专题07 语法无忧 名词、代词心中有——2023年中考英语思维导图+必备知识点梳理+精练学案（牛津上海版）（原卷版+解析版）

这是一份专题07 语法无忧 名词、代词心中有——2023年中考英语思维导图+必备知识点梳理+精练学案（牛津上海版）（原卷版+解析版），文件包含专题07语法无忧名词代词心中有解析版2023年中考英语思维导图+必备知识点梳理+精练学案牛津上海版docx、专题07语法无忧名词代词心中有原卷版2023年中考英语思维导图+必备知识点梳理+精练学案牛津上海版docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共31页， 欢迎下载使用。
专题07 语法无忧 名词、代词心中有 名词一、可数名词和不可数名词可数名词不可数名词分单、复数两种形式desk→desksbus→buses没有复数形式teameat前面可用基数词、不定冠词修饰three boysan orange不可以被基数词和不定冠词直接修饰，若表示数量可用“单位词+不可数名词”a piece of papertwo cups of tea可数名词的复数前可用many, some, any 修饰many teacherssome friends可用much, some, any修饰much breadsome milk 【特例清单】有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同work(工作)—a work(著作)   glass(玻璃)—a glass(玻璃杯)   paper(纸)—a paper(报纸；文件；试卷)tea(茶)—a tea(一种茶)(表示种类)   wood(木头)—a wood(小树林)   room(空间)—a room(房间)chicken(鸡肉)—a chicken(小鸡)   light(光，光线)—a light(电灯)   fish(鱼肉)—fishes(各种各样的鱼)exercise(锻炼，运动)—exercises(习题)   life(生活)—lives(生命)   orange(橘子汁)—an orange(橘子)time(时间)—times(倍，次数)   hand(帮助)—a hand(手)   radio(无线电)—a radio(收音机)  二、可数名词的复数形式情况构成方法例词一般情况加-scap→caps dog→dogs bike→bikes driver→drivers以字母s, sh, ch, x等结尾加-esbus→buses       wish→wishes watch→watches   box→boxes以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加-eslady→ladies century→centuries family→families  story→stories以f或fe结尾一般变f, fe为v，再加-esleaf→leaves   life→liveshalf→halves   knife→knives以o结尾o前为辅音音素时加-es, o前为元音音素时加-s。tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes potato→potatoes radio→radios   zoo→zoos   photo→photospiano→pianos复合名词将后一个词变为复数tooth-brush→tooth-brushes  film-goer → film-goers两部分都变复数man doctor→men doctors woman teacher→women teachers特殊名词改变内部元音字母foot→feet  tooth→teeth  man→men  mouse→mice词尾加-renchild→children单复数同形Chinese→Chinese  sheep→sheep  deer→deer【特例清单】1.“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词须用单数形式。five-year-old 5岁大的；a five-pound note 一张5英镑的纸币a six-foot-deep hole一个6英尺深的洞2.以-s结尾的名词，有的作单数使用，有的作复数使用(1)以-s结尾的学科类名词，一般是不可数名词例：maths, physics, politics(2)表示由两部分构成的物体的名词，其形式上可数，若表达具体数目时，要借助数量词pair来表示，其单复数形式取决于pair的单复数形式例：a pair of trousers一条裤子(3)以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名词，看作单数名词例：The New York Times(《纽约时报》)(4)以-s结尾表示国家、组织或公司名称的专有名词，通常被看做单数例：the United States(美利坚合众国)(5)以-s结尾表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等自然景观的专有名词，通常被看做复数例：the Olympic Games(奥林匹克运动会)(6)复合名词的复数形式分为两种：一是只将主体名词变为复数形式；二是如果是man，woman与其他名词组成的复合名词，那么两个名词都要变为复数形式。例：an apple tree→two apple trees; a woman teacher→some women teachers三、不可数名词的计量类型英语含义例子个数单位词piece张a piece of advice; two pieces of advicedrop滴a drop of ink; three drops of inkpile堆a pile of wood; four piles of wood 容器单位词cup杯a cup of coffee; seven cups of coffeeglass(玻璃)杯a glass of milk; eight glasses of milkbottle瓶a bottle of juice; nine bottles of juicebox盒、箱a box of chalk; ten boxes of chalkbag袋a bag of flour; eleven bags of flour度量衡单位词pound磅a pound of meat; fourteen pounds of meatkilo公斤a kilo of oil; two kilos of oil【特例清单】1.不可数名词表示数量时，可用a lot of，much，little，a little，some，no等修饰例：I want some water. 我想要一些水。2.不可数名词表示一定的数量时，可借助可数名词，用“a+可数名词+of+不可数名词”结构。表示复数意义时，把可数名词变为复数形式例：He needs two pieces of paper. 他需要两张纸。 四、名词所有格类型构成方法例子有生命的名词(人或动物)在词尾加’sTom’s book; the girl’s ear-ring; the dog’s ears; the hero’s name以s, es结尾的复数名词只加’the students’ desks; the workers’ tools; the teachers’ office不以(e)s结尾的复数名词加’smen’s clothes; Children’s Day; Women’s Day; sheep’s wool无生命的名词时间、世界、国家、城市等一般在词尾加’sChina’s capital; Chengdu’s industries; the world’s population; today’s news其他一般用of结构the door of the room; a map of the world; the legs of the tables; a way of life【特例清单】用and连接两个并列名词的所有格：(1)当and连接的两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加’s例：Mary and her sister’s bedroom. 玛丽和她姐姐共有的卧室Lily and Lucy’s mother.       莉莉和露西的妈妈。(2)当and连接的两个并列名词表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都在词尾加’s表示所有关系例：Tom’s and Mary’s bags.  汤姆和玛丽他们各自的包。表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在表示职业的名词或是姓氏后加上’s代表场所。例：a tailor’s裁缝铺        a barber’s理发店      a doctor’s诊所my sister’s我姐姐的家  a stationer’s文具店    Chaplin’s卓别林的家 所有物+of+’s结构或所有物+of+名词性物主代词=双重所有格例：a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一个朋友     a pen of mine我的一支钢笔代词专题梳理知识点1：人称代词 I  you  he  heritwe  you  they   meyou  him  her   it   us  youthem   meyou  him  her   it   us  youthem 知识点2：物主代词my  yourhis  her  its  ouryour  their  mine  yours  hishers  its  ours  yours  theirs知识点3：反身代词数单数复数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词IyouHe/she/itweyouthey反身代词myselfyourselfHimself/herselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves 知识补充：        第一人称和第二人称由形容词性物主代词+self或+selves构成。   第三人称由人称代词宾格+self或+selves构成。其中单数+self，复数+selves。2. 反身代词作同位语，加强语气，通常跟在名词或代词后。He thought of the idea himself.  I can do it myself.3. 反身代词通常跟在某些动词后作动词的宾语。The boy is old enough to dress himself. We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.知识补充： 含反身代词的常用短语    4. 反身代词常跟在for, of, by等介词后，构成固定短语。I worked out the problem by myself.   我独自解出了这道题。The wolf decided to see what happened for himself. 狼决定亲自去看看发生了什么事。The computer can shut off of itself. 这台计算机会自动关机。 知识点4：it的用法具体用法例句分析a. 表示单数的事物，译为“它”A：What’s this?   B：It’s a cat.b. 表示婴儿或不知道性别的人There’s a baby in the picture. Is it you?Someone is knocking the door. Who can it be?c. 表示时间、天气、季节、距离等It was snowing when I got home yesterday. How far is it from your home to your school?d. 作形式主语、形式宾语等It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s no use waiting here.We find/think it important to finish the job in an hour. 知识点5：复合不定代词                                                          ①         复合不定代词+ adj. (形容词)      ②         作主语时，动词用单数形式somethinganythingnothingsomebodyanybodynobodysomeoneanyoneno one 知识点6：代词综合代词用法特点例句one, ones指代上文出现过的某个/些人或事物I forgot to bring a pen. Can you lend me one?Those shoes are too small. We must buy some new ones.that, those常用于比较级句型中The weather in Kunming is milder than that in Beijing.People in the U.S are more of fond of these dramas than those in Arabian countries.each, everyeach≥2; every≥3each ofThere are trees on each side of the street.Each side of the square is decorated with national flags.Every child in the class has passed the examination. 知识点7：考查other，the other，another．others, the others，the rest的用法及区别other, the other, another1.  other表示泛指，没有特定的范围。意为“其他的”；其复数形式为others, 常用句型: some…others…。He is a good boy, he always helps other people (=others). 2.  the other意为“另一个”，表示特指，一般用于两者之间的“另一个”。常用句型: one…the other…3.  another表示泛指三者或三者以上的其他任何一个，意为“再一、又一”。常用搭配: another+ 名词单数/一段时间another泛指三者以上的“另一个”the other表示“两者当中的另一个”other表示“其他的”others指“别的一些人或物”the others表示“其余所有的人或物”。
注：指代单数时，若是泛指，用another；若是特指，则用the other。指代复数时，若是泛指，用other修饰名词的复数形式；若是特指，用the other修饰名词的复数形式。others不能作定语，表示复数意义，相当于“other+复数名词”；the others相当于“the other+复数名词”。another一般表示单数，其后接可数名词的单数形式。但若其后有数词或few修饰时，则可接复数名词。the rest表示“剩余部分；其余”，指代可数名词或不可数名词。 知识点8：考查all, both，either，neither，none的用法及区别both，either和neither皆表示两者，可做主语、宾语和定语，both还可作同位语。表示“两者都……”用both，“两者都不……”用neither．“两者中任意一个……”强调个体，用either。all和none表示三者或三者以上。all表示全部肯定，而none表示全部否定。all可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语；none可作主语、宾语和同位语，但不能作定语。all作主语时，指人看作复数，指物看作单数；none作主语时，看作单复数皆可。both，all，none作主语同位语时，通常放在行为动词前面，be动词、助动词或情态动词的后面。all和both与not连用表示部分否定。                                   both, either, neither botheitherneither含义两者都（肯定）两者之中的任意一个两者都不（否定）其后动词形式复数单数单数常用搭配both…and… 复数动词either…or… 就近原则neither…nor…就近原则 知识点9：some／any／no／every +thing／one／bodysome类的词用于肯定句，any类的词用于否定和疑问句。
特殊情况：some用语疑问句表示邀请，并且期待得到对方肯定回答。any用于肯定句中表示“任何，任一”something和anything用法同上。 知识点10：little和a little；few和a few    little和a little修饰不可数名词，做主语时谓语动词用单数；few和a few修饰可数名词，做主语时谓语动词用复数。 few, little 有异同，分别修饰可数，不可数：共有“a”表肯定，其前无“a” 表否定。 1．The ________ teacher’s wife is working in a ________ factory.A．chemical; chemistry B．chemistry; chemicalC．chemical; chemical D．chemistry; chemistry2．Making a loud noise in public does great ________ to people’s hearing.A．harmless B．harmfully C．harm D．harmful3．This volleyball must belong to ________.A．his B．she C．Kevin D．Carla’s4．It’s ________ walk from Peter’s home to school, so he often walks to school.A．ten-minutes B．ten minutes’ C．ten minutes D．ten minute’s5．Fathers play an important role in their ________ growth.A．child B．child’s C．children D．children’s6．Bad luck! The _________ of the guide map made me get _________ easily in the strange city.A．lose; lost B．lost; loss C．loss; lose D．loss; lost7．With the ________ of the country, his hometown has changed better and better.A．develop B．development C．developing D．developed8．More and more ________ want to learn about Chinese culture.A．Germans B．German C．Germany D．Germans’9．—Do you know where the last two pictures went? —A rich man bought _________ of them. He thought they were worth.A．either B．each C．none D．both10．—I have two postcards. One is for Tom and ________ is for Jim.—Why not buy ________ one for Jack?A．the other; other B．another; the otherC．the other; another D．another, other11．—I wonder with ________ Mary went to the concert.—Her cousin, Tony.A．whom B．whose C．which D．what12．This pair of shoes is too short for me. Can you show me ________ pair?A．other B．others C．the other D．another13．Our head teacher tells us ________ leaves the room last should turn off the light. A．who B．whoever C．what D．whatever14．He finds ________ impossible that they finish the work in such a short time.A．them B．that C．it D．this15．Tourists can enjoy fantastic views on ________ sides of the Huangpu River.A．either B．both C．any D．all16．— Do you want to go to Mochou Lake Park or Zhongshan Botanical Garden?—________. I would like to study at home.A．All B．Both C．Either D．Neither17．Guilin is ________ city that there are many beautiful flowers ________ of the Lijiang River.A．such a beautiful; on both sides B．so a beautiful; on the two sidesC．such a beautiful; on either sides D．so beautiful a; on all sides18．They have improved the software to make ________ easier for people to use the computer.A．it B．this C．these D．that19．We usually plan to do something interesting, or go _______ together.A．warm somewhere B．somewhere warmC．anywhere warm D．warm anywhere20．There are lots of ________ between English names and Chinese names.A．different B．differently C．difference D．differences21．My parents ________ that I take my teacher’s ________.A．advice; advise B．advise; advice C．advices; advises D．advises; advices22．—I never doubt ________ his advice is of great ________ to me. —I agree with you.A．that; valuable B．that; value C．whether; valuable D．if; value23．As President Xi puts it, China has ________ excellent culture and every student should learn the history of our country as it helps us to know where we are from and where we are going.A．a number of B．a great deal of C．the number of D．a great many24．We all thought __________ necessary to accept his advice because it’s of great _________.A．that; valuable B．it; value C．it is; valuable D．that was; value25．—Did you have a good summer ________?—Yes, I did.A．holiday B．vocation C．holidays D．vocations26．Every year, about 40 _________ children from poor families still need ________ to continue their lives or studies.A．million; to help B．millions; helpingC．million; help D．millions; help27．—How many problems did you have ________? —________. It’s quite easy.A．to solve; Nothing B．to solve; None C．solving; None D．solving; Nothing28．Eat ________ cake you like and leave the other for ________ comes late.A．any; who B．whichever, who C．whatever; whoever D．either: whoever29．Helen works as a volunteer in her neighbourhood with some classmates of _______.A．she B．her C．hers D．herself30．— The computers are on sale in the supermarket today.— Really? Let’s go and buy ________ for our new house.A．one B．it C．that D．them