译林牛津八年级下册-8B知识点归纳+练习+答案

牛津初中英语八年级下册8B unit1—unit8知识点归纳

8B Unit1
【考点精讲】
一、核心词汇
1．past n．
[考点点拨] past作名词，意为“过去”，其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况：in the past（n．）在过去；half past(prep.)five 5点半；in the past(adj.)three years在过去的3年里。如：
When he walks past our desks, he always knocks our
books and pens off the desks.
当他走过我们课桌的时候，他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past.
这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2．present n．
[考点点拨]present作名词，意为“现在，目前”。At present＝at the moment＝right now目前；其还可作形 容词，your present job你目前的工作；present用作名词，还可表示“礼物”，a birthday present -份生日礼物。如：
He is washing his clothes at present.
现在他正在洗衣服。
3．northern adj。
[考点点拨] 方位词：north-northern; west-western; south-southern; east-eastern。如：
in the north of China ＝ in the northern part of China
在中国北部
East China华东；North China华北
The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated, but has now become a cultural centre.
城北过去人口稀少，但现在成了文化中心。
4．pollution n．
[考点点拨] 常见短语：air pollution空气污染；noise pollution噪音污染；light pollution光污染。如：
I could hardly believe she had made a video about water pollution by herself.
我几乎不能相信她靠自己制作了一份有关水污染的录像。
pollute作动词，意为“污染”，pollute the air污染空气。
5．interview n．& vt．
[考点点拨] interview作名词，意为“采访，会见”，还可作动词，意为“采访，面试”；interviewer作名词，意为“采访者，面试官”。如：
interview sb．＝ have an interview with sb.采访某人
Sally became a member of the company after the job interview.
萨莉在求职面试后成为了这家公司的一员。
I interviewed Mr Zhang yesterday afternoon
＝I had an interview with Mr Zhang yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午我采访了张先生。
6．return v.
[考点点拨] return作“返回”讲时是不及物动词，相当于come/get back: 作“归还”讲时是及物动词，相当于giveback。return to someplace回到某处；return sth to sb. ＝give sth．back to sb.把某物还给某人。return本身含有back的意思，不能再和back连用。如：
他借了我的手机，还没还给我。
正：He borrowed my mobile phone and hasn't returned it to me.
误：He borrowed my mobile phone and hasn't returned it back to me.
二、核心句型
1. You used to share food with me!
你过去常和我分享食物！
[考点点拨] used to do sth过去常常做某事（现在不做了）；be used to do sth. ＝ be used for doing sth是被动语态结构，意为“被用来做某事”；be used to doing sth意为“习惯于做某事”，其中to为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。如：
I used to play tennis but I don't play it very often now.
我过去常打网球，但现在不常打了。
Stamps are used to post letters.
＝ Stamps are used for posting letters.
邮票是用来寄信的。
I am used to going to school by bus.
我习惯于坐公交车去学校。
2. When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and we've lived in this area since then.
当我1965年结婚时，我和妻子搬到两个街区以外，从那以后一直住在这个地区。
[考点点拨] marry sb.嫁给／娶某人；get married结婚
（动作）；be married to sb.与某人结婚（状态）；get
married to so. 与某人结婚（动作）。如：
They married their daughter to an old rich man.
他们把女儿嫁给了一位年老的富人。
This couple have been married for 50 years.
这对夫妇结婚已有50年了。
3. Anyway, it's good to see the amazing changes in the town.
不管怎样，看到小镇这些令人吃惊的变化还是很好的。
[考点点拨]“It's+adj. (easy，important，bad，nice…)+ (for sb.) to do sth”是英语中应用非常广泛的一个句型，意为“（对某人来说）做某事是（容易的，重要的，坏的，好的……）”。其中it是形式主语，无实际意义，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式to do sth。如：
It is important for us to master a foreign language.
掌握一门外语对我们来说很重要。
三、重点语法
现在完成时
1．基本结构为：助动词have/has+动词的过去分词
(1)表示过去发生的行为、动作或情况对现在造成的影响或结果。时间副词常用just(刚刚)，already（已经），still(仍然)，recently（最近），yet（还、尚），ever（曾经），never（从不）。其中just，already用于肯定句；yet，ever，never常用于疑问句或否定句；still，recently可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句。如：
Have you ever been to Hong Kong?
你曾经去过香港吗？
I haven't got the letter from my uncle yet.‘
我还没收到我叔叔的信。
(2)表示从过去开始并持续到现在的行为、动作或情况。常与for或since引导的时间状语连用。for表示一段时间，后接时间段．；since表示“自从”，后接时间点。(3)也常与so far(迄今为止)，in the past several years(在过去几年里)，ever since（迄今），in/during/over the past/last few years(在过去几年里)这类从过去到现在的时间状语连用。在此类句子中，谓语动词要用持续性动词，而不能是短暂性动词。如：
The children have been away from home since the new term began.(木用left)
自从新学期开始，孩子们就已经离开了家。
2．具体的几组时间短语辨析
ago用于一般过去时（用瞬间动词）；since．．．ago用于现在完成时；in the past用于一般过去时；in the past few years用于现在完成时；just now(置于句末)用于一般过去时；just(置于句中)用于现在完成时。如：
I bought this dictionary three years ago.
＝I have had this dictionary for three years.
＝I have had this dictionary since three years ago.
这本字典是我三年前买的。
还可以用“It is/has been+时间段+since从句”改写为：
It is three years since I bought this dictionary.



【考点精练】
一、单项选择
( )1. -Can you find our city _______ a lot in recent years?
-Yes. The road is wider and the buildings are taller.
A．has changed B changes
C changed D．will change
( )2. I'm not hungry because I have_______ had lunch
A ever B never C．just D．still
( )3. He came back late, so his father was very angry.（选出与画线部分意思相同或相近的一项）
A arrived B gave back C returned D．reached
( )4. She used to _______ a bus to school, but now she is used to _______ to school.
A taking; walk B take; walk
C taking; walking D. take; walking
( )5. She _______ for ten years and now she has a lovely daughter.
A. married B has been married
C. got married D. has got married
二、根据句意及中文提示完成单词
1．What was your hometown like in the_______（过去）?
2．Do you know what you should do at_______（现在，目前）?
3．I think there will be more_______（污染）in fifty years.
三、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. -Guo Tao's new book about his stories with his son_______ (come) out.
- Really? Why not go to the bookshop and buy one right now?
2. Yancheng is in the_______ (north) part of Jiangsu.
3. Li Jianrou was_______ (interview) shortly after she won the first gold medal for China in the 22nd Winter Olympic Games.
4. It is necessary for us_______ (listen) carefully in class.



【参考答案】
一、1—5 ACCDB
二. 1. past . 2. present 3. pollution
三. 1. has come 2. northern 3. interviewed 4. to listen


8B Unit2
【考点精讲】
一、核心词汇
1．fantastic adj.
[考点点拨]意为“极好的，美妙的”。a fantastic beach一片极好的海滩；a fantastic achievement 一项了不起的成就；have a fantastic time＝have a good/great/wonderful time玩得开心。
fantasy n．(pl. fantasies)幻想，想象。如：
Stop living in a fantasy world别再生活在幻想世界中了。
2．such det.& pron.
[考点点拨] such意为“这样的（人或物）”，常用于以下结构：
such+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数。如：
This is such a big house.这是一座如此大的房子。
such+adj.+可数名词复数。如：
They are such kind girls.她们是如此好心的女孩。
such+adj.+不可数名词。如：
It is such sad music.它是如此悲伤的音乐。
[辨析] so常用于以下结构：
so+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数。如：
so clever a boy如此聪明的一个男孩
so+adj.／adv.。如：
so clever如此聪明；so quickly如此迅速
so many/much/few/little+n．。如：
so many mistakes如此多的错误
3．couple n．
[考点点拨]意为“两人，两件事物，几个人”。a coupleof…一对，几个，几件。如：
I saw a couple of men get out我看见有两个男人出去了。
We went there a couple of years ago.
我们几年前去过那儿。
二、核心句型
1.I don't think it'll be a holiday for me.
我想这对我来说不会是个假期了。
[考点点拨]本句原为“I think it won't be a holiday for me.”这是一个“否定前移”的句子，主句中的否定词实际上否定的是后面从句的内容。在英语中，当主句是I think，I believe等时，其后的宾语如果是否定式，则要把否定前移至主句，表达成“I don't think/believe+肯定句”的句式。这是因为英美人士在表达个人观点时比较委婉。如：
I don't think he is an honest boy.
我认为他不是个诚实的孩子。
I don't believe that will happen我相信那不会发生。
2. It moved at high speed and was really exciting!
它高速运动，确实令人兴奋！
[考点点拨] at high speed以高速，在句子中可以作状语、表语等。如：
The train is travelling at high speed.火车正高速运行。
The car was at high speed when the accident happened.
事故发生时那辆小汽车正处于高速运行的状态。
3. Next, we hurried to a restaurant to have a quick meal.
接下来，我们匆匆去了一家餐馆吃了一顿简餐。
[考点点拨] hurry to someplace匆忙赶到某处；hurry to do sth. ＝be in a hurry to do sth＝do sth in a hurry匆忙做某事；in a hurry赶快，急忙。
Tom was still late though he hurried to school.
虽然汤姆匆匆赶到学校，但还是迟到了。
John is in a hurry to catch his train约翰急着赶火车。
4. On the way, we met some Disney cartoon characters, such as Snow White and-Mickey Mouse
在途中我们遇到了一些迪斯尼卡通人物，比如白雪公主和米老鼠。
[考点点拨]
(1) on the way在途中，在路上。后面可以直接跟地点副词home／here/there，跟地点名词时名词前要加介词to。其中the也可以换用形容词性物主代词。如：
Let's wait a few moments. He's on the way.
咱们等一会儿，他正在路上。
He lost his watch on his way to school this morning.
今天早晨他在去学校的路上丢了手表。
(2) such as例如，比如。一般用来列举同类人或物中的几个例子，插在被列举的例子和被列举的名词之间，as后没有逗号。如：
He has been to many countries, such as America,
Japan and Germany.他去过很多国家，比如美国、日本和德国。
such as后面不可以列出前面所提过的所有东西。如：
正：I know four languages, such as Japanese and English
我懂四种语言，如日语和英语。
误：I know four languages, such as Chinese, French, Japanese and English
我懂四种语言，如汉语、法语、日语和英语。
在 现代英语中，such as可与etc.（等等）连用。如：
They planted many flowers, such as roses,
sunflowers，etc.他们种了许多花，如玫瑰、向日葵等。
[辨析] for example例如。一般只列举同类人或物中的一个为例，作插入语，不影响句子其他部分的语法关系。可置于句首、句中或句末。如：
For example，air is invisible.例如，空气是看不见的。
He, for example, is a good student
例如，他就是个好学生。
三、重点语法
1．使用have/has been与have/has gone have/has been曾经去过，表示去过某地，现在已经回来了，人已经不在那里，指的是人的一种经历；have/has gone已经去了某地，表示人在途中或已经到达目的地，人不在说话者处，强调去某地还没有回来。两者后面可以直接跟地点副词，跟地点名词时名词前要加介词to。如：
- Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？
- He has gone to the bookshop.他去书店了。
(Tom在去书店的路上或已到书店，人不在说话处。)
- Where have you been recently? 你们最近去哪里了？
- We have been to Hong Kong.我们去香港了。
（人已回来，不在香港。）
Miss Brown has gone to Japan布朗小姐去日本了。
（人在去日本途中或已在日本，不在说话处。）
I have never been to the Great Wall.
我从未去过长城。（谈论以前的经历。）
“have been in+地点名词”表示在某地待了多长时间，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，表示持续到现在的状态。如：
He has been in London for half a month.
他在伦敦已经有半个月了。
2．和for及since连用的动词
(1) for可以用来表示一段时间。“for+一段时间”用在完成时的句子中时，表示动作延续到说话的那个时刻。如：
I stayed there for two weeks.
我在那里待了两周。（现在不在那里了。）
I have stayed here for two weeks.
我已经在这儿待了两周了。（现在还在这里。）
(2) since意为“自从”，后可跟时间点或时间状语从句，表示一段时间。如：
I have lived here since 1985.
自从1985年起，我就住在这儿了。
They have learned about 100 Chinese songs since they came to China
自从他们来到中国，他们已经学了约100首中文歌。
在上述含有一段时间的完成时句子中，主句中的谓语动词要用延续性动词。如：
I have had this bike for five years.
我买这辆自行车有五年了。
(3)延续性动词和短暂性动词
①英语中的动词可分为延续性动词和短暂性动词。延续性动词表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间，常见的有live，stay，study，play，read，write，sleep，talk，wait，fly，lie，walk等；短暂性动词表示一个动作发生在一瞬间，非常短暂，常见的有begin，start, finish, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, die等。
②延续性动词和短暂性动词都可用于完成时的句子中。但如果完成时句子中含有表示持续时间的时间状语，则要用延续性动词或相当于延续性动词的动词短语作谓语。有些短暂性动词也可转换为延续性的表达方式。如:
finish/stop-have/has been over; borrow-have/has kept;
leave-have/has been away; buy-have/has had;
die-have/has been dead: fall ill-have/has been ill;
begin/start-have/has been on; catch a cold-have/has had a cold;
marry-have/has been married; get married-have/has been married;
arrive/come/go-have/has been in/at;
join-have/has been in或 have/has been a member of
【考点精练】
一、单项选择
( )1. -Where is Mr Wang?
- He together with his students_______ Zhuyuwan Park
A. has gone to B have gone to
C. has been to D. have been to
( )2. Rick has learned a lot about Chinese culture_______ he came to China
A．before B．when C．until D．since
( )3. She_______ her hometown since she was 18 years old. She told me she would return soon．
A has left B has been away from
C left D．went away
( )4. The summer holiday is_______. We'll have more free time.
A．in the way B in this way
C by the way D．on the way
二、根据句意及中文提示完成单词
1. I'm afraid to ride a roller coaster, especially when it moves at high_______（速度）．
2．You'd better_______（匆忙，急忙）to your classroom. It's time for class.
3．How dare you do_______（这样）a thing?
三、根据汉语提示完成句子
1．我认为你在家自己教孩子并不明智。
I _______ think it _______ wise for you to teach your children at home.
2． 3-D打印机能打印各种东西，比如汽车、飞机甚至人体某些部位，这很神奇。
It's amazing that 3-D printing can copy many different things, _______ cars, airplanes and even human body parts.


【参考答案】
一、1—4 ADBD
二.1. speed 2. hurry 3. such
三. 1. don't; is 2. such as

8B Unit3
【考点精讲】
一、核心词汇
1．receive vt．
[考点点拨] receive是动词，意为“收到，接到”，是指客观、被动地接收；而accept是指主观接受。如：
I received a bunch of flowers yesterday, but I didn't accept it.
昨天我收到一束花，但是我没有接受。
2．Asia n．
[考点点拨] Asia是名词，意为“亚洲”。Asian作形容词，意为“亚洲的，亚洲人的”；作名词，意为“亚洲人”。类似词有：
Africa非洲-African非洲（人）的；非洲人
Europe欧洲-European欧洲（人）的；欧洲人
America美洲，美国-American美洲（人）的；美国（人）的；美洲人，美国人
Australia澳大利亚-Australian澳大利亚（人）的；澳大利亚人
Russia俄罗斯-Russian俄罗斯（人）的；俄罗斯人
如：
China is a developing country in Asia
中国是亚洲的一个发展中国家。
That man comes from Australia He is an Australian
那名男子来自澳大利亚，他是澳大利亚人。
3．southern adj.
[考点点拨] southern是形容词，意为“南方的，南部的”。对应的名词是south，意为“南方，南”。类似词有：
east东方，东-eastern东方的，东部的
west西方，西-western西方的，西部的
north北方，北-northern北方的，北部的
如：
in the east/west/south/north of…
＝in the eastern／western/southern/northern part of…
在……东／西／南／北部
Shanghai is in the east of China
＝ Shanghai is in the eastern part of China.
上海在中国东部。
4．international adj.
[考点点拨] international是形容词，意为“国际的”。如：
international charities国际慈善机构
an international football match 一场国际足球比赛
The Red Cross is a big international organization
红十字会是一个大型的国际组织。
nation名词，意为“国家；民族；国民”。
national形容词，意为“民族的，国家的”。如：
National Day国庆节
二、核心句型
1. What do you usually use your computer for?
你通常用你的电脑做什么？
[考点点拨] What do you usually use your computer for?
＝ What do you usually use your computer to do?
What did you do that for? ＝ Why did you do that?
你为什么那么做？
2.I usually use it to search for information.
我通常用它来搜索信息。
[考点点拨] search for寻找；搜索。后面跟具体的客体，指搜寻的东西，即search for sth。如：
The police are searching for the missing girl.
警方正在搜寻那个失踪的女孩。
search搜索，搜查。后面跟某个地方或人，指的是搜索的客体的媒介。如：
He searched all his pockets for his keys.
他翻遍了所有的口袋找他的钥匙。
The police searched the room carefully, but found nothing.
警察们仔细搜查了房间，但是什么也没发现。
3. Have you noticed the “Tour" icon at the top of the page?
你注意到页面顶端的“旅游”图标了吗？
[考点点拨] at the top of…在……上端（上部），在……顶端，侧重于“点”的接触。如：
This one should be at the top of your list.
这一项应该在你列表的顶端。
on (the) top of表示一个东西直接放在另一个东西上面（顶部），侧重于“面”的接触。如：
You'd better put these books on the top of the desk.
你最好把这些书放在桌子上面。
反义短语：at the foot of…在……脚下；at the bottom of…在……底部。如：
The village stands at the foot of the hill.
那个村庄坐落在小山脚下。
Fill in your address at the bottom of the application form.
把你的地址填写在申请表的底部。
4. It has been famous for its theatres since the early twentieth century.
自二十世纪初以来它就以它的剧院而闻名。
[考点点拨] be famous for…因……而出名／著名。如：
Suzhou is famous for its beautiful scenery.
苏州以它的美景而闻名。
Xuyi is famous for lobsters.
盱眙因龙虾而出名。
5. Would you mind showing me how fo start this online tour?
你介意给我演示一下如何开始这个在线旅游吗？
[考点点拨] Would you mind doing…？可用于客气地请某人做某事。如：
Would you mind opening the window, Kate?
凯特，你介意开一下窗户吗？
注意该句型的答语：
Of course not．当然不（介意）。
No problem没问题。
Not at All. -点儿也不（介意）。
Sorry, I can't. I'm busy. /My hands are full.
抱歉，我不能。我正忙着。／我手里满是东西。
Would you mind not doing…？用于客气地请某人不要做某事。如：
Would you mind not shouting here?
请您别在这儿大声喧哗好吗？
三、重点语法
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
一般过去时和现在完成时都可以表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但是在具体的语境中，它们有着明显的区别：
1．用法及强调的内容不同
(1)一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，着重陈述过去发生的事情或存在的状语，不涉及现在的情况。如：
I went to the park last Sunday.
上周星期天我去了公园。
（着重说明“上周星期天我去公园”这件事，和现在无关。）
(2)现在完成时常用于以下情况：
①表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，强调持续到现在。此时常和since…或for…连用。如：
Li Ming has lived in Nanjing since his family moved there in 2000.
自从2000年他家搬到南京，李明一直住在那儿。
（着重说明李明住在南京是从他家搬到南京开始一直持续到现在。）
She has been here for ten years.
她已经在这里十年了。
（着重说明她在这里从过去一直延续到现在十年了，而且还可能一直延续下去。）
②表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调对现在造成的影响或结果。此时常和already，yet，ever，just，never等连用。如：
I have had my breakfast already.
我已经吃过早饭了。
（“吃早饭”这个动作是过去发生的，对现在造成的影响是“我饱了，我不饿”。）
I have ever read this book
我曾经读过这本书。
（“读过这本书”这个动作是过去发生的，对现在造成的影响是“我知道这本书的内容”等等。）
2．连用的时间状语不同
现在完成时跟模糊的过去时间状语连用或不用时间状语；一般过去时通常跟具体的过去时间状语连用。常跟现在完成时连用的时间状语有：so far，in the past ten years, up to now, since…ago, for…, already, yet, ever, never, before, recently, lately等。
常跟一般过去时连用的时间状语：yesterday，last week，last year, last month, the day before yesterday, just now, in 1980等，如：
I have learned about 2, 000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了大约两千个英语单词。
They learned 20 English words last week.
上周他们学了二十个英语单词。



【考点精练】
一、单项选择
( )1.I _______ a letter from my cousin Andy yesterday.
A．get B．came C received D．accepted
( )2. - Could I have a day off tomorrow, sir?
- _______.
A．Good idea! B．Why not!
C. What for? D. That's right.
( )3. The criminal(罪犯)was _______ food when the policemen caught him
A．looking B．finding
C. searching D. searching for
( )4. Would you mind _______ in the room, please?
A. not smoke B. don't smoke
C. not smoking D. no smoking
二、根据句意及中文提示完成单词
1. plan to travel to several_______（欧洲）countries this summer vacation.
2. On June 10th, 2014, the central government made up a project on the development in the_______（南部的）part of Xinjiang.
3. Their school is on the_______（顶）of a hill.
4．Huawei is a big_______（国际）company now.



参考答案
一、1—4 CCDC
二. 1. European 2. southern 3. top 4. international


8B Unit4
【考点精讲】
一、核心词汇
1．Germany n．
[考点点拨] Germany名词，意为“德国”。German作形容词，意为“德国（人）的”，作名词，意为“德国人”。常见的国家名称和某国人的单复数形式：
国家名称 某国人单数 某国人复数
Germany German Germans
America American Americans
Australia Australian Australians
Canada Canadian Canadians
France Frenchman Frenchmen
Frenchwoman Frenchwomen
England Englishman Englishmen
Englishwoman Englishwomen
China Chinese Chinese
Japan Japanese Japanese
法国人、英国人复数形式是将a改为e，而德国人复数形式并不是将a改为e，中国人、日本人单复数形式相同。
2．stomach n．
[考点点拨]stomach意为“腹部，胃”，虽然是以ch结尾，但是由于“ch”是发/k/音，所以其复数形式是在词尾直接加“-s”。如：
The stomachs of starving people often distend.
饥民的腹部常鼓得大大的。
3．either adv.
[考点点拨] either意为“也”，用于否定句，且要放在句末。如：
Millie can't skate. I can, t either.
米莉不会滑冰，我也不会。
too作“也”讲时，用于肯定句末尾，或作为插入语放在句中，前后用逗号隔开。如：
Tom can swim. I can swim too.
汤姆会游泳，我也会。
You，too，may have a try.
＝ You may have a try too.
你也可以试一试。
also在书面语中比too更为正式，用于肯定句中。紧靠谓语动词，位于be动词、助动词、情态动词后，行为动词前。如：
His uncle is also a policeman
他叔叔也是一名警察。
She is also reading a novel.
她也在看小说。
Sandy can also swim
桑迪也会游泳。
二、核心句型
1. Have you decided what to do with these books, Hobo?
霍波，你已经决定要怎样处理这些书了吗？
[考点点拨] what to do with—how to deal with怎样处理。注意疑问词what和动词do搭配，疑问词how和动词deal搭配。如：
What are we going to do with the problem?
我们将怎样处理这个问题呢？
I have a huge pile of letters to deal with
我有一大堆信件要处理。
2. However, they soon got up again and continued moving across my body．
可是，他们不久后又爬起来，继续在我身上爬。
[考点点拨] continue doing sth继续做某事，也可以说continue to do sth，两者意思相同：如：
They continued meeting every day.
＝ They continued to meet every day.
他们继续每天见面。
表示继续维持某一情况时，其后可直接跟名词作宾语，也可先接介词with再接宾语。如：
We will continue (with) the payments for another year.
我们这样的报酬还要维持一年。
continue doing sth.意为“继续做某事”，continue by doing sth.意为“接着做某事（其他事）”。如：
He continued reading/to read all night.
他通宵在看书。
He talked about Keats, and continued by reading us a poem
他谈了济慈，接着给我们朗诵了一首诗。
三、重点语法
1．特殊疑问词+动词不定式
(1)“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”结构相当于一个名词，在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、状语、同位语等句子成分。大部分特殊疑问词可用于该结构，如when，how，which，where，who等等。注意：疑问词why不能用于该结构。如：
Where to go is still a question
去哪里还是个问题。
（作主语；作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式）
I know where to find the boy.
我知道哪里能找到这个男孩。
（作动词know的宾语）
The question is how to learn English well.
问题是怎样学好英语。（作表语）
The question where to spend this weekend troubles Millie．
到哪儿去过周末这个问题困扰着米莉。（作同位语）
连词whether也可以用于该结构。如：
They are talking about whether to have a party.
他们正讨论是否要举办一场聚会。（作宾语）
(2)“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”结构经常用在某些动词（短语）后面作宾语，常见的有tell，show，know，learn，teach, find out, forget, wonder, remember等。如：
I'll show you how to do it.
我会让你看看如何做这件事。
“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”结构还可以用在be sure，
be clear等后面作宾语。
I'm not sure when to leave.
我不确定何时出发。
(3)“特殊疑问词十动词不定式”结构可以把复合句转换为简单句。如：
I don't know what I'll do next.
＝I don't know what to do next.
我不知道下一步该做什么。
反之可以将含有“特殊疑问词十动词不定式”结构的简单句转换为复合句。改写时只需在疑问词后加上适当的主语，并把不定式改为适当形式的谓语即可。如：
Li Ping doesn't know how to learn English
＝Li Ping doesn't know how he should learn English
李平不知道该怎样学英语。
(4)“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”结构可以独立成句。如：
What to do?
怎么办？
How to get rid of the trouble?
如何摆脱困境？
(5)常见的两类错例
①动词后面要不要加介词？如：
我还没决定住哪儿。
误：I haven't decide where to live in.
正：I haven't decide where to live.
注：where是疑问副词，副词前不需要加介词。可以说live there，live in the flat，不可以说live in there，live the flat。
②动词后面要不要宾语？如：
我不知道该做什么。
误：I don't know what to do it.
正：I don't know what to do.
注：这里不要it，因为前面的what就是do的逻辑宾
语，it在这里多余。
我不知道怎样去做。
误：I don't know how to do．
正：I don't know how to do it.
注：这里要it，因为do是及物动词，后面需要宾语，而how是疑问副词，不能作动词do的宾语，它在这里作状语，所以这里需要it。
2．must和have to
must表示主观的意愿或命令，语气强烈。其否定形式为mustn't，意为“禁止，不可以”；have to表示客观的义务或需要，意为“必须，不得不”，其否定形式为don't have to，表示“不必，不需要”，一般现在时中主语为第三人称单数时则要用has to，doesn't have to。如：
We students must work hard.
我们学生必须努力学习。
My bike is broken today. I have to walk to school.
今天我的自行车坏了，我不得不步行上学。
- Must I stay here?
我必须留在这儿吗？
- No, you needn't.／No, you don't have to.
不，不必。
【考点精练】
( )1. - Have you decided _______ to the beach?
- Not yet. It depends on the weather.
A whom to go B. where to go C. when to go D. why to go
( )2.- Excuse me. Could you please tell me _______ my car?
- Sure. Park it right here. I'll help you,
A how to stop B. where to park C. when to park
( )3. - Excuse me, may I keep the book a little longer?
- Sorry. You _______ return it today.
A must B. mustn't C. can D. can't
( )4. They really don't know _______ the rubbish here.
A what to do B. how to do C. what to do with D. how to do with
( )5. The five girls all come from _______, and they are all _______.
A German; German B. Germany; Germany
C. German; Germany D. Germany; Germans
二、根据句意及中文提示完成单词
1. How many_______ (胃) does a cow have, do you know?
2. If you don't go to the park tomorrow, I won't_______ (也).
3. I was allowed to_______ (继续) using the library.


参考答案
一、1—5 CBACD
二、1. stomachs 2. either 3. continue


8B Unit5
【考点精讲】
一、核心词汇
1．turn n．
[考点点拨] turn作名词，意为“轮流，（轮流的）顺序”。
It's one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事了。如：
It's my turn to clean the blackboard.
轮到我擦黑板了。
It's your turn to throw the ball.
轮到你投球了。
take turns to do sth.轮流做某事。如：
Please take turns to ask questions.
请轮流提问。
by turns轮流地，相当于一个副词，在句中作状语。如：
They take turns to look after the boy.
＝They look after the boy by turns.
他们轮流照顾这个男孩。
2．avoid vt．
[考点点拨] avoid意为“避免”，是及物动词，后面可以接名词、代词或动名词作宾语，但是不能接动词不定式作宾语。如：
He brakes his car just in time to avoid an accident.
他及时煞车，避免了一场事故。
I want to avoid it at all costs.
我想要不惜任何代价来避免它。
他避而不答我的问题。
正：He avoided answering my questions.
误：He avoided to answer my questions.
3．till conj．
[考点点拨] till意为“到……时，直到……为止”。till和until都可以用作介词或连词，一般情况下两者可以互换使用。用于肯定句时，主句的动词只用延续性的，它所表示的动作一直延续到till／until表示的时间为止，意为“直到……为止”；用于否定句时，主句的动词一般是非延续性的，也可以是延续性的，它所表示的动作直到till／until所表示的时间才发生，意为“直到……（才）”。如：
She watched TV until/till her mother came back
她一直在看电视，直到她母亲回来。
（看电视的动作延续到母亲回来才结束。）
She didn't watch TV until/till her mother came back
直到她母亲回来她才（开始）看电视。
（看电视的动作直到她母亲回来才发生。）
如果要放在句首，只能用until而不能用till。如：
误：Till I finished my homework, Mother didn't let me out.
正：Until I finished my homework, Mother didn't let me out.
直到我做完家庭作业妈妈才让我出去。
二、核心句型
1. Second, don't cut in on others.
第二，别打断别人的话。
[考点点拨] cut in on sth /sb.打断某物／某人的话，插嘴。如：
Don't cut in on your mother when she is speaking.
你妈妈讲话时，不要插嘴。
Don't cut in on other people's conversation
别打断别人的谈话。
2. Always keep the library clean.
要一直使图书馆保持干净。
[考点点拨]“keep sb./sth+形容词”意思是“使某人／某物保持……”，其中的形容词是宾语sb. /sth.的补足语。如：
It is very important to keep ourselves healthy.
使我们自己保持健康是很重要的。
I'd like to keep myself busy.
我愿意让自己一直忙碌。
3…. and shake your hand when they meet you for the first time.
……并且当他们第一次见到你的时候会和你握手。
[考点点拨] shake是不规则动词，过去式是shook，过去分词是shaken。shake one's hand和某人握手。如：
He came up to me and shook my hand.
他走上前来和我握手。
A stranger walks up to me and shakes my hand.
一个陌生人向我走来并同我握手。
4. If you're in their way, they won't touch you or push past you
如果你挡住了他们的路，他们不会碰你或从你身边挤过去。
[考点点拨] in one's way妨碍某人；挡住某人的路。不需要说明某人时也可以用in the way。如：
Sorry，you're in my way．
对不起，你挡着我的路了。
A fallen tree was in the way.
一棵倒下的大树挡住了去路。
on the/one's way to someplace在（某人）去某地的路上／途中；某地用副词表示时不要介词to。如：
Millie is on her way to school now.
米莉现在正在去学校的路上。
I bought a magazine on my way home yesterday evening.
昨晚我在回家的路上买了一本杂志。
by the way顺便说／问一下。如：
By the way, how are your grandparents?
顺便问一下，你爷爷奶奶身体好吗？
5. British people are very polite at home as well, aren't they?
英国人在家里也很有礼貌，不是吗？
[考点点拨] as well意为“也，还有”，相当于too或also，常位于句末，不需要用逗号与句子分开。如：
I am going to London and my sister is going as well.
＝I am going to London and my sister is going too.
我要去伦敦，我妹妹／姐姐也要去。
I can play the guitar, I can sing as well.
＝I can play the guitar, and I can also sing.
我会弹吉他，也会唱歌。
as well as的意思是“也，还”，相当于一个连词，常用来连接两个并列的成分。它强调的是前一项，后一项只是顺便提及。因此连接并列主语时，谓语动词与前一项一致；而用not only…but also…连接时，谓语动词与后一项一致（就近原则）。如：
Your wife as well as you is friendly to me.
＝Not only you but also your wife is friendly to me.
不仅你，而且你的妻子也对我很友好。
as well as还可用来表示同级比较，意思是“和……一样好”。如：
He plays the guitar as well as you.
他的吉他弹得和你一样好。
6. Kitty was very busy with her dancing lessons.
基蒂正忙于上她的舞蹈课。
[考点点拨] be busy with sth忙于某事。如：
He is busy with his work day and night-
他日夜忙于他的工作。
be busy (in) doing sth.忙于做某事。如：
Millie is busy (in) writing an email.
米莉正忙于写一封电子邮件。
三、重点语法
1．使用enough to
“be+形容词+enough+to do sth”意为“足够……做某事”，常用来描述某人的一种个性或能力。注意其中的形容词用原级。如：
Tom is strong enough to carry the stone.
汤姆足够强壮，能搬得动这块石头。
He was careful enough to check up every detail.
他足够细心，把每个细节都核对过了。
I'm old enough to have the freedom to do what I like.
我已经足够大了，有自由去做我喜欢做的事了。
2．使用too…to
我们可以使用“be+too+形容词+to do sth”结构来表达一个否定的结果。其中的形容词要用原级。如：
You are too fat to jump high.
你太胖了，跳不高。
The girl was too frightened to move at that time
那个时候这个女孩因太害怕而动不了了。
He was too late to catch the early bus this morning.
今天旱晨他太迟了，没赶上早班车。
注意上述两个结构之间的相互转换：“be+too+形容词+to do sth．”结构常常可以转换为“be not+（对应反义）形容词+ enough+to do sth”。如：
His sister is too young to look after herself.
＝His sister isn't old enough to look after herself.
他妹妹太小了，还不能照顾自己。
He is too weak to carry this box
＝He isn't strong enough to carry this box
他太虚弱了以至于搬不动这只箱子。
【考点精练】
一、单项选择
( )1. Millie was just going to tell the truth when Tom _______ her.
A cut B．cut in C. cut in on D. cut into
( )2. Why do you keep the door_______ ?
A close B closed C closing D. closes
( )3. Can I go along with you? I won't get_______.
A．by the way B on the way C．in the way D to the way
( )4. The summer holidays are coming, so the twins as well as Jack_______ to Hong Kong for vacation．
A．is going B are going C．goes D. go
( )5. His father is busy_______ some important work.
A．to B on C．at D．with
二、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Millie_______ (shake) my hand and turned away.
2. He looked downward to avoid_______ (look) at my eyes.
3. Mother is busy_______ (make) cookies for the picnic.
三、根据汉语提示完成句子
1．这只猴子足够聪明，用毛毯把火扑灭了。
The monkey was_______ to _______ the fire with a blanket.
2．你必须排队等候。
You must stand in line and_______.
3．直到我从后面叫她，她才发现了我。
She didn't find me______________.


参考答案
一、1—5 CBCBD
二、1. shook 2. looking 3. making
三、1. clever/smart enough; put out 2. wait for your turn 3. till/until I called her from behind


8B Unit6
【考点精讲】
一、核心词汇
1．train vi．& vt．
[考点点拨] train意为“接受训练；培训，训练”，用作动词时，指促使某人学得知识或技能，以便能够从事某种职业或进行某种工作。用作及物动词时，接名词、代词作宾语。如：
If you train hard, you'll be a good football player.
如果你刻苦训练，你将会成为一名优秀的足球运动员。
The policeman is training the dog.
那位警察正在训练那只狗。
train s'o.／sth to do sth训练某人／某物做某事，其中动词不定式作宾语补足语。其被动结构为sb.／sth be trained to do sth。如：
The mother is training her daughter to wash the dog.
这位母亲正在培训她的女儿给狗洗澡。
These dogs are trained to sniff out drugs.
这些狗被训练用来缉毒。
train常与介词for连用，意为“为……而训练”。
He is training for the minister.
他正在接受培训，准备做牧师。
train用作名词时，意为“火车”。如：
They will go to Nanjing by train
他们将坐火车去南京。
2．elderly adj.
[考点点拨] elderly，old，aged都可意为“年老的，年迈的”。其区别是：old指年事已高，接近生命的终点，没有感情色彩；elderly指已过中年，意为“较老的，接近老年的”，语气较委婉，常有尊敬和威严的意味；aged指“年迈的”，含有“体弱多病、老态龙钟”的意味。如：
She was an elderly woman, perhaps sixty years old.
她是个上了年纪的女人，可能有60岁了。
An aged woman sat mumbling by the fire.
一位年迈的妇女坐在炉火旁，口中念念有词。
3．similar adj.
[考点点拨] similar作形容词，意为“同样的，类似的”。be similar to与……相似。如：
Their school uniforms are similar to ours.
他们的校服和我们的相似。
4．achieve vt．
[考点点拨] achieve意为“实现，达到”，一般只用作及物动词，其宾语可以是“实现”的目标、目的等，也可以是“取得”的胜利、成功、名誉、地位等。如：
Everybody should be given the chance to achieve their alms.要让每个人都有机会实现自己的目标。
She achieved no success.
她没有获得成功。
因为achieve -般与令人愉快的事，如：成功、成就等连用，所以不要受汉语的影响滥用此词表示一般意义的“达到”。如：
误：He will achieve the age of 25 next month.
他下个月就到25岁了。
误：The car achieved a speed of 150 mph.
这辆车的车速达到了150英里每小时。
二、核心句型
1. They can provide special places for homeless people to stay.
他们可以为无家可归的人提供特别的地方暂住。
[考点点拨] provide sth for sb. ＝ provide sb. With sth为某人提供某物。如：
provide food and shelter for them为他们提供食物和住所
The local people like that Italian restaurant because it provides both delicious food and good service.
当地人喜欢那家意大利餐馆因为它不仅提供美味的食物，而且服务也好。
2. Over 40, 000 people gave up their spare time for the 2007 Special Olympics World Games.
4万多人为2007年世界特奥会放弃了自己的空闲时间。
[考点点拨] give up (doing) sth放弃（做）某事。如：
David Beckham decided to give up playing football forever because he is not energetic enough.
大卫·贝克汉姆决定永远放弃踢足球因为他没有足够的精力了。
当宾语用代词表示时，只能放在give和up之间。如：
Jerry disliked his job so he gave it up.
杰瑞不喜欢他的工作，所以他辞职了。
3. It's great for us to work closely with these special athletes.
能和这些特殊的运动员们紧密合作对我们来说很好。
[考点点拨] work closely with...和……紧密合作。如：
We work closely with the career advisors in schools.
我们与学校的就业顾问密切合作。
4.I chat with them, help them practise and make sure they're safe.
我和他们聊天、帮助他们训练并且确保他们的安全。
[考点点拨] make sure设法确保，务必；弄清楚。后面通常跟从句，而不能跟动词不定式或“宾语十不定式”结构。如：
Make sure that you will come here on time tomorrow.
明天你务必按时来这儿。
误：Make sure you to come here on time tomorrow.
make sure of…把……弄明白／清楚。如：
You'd better make sure of the time before you leave.
你最好在出发之前查明时间。
三、重点语法
1．It is+形容词+动词不定式
我们常用“It is+形容词+动词不定式”结构来表达对某事物的看法。在该句型结构中，it为形式主语，真正的主语为其后的动词不定式。如：
It is necessary to learn English well.学好英语是必要的。
注意：该结构也适用于动词take的句型。如：
It took about ten minutes to walk to the railway station
步行去火车站大约要花10分钟。
动词不定式结构也可以直接置于句首充当句子的主语，但在现代英语中，多用it作形式主语替代。如：
To clean the parks before National Day is important.
在国庆节前清洁公园是很重要的。
It's wise to take a map and a mobile phone.
带上地图和手机是明智的。
2．It is+形容词+for+人或物+动词不定式
我们可以用“It is+形容词+for+人或物+动词不定式”结构来表达对某人来说做某事的一个客观态度。在该句型结构中，动词不定式结构的逻辑主语就是for后面的人或物。for sb. to do sth通常被称作动词不定式复合结
构。如：
It is impossible for us to finish the work in an hour.
对我们而言，在一小时内完成这项工作是不可能的。
It is meaningful for us to join Oxfam Trailwalker.
对我们来说，加入“乐施毅行者”是有意义的。
3．It is+形容词+of+人或物+动词不定式
我们可以用“It is+形容词+of+人或物+动词不定式”
结构来表达对某人的行为的看法。如：
It's nice of you to bring me the newspaper.
你把报纸带给我真是太好了。
It's silly of you not to forgive others for their mistakes.
你因为别人的错误而不原谅他们真是太傻了。
“It is+形容词+for+人或物十动词不定式”和“It is+形容词+of+人或物+动词不定式”结构的区别：
(1)“for sb.”的句型一般用表示客观情况的形容词。如：
hard, difficult, easy, important, interesting, necessary，impossible等。“of sb.”的句型一般用表示人物品格、特征等的形容词。如：brave，good，kind，nice, clever, careful, careless, rude, wise, foolish, selfish, silly, honest, generous等。如：
It is quite difficult for me to play football well.
对我来说把足球踢好是相当难的。
It was wise of you to refuse his offer.
你拒绝他的建议是明智的。
(2)“of sb.”的句型一般可以转换成一个带不定式作状语的句子，而“for sb.”的句型则不可以这样转换。如：
It was careless of you to mistake me for your uncle.
- You were careless to mistake me for your uncle.
你把我误认成你的叔叔真是太粗心了。
【考点精练】
一、单项选择
( )1．_______ is very important to learn English well.
A It B This C That
( )2． It's kind _______ you_______
help me with my English.
A．of; to B for; to C．of; for D．to; to
( )3. She always wants to do the job which she has been trained _______．
A for B．by C on D．of
( )4. On my visit to Australia, I felt Australians are similar _______ us in many ways.
A．with B．in C to D．at
( )5. Smoking is bad for your health. You'd better_______ ．
A set it up B give it up
C pick it up D．look it up
二、根据句意及中文提示完成单词
1．My father is getting_______（年纪大的）now and he an't walk very fast.
2．The farm_______（提供）the school with
fresh vegetables.
3. No one can_______（实现）anything without any effort.
三、根据汉语提示完成句子
1．选择公共交通来改变交通堵塞的状况对我们来说是有帮助的。
It _____________________ to choose public transport to change traffic jams.
2．我们希望你能和我们密切合作。
We hope that you can______________.
3．米莉的妈妈悄悄走进房间，看看米莉是否睡着了。
Millie's mother slipped into the room to______________ whether she was asleep.





参考答案
一、1—5 AAACB
二. 1. elderly 2. provides/provided 3. achieve
三. 1. is helpful for us 2. work closely with us 3. make sure


8B Unit7
【考点精讲】
一、核心词汇
1．especially adv.
[考点点拨]especially意为“特别，尤其”，较多地用于正式文体，指某事物超乎一般的重要、不寻常。如：
Their main exports are textiles, especially silk and cotton.
他们的主要出口货物是纺织品，特别是丝绸和棉布。
I like maple trees, especially in autumn
我喜欢枫树，尤其是秋天的枫树。
specially表示为了某一特定目的而“特意、专门”采用某一方式做某事。如：
The meeting is specially arranged for you.
这次会见是特意为你安排的。
2．spread扩散．
[考点点拨]spread作名词，意为“扩散；分布；展开”；spread还可作动词，意为“展开，摊开，使扩散”，过去式和过去分词都不变化。
Sue spreads the map out on the floor.
苏在地板上摊开地图。
The disease has spread across the whole world.
这种疾病已经在全世界扩散开来。
3．hold vt．
[考点点拨]意为“举行”。与hold有关的短语：
hold on等着；挺住；（电话用语）别挂断，等一下
hold off不开始，延迟，推迟
hold out维持，抵抗，使有可能
hold up支撑得住，承受住
如：
Can you hold on? I'll see if he's there.
等一下行吗？我去看一看他在不在那里。
She is holding up well under the pressure.
她承受住了压力。
We could get a new computer now or hold off until prices are lower.
我们现在就可以买新电脑，不然就等到降价再说。
二、核心句型
1. Many of our patients can't afford to go to hospital, so we have to go to them我们的许多病人付不起钱去医院看病，所以我们得到他们身边去。
[考点点拨] afford to do sth付得起钱做某事，负担得起做某事。常与can，could，be able to连用，多用于否定句或疑问句。can't/couldn't afford to do sth付不起钱做某事，负担不起做某事。如：
I cannot afford to go because I don't have a bean.
我没法去，因为我身无分文。
We can't afford to pay such a price.我们付不起这个价钱。
2. I'm proud to help people see again and improve their lives.
帮助人们重见光明，改善他们的生活使我感到自豪。
[考点点拨] be proud of sth./doing sth.＝be proud to do sth.＝be proud+that从句，意为“对（做）某事感到自豪”。如：
I'm proud that I'm a Chinese.
＝I'm proud of being a Chinese.
＝I'm proud to be a Chinese.
我为自己是中国人而骄傲。
pride作名词，意为“骄傲”。take pride in为……而自豪。如：
Today I'm proud of my school and tomorrow my school will take pride in my success.
今天我以学校为荣，明天学校会以我的成功为傲。
3. But more money is needed to carry on with our work.
但是要继续我们的工作需要更多的钱。
[考点点拔] carry on with sth /carry on doing sth.＝continue to do sth. /continue doing sth继续做某事。如：
The doctor told her to carry on with the treatment.
医生叫她继续治疗。
4．What's the matter?怎么了？／有什么事吗？
[考点点拨] 类似结构：What's the trouble? /What's wrong?如果要表示“某人／某物怎么了？”，要在后面加“with sb．/sth”。如：
What's the matter with you? ＝What's the trouble with you? ＝What's wrong with you?你怎么啦？／你有什么麻烦吗？
“What's the matter (with…)?/What's the trouble
(with…)?/What's wrong (with…)?”这三个句型在充当宾语从句时语序不变。如：
Can you tell me what's the matter/the trouble/wrong with you?你能告诉我你怎么了吗？
5.…so she made up her mind to train as a nurse…
……所以她下决心接受培训当一名护士……
[考点点拨]make up one's mind下决心，打定主意；make up one's mind to do sth下决心／打定主意做某事。如：
I make up my mind to finish the work in two days.
我下决心在两天内完成这项工作。
6. She is getting used to travelling by plane.
她习惯了坐飞机往来于各地。
[考点点拨] be/get used to (doing) sth习惯于（做）某事。如：
He is used to taking notes of everything he did
他习惯把他所做的一切事情都记下来。
三、重点语法
一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态
英语中共有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式。一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”“受”“给”“由”等词表示被动意义。如：
Millie(主语)cleans(谓语)the room(宾语)every day.（主动）
动作执行者 动作 动作承受者
The room(主语)is cleaned(谓语)by Millie every day.（被动）
动作承受者 动作 动作执行者
1．被动语态的用法
(1)当动作的执行者泛指或不言自明时，用被动语态。这时一般不需要by结构。如：
Word processing skills are taught in our computer
lessons.在我们的电脑课上传授文字处理技术。
(2)当不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者时，用被动语态。如：
Some new computers in our school were stolen last
night.昨天夜里我们学校里的一些新电脑被偷了。
(3)突出或强调动作的承受者时用被动语态。如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by结构。如：
The window was broken by Mike窗户被迈克打破了。
2．被动语态的构成
被动语态的构成形式是“be动词+及物动词的过去分词”。人称、数和时态的变化通过be动词的变化表现出来。
一般现在时的被动语态构成：am／is/are+及物动词的过去分词。如：
Visitors are requested not to touch the machines.
参观者们被要求不要触摸机器。
一般过去时的被动语态构成：was/were+及物动词的过去分词。如：
Millie was invited to Kate's birthday party last week.
上周米莉被邀请参加凯特的生日聚会。
3．主动语态变被动语态的方法
先把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，再把谓语变为被动结构(be+动词的过去分词)，最后把主动语态的主语放在介词by后面作宾语，将主格变为宾格。如：
Her mother cooks meals at home.
→ Meals are cooked by her mother at home.
家里的饭菜是她母亲做的。
4．主动语态变被动语态需要注意的问题：
(1)谓语动词的时态要与原句时态一致。如：
I bought a new bike.（改为被动语态）
我买了一辆新自行车。
误：A new bike is bought by me.
正：A new bike was bought by me
(2)含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句时，可以分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变。一般变间接宾语为主语。如：
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
→ I was given a present (by my uncle) on my birthday．
我叔叔在我生日时给了我一个礼物。
如果把直接宾语（指物）改为主语，要在间接宾语（指人）前加适当的介词to或for。如上句还可说：
A present was given to me (by my uncle) on my birthday．
注意：动词bring，give，lend，offer，pass，show，teach，tell等后面的间接宾语前常用介词to．动词buy, cook, get, keep, make, order, play, sing等后面的间接宾语前常用介词for。如：
My bike was lent to her.我的自行车借给她了。
A new shirt was made for me by Mum.
妈妈给我做了一件新衬衫。
5．在主动语态中以省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的，改为被动语态时不能省略to(要把to补充出来)。如：
I often see him play basketball in the playground.
→ He is often seen to play basketball (by me) in the playground.
我经常看见他在操场上打篮球。
【考点精练】
一、单项选择
( )1. He is very surprised that all the houses in the village_______ white.
A．paint B．painted C. are painting D. are painted
( )2. Three bridges_______ over the river five years ago.
A．built B build C. were built D. are built
( )3. - Mary was heard _______ just now. What happened?
- John was telling her a joke.
A cry B. to cry C. laugh D. to laugh
( )4. The basketball match was really fantastic, ______ when Jeremy Lin scored in the last second.
A. probably B．especially C．exactly D．mostly
( )5. -Some children can't afford _______ necessary stationary.
- Let's donate our pocket money to them
A．buy B buying C．to buy D．be bought
( )6. -Mum! I did best in our group discussion today.
- Well done! I_______ you.
A．am mad at B．am patient with C am proud of
( )7. -Hi, John_______?
- It's Lucy, my dog. Her leg is hurt.
A. How are you B. What's the matter
C. Who's that D. What's Lucy like
二、根据汉语提示完成句子
1．经常看到露西的父亲开车送她上学。
Lucy's father _____________________.
2．别浪费时间了！继续写吧。
Don't waste time! Carry______________ your writing.
3．我爸爸习惯于早起。
My dad______________ early.
4．你已经下决心留在这儿了吗？
Have you______________ stay here'?





参考答案
一、1—7 DCDBC CB
二、1.is often seen to drive her to school 2.on with 3. is used to getting up
4.made up your mind to


8B Unit8
【考点精讲】
一、核心词汇
1．allow vt．
[考点点拨] allow作动词，意为“允许”。(not) allow sb. to do sth. ＝sb．is(n't) allowed to do sth（不）允许某人做某事。如：
This school doesn't allow students to use mobile phones.
这所学校不允许学生使用手机。
He is not allowed to stay out late.
他不允许晚归。
allow doing sth.允许做某事。如：
We don't allow smoking in the room
我们不允许有人在房间里抽烟。
2．depend vi．
[考点点拨] depend意为“依靠，依赖，指望”，一般不用于进行时。它是不及物动词，不能直接跟宾语。跟宾语时要加介词on或upon，主要用法如下：
depend后面跟名词或代词，即：depend on/upon sb. /sth．
依靠／指望某人／某物。如：
We depended on ourselves and overcame all difficulties.
我们依靠自己的力量克服了所有的困难。
后面跟带不定式的复合结构，即：depend on/upon sb. to do sth．，意为“指望某人做某事”，可转换为depend on one('s) doing sth.。如：
You can't depend on them to do it.
＝You can't depend on their/them doing it.
你不能指望他们做这件事。
3．harm vt．
[考点点拨] harm用作及物动词时，意为“伤害，损害，
对……有害处”。如：
I have never harmed anybody.
我从未伤害过任何人。
Doctors say smoking harms our health
医生说吸烟有害健康。
harm还可以用作不可数名词，意为“危害，害处”。harmful形容词，意为“有害的”；harmless形容词，意为“无害的，不会导致损伤的”；do harm to ＝ be harmful to对……有害。如：
The drought did a lot of harm to the crops.
干旱使庄稼遭到很大损害。
It is harmful to your health to drink too much
过量喝酒对你的健康有害。
4. living adj．
[考点点拨] living作形容词，意为“活着的，活的”，指长久存在，活力经久不衰，可用于人也可用于物，还可用于比喻。living在句中作定语时，既可前置也可后置。引申可作“现存的；在使用中的；逼真的；生动的”解。如：
living things生物；living animals活着的动物
The giraffe is the tallest of all living animals.
长颈鹿是所有现存动物中最高的。
living作形容词时，没有比较级或最高级。
living还可以用作可数名词，意为“生活，生计”。指的是一种谋生的具体方式或手段，常和冠词a连用。
What do you do for a living?
你以什么谋生？
He left his office job to try to make a living on the land.
他辞去了办公室的工作，设法以务农为生。
二、核心句型
1. We can save energy by turning off the lights when we leave a room.
当我们离开房间时，我们可以通过关掉灯来节能。
[考点点拨] turn off关掉（电源开关、水龙头、液化气闸阀等）。当宾语用名词表示时，可以放在turn off中间，也可以放在turn off之后；当宾语用代词表示时，只能放在turn off中间。类似用法的短语有：turn on打开（电源开关、水龙头、液化气闸阀等），turn up调大／调高／调亮，turn down调小／调低／调暗。如：
Do you mind if I turn off the light?
我把灯关掉你介意吗？
Why is the light still on? Please turn it off.
灯为什么还开着？请把它关掉。
2. For example, we are not allowed to cut down trees.
例如，我们不允许砍树。
[考点点拨] cut down砍倒，通常指砍倒树木。宾语用名词表示时可以放在中间，也可以放后面；宾语用代词表示时只能放在中间。如：
These trees are so beautiful. We won't cut them down.
这些树这么美，我们不会砍倒它们。
3. Remember that everyone can do something to make a difference!
记住每个人都能做一些事情让世界有所不同！
[考点点拨] make a difference (to sb./sth)（对某人／某物）有影响／起作用／创造不同。如：
One honest man can make a difference.
一个老实人可能产生影响。
Does his absence make a difference to your work?
他的缺席会影响你的工作吗？
make no difference (to sb．/sth．)（对某人／某物）没作用／没影响／无关紧要。如：
Flowers make no difference to this room
这个房间里有没有花都没什么区别。
三、重点语法
一般将来时的被动语态
在被动语态中，当动作还没有发生时，需要用一般将来时的被动语态结构。
1．一般将来时被动语态的肯定句的构成：（以动词help为例）

The new film will be shown next Thursday.
这部新电影将在下周四上映。
2．一般将来时被动语态的否定句的构成：在助动词will或be going to中的be动词后面加not(可缩写)。

The meeting won't be held tomorrow.
会议明天不会召开。
3．一般将来时被动语态的一般疑问句的构成：将助动词will或be going to中的be动词移至句首，其他作相应变化。当主语是第一人称时，助动词will也可以用shall。

肯定回答用“Yes，主语+will.”或“Yes，主语+am/ is/are”。
否定回答用“No，主语+won't.”或“No，主语+am not isn't/aren't．”。如：
- Will the work be finished at once?
这项工作会立刻被完成吗？
- Yes, it will.／No, it won't.
是的，立刻就完成。／不，不会。
4．一般将来时被动语态的特殊疑问句的构成：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？对主语提问时句子结构为：特殊疑问词+will be/be going to be+过去分词？当主语是第一人称时，助动词will也可以用shall。如：
When will these books be published?
这些书将在什么时候被出版？
Who will be invited to our party?
谁将会被邀请参加我们的聚会？
【考点精练】
一、单项选择
( )1. We're sure that the environment in our city_______ greatly through our work in the near future.
A improved B. was improved
C has improved D. will be improved
( )2.Mum wants to watch the CCTV news. Let's _______ the TV.
A．turn down B turn on C turn off
( )3. The little girl was crying because her mother didn't allow her _______ the ice cream.
A eat B．eats C to eat D. ate
( )4. We are planning to go for a picnic this weekend, but it _______ the weather.
A keeps on B．puts on C depends on
( )5. A little wine will not be_______ to your health. Just don't drink too much.
A．helpful B helpless C harmful D harmless
二、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. It makes no_______ (different) to me whether you go or not.
2. That man makes a_______ (live) by writing.
3. Next week a speech on art _______ (give) by an artist in our school.
三、根据汉语提示完成句子
1．为了进一步美化校园，下个月会在学校种很多树。
Next month many trees______________ in our school to make it more beautiful.
2．那棵苹果树枯死了，所以他把它砍掉了。
The apple tree was dead, so he_____________________.
3．在我的城市里，空气污染要比中国其他城市少。
There is_______ in my city than that in other cities in China.


参考答案
一、1—5 DBCCC
二、1. difference 2. living 3. will/is going to be given
三、1. will/are ging to be planted 2. cut it down 3. less air pollution