活跃,总是到处玩耍。空处引导宾语从句,空后active为形容词,此处指“多么活跃”,应用how引导。故填how。
18.考查副词。句意:我想它们一定累了,因为它们大多数几乎不动。修饰动词moved应用副词形式,barely(几乎不)。故填barely。
19.考查形容词。句意:几分钟后,一只昏昏欲睡的熊猫从他的树屋下来到地上。空处应填形容词作定语,修饰名词panda,sleepy(困倦的,想睡的)。故填sleepy。
20.考查介词。句意:几分钟后,一只昏昏欲睡的熊猫从他的树屋下来到地上。结合句意可知,此处指“从他的树屋下来到地上”,应用介词from。故填from。
3. (2022·山西省长治市第二中学校模拟预测)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Our cat is dead. My daughter, ____21____ is just two years old, knows this. But she keeps asking where it’s gone and what has happened to it.
My parents ____22____(be) straightforward m admitting they didn’t know what happened after our death when I asked them in my childhood. But I want to give my daughter a slightly ____23____(good) answer to her question about the topic than ____24____(they).
One day when she asked the same question, I told my daughter that the cat was out in the field, I told her that when animals, including people, died, they were usually put into the ground and that their bodies became ____25____(variety) pretty flowers, grasses and trees. I passed my hand over her blonde hair, gently touched her rosy cheeks and checked her ____26____(react). She didn’t appear ____27____(trouble). Instead, she seemed excited by the thought of one day becoming a flower.
Then, I reached ____28____ my daughter’s hand and asked her ____29____(take) a walk in the field. Together, we saw new leaves growing in the sun and pretty flowers waving in the gentle wind. Suddenly, I realized that although we were bound to become plant fertilizer, we were not the lonely humans aimlessly wandering in the world. We were a part of the earth. We were connected by the beautiful plants in _____30_____ field.
答案:
21.who
22.were
23.better
24.theirs
25.various
26.reaction
27.troubled
28.for
29.to take
30.the
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者如何向两岁的女儿解答“猫死后到哪里去了”的问题及感悟。
21.考查定语从句。句意:我只有两岁的女儿知道这一点。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词My daughter,在从句中作主语,指人,故用关系代词who。故填who。
22.考查动词的时态。句意:我的父母很坦率,当我小时候问他们我们死后发生了什么时,他们承认他们不知道。根据空后的时间状语可知,该句叙述的是作者小时候发生的事,且主语为复数。故填were。
23.考查形容词的比较级。句意:但是我想给我女儿一个比他们更好的答案来回答她的问题。根据句中的than可知,此处应用good的比较级better。故填better。
24.考查代词。句意:但是我想给我女儿一个比他们更好的答案来回答她的问题。作宾语,指代my parents’ answer,应用名词性物主代词theirs。故填theirs。
25.考查形容词。句意:有一天,当她问我同样的问题时,我告诉我的女儿,那只猫在田野里,我告诉她,当动物,包括人,死了,它们通常被埋在地里,它们的身体变成了各种漂亮的花、草和树。作flowers的定语,应用形容词various。故填various。
26.考查名词。句意:我用手抚摸着她的金发,轻轻地抚摸着她红润的脸颊,观察着她的反应。作checked的宾语,故用所给动词的名词形式reaction。故填reaction。
27.考查形容词。句意:她没有表现出不安。作表语,表示“不安的”应用形容词troubled。故填troubled。
28.考查介词。句意:然后,我拉着女儿的手,请她到田野里散散步。reach for意为“伸手拉起”,为固定短语。故填for。
29.考查非谓语动词。句意:然后,我拉着女儿的手,请她到田野里散散步。ask sb. to do sth.意为“请某人做什么事”,为固定搭配。故填to take。
30.考查冠词。句意:我们被田野里美丽的植物联系在一起。此处的field特指前面提到的田野,故与定冠词the连用。故填the。
4. (2022·江西景德镇·模拟预测)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A unique exhibition of paintings opened at the Shanghai Mental Health Center on Thursday — all the 49 paintings are created by three hospitalized artists with schizophrenia.
With the theme of “loud hailer”, the exhibition offers people with the mental disorder a chance to express themselves artistically and allows their voice ____31____(hear) by the public, officials from the center said. This can arouse ____32____(aware) and promote better understanding and support for people with mental diseases, they added.
“Loud hailer means two-way communication. These paintings are created by patients ____33____ have been hospitalized for a long time. They live in a ____34____(relative) closed environment. So we want to use this exhibition to achieve communication ____35____ these hospitalized artists and the audience,” said Chen Mengyuan, the curator.
Dr Xie Bin from the Shanghai Mental Health Center said the exhibition also aims to remove the stigma(污名) ____36____(attach) to people with schizophrenia.
“We hope more people with mental disease will become ____37____(scholar), artists and even great scientists like John Nash through medical treatment and a good ____38____(society) environment.”
Nash was an American mathematician who ____39____(award) the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics and whose life as _____40_____ schizophrenia patient was described in the movie A Beautiful Mind, based on his book of the same name.
答案:
31. to be heard
32.awareness
33.who##that
34.relatively
35.between
36.attached
37.scholars
38.social
39.was awarded
40.a
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一场独特的画展在上海精神卫生中心开幕——所有49幅画都是由三名住院的精神分裂症艺术家创作的。此次展览以“话筒”为主题,为精神障碍患者提供了一个艺术表达自己的机会,让公众听到他们的声音。
31.考查非谓语动词。句意:据该中心的工作人员介绍,此次展览以“话筒”为主题,为精神障碍患者提供了一个艺术表达自己的机会,让公众听到他们的声音。此处为短语allow…to do sth.,且hear与voice构成被动关系,故填to be heard。
32.考查名词。句意:他们补充说,这可以唤起人们的意识,促进对精神疾病患者的更好理解和支持。作宾语,表示“意识”应用名词awareness,不可数。故填awareness。
33.考查定语从句。句意:这些画是由长期住院的病人创作的。此处为限定性定语从句,修饰先行词patients,在从句中作主语,指人,故用关系代词who或that引导。故填who或that。
34.考查副词。句意:他们生活在一个相对封闭的环境中。修饰形容词closed,应用副词relatively,作状语。故填relatively。
35.考查介词。句意:所以我们想通过这次展览来实现这些住院艺术家和观众之间的交流。结合句意表示“……之间”短语为between…and…。故填between。
36.考查非谓语动词。句意:上海精神卫生中心的谢斌医生说,这次展览还旨在消除人们对精神分裂症患者的耻辱感。分析句子结构可知,attach在句中应用非谓语动词形式,与逻辑主语stigma构成被动关系,故用过去分词,作定语。故填attached。
37.考查名词复数。句意:我们希望通过医疗和良好的社会环境,更多的精神疾病患者能成为学者、艺术家,甚至像约翰·纳什那样的伟大科学家。scholar为可数名词,根据后文artists and even great scientists可知,用复数形式。故填scholars。
38.考查形容词。句意:我们希望通过医疗和良好的社会环境,更多的精神疾病患者能成为学者、艺术家,甚至像约翰·纳什那样的伟大科学家。修饰后文名词environment,应用形容词social,作定语。故填social。
39.考查动词语态。句意:纳什是1994年获得诺贝尔经济学奖的美国数学家,他的精神分裂症生活被改编成电影《美丽心灵》。定语从句修饰先行词mathematician,与谓语构成被动关系,根据后文the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics可知,用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was awarded。
40.考查冠词。句意:纳什是1994年获得诺贝尔经济学奖的美国数学家,他的精神分裂症生活被改编成电影《美丽心灵》。patient为可数名词,此处表泛指,且schizophrenia是发音以辅音音素开头的单词,应用a。故填a。
5. (2022·重庆南开中学模拟预测)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个恰当的单词或者括号内单词的正确形式。
The 9, 000-plus volunteers at the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games have played ___41___vital role in ensuring that all aspects of life for the sportsmen, both on and off the field of play, have gone ___42___(smooth).
To meet the diverse needs of the para ___43___(athlete) and all participants, the volunteers ___44___(go) through a strict training program, which included training for basic medical and first-aid, how to use wheelchairs, and the ___45___(guide) on when to provide assistance and ___46___to communicate best.
Liu An’ an is one of the volunteers to have also served at the Beijing 2008 Summer Games. Back then, Liu was a sophomore student at university. Now, 14 years later, she is still at university but this time she acts ___47___a lecturer, leading a team of her own students as volunteers at Beijing 2022.
Liu has spent over 150 days training and ___48___(participate) in these Games. She is ___49___(responsibility) for the traffic permits of all sorts of transportation vehicles, and needs to coordinate with over 100 different departments, including venues media, transportation and security.
“Becoming a volunteer ____50____has served both at the Beijing 2008 Summer Games and the Beijing 2022 Winter Games is a great honor for me, and I feel a strong sense of pride and responsibility,” said Liu.
答案:
41. a
42.smoothly
43.athletes
44.went
45.guidance
46.how
47.as
48.participating
49.responsible
50.who
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北京2022年残奥会冬奥会的9000多名志愿者发挥了至关重要的作用。
41.考查冠词。句意:北京2022年残奥会冬奥会的9000多名志愿者在确保运动员生活的方方面面,包括赛场内外的顺利进行方面发挥了至关重要的作用。play a vital role in在……扮演一个重要角色,固定搭配,用不定冠词a。故填a。
42.考查副词。句意:北京2022年残奥会冬奥会的9000多名志愿者在确保运动员生活的方方面面,包括赛场内外的顺利进行方面发挥了至关重要的作用。此处修饰前面动词go,用副词形式作状语,smoothly顺利地。故填smoothly。
43.考查名词。句意:为了满足残疾人运动员和所有参与者的不同需求,志愿者们接受了严格的培训计划,其中包括基本医疗和急救培训,如何使用轮椅,以及何时提供帮助和如何进行最佳沟通的指导。根据 and all participants和the diverse needs,可知名词athlete需要用复数形式,athletes运动员,作介词of的宾语。故填athletes。
44.考查动词时态。句意:为了满足残疾人运动员和所有参与者的不同需求,志愿者们接受了严格的培训计划,其中包括基本医疗和急救培训,如何使用轮椅,以及何时提供帮助和如何进行最佳沟通的指导。分析句子结构,此处作谓语动词,结合上下文语境,此处动词go用一般过去时。故填went。
45.考查名词。句意:为了满足残疾人运动员和所有参与者的不同需求,志愿者们接受了严格的培训计划,其中包括基本医疗和急救培训,如何使用轮椅,以及何时提供帮助和如何进行最佳沟通的指导。分析句子结构,此处与training,how to use wheelchairs构成并列关系,用名词形式,guidance指导。故填guidance。
46.考查特殊疑问词。句意:为了满足残疾人运动员和所有参与者的不同需求,志愿者们接受了严格的培训计划,其中包括基本医疗和急救培训,如何使用轮椅,以及何时提供帮助和如何进行最佳沟通的指导。根据前面连词and,结合when to provide assistance 和句意,可知此处表示“如何进行最佳沟通”,用“特殊疑问词加to do”结构,how to communicate best符合题意。故填how。
47.考查固定搭配。句意:14年后的今天,她仍在上大学,但这次她担任讲师,在北京2022年奥运会上作为志愿者领导自己的学生团队。根据句意,可知此处表达“担任”,serve as担任,符合题意。故填as。
48.考查非谓语动词。句意:刘翔花了150多天的时间进行训练,并参加了这些比赛。spend...(in)doing sth.花时间在做某事上,用省in的动名词形式。故填participating。
49.考查形容词。句意:她负责各种交通工具的交通许可,并需要与100多个不同部门协调,包括场馆媒体、交通和安全部门。be responsible for对……负责,固定搭配,形容词作表语。故填responsible。
50.考查定语从句。句意:“成为一名曾在北京2008年夏季奥运会和北京2022年冬季奥运会上服务过的志愿者,对我来说是一种莫大的荣誉,我感到非常自豪和责任感,”刘说。分析句子结构,此句为定语从句。先行词a volunteer在从句作主语,指人用关系代词who引导。故填who。
6. (2022·福建省龙岩第一中学一模)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Researchers have discovered that people eat more vegetables if the veggies have fancy labels. A research team from Stanford University found that sales of vegetables increased after they were given other names -- even though ____51____was no difference in the way the vegetables ____52____(prepare). The researchers conducted their research on 600 diners for several ____53____(month) at the university canteen. They labelled all vegetable dishes in four ____54____(differ) ways each day: basic, healthy restrictive, healthy positive and indulgent放纵/任性的. The basic label just listed the vegetable name like corn. The healthy restrictive category used words such ____55____reduced-sodium (钠) corn. Vitamin-rich corn was used for the healthy positive. And a ____56____(describe) like rich buttery roasted sweet corn was reserved for the indulgent.
Researchers gave diners a wide choice of vegetables to see how effective the ____57____(delicious) descriptive labels were. They found that making the labels indulgent increased the number of people who chose ____58____(put) the vegetables on their plate, as well as the amount of vegetables ____59____(consume). Diners chose the indulgent labeling 25 percent more than the basic labeling, 35 percent more than the healthy positive labeling and 41 percent more than the healthy restrictive option. A researcher said: “Labels really can influence our sensory experience, affecting _____60_____tasty we think food will be.”
答案:
51. there
52.were prepared
53.months
54.different
55.as
56.description
57.deliciously
58.to put
59.consumed
60.how
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。研究人员发现,如果蔬菜标签花哨,人们会吃更多的蔬菜。标签真的可以影响我们的感官体验,影响我们对食物味道的看法。
51.考查there be句型。句意:斯坦福大学的一个研究小组发现,即使蔬菜的制作方式没有什么不同,但在取了其他名字后,蔬菜的销量还是增加了。分析句子可知,even though引导的是让步状语从句,从句为there be句型,表示“有”。故填there。
52.考查谓语动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:斯坦福大学的一个研究小组发现,即使蔬菜的制作方式没有什么不同,但在取了其他名字后,蔬菜的销量还是增加了。分析句子可知,the way后接的是省略了关系词的限制性定语从句,关系词代替in the way在从句中充当方式状语,所以空处需要填动词谓语形式,又根据上文conducted可知,空处应用一般过去时,且与主语the vegetables为被动关系,与其保持复数一致,所以应填were prepared。故填were prepared。
53.考查可数名词复数。句意:研究人员在大学食堂对600名就餐者进行了为期数月的研究。分析句子可知,空处由形容词several修饰,表示“许多的”,所以应填名词复数形式months。故填months。
54.考查形容词。句意:他们每天用四种不同的方式给所有蔬菜贴标签:基本的、健康限制性的、健康积极的和放纵的。分析句子可知,空处修饰名词ways应用形容词形式different作定语。故填different。
55.考查介词。句意:健康限制性类别使用了诸如低钠玉米这样的词汇。根据下文reduced-sodium corn可知,这里是在举例,所以空处应填介词as,such as为固定搭配,表示“比如”。故填as。
56.考查名词。句意:而像油腻的黄油烤甜玉米这样的描述只留给放纵的人。分析句子可知,空处由不定冠词修饰,在句中作主语,所以应用名词形式description。故填description。
57.考查副词。句意:研究人员给了用餐者大量的蔬菜选择,看看这些描述美味的标签有多有效。分析句子可知,空处修饰形容词descriptive应用副词,所以填deliciously。故填deliciously。
58.考查不定式。句意:他们发现,使标签放纵增加了选择把蔬菜放在盘子里的人数,以及蔬菜的消费量。分析句子可知,choose to do为固定搭配,表示“选择做”,所以空处应填不定式to put作宾语。故填to put。
59.考查过去分词。句意:他们发现,使标签放纵增加了选择把蔬菜放在盘子里的人数,以及蔬菜的消费量。分析句子可知,空处应填过去分词consumed作后置定语修饰vegetables,表示被动关系。故填consumed。
60.考查宾语从句。句意:一位研究人员说:“标签真的可以影响我们的感官体验,影响我们对食物味道的看法。”分析句子可知,空处应填连接副词how,在宾语从句中作方式状语,修饰tasty,此处表示影响我们如何(how)看待食物。故填how。
7 .阅读下面短文,
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
What does a beautiful person look like? Well, it depends on whom you ask and 41. they are from.
Much like the way people with straight hair want 42. (curl) hair or those with pale skin lie in the sun trying to get a suntan (晒黑), people often find themselves more attractive when 43. (visit) another country.
Recently a post went popular on the US question website Quora. It asked, “Have you ever been considered more attractive in a country 44. than your own?”
Many replies made 45. clear just how much more attractive they were considered in other country, and why.
Lolyta from Indonesia wrote, “In my home country, I am not considered beautiful, 46. when I went to Europe I got a lot of attention.” Pooja Gautam from Nepal shared a similar experience. Women with lighter skin always got more attention than she 47. in her country. But in Poland, she has gotten 48. (usual) high levels of attention from locals. “Tanning salons (晒黑沙龙) are a big thing in Polish cities,” she wrote. “Some Polish people find it hard to believe 49. I tell them that many Nepalese people carry 50. (umbrella) on hot, sunny days to stop their skin from turning darker.”
【答案】
41. where
42. curly
43. visiting
44. other
45. it
46. but
47. did
48. unusually
49. when
50. umbrellas
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。最近,美国问答网站Quora上的一篇文章问道:“你在其他国家被认为比你自己的国家更有吸引力吗?”很多人的回答都很明确,他们在其他国家的吸引力有多大,以及为什么。
41. 考查宾语从句连接词。句意:嗯,这取决于你问谁,他们来自哪里。本句为宾语从句,且从句中缺少地点状语,故填where。
42. 考查形容词。句意:就像直发的人想要卷发,或者皮肤苍白的人躺在阳光下想要晒黑一样。hair为名词,要用形容词修饰,故用curly。
43. 考查非谓语动词。句意:就像直发的人想要卷发,或者皮肤苍白的人躺在阳光下想要晒黑一样,人们在到另一个国家旅游时,往往会发现自己更有吸引力。本句已经存在谓语动词且句中没有连词,故visit做非谓语动词。与逻辑主语是people之间是主谓关系,故用现在分词visiting。
44. 考查固定短语。句意:它问道:“你在其他国家被认为比你自己的国家更有吸引力吗?”固定词组other than“不同于”。故填other。
45. 考查形式宾语。句意:许多回复都明确表示,他们在其他国家被认为更具吸引力。短语make it clear“讲清楚”,make后跟it做形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的从句。故填it。
46. 考查连词。句意:在我的祖国,我不被认为是美丽的,但当我去欧洲时,我得到了很多关注。根据语境前后是转折关系,故用but。
47. 考查动词的省略。句意:肤色较浅的女性总是比她的国家更受关注。为了避免重复got way more attention,用助动词do代替。且根据上文got可知应用一般过去时,故填did。
48. 考查副词。句意:但在波兰,她得到了当地人异乎寻常的高度关注。由前面的but可知前后两句是转折关系,又要修饰形容词故用副词形式unusually。
49. 考查状语从句连接词。句意:当我告诉他们许多尼泊尔人为了防止皮肤被晒黑而在晴朗的大热天撑伞时,一些波兰人觉得难以相信。本句为时间状语从句,表示“当……时候”,故填when。
50. 考查名词的数。umbrella为名词,前面没有冠词修饰,故用复数形式umbrellas。
8.阅读下面短文,
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
My friend had a chance to make a trip to Hong Kong 51. August 15,2015. He had dreamed about 52. (visit) it since his boyhood and it was the first time that he 53. (be) there. The following was 54. he had seen.
55. (arrive) there, he was 56. (shock) by its beautiful scenery and tall buildings. 57. we all know, Hong Kong has the most skyscrapers in the world. Wherever he went, he saw many smiling faces. People in Hong Kong were kind, generous, easygoing and ready to help others. Much to his surprise, he saw that people there always kept order in public places. 58. a great number of people were waiting for the next train at the subway station, they were talking in such a low voice as not to disturb others.
Chinese and English are the official languages of Hong Kong. English is 59. (wide) used in governments, markets, service centers and other fields.
Staying there for a week was a good experience for him, 60. he would never forget.
【答案】
51. on
52. visiting
53. had been
54. what
55. Arriving
56. shocked
57. As
58. Though /Although
59. widely
60. which
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。主要记叙了作者朋友的香港之旅的所见所闻。
51. 考查介词。句意:2015年8月15日,我的朋友有机会去香港旅行。在某日前用介词on。故填on。
52. 考查非谓语动词。句意:他从小就梦想着去参观它,这是他第一次去那里。about是介词,后跟doing做宾语,故填visiting。
53. 考查动词时态。句意:他从小就梦想着去参观它,这是他第一次去那里。固定句型“It was the first time that 主语+过去完成时态+其他”。意思是“第几次做某事了”。故填had been。
54. 考查连接词。句意:下面是他所看到的。本句为表语从句,表语从句中缺少宾语,指事物,故填what。
55. 考查非谓语动词。句意:到了那里,他被那里美丽的景色和高楼大厦所震撼。是现在分词做时间状语,又是主动关系,位于句子开头,故填Arriving。
56. 考查形容词。根据上文he was可知应填形容词作表语,修饰人故用-ed结尾形容词。故填shocked。
57. 考查固定短语。句意:众所周知,香港拥有世界上最多的摩天大楼。固定短语as we all know“众所周知”。故填As。
58. 考查连接词。句意:尽管大量的人再等下一趟地铁,但是他们为了不干扰别人而是用低的声音谈话。本句为让步状语从句,表示“虽然;尽管”,故填Though /Although。
59. 考查副词。句意:英语被广泛地使用。根据句意可知表示“广泛地”故应填widely。
60. 考查定语从句连接词。句意:在那里呆一个星期对他来说是一次很好的经历,他永远不会忘记。前面整个句子是先行词,所以后面是which引导的非限制性定语从句,故填which。
9.阅读下面短文,
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
We’ve all turned to sad music to make us feel 61. (good)at some point in our lives, but why does doubling down on the sadness help drag us out of the mire(泥沼 )?
A new study sheds light on what’s going on inside our brains 62. we match our music to our feelings. It looks like sad music can be enjoyable -rather than 63. (simple) depressing- because it triggers positive memories that can help to lift our mood. Psychologist Adrian North from Curtin University in Australia says there 64. (be)two groups of possible65. (explain)for why we enjoy listening to sad music like this: one from social psychology, and one from cognitive neuroscience(认知神经学).
In terms of social psychology, one way of 66. (think) about this is that we feel much better about 67. (we) if we focus on someone who’s doing even worse, a process known as downward social comparison. Everything’s going to be okay, because this person 68. (have) an even worse day than you are.
Another theory from social psychology is that people like to listen 69. music that mirrors the tone of their current life circumstances -the songs act as 70. sort of tuning fork(音叉) for our own situations and they resonate(共鸣) with us.
【答案】
61. better
62. when/as
63. simply
64. are
65. explanations
66. thinking
67. ourselves
68. is having/has
69. to
70. a
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。我们都曾在生命中的某些时刻通过听悲伤的歌来让自己好受一些,但是为什么更多的悲伤反而会让我们走出低谷呢?社会心理学有的派别认为是通过下行社会比较让我们感觉好一些,有的派别认为是那些悲伤的音乐让我们产生心理共鸣,所以感觉会好一些。
61. 考查形容词比较级。句意:我们都曾在生命中的某些时刻通过听悲伤的歌来让自己好受一些。空格处单词位于系动词feel后,应用形容词形式。根据句意“让我们感受更好受一些”,应使用形容词比较级形式。且空格处单词与第三段中的“feel much better”呼应,故填better。
62. 考查时间状语从句中的连词。句意:一项新的研究阐明了当我们将所听的音乐与心中感受配对的时候我们大脑里到底发生了什么。根据句意,这是一个时间状语从句。由于空格后句子使用的是一般现在时,所以空格处连词可以填when/as。
63. 考查副词。句意:其结果显示:悲伤的音乐也能带来愉悦而不是简单地令人低落。空格处单词修饰形容词depressing,应用副词形式。故填simply。
64. 考查主谓一致。句意:关于我们为什么喜欢听悲伤的音乐有两派可能的解释。这里使用的是there be句型,be动词与其后主语保持一致。句中“two groups of”为复数意义,故be动词填are。
65. 考查名词的复数形式。句意同上。空格处单词位于形容词后介词前,应用名词形式。“explain(解释)”的名词形式为explanation,且为可数名词。这句话后列出了来自社会心理学与来自认知神经科学的两派解释,所以空格处名词用复数形式。故填explanations。
66. 考查动名词。句意:从社会心理学这一派来讲,有一种思路是:当我们把注意力集中在一个比我们过得还惨的人身上时,我们会觉得好受些。空格位于介词of后,且think about是动词词组,所以空格处填动名词形式。故填thinking。
67. 考查反身代词。句意同上。由于表语从句的从句部分主语we与about后的宾语指代的是同一类人,所以介词后宾语使用反身代词。we的反身代词为ourselves,故填ourselves。
68. 考查时态语态与主谓一致。句意:一切都会好起来的,因为这个人比你过得更惨。这是原因状语从句,前半句使用的是一般现在时,所以从句部分也使用一般时态。根据句意,从句部分使用一般现在时或现在进行时都可以,主语this person是第三人称单数,故填is having/has。
69. 考查介词。句意:另一个假说是人们喜欢听那些能反映自己现在生活境况基调的音乐,这些歌对于我们的境况来讲起到了类似音叉的作用,它们与我们产生了共鸣。“listen”是不及物动词,后边加名词时需要加介词to,故填to。
70. 考查冠词。句意同上。空格位于单数名词sort前,空格前为介词,所以空格处需要填冠词。“a sort of”意为“一种”,为固定搭配。故填a。
10.阅读下面短文,
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
He's an old cobbler(修鞋匠 ) with a shop in a historic area in Paris. When I took him my shoes, he told me, "I haven't time. Take them to 71. other fellow on the main street."
Just looking at his bench 72. (load) with tools and pieces of leather, I knew the craftsman(手艺人) was rather73. (skill).“No,”I replied,“ the other fellow can’t do it well.”
“The fellow he mentioned is one of those shopkeepers who fix shoes and make keys without knowing much about mending shoes or making keys.”They work 74. (careless)and when they have finished sewing back a sandal strap (鞋带). you might as well just threw away the pair. The reason75. I wanted to have my shoes repaired in the shop is that the man works very carefully.
The man 76. (have)me write my name on one shoe with a piece of chalk and said “Come back tomorrow.”
I was about to leave77. he took a pair of soft leather78. (boot)off a shelf.
"See what I can do? "he said with pride. “Only three 79. us in Paris can do this kind of work.”
The cobber was something out of an ancient legend, this old craftsman with his way of speaking familiarly, his very strange, dusty hat, his funny accent and, above all, his pride in his craft.
In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest80. (satisfy)from pride a job well done.
【答案】
71. the
72. loaded
73. skilled/skillful
74. carelessly
75. why
76. had
77. when
78. boots
79. of
80. satisfaction
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一个老鞋匠几十年如一日兢兢业业地工作,让自己的补鞋的手艺变得非常好。旨在告诉我们做任何工作都应该努力认真。
71. 考查冠词。句意:把他们带到大街上的另一个人那里去。短语the other“另一个;其他”。故填the。
72. 考查非谓语动词。句意:只看他那堆满工具和皮件的长凳,我就知道这位工匠技艺高超。本句中load与逻辑主语bench构成被动关系应用过去分词,故填loaded。
73. 考查形容词。句意同上。根据上文was可知应填形容词作表语,故填skilled/skillful“熟练的;有技能的”。
74. 考查副词。句意:他们工作很粗心。work为动词需要副词修饰,故填carelessly。
75. 考查固定句式。句意:我想在这个店里修鞋的原因是这个人工作非常细心。固定句式the reason why…is that…“……的原因是……”,故填why。
76. 考查动词时态。句意:那个人让我用粉笔把我的名字写在一只鞋上。根据上文可知故事发生在过去,故应用一般过去时,故填had。
77. 考查固定句式。句意:我正要离开,他从架子上取下一双软皮靴。固定句式be about to…when…“正要做某事,突然……”。故填when。
78. 考查名词的数。句意同上。boot为可数名词,由a pair of修饰应填复数形式boots。
79. 考查介词。句意:在巴黎只有我们三个人能做这种工作。根据句意可知表示部分或全部的应用介词of。故填of。
80. 考查名词。句意:在这样一个时期,能找到一个鞋匠,把工作做得很好,并从中得到最大的满足,这是一种难得的安慰。根据上文greatest为形容词修饰名词可知填satisfaction。
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