课时08.宾语从句及定语从句-中考英语四轮总复习（仁爱版）

课时08.宾语从句及定语从句宾语从句在句中起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。1.He seems to have learnt about the bad news.(改为同义句)It seems 　 　 about the bad news. 2.Who is the man?Could you tell me?(合并为一个句子并且不改变意思)Could you tell me 　 　? 【答案】1.that he has learnt2.who the man is(1)如果主句是现在的某种时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时),那么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如:I remember he gave me a book yesterday.我记得他昨天给了我一本书。He has told me that he’ll leave for New York tomorrow.他已告诉我明天他就动身去纽约了。(2)如果主句是过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时),那么宾语从句一般要用过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。如:He told me that he would take part in the competition.他告诉我他将会参加比赛。(3)如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理,即使主句是一般过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。如:He told me that the earth is round.(真理)他告诉我地球是圆的。1.The teacher told us,“Light travels much faster than sound.”(改为间接引语)The teacher told us 　 　 much faster than sound. 【答案】light travels宾语从句要用陈述句语序。在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时,要特别注意从句的语序,即按照主语、谓语的顺序。如:What’s Kate’s e-mail address?Do you know?=Do you know what Kate’s e-mail address is?你知道凯特的电子邮件地址吗?1.Mr.Lee asked Tom,“Where have you been?”(改为间接引语)Mr.Lee asked Tom 　 　. 【答案】where he had been在主从复合句中,当主句的主语为第一人称,谓语动词是think,believe,suppose等时,要将宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而宾语从句的谓语动词用肯定式。如:I don’t think he will come with you.我认为他不会和你一起来。1.I think Daniel’s finished his homework.(改为否定句)I 　 　 Daniel 　 　 finished his homework. 【答案】don’t think　，has　 (1)当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且主句的谓语动词是hope,wish,decide,agree,choose等时,从句可简化为不定式结构。如:I hope that I can receive your e-mail.=I hope to receive your e-mail.我希望能收到你的电子邮件。(2)当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且主句的谓语动词是know,remember,forget,learn 等,从句由疑问词引导时,从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:She doesn’t know what she should do next.=She doesn’t know what to do next.她不知道下一步该做什么。(3)宾语从句可以简化为名词或名词短语。如:I don’t believe what Tom said.=I don’t believe Tom’s words.我不相信汤姆所说的话。1.We haven’t decided if we will go to Hainan Island for a holiday.(改为同义句)We haven’t decided 　 　 to Hainan Island for a holiday. 【答案】whether to go随堂练习一考点1　宾语从句1.(2021福建,35)—Do you know 　　　? —Sure. On May 15th.A.where China’s Tianwen-1 probe landedB.how China’s Tianwen-1 probe landed on MarsC.when China’s Tianwen-1 probe landed on Mars【答案】　C　句意:——你知道中国的“天问一号”探测器是什么时候着陆在火星的吗?——当然了,5月15日。本题考查宾语从句。根据答语推知问句询问的是时间,故选C。2.(2020福建,35)—Could you tell me 　　　? —Throwing off poverty(脱贫).A.who people often talk about this yearB.what people often talk about this yearC.which do people often talk about this year【答案】　B　句意:——你能告诉我人们今年经常谈论什么吗?——脱贫。本题考查宾语从句。宾语从句应用陈述句语序,可排除C。从答语Throwing off poverty.可知前一句问的是谈论的内容,引导词用what,故选B。3.(2019福建,35)We don’t know 　　　, but it tells us the importance of friendship. A.what the story is about　　　B.whether the story is trueC.when did the story take place【答案】　B　句意:我们不知道这个故事是否真实,但是它告诉我们友谊的重要性。本题考查宾语从句。C项不是陈述句语序,排除,再根据语境可知选B。4.(2018福建,35)—Karl Marx is a great thinker. Do you know 　　　? —In 1818.A.where he was from　　　B.when he was bornC.how he learned foreign languages【答案】　B　句意:——Karl Marx是一位伟大的思想家,你知道他什么时候出生的吗?——在1818年。本题考查宾语从句。从答语“In 1818.”可知,问句应当问时间,因此宾语从句的引导词用when,故选B。5.(2017福建,35)—Michael, could you tell me 　　　? —I’d like to join the dancing club.A.why you like the dancing clubB.which club you are going to joinC.whether there are any clubs in your school【答案】　B　句意:——迈克尔,你能告诉我你打算参加哪个俱乐部吗?——我想加入舞蹈俱乐部。本题考查宾语从句。why you like the dancing club意为“你为什么喜欢舞蹈俱乐部”;which club you are going to join意为“你打算参加哪个俱乐部”;whether there are any clubs in your school意为“你们学校是否有一些俱乐部”。根据答语可知本题选择B。6.(2021福州一模,35)Jack doesn’t want to go to the party by himself, but he has no idea 　　　. A.what else should he doB.where he can host the partyC.who would like to go with him【答案】　C　句意:杰克不想自己去派对,但是他不知道谁愿意跟他一起去。本题考查宾语从句。根据语境可知只有C项符合,故选 C。7.(2021龙岩一模,35)—Do you know 　　　? —In Fuzhou.A.where the 4th Digital China Summit was heldB.when the 4th Digital China Summit was heldC.why the 4th Digital China Summit was held【答案】　A　句意:——你知道第四届数字中国建设峰会是在哪里举行的吗?——在福州。本题考查宾语从句。根据答句可知问句询问的是地点,引导词要用where,故选A。8.(2021厦门一模,34)—I found these notebooks. Do you know 　　　? —Oh, the handwriting is nice and clear. They might be Mike’s.A.who they belong to　　　B.why they are popularC.what they are used for【答案】　A　句意:——我找到了这些笔记本。你知道它们属于谁吗?——噢,字迹漂亮清晰。它们可能是迈克的。本题考查宾语从句。根据语境可知说话人在讨论笔记本的归属,故选A。9.(2021莆田一模,35)—David,could you tell me 　　　? —Sure. It’s a project in Alipay that can help plant real trees in dry areas.A.what the Ant Forest isB.when the Ant Forest beganC.who developed the Ant Forest【答案】　A　句意:——戴维,你能告诉我蚂蚁森林是什么吗?——当然了。它是支付宝的一个项目,帮助在干旱地区种树。本题考查宾语从句。答句是对蚂蚁森林这个名词的解释,故选A。10.(2021泉州一模,35)It’s reported that a new kind of school uniforms can tell parents 　　　. So the children can be found easily. A.where are their childrenB.where do their children studyC.where their children are【答案】　C　句意:据报道,一款新校服可以告诉父母他们的孩子在哪里。所以孩子们就能被轻易找到。本题考查宾语从句。根据上下文可知校服的好处是可以让父母知道孩子在哪里,故选C。定语从句定语从句是中考考的重点，备考焦点主要集中在以下几个方面：①正确使用关系代词(which, that, who, whom, whose, as)和关系副词(when, where, why)②介词＋ which/whom引导的定语从句③that不能引导非限制性定语从句A doctor is a person who looks after a patient.  先行词　主语　　谓语　　宾语 1.在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词、短语或句子叫先行词。This is the place which is worth visiting.(一个词)这是值得参观的地方。Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.(一个短语)许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题是现在的大家庭无力解决的。I took an old man to hospital in a taxi immediately，which was why I was late that morning.(一个完整的句子)我乘出租车立即把一个老人送到了医院，这就是那天早上我迟到的原因。2．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中作句子成分。Beijing，which is the capital city of China，is a very beautiful city.↓eq \x(代指Beijing，在从句中作主语)1.关系代词关系代词在句中代替指人或事物的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。Do you know the man that/whom Mr.White introduced just now?怀特先生刚才介绍的那个人你认识吗？Our monitor is the boy whose father is a lawyer.我们的班长是父亲做律师的那个男孩。【名师指津】　关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.汤姆是被派往国外的工程师之一。Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆就是唯一提出解决方案的那位工程师。2．关系副词关系副词代替表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语，不能省略。The time when (at which) I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life.第一次见纳尔逊·曼德拉的时候，是我一生中非常困难的时期。The school where (at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.那所学校离这里有3 千米远，我仅在那里读过两年书。There are various reasons (for which) why people write poetry.人们写诗有各种各样的理由。【名师指津】　先行词为抽象地点的名词(situation，case，stage，point，activity等)，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。(1)下列情况下,先行词指物时,定语从句只能用that引导,不能用which引导:①当先行词是all,little,much,none,everything,anything,nothing等不定代词时。如:Is there anything(that)you don’t understand?你有什么不懂的地方吗?Tom told his mother all that had happened.汤姆把发生的所有事情告诉了他的妈妈。②当先行词前面有the only,the very,the last等修饰时。如:This is the only book that I can find.这是我能找到的唯一一本书。③当序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时。如:This is the best book that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的书。④当先行词前面有only,all,any,no等修饰时。如:I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun.我想把鲁迅的著作全读完。⑤当主句是以疑问词which开头的特殊疑问结构时。如:Which is the hotel that you like best?哪个是你最喜欢的旅店?(2)关系代词的省略一般情况下,关系代词作宾语时可以省略,但关系代词which,whom在从句中作介词的宾语并且介词位于关系代词前时,不能省略。如:I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the club.我永远不会忘记我加入俱乐部的那一天。注意:that,which,who在从句中作主语时,不能省略。如:Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher?正在和我们老师谈话的那个男孩是谁?随堂练习1.(2021福建,34)We all miss Wu Mengchao 　　　saved thousands of lives in his medical work. A.which　　　B.what　　　C.who【答案】　C　句意:我们都思念吴孟超,他在医疗工作中挽救了成千上万条生命。本题考查定语从句。根据句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,修饰其先行词Wu Mengchao,指人,故设空处应使用that 或who。故选 C。2.(2020福建,34)Du Fu is a great Chinese poet 　　　has become popular with many people around the world. A.which　　　B.whom　　　C.who【答案】　C　句意:杜甫是一位伟大的中国诗人,他受到全世界许多人的喜爱。本题考查定语从句。先行词poet指人,关系代词在定语从句中充当主语,故选C。3.(2019福建,33)Du Fuguo is a hero 　　　is known to millions of Chinese people. A.who　　　B.which　　　C.what【答案】　A　本题考查定语从句。先行词a hero指人,关系词在定语从句中作主语,故本题选A。4.(2018福建,34)Yuan Longping is a Chinese rice scientist　　　 is leading research to develop “sea rice”. A.who　　　B.which　　　C.whom【答案】　A　本题考查定语从句的关系代词。先行词为a Chinese rice scientist,指人,关系词在定语从句中充当主语,故关系代词用who。5.(2017福建,34)—Do you like the weekly talk show, The Readers, on CCTV?—Sure. It’s a great TV programme 　　　brings the habit of reading back into the public. A.who　　　B.that　　　C.what【答案】　B　本题考查定语从句。先行词是TV programme,指物,关系词在定语从句中充当主语,应用关系代词which或that。故选B。6.(2021福州一模,33)Mr. Foster has just finished writing an article 　　　is about developing reading skills. A.who　　　B.whose　　　C.which【答案】　C　本题考查定语从句。根据句子结构可知,设空处引导的定语从句修饰an article,故设空处应使用that或which。故选 C。7.(2021龙岩一模,34)Zhang Guimei is a heroic woman 　　　has spent over 40 years helping poor girls get education. A.who　　　B.whom　　　C.which【答案】　A　本题考查定语从句。先行词a heroic woman指人,且定语从句缺少主语,故定语从句的引导词应使用that或who。故选 A。8.(2021厦门一模,33)Gu Ailing is a young Chinese sports star 　　　won first prize in the 2021 Winter X Games. A.where　　　B.which　　　C.who【答案】　C　本题考查定语从句。根据句子结构可知,设空处引导的定语从句修饰sports star,故设空处应使用that或who。故选 C。9.(2021莆田一模,34)We will never forget the heroes 　　　have made large contributions to our country. A.whom　　　B.that　　　C.which【答案】　B　句意:我们不会忘记那些为国家做出巨大贡献的英雄。本题考查定语从句。根据句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,其先行词heroes指人,故设空处应使用that或who。故选 B。10.(2021泉州一模,32)—Have you read the novel 　　　is named Little Prince? —Not yet. But I’ll read it tomorrow. A.who　　　B.what　　　C.which【答案】　C　本题考查定语从句。根据句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,其先行词the novel指物,故设空处应使用that或which。故选C。重点语法：宾语从句：三要素： 连接词/ 时态/ 语序Eg: Miss Zhu said that she was handsome.连接词：that：起连接作用，无义，可省if/ whether:“是否” （只用whether： or not/不定式前/介词后）特殊疑问词：连接代词：who; whom; whose; what; which连接副词：when; where; why; howEg: He says (that) he will come tomorrow.Eg: He asks if/ whether he will come tomorrow.Eg: He asks when he will come tomorrow.时态：记忆口诀：主现从不限，主过从也过，客观真理不变, 委婉语气不限。主过从过：从句时态：一般现在时 → 一般过去时 ( do/ does → did )一般过去时 → 过去完成时 (did → had done)一般将来时→ 过去将来时 (will do → would do)现在进行时 → 过去进行时 (am/is/ are doing → was/were doing) 现在完成时→ 过去进行时 (have/ has done → had done ) 小试牛刀：He tells me he____________(do) exercise every day.He says his father ______________(come) back tomorrow.He asked if he________________(watch) TV every week.He said that he_________________(come) back yesterday.Tom asked when his mother_____________(go) Beijing tomorrow.The teacher told us the Earth _____________(turn) around the Sun.Could you tell me if he_______________(go) swimming yesterday.Would you tell me how I_______________(can learn) English well.语序：陈述语序：主句+ 连接词 +主语 +谓语 +其他Eg： I don’t know when he will come back.注：I don’t know what’s the matter.I don’t know what’s wrong.I don’t know what’s up. (语序不变)考点1引导词连接词连接词的作用例句that本身无意义,只起连接作用,在口语中可省略He said(that)Kate was good at swimming.他说凯特擅长游泳。what,which,who,whose,whom等连接代词在从句中作一定的成分,如主语、宾语、定语等I don’t know what they are going to do.我不知道他们打算干什么。when(表时间),where(表地点),why(表原因),how(表方式)等连接副词在从句中作状语Could you tell me where you are from?你能告诉我你来自哪儿吗?Do you know how they found the place?你知道他们是怎么找到那个地方的吗?if/whether(是否)不作句子成分,但不能省略He asked me if Miss Gao was a teacher.他问我高小姐是否是一位老师。考点2时态考点3语序考点4否定转移考点5简化考点1概念考点2正确使用关系词关系代词先行词句法功能who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语whom人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whose(＝ofwhom/of which)人或物定语that人或物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)which物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)as人或物主语、宾语关系副词先行词句法功能when (＝in/at/on/...＋which)时间时间状语where (＝in/at/on/...＋which)地点地点状语why(＝for which)原因原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)考点3只能用that及省略