专题31语法填空-2023年高考英语一轮复习 精讲与精练资料（教师版）

这是一份专题31语法填空-2023年高考英语一轮复习 精讲与精练资料（教师版），共25页。试卷主要包含了 词汇层面， 句子层面， 篇章意义层面， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。

专题31 语法填空
《考点•题型 •技巧》

考向分析

综观近几年的高考完形填空的考查走势，全国卷中的完形填空中，说明文类完形填空出现的几率很小。但是，我们也不能马虎，它们作为高考题型的重要补充，还是有可能考的。因此，说明文类完形填空也要进行一定量的练习。
考点导航

语法填空题的命题方式是在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容（1个单词）或所提供的单词的正确形式。
语法填空题着重从句子和语篇两个层级，考查考生在阅读理解的基础上运用语法、语用与语篇知识，对语言的形式、意义与功能的综合运用能力，对考生理解语篇语用、分析句子结构、把握语篇话题以及熟练使用语法知识等方面的能力要求比较高。语法填空题的测试点包括英语的词法、句子关系、以及在具体情景中如何确保语义连贯的篇章知识等。
在试题设置上，语法填空题在形式上主要分两类：（1）有提示词填空题：通常考查动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致、形容词与副词的等级变化、以及词类转换等；（2）无提示词填空题：通常考查冠词、代词、名词、介词与连词的正确选用等。无论是哪一类的填空题，其核心目的在于考查考生如何通过语言的、语法的、语用的以及语篇的知识，去实现语篇意义的连贯性。
复习的重点是要掌握句子的基本结构。首先，我们必须熟练掌握简单句的基本句型结构：（1）主语+谓语（+宾语+宾补）（2）主语+系动词+表语。其次，我们要充分了解充当各个句子成分的典型词类：（1）充当主语或宾语的典型词类是名词或代词。此外，还有动名词、不定式短语等。（2）充当谓语的一定是动词。（3）充当补语或表语的典型词类是形容词。（4）在名词前作定语的典型词类是形容词或形容词性物主代词。（5）作状语的典型词类是副词。
再次，我们还要掌握句子的扩展结构：两个或几个简单句之间若不用句号或分号，就必须要用连词，否则，句子的结构就不完整。连词主要有以下四类：
（1）用and,but,or,while(而，却)，when（就在这个时候）等构成并列句。
(2) 用if,unless,before,after,until,although,though,as,since,because,so,so that等构成含状语从句的复合句（这里要注意区分一下复杂句和复合句，复合句是包含在复杂句这个概念里面的,在下文的基础写作部分有提到）。
（3）用who,which,that,when,where,why等构成含定语从句的复合句。（这里要提醒考生的是往往不给任何提示的空就是填连词或关系词的，但也须结合句子结构来分析。）
（4）用that,if/whether(是否)，wh-等构成含名词性从句的复合句。

解语法填空，要从＂词、句、篇＂三个层面去思考。
1. 词汇层面
方法1：作主语或宾语的名词或＂形容词+名词＂前无形容词性物主代词、不定代词等限定词时，根据上下文填冠词。
方法2：句子缺主语或宾语，空格后没有提示词，填词多为代词。
方法3：空格前已有主语，括号内是动词提示，空格需填谓语动词。
方法4：句中已有谓语动词且又无并列连词与括号内提示的动词并列，说明空格需填非谓语动词形式。
方法5：当括号内所提示的词是形容词或副词且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，很可能填比较级和最高级。
方法6：当＂…（+限定词）+名词＂或＂…+代词/doing/从句＂在句中不作主语或宾语时，通常填介词。2. 句子层面
方法1：连接两个功能对等的单词、短语或句子时，应填并列连词and，or，but，while, when等。
方法2：若判断连词所引导的从句起名词的作用（作主语/宾语/表语/同位语），则为名词性从句，根据引导名词性从句的连接词在从句中的成分和意义确定连词。
方法3：若判断连词所引导的从句起形容词的作用（作定语），则为定语从句，根据引导定语从句的先行词和关系词在从句中的成分确定关系代词或者关系副词。关系代词在从句作主语和宾语，作状语用关系副词（可转换为介词+关系代词）。
方法4：若判断连词所引导的从句起副词的作用（作状语），则为状语从句，再根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系或者从属连词在从句中的作用和意义，来确定合适的连词。
3. 篇章意义层面
方法：了解文章/对话大意，运用上下文语境线索、前后呼应、词语搭配等逻辑关系来解题，填入既符合上下文情景，又符合句义、词义的正确单词。
【题型分析】
  The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March- 1  six months out of the year.
    "Of course, we 2  it when the sun is shining," says Karin Ro, who works for the town's tourism office. "We see the sky is 3 , but down in the valley it's darker — it's like on a 4 day.”
    But that 5  when a system of high-tech 6  was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks（山峰）into the valley below. Wednesday, residents（居民）of Rjukan 7  their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to 8 . The mirrors are controlled by a computer that   9  them to turn along with the sun throughout the 10  and to close during windy weather. They reflect a concentrated beam（束）of light onto the town's central 11 , creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters. When the light 12 , Rjukan residents gathered together.
    "People have been 13  there and standing there and taking 14  of each other," Ro says. "The town square was totally 15 . I think almost all the people in the town were there. "The 3,500 residents cannot all 16  the sunshine at the same time. 17 , the new light feels like more than enough for the town's 18  residents.
    "It's not very 19 ,” she says, "but it is enough when we are 20 .”
1. A. only
B. obviously
C. nearly
D. precisely
2. A. fear
B. believe
C. hear
D. notice
3. A. empty
B. blue
C. high
D. wide
4. A. cloudy
B. normal
C. different
D. warm
5. A. helped
B. changed
C. happened
D. mattered
6. A. computers
B. telescopes
C. mirrors
D. cameras
7. A. remembered
B. forecasted
C. received
D. imagined
8. A. repair
B. risk
C. rest
D. use
9. A. forbids
B. directs
C. predicts
D. follows
10. A. day
B. night
C. month
D. year
11. A. library
B. hall
C. square
D. street
12. A. appeared
B. returned
C. faded
D. stopped
13. A. driving
B. hiding
C. camping
D. siting
14. A. pictures
B. notes
C. care
D. hold
15. A. new
B. full
C. flat
D. silent
16. A. block
B. avoid
C. enjoy
D. store
17. A. Instead
B. However
C. Gradually
D. Similarly
18. A. nature-loving
B. energy-saving
C. weather-beaten
D. sun-starved
19. A. big
B. clear
C. cold
D. easy
20. A. trying
B. waiting
C. watching
D. sharing
【答案】 （1）C；（2）D；（3）B；（4）A；（5）B；（6）C；（7）C；（8）D；（9）B；（10）A；（11）C；（12）A；（13）D；（14）A；（15）B；（16）C；（17）B；（18）D；（19）A；（20）D；
【解析】【分析】本文讲述北欧一个小镇长达半年没有阳光照射，为此在附近的山顶安装了一套镜子设备把阳光反射到小镇的广场。每当光线照射的时候，人们就聚集在广场上，为寒冷的冬季增添一丝明亮。
（1）考查副词辨析。A. only仅仅；B. obviously；显然地；C. nearly几乎；D. precisely精确的。根据前文from late September to mid-March可知，从九月底到三月中旬，差不多半年，故答案为C。
（2）考查动词辨析。A. fear害怕；B. believe相信；C. hear听见；D. notice注意。根据后文 but down in the valley it's darker  可知，我们看到天空是蓝色，但是到山谷的时候，就会变得更暗了，可知，太阳照耀的时候，我们注意到，故答案为D。
（3）考查形容词词义辨析。A. empty空的；B. blue蓝色的；C. high搞得；D. wide宽的。根据常识可知，有太阳的时候，天空是蓝色的，故答案为B。
（4）考查形容词辨析。A. cloudy多云的；B. normal正常的；C. different不同的；D. warm温暖的。根据前文 but down in the valley it's darker 可知，到山谷的时候，天变暗了，像阴天一样，故答案为A。
（5）考查动词辨析。A. helped帮助；B. changed改变；C. happened发生；D. mattered关系重大。根据后文可知，该镇引入一套阳光反射镜来改变这种情况，故答案为B。
（6）考查名词辨析。A. computers电脑；B. telescopes望远镜；C. mirrors镜子；D. cameras相机。根据后文to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks可知，从附近的山顶上反射太阳光，可知是镜子，故答案为C。
（7）考查动词辨析。A. remembered记得；B. forecasted预报；C. received获得，收到；D. imagined想象。根据句意可知，该镇的居民获得了冬天里的第一缕阳光，故答案为C。
（8）考查名词辨析。A. repair修理；B. risk风险；C. rest    休息；D. use使用。根据前一句their very first ray of winter sunshine可知，获得了冬天的第一缕阳光，是由于反射板投入使用了，put sth to use把某物投入使用。故答案为D。 
（9）考查动词辨析。句意：这些镜子由电脑控制，指导他们整天跟着太阳的位置移动而移动，在大风的天气就自动关闭。A. forbids禁止；B. directs指导，导演；C. predicts预测；D. follows跟随，追随。本句描述这套系统的工作原理，电脑控制镜子的移动，故选B。
（10）考查名词辨析。A. day白天；B. night夜晚；C. month月；D. year年。根据文章可知，太阳光出现在白天，故答案为A。
（11）考查名词辨析。A. library图书馆；B. hall大厅；C. square广场；D. street街道。根据后文The town square可知，镜子反射聚集的光会照在小镇的中心广场上，故答案为C。
（12）考查动词辨析。A. appeared出现；B. returned归还；C. faded褪去；D. stopped停止。根据后文Rjukan residents gathered together可知，当光照出现的时候，居民出来，故答案为A。
（13）考查动词辨析。A. driving驾驶；B. hiding隐藏；C. camping露营；D. sitting坐。根据本句and standing there可知，光照出现的时候，人们会出来活动，坐在那里，站在那里，故答案为D。
（14）考查名词辨析。A. pictures照片，图片；B. notes笔记；C. care照顾；D. hold抓住。根据文章可知，会彼此拍照，故答案为A。
（15）考查形容词辨析。A. new新的；B. full满的；C. flat平坦的；D. silent沉默的。根据后文I think almost all the people in the town were there.可知，差不多全镇的人都在广场上，故可知广场全是人，故答案为B。
（16）考查动词辨析。A. block阻挡；B. avoid避免；C. enjoy喜欢，享受；D. store储存。根据句意可知，并不是3500名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，故答案为C。
（17）考查副词辨析。A. Instead代替；B. However然而；C. Gradually逐渐地；D. Similarly相似地。前一句意思为并不是3500名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，后一句，新的光线为小镇人们的意义不仅仅提供光线，故可知前后句属于转折关系，故答案为B。
（18）考查形容词辨析。A. nature-loving热爱自然的；B. energy-saving节能的；C. weather-beaten受风雨侵蚀的；D. sun-starved渴望阳光的。根据前文可知，小镇差不多半年没有阳光，故可知小镇人们渴望阳光，故答案为D。
（19）考查形容词辨析。A. big大的；B. clear清晰的；C. cold冷的；D. easy容易的。根据前文可知，镜子反射的光线有限，范围不够大，故答案为A。
（20）考查动词辨析。A. trying尝试；B. waiting    等待；C. watching    观看；D. sharing分享。根据句意可知，大家一起晒太阳就足够了，故答案为D。
检测训练


1、A scientist 1 several monkeys in order to study animal psychology. He took a glass bottle, 2 its cork (瓶塞) and put two peanuts inside it. The peanuts dropped to the bottom and were easily seen from the outside. He then passed the bottle to a monkey, who shook it 3 for a long while and was able to get the peanuts when they 4 fell out. The scientist then put some peanuts into the bottle again 5 he had done before and showed the monkey that it only needed to turn the bottle upside down for the peanuts to drop out. 6 the monkey always ignored his 7 . Each time it just shook the bottle frantically, with great 8 but without necessarily achieving 9 result.
Now the question is why the monkey was unable to understand 10 the scientist instructs. 11 because all its attentions was focused on the peanuts. Instead, it must take its eyes off the peanuts and quickly 12 its attention to the 13 movement of the scientist and the way the bottle was turned upside down. To achieve this, it had to calm down and not be 14 by the impulse (诱惑) of its appetite. Yet the monkey was not able to understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the monkey’s some psychology is just like 15 of human beings.
1. A. kept B. rose C. fed D. caught
2. A. moving B. removed C. discovered D. covered
3. A. happily B. anxiously C. hurriedly D. instantly
4. A. suddenly B. accidentally C. occasionally D. quickly
5. A. as B. that C. what D. until
6. A. But B. When C. Therefore D. Thus
7. A. directions B. explanations C. performances D. instructions
8. A. effort B. strength C. power D. force
9. A. expecting B. interesting C. satisfying D. desired
10. A. what B. how C. why D. which
11. A. Probably B. Likely C. Simply D. Nearly
12. A. put B. send C. pay D. shift
13. A. gesture B. mouth C. hand D. eye
14. A. taken away B. taken off C. taken over D. taken on
15. A. that B. the C. those D. this
【答案】ABBBA ADADA CDCCA
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。为了研究动物心理学，一位科学家养了几只猴子做实验，发现猴子与人类的一些心理有相似之处。
1. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了研究动物心理学，一位科学家养了几只猴子。A. kept饲养；B. rose上升；C. fed喂养；D. caught抓到。既然是搞研究，自然是要长期的饲养，故A项正确。
2. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他拿起一个玻璃瓶，取出瓶塞，放了两颗花生进去。A. moving移动；B. removed移除，去掉；C. discovered发现；D. covered覆盖。根据空后的put two peanuts inside it.可知，他放了两颗花生进去，这说明他拔掉了瓶塞，故B项正确。
3. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然后把瓶子递给一只猴子，猴子焦急地摇晃了很久，当花生意外掉下来的时候，它能得到花生。A. happily高兴地；B. anxiously焦急地；C. hurriedly匆匆；D. instantly立即。猴子想要吃瓶子里的花生，自然是焦急地晃动瓶子，故B项正确。
4. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然后把瓶子递给一只猴子，猴子焦急地摇晃了很久，当花生意外掉下来的时候，它能得到花生。A. suddenly突然；B. accidentally意外地；C. occasionally偶尔；D. quickly很快。然后他把瓶子递给一只猴子，上文说 花生掉到了瓶子的底部，正常情况下是很难晃出来的，只能是在意外情况下掉出来，故B项正确。
5. 考查连接词辨析。句意：科学家像之前一样又往瓶子里放了一些花生，向猴子展示只需要把瓶子倒过来花生就可以掉出来。A. as像；B. that那个；C. what什么；D. until直到。根据空后的he had done before可知，科学家像之前一样又往瓶子里放了一些花生，用as引导方式状语从句，故A项正确。
6. 考查连词辨析。句意：但是猴子总是无视他的指示。A. But但是；B. When当；C. Therefore因此；D. Thus因此。科学家向猴子展示只需要把瓶子倒过来花生就可以掉出来，猴子却总是无视他的指示，前后是转折关系，故A项正确。
7. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是猴子总是无视他的指示。A. direction说明；B. explanations解释；C. performances表演；D. instructions指示。上文说科学家向猴子展示只需要把瓶子倒过来花生就可以掉出来，这是他给猴子的指示，下文的instructs也是提示，故D项正确。
8. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：每次它只是疯狂地摇瓶子，努力地摇，但不一定能达到它想要的效果。A. effort努力；B. strength力量；C. power权力；D. force武力。根据空前的it just shook the bottle frantically可知，猴子很努力地摇瓶子，故A项正确。
9. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每次它只是疯狂地摇瓶子，努力地摇，但不一定能达到它想要的效果。A. expecting期待的；B. interesting有趣的；C. satisfying令人满意；D. desired想要的。猴子努力地药瓶子是想让里面的花生掉出来，这是它想要的结果，故D项正确。
10. 考查宾语从句。句意：现在的问题是为什么猴子不能理解科学家的指示。understand后的部分为宾语从句，从句中的instructs缺少宾语，应该用what引导这个宾语从句，故A项正确。
11. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：只是因为它所有的注意力都集中在花生上。A. Probably可能；B. Likely可能；C. Simply简单地；D. Nearly几乎。此处解释猴子不能理解科学家的指示的原因——只是因为它所有的注意力都集中在花生上，故C项正确。
12. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：相反，它必须把目光从花生上移开，迅速地将注意力转移到科学家的手部动作上。A. put放置；B. send发送；C. pay支付；D. shift转移。根据空后的its attention to the ___13___ movement of the scientist可知，它必须将注意力转移到科学家的手部动作上，故D项正确。
13. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：相反，它必须把目光从花生上移开，迅速地将注意力转移到科学家的手部动作上。A. gesture手势；B. mouth嘴；C. hand手；D. eye眼睛。根据上文的介绍可知科学家是通过手来向猴子演示把瓶子倒过来花生就会掉出来的，故C项正确。
14. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：它必须冷静下来，不要被它的食欲所控。A. taken away带走；B. taken off 起飞；C. taken over接管；D. taken on承担。根据空后的by the impulse (诱惑) of its appetite.可知，它必须冷静下来，不要被食欲所控（接管），故选C项正确。
15. 考查代词词义辨析。句意：正是这样的例子，揭示了猴子的某些心理与人类的相似之处。A. that那个（指代与前面提到的同一类人或物，表单数）；B. the定冠词，表特指；C. those那些；D. this这个。此处指代与前面的some psychology同一类事物，故A项正确。
2、I was on a train in Switzerland. The train came to a stop and the conductor’s voice over the loudspeaker 1. (deliver) a message in German, Italian, and French. I’d made the mistake of not learning any of those languages before my vacation.
Everyone started getting off the train and an old woman saw that I was 2. (confuse). She could speak some English and told me that an accident had happened on the 3. (track). She asked me where I was trying to get to, then went and talked to some workers, and came back to tell me that we’d have to get on trains three or four times to get there.
I was really glad she was heading 4. same way because it would have been impossible for me to figure it 5. on my own. So we went from one train station to the next, getting to know each other along the way.
She was really the 6. (sweet) woman. It was a 2.5-hour journey in total, and 7. we made it to the final destination, we got off and said our goodbyes. I had made it just in time to catch my train to Rome. She told me she had a train to catch as well. I asked her how much farther she had to go and 8. turned out that her home was two hours back the other way.
She had jumped from train to train and traveled the whole way just 9. (make) sure that I made it. I was in shock. A woman spent her whole day sitting on trains and taking her hours away from her home just to help out a confused tourist 10. (visit) her country.
【答案】
1. delivered
2. confused
3. tracks
4. the
5. out
6. sweetest
7. when
8. it
9. to make
10. visiting
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在异国他乡坐火车时遇到一个好心的人，全程给作者指引方向。
1. 考查动词时态。句意：火车停了下来，喇叭里传来售票员用德语、意大利语和法语传递信息的声音。分析句子可知，deliver在句中作谓语动词。根据上下文判断出应该用一般过去时，主语voice和deliver之间为主动传播，故答案为delivered。
2. 考查形容词。句意：每个人都开始下车，一个老妇人看到我很困惑。根据空前的I was可知，此处应该填写修饰人的形容词，故填confused。
3. 考查名词。句意：她会说一些英语，告诉我说轨道上发生了一些问题。根据常识判断，轨道是复数，故填tracks。
4. 考查冠词。句意：我很高兴她也走了同样的路，因为要我自己弄清楚是不可能的。根据“same way”可知，此处应该填定冠词，故填the。
5. 考查固定搭配。句意：我很高兴她也走了同样的路，因为要我自己弄清楚是不可能的。figure out为固定搭配，意为“弄明白”，故填out。
6. 考查形容词最高级。句意：她真的是最好心的女人。根据空前的“the”可知，此处应该填写形容词最高级，故填sweetest。
7. 考查连词。句意：当我们到达了最终的目的地，我们下了车互相道别。分析句子可知，此处是时间状语从句，故填when。
8. 考查代词。句意：我问她还得走多远，结果发现她家要从另一条路回去两小时。It turned out that ...为固定句型，意为“结果是......”，故填it。
9. 考查非谓语动词。句意：她从一辆火车跳到另一辆火车，一路走来，只为了确保我能赶上。分析句意可知，此处是表示目的，故用不定式，故填to make。
10. 考查非谓语动词。句意：一个女人花了一整天的时间坐在火车上，远离自己的家，只是为了帮助一个困惑的游客去她的国家。分析句子成分可知，visit在句中作后置定语，修饰tourist，且两者之间为主动关系，故填visiting。
3、In ancient China lived an artist. ___61___ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud. One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their ___62___ (fine) work, so that he could choose the best. The artist was sure he would. ___63___(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old nan laughed. The wise old man told him to travel to the Li River～perhaps he could learn a little from the greatest artist in the world.
Filled with ___64___ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. ___65___ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and ___66___ (point) down the river. The next morning he hired a boat and set out ___67___ (find) the well-known painter. As the small boat moved, ___68___ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. He passed milky white waterfalls and mountains in many shades of blue. And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds. ___69___ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ____70____ earth, Mother Nature.
【答案】61. whose 62. finest 63. be chosen 64. curiosity 65. When/As
66. pointed 67. to find 68. gently 69. surrounding 70. On
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。主要记叙了一位画家画画栩栩如生，有一天他将画送给宰相时，这位睿智的老人告诉他去漓江旅行——也许他可以从世界上最伟大的艺术家那里学到一些东西。画家最后发现这位世界上最伟大的艺术家就是大自然母亲。
61.考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
62.考查最高级。句意：一天，皇帝想让人给他画一幅肖像，于是他把所有伟大的画家都请来，展示他们最好的作品，以便他挑选最好的。结合句意，皇帝想要画家最好的作品，表示“最好的”此处应用形容词最高级finest。故填finest。
63.考查动词语态。句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。本句中主语he与谓语动词choose构成被动关系，且would后跟动词原形。故填be chosen。
64..考查名词。句意：怀着好奇心，艺术家收拾行囊离开了。with为介词，后跟名词curiosity作宾语，表示“好奇心”。故填curiosity。
65.考查连接词。句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。本句为时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”，且从句中动词asked为短暂性动作动词，不能用while引导，故应用when或as引导。句首单词首字母要大写。故填When/As。
66.考查动词时态。句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。根据上文they smiled and可知此处应用一般过去时。故填pointed。
67.考查非谓语动词。句意：第二天早上，他租了一条船，出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示“出发去做某事”短语为set out to do sth.，后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。
68.考查副词。句意：当小船缓缓地沿着江面移动时，山在水中的倒影使他说不出话来。此处修饰动词moved应用副词gently作状语，表示“缓缓地”。故填gently。
69.考查非谓语动词。句意：当他看到雾气从河上升起，山顶上乌云环绕，他不禁流下了眼泪。分析句子结构可知，the soft clouds 69 (surround) the mountain tops是独立主格结构做状语，surround在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语clouds构成主动关系，故应用现在分词。故填surrounding。
70.考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
4、Many people have the hobby of collecting things, e.g. stamps, postcards or antiques. In the 18th and 19th centuries, ___36___ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. They kept their collection at home until it got too big ___37___ until they died, and then it was given to a museum. The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, ___38___ (form) the core collection of the British Museum ___39___ opened in 1759.
The parts of a museum open to the public ___40___ (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection ___41___ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine ___42___ (they) living at a different time in history or ___43___(walk)through a rainforest. At the Jorvik Centre in York, the city’s Viking settlement is recreated, and people experience the sights, sounds and smells of the old town. Historical ___44___ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. Museums must compete ____45____people’s spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children.
【答案】36. wealthy 37. or 38. formed 39. which/that 40. are called 41. is 42. themselves
43. walking 44. accuracy 45. for
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了博物馆藏品的来源及博物馆给人们带来的好处和面临的挑战。
36.考查形容词。句意:在18和19世纪，富人旅行并收集植物、历史物品和艺术品。此处修饰名词people，应使用形容词，做定语。故填wealthy。
37.考查连词。句意:他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给一家博物馆。根据语境可知，前后陈述的是两者可能性，应使用连词or:或者。故填or。
38.考查动词时态。句意:例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语in1759可知，应使用一般过去时。故填formed。
39.考查定语从句。句意:例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
40.考查动词时态及语态。句意:博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。此处描述的是客观使用，应使用一般现在时；主语与call是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主语是复数概念。故填are called。
41.考查主谓一致。句意:通常，博物馆只展出一小部分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时，主语a small part of a museum’s collection是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式，且后面的Most of it is stored away or used for research.中的is也是提示。故填is。
42.考查反身代词。句意:除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代visitors，意为”他们自己”，应使用反身代词。故填themselves。
43.考查非谓语动词。句意:除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处与living是并列成分，共同做imagine的宾补，imagine sb. doing sth.”想象某人做某事”。故填walking。
44.考查名词。句意:历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。此处做主语，位于形容词historical之后，应使用名词，意为”历史的准确性”。故填accuracy。
45.考查介词。句意:博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语:compete for，意为:”为了……竞争”。故填for。
5、Any bird that crossed his path would be eaten by Rex, a German shepherd. Rex1. (rescue) from his previous shelter, where he was going to be put down after a biting incident. Last year, he2. (eventual) arrived at Puriton Horse and Animal Rescue.
Geraldine was a goose abandoned by owners who could no longer put up 3. her. She wasn’t exactly the picture of 4. (warm), either, when she arrived at the same shelter three months ago. The dog and the goose were individually given labels like cruel and dangerous. Neither seemed particularly harmonious with humans or even members of their own species.
But when the two 5. (annoy) creatures were offered a chance to hang out together, something magical happened. They chased each other when first 6. (introduce), but Geraldine stood up for herself and that was that. They just fell in love with each other.
“I’ve been doing rescue work since 1997 and seen all 7. (kind) of strange animal behavior, but I’ve never seen anything like this,” said Sheila Brislin, 8. is the founder of the shelter. “It’s so amusing to see them because they love each other to bits. They are very affectionate. She just9. (run) around alongside him all day long and whenever we take him for 10. walk in the woods she has to come, too.”
【答案】1. was rescued 2. eventually 3. with 4. warmth 5. annoying
6. introduced 7. kinds 8. who 9. runs 10. a
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。任何穿过Rex路的鸟都会被德国牧羊犬Rex吃掉。文章叙述的是Rex和其他动物相处的故事。
1. 考查一般过去时态的被动语态。句意：Rex从他以前的避难所中被救出，在一次咬人的事件后，他将被杀死。句子用一般过去时态的被动语态，主语是Rex，单数第三人称形式，故答案为was rescued。
2. 考查副词。此处arrived是动词，副词修饰动词，故答案为eventually。
3. 考查固定词组。put up with忍受，故答案为with。
4. 考查名词。句意：三个月前，当她到达同一个收容所时，她也不是那种温暖感觉。结合句意此处用名词形式，故答案为warmth。
5. 考查形容词。句意：但是，当这两种令人讨厌的生物被提供一个一起出去玩的机会时，神奇的事情发生了。annoying讨厌的，故答案为annoying。
6. 考查过去分词做时间状语。句意：当他们第一次被介绍时，他们互相追逐。句子主语They 和introduce之间是被动关系，此处是过去分词做时间状语，故答案为introduced。
7. 考查固定词组。all kinds of各种各样的，故答案为kinds。
8. 考查非限制性定语从句。此处Sheila Brislin是先行词，指人，在后面的非限制定语从句中做主语，故答案为who。
9. 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：她整天和他在一起，每当我们带他到树林里散步的时候，她也要来。结合句意可知句子用一般现在时态，句子主语是she，故答案为runs。
10. 考查不定冠词。句意：她整天和他在一起，每当我们带他到树林里散步的时候，她也要来。for a walk散步，故答案为a。
6、As our Earth’s temperature warms up because of climate change, it is having unexpected effects on our world’s forests. When temperatures rise, trees close their skins to 1 the loss of water, and this, in turn, slows down the 2 of photosynthesis(光合作用). As a result, these trees are shorter and grow slowly, as well as have a 3 death rate.
Climate change also increases the 4 of droughts and wildfires. After wildfires, it takes a while for the forest systems to 5 , and in some cases, the forests are 6 permanently. Trees that are stressed are also 7 to attacks by bacteria(细菌). In tropical forests, vines that use the trees as 8 can often choke the trees and rob them of nutrients. Finally, humans have 9 the forest landscape through logging. When trees are replanted on the soil, they will never grow as large as the 10 trees that were cut down.
As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to change, 11 the variety of those systems. 12 , some endangered species are unable to 13 and die. Old-growth forests are disappearing in all regions of our world. When forests die, younger forests that are reestablished in the same area grow back weaker and smaller 14 poor vegetation. With trees dying increasingly and continuously, will future generations 15 out on the wonders of forests?
1. A. protect B. prevent C. save D. free
2. A. movement B. situation C. process D. operation
3. A. higher B. firmer C. lighter D. smaller
4. A. choice B. measure C. qualification D. chance
5. A. grow B. rescue C. recover D. decline
6. A. ignored B. lost C. hurt D. left
7. A. accessible B. enjoyable C. acceptable D. favorable
8. A. attention B. command C. trust D. support
9. A. frightened B. paid C. ruined D. wasted
10. A. common B. original C. distant D. strong
11. A. affecting B. improving C. forgetting D. reflecting
12. A. Besides B. Surprisingly C. Otherwise D. Unfortunately
13. A. devote B. keep C. adapt D. lead
14. A. due to B. in addition to C. instead of D. in spite of
15. A. pass B. miss C. break D. bring
【答案】BCADC BADCB ADCAB
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了由于气候变化，地球温度上升，这对我们世界的森林产生了意想不到的影响。先是温度上升导致树木矮小，生长缓慢，死亡率高；其次，气候变化也增加了干旱和野火的可能性，野火导致了森林的消失，因此以森林为“家”的物种被迫发生改变，甚至死亡。
1. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当温度上升时，树木会将树皮闭合，以防止水分流失，而这反过来又会减慢光合作用的进程。A. protect保护；B. prevent阻止；C. save拯救；D. free释放。根据后文the loss of water可知树木将皮肤闭合是为了阻止水分的流失。故选B。
2. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当温度上升时，树木会将树皮闭合，以防止水分流失，而这反过来又会减慢光合作用的进程。A. movement活动；B. situation情况；C. process进程；D. operation操作。结合上下文语境，树木闭合了树皮来防止水分流失，这反过来又减缓了光合作用的进程（process）。故选C。
3. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，这些树较矮，生长缓慢，死亡率也较高。A. higher更高的；B. firmer更坚固的；C. lighter更明亮的；D. smaller更小的。根据上文these trees are shorter and grow slowly可知树木矮小，生长缓慢，所以死亡率也会更高了。故选A。
4. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：气候变化也增加了干旱和野火的可能性。A. choice选择；B. measure测量；C. qualification资格；D. chance可能性，机会。根据后文After wildfires可知全球气温升高增加了干旱和野火发生的可能性。故选D。
5. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：野火过后，森林系统需要一段时间才能恢复，在某些情况下，森林会永久无法恢复。A. grow生长；B. rescue营救；C. recover恢复；D. decline下降。结合上文After wildfires, it takes a while for the forest systems to可知野火焚烧了森林之后，森林系统需要时间才能恢复。故选C。
6. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：野火过后，森林系统需要一段时间才能恢复，在某些情况下，森林会永久无法恢复。A. ignored被忽视的；B. lost无法恢复的；C. hurt受伤的；D. left左边的。结合上文可知野火焚烧了森林，森林需要时间来恢复，但是某些情况下，森林也可能不能恢复了。故选B。
7. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：压力大的树木也容易受到细菌的攻击。A. accessible易接近的；B. enjoyable快乐的；C. acceptable可接受的；D. favorable赞成的。根据后文to attacks by bacteria可知树木也容易受到细菌的攻击。短语be accessible to“容易进入的，容易接近的”。故选A。
8. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在热带森林中，以树木为支撑的藤本植物经常会窒息树木，并剥夺树木的营养。A. attention注意力；B. command命令；C. trust信任；D. support支撑，支持。结合上文vines that use the trees as可知藤本植物是以树木为支撑的，故选D。
9. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：最后，人类通过伐木，毁坏了森林景观。A. frightened使害怕；B. paid支付；C. ruined毁灭；D. wasted浪费。结合后文the forest landscape through logging可知人类伐木毁坏了森林景观。故选C。
10. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当树木被重新种植在土壤上时，它们永远不会长得像原来被砍伐的树那么大。A. common普通的；B. original原来的；C. distant遥远的；D. strong强壮的。结合后文trees that were cut down可知此处指的是，人们新种植的树木，不会长得像原来被砍伐的树那么大了。故选B。
11. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着这些森林的消失，曾经把它们称为“家”的物种被迫改变，影响了这些系统的多样性。A. affecting影响；B. improving改善；C. forgetting忘记；D. reflecting放射。承接上文As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to change可知森林的消失，改变了这些物种，也影响了这些物种的多样性。故选A。
12. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，一些濒危物种无法适应而死亡。A. Besides而且；B. Surprisingly惊人地；C. Otherwise否则；D. Unfortunately不幸地。根据后文some endangered species are unable to可知某些物种很不幸地是，无法适应这些改变，只能死亡。故选D。
13. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，一些濒危物种无法适应而死亡。A. devote贡献；B. keep保持；C. adapt适应；D. lead带领。根据上文species that once called them “home” are forced to change可知物种被迫发生改变了，而某些物种无法适应，只能死去。故选C。
14. 考查短语辨析。句意：当森林死亡时，在同一地区重新建立的年轻森林由于植被不良，而变得更弱更小。A. due to因为；B. in addition to另外；C. instead of而不是；D. in spite of尽管。根据后文poor vegetation可知此处指年轻森林由于（due to）植被不良，而变得更弱更小。故选A。
15. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着树木不断地死亡，子孙后代会错过森林的奇迹吗？A. pass通过；B. miss错过；C. break打破；D. bring带来。结合后文out on the wonders of forests可知此处指错过森林的奇迹。短语miss out“错过”。故选B。
7、Astronomy is the oldest science 41. （know）to man. Thousands of years ago man looked at the stars and wondered about the heavens. But man was 42. （limit）by the six planets that he could see only 43. his eyes alone. The Greeks studied astronomy over 2,000 years ago. They could see the size colour, and 44. （bright）of a star. They could see its place in the sky. They watched the stars 45. （move ）as the seasons changed. But the Greeks had no tools to help themselves study the heavens. Each new tool added to the field of astronomy helped man reach out into space. Man knew a little about the moon 46. there were telescopes.
He did not know that the planet called Saturn had 47. （ring）around it. His sight was 48. limited that he could not see all the planets. In the early 1700s, people thought there were only six planets. Before the spectroscope, man did not know what kind of gases 49. （be）around the sun or other stars. Without the radio-telescope, we did not know that radio noises came from far in space. Today, astronomy is a 50. （grow）science. We have learned more in the last fifty years than in the whole history of astronomy.
【答案】41. known 42. limited 43. with 44. brightness 45. move 46. until 47. rings 48. so 49. was 50. growing
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类探索太空的历史。
41. 考查过去分词。句意：天文学是人类知道的最古老的科学。the oldest science是know动作的承受者，故用过去分词known作定语，表示被动。故填known。
42. 考查被动语态。句意：但是人类被限制在只能用眼睛观察到的六个星球上。根据句意可知此处为被动语态， be limited by被……所限制。故填limited。
43. 考查介词。句意：但是人类被限制在只能用眼睛观察到的六个星球上。用眼睛观察应用介词“with”。故填with。
44. 考查名词。句意：他们可以看星星的大小，颜色和亮度。解析句子可知此处为and连接的三个并列的名词，brightness“亮度”。故填brightness。
45. 考查动词的宾补结构。句意：他们看到星星随着季节的变化而移动。理解句意可知，本空并非表示看着星星正在移动，而是观看移动的整个过程，故用动词原形作宾语补足语。故填move。
46. 考查连词。句意：直到有了望远镜人类才开始了解月球。理解句意可知，此处应用until引导时间状语从句，故填until。
47. 考查名词复数。句意：他并不知道土星周围围绕着土星环。根据常识可知，土星有土星环，而且不止一个，故用名词ring“环行物”的复数形式。故填rings。
48. 考查连词。句意：人类的视力如此有限以至于看不到所有的星球。根据句意结合空后的形容词limited，可知此处考查结果状语从句：so+adj./adv.+that从句。故填so。
49. 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：在光谱仪之前，人类不知道在太阳或其他星球周围是什么样的气体。主句的时态是过去时，而且句子的主语是kind，故用一般过去时was。故填was。
50. 考查形容词。句意：今天，天文学是一门正在成长的科学。根据句意可知此处应用形容词作定语修饰science，growing表示“正在成长的”。故填growing。
8、It is reported that at present a city in Japan has a problem with graffiti(涂鸦). However, it is not the usual type of graffiti with paint from spray cans 21. (use) to write on walls. It is graffiti in sand.
Officials in the city of Tottori are asking tourists to give up 22. (write) messages and drawing pictures in the sand of its giant sand dunes (沙丘). The officials say the graffiti causes damage to the dunes, 23. destroys the pleasure others get in looking at the sand.
More than 3,300 cases of "sand graffiti" 24. (occur) at the tourist spot in the past decade. In January, two overseas tourists were ordered 25. (erase) a 25-meter-long message that read "Happy Birthday Natalie".
The Tottori Sand Dunes are famous throughout Japan 26. their natural beauty. They are the largest and longest sand dunes in the country and form part of 27. scenic coastal park on the sea of Japan coast. The biggest dune is 50 meters high.
The local government wants to improve tourists' understanding of the 28. (important) of the dunes. It will set up much 29. (many) signs in English, Chinese and Korean asking people to respect the dunes. A spokesman said, "We are concerned about whether the rules are 30. (complete) understood, and we want to continue to protect views of the beautiful sand dunes."
【答案】
21. used
22. writing
23. which
24. have occurred
25. to erase
26. for
27. a
28. importance
29. more
30. completely
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了日本出现了严重的涂鸦问题，当地政府希望提高游客对沙丘重要性的认识，保护沙丘的美丽景观。
21. 考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，这并不是一种常见的用喷漆罐在墙上的涂鸦。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作cans的后置定语，与cans之间为被动关系，故填used。
22. 考查非谓语动词。句意：官员们要求游客们不要再在巨大的沙丘上写写画画了。give up doing为固定用法，意为“放弃做某事”，故填writing。
23. 考查定语从句。句意：官员们表示，涂鸦对沙丘造成了破坏，破坏了其他人欣赏沙子的乐趣。分析句子可知，此句为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代整个主句内容并在从句中作主语，故填which。
24. 考查动词时态。句意：在过去的十年里，该旅游景点发生了3300多起“沙子涂鸦”事件。根据时间状语“in the past decade”可知，此句应该用现在完成时， 故填have occurred。
25. 考查非谓语动词。句意：今年1月，两名海外游客被要求删除一条长达25米的“娜塔莉生日快乐”信息。be ordered to do为固定用法，意为“被要求做某事”，故填to erase。
26. 考查介词。句意：鸟取沙丘以其自然美景闻名于日本。be famous for为固定用法，意为“因......而著名”，符合句意，故填for。
27. 考查冠词。句意：它们是日本最大最长的沙丘，是日本海海岸一个风景优美的海岸公园的一部分。scenic coastal park前缺少冠词，此处为泛指，且scenic 的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
28. 考查名词。句意：当地政府希望提高游客对沙丘重要性的认识。根据空前的the和空后的of可知，此空应该填名词，故填importance。
29. 考查比较级。句意：政府将设立更多英文、中文和韩文的标志，呼吁人们尊重沙丘。根据句意以及修饰比较级的much可知，此处应该用形容词比较级，故填more。
30. 考查副词。句意：一位发言人表示：“我们担心这些规定是否被完全理解，我们希望继续保护美丽的沙丘景观。”此处应该用副词修饰动词understood，故填completely。
9、What's the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the word “culture”？ Do you think of different groups of people across the world with various 1 and clothing? What about animals?
Sam Williams,executive director of the Macaw(金刚鹦鹉）Recovery Network in Costa Rica, helps to 2 the impact of the decline of macaw populations by taking birds that were born 3 and releasing them into the wild. But this process is very 4
＂In a cage,you can't 5 them to know where,when and how to find that food, or about trees with good nest sites," Williams told ecologist and writer Carl Safina for the Guardian. In the wild, the parents would be the ones to teach them this important 6
This type of knowledge is known as cultural knowledge. Cultural knowledge can be 7 from the older generation to the newer one. For many species,cultural knowledge is necessary for 8
Culture helps animals to 9 different habitats.For example,some crows(乌鸦）have learned to put nuts in the middle of the road for cars to drive over. And in other areas, they have learned to do this at intersections so they can 10 get the food when the cars stop at red lights.
Other important parts of cultural knowledge include things like group identity, using different tools,taking different 11 routes and using different socializing methods.
These traditions can especially be seen in chimpanzee communities. Cat Hobaiter,who studies chimpanzees in Uganda,said:"It's not just the 12 of populations of chimps that worries me.I find 13 the possibility of losing each population's unique culture. That's permanent.”
Culture isn't just for 14 .Culture is also an important part of life in the wild from using tools to 15 .
1. A. communities B. zones C. traditions D. divisions
2. A. squeeze B. reduce C. wrestle D. delete
3. A. encaged B. enlarged C. encouraged D. ensured
4. A. tentative B. slow C. lame D. abrupt
5. A. elect B. swap C. assess D. train
6. A. brochure B. seminar C. framework D. information
7. A. passed down B. taken up C. followed up D. put together
8. A. management B. survival C. currency D. cooperation
9. A. cater to B. push for C. adapt to D. dive in
10. A. safely B. desperately C. surprisingly D. hopefully
11. A. irrigation B. migration C. suspension D. collision
12. A. loss B. dilemma C. adjustment D. prevention
13. A. enterprising B. flexible C. artificial D. terrifying
14. A. animals B. plants C. humans D. nails
15. A. refreshing B. weeping C. negotiating D. socializing
【答案】CBABD DABCA BADCD
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文说明了文化与传承对于野生动物的重要性，动物在进化中适应环境产生了不同的文化，这也帮助他们能更好的生存下去。
1.考查名词词义辨析。句意：你认为世界上不同的民族有不同的传统和服装吗?A.communities社区； B.zones空间；C.traditions传统； D.divisions分支。根据前文讲到文化可知，此处是讲不同的传统和服装。故选C。
2.考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sam Williams是哥斯达黎加金刚鹦鹉恢复网络的执行主任，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响，方法是将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外。A.squeeze挤压； B.reduce减少； C.wrestle缠绕； D.delete删除。根据“ by taking birds that were born...and releasing them into the wild.”可知，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响。故选B。
3.考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sam Williams是哥斯达黎加金刚鹦鹉恢复网络的执行主任，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响，方法是将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外。A.encaged关进笼子； B.enlarged扩大； C.encouraged鼓励； D.ensured保证。他做的努力是把出生在笼子里的鸟儿放归大自然。我们继续往下看文章发现下一段的第一句话in a cage，you can't......所以显然我们推断出他是把出生在笼子里的鸟儿放回自然，所以此处选择encaged。故选A。
4.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这个过程非常缓慢。A.tentative实验性的； B.slow缓慢的； C.lame瘸的； D.abrupt突然的。从下文可以看出，因为缺乏亲生父母的教导，这个过程非常的困难、非常艰辛，所以此处选择slow。故选B。
5.考查动词词义辨析。句意：在笼子里，你无法训练它们知道在哪里、何时以及如何找到食物，也无法训练它们找到有好的筑巢地点的树。A.elect选举； B.swap交换； C.assess评价； D.train训练。根据“know where,when and how to find that food, or about trees with good nest sites”可知，将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外需要训练。故选D。
6.考查名词词义辨析。句意：在野外，父母会教给孩子这些重要的信息。A.brochure手册； B.seminar讨论会； C.framework框架； D.information信息。此处是指前文提到的“在哪里、何时以及如何找到食物”、“有好的筑巢地点的树”，这些都是信息。故选D。
7.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：文化知识可以从老一辈传给下一代。A.passed down传递； B。taken up占据； C.followed up跟随； D.put together组装。根据“from the older generation to the newer one”可知，此处是讲文化知识可以从老一辈传给下一代。故选A。
8.考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于许多物种来说，文化知识是生存所必需的。A.management管理； B.survival生存； C.currency货币； D.cooperation合作。从上文的食物和筑巢中不难推测出，这些知识至关重要以至于没有了它们甚至无法存活的。故选B。
9.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：文化帮助动物适应不同的栖息地。A.cater to迎合； B.push for奋力争取； C.adapt to适应； D.dive in潜入。根据后文讲乌鸦在不同的地区做出相应的行为来适应环境可知，此处是讲文化帮助动物适应不同的栖息地。故选C。
10.考查副词词义辨析。句意：在其他地区，他们已经学会在十字路口这样做，这样当汽车红灯时，他们可以安全地拿到食物。A.safely安全地； B.desperately不顾一切地； C.surprisingly惊讶地； D.hopefully有希望地。根据前文提到乌鸦把坚果放在路中间是为了让车停下可知，这样就能安全地获得食物。故选A。
11.考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化知识的其他重要部分包括群体认同、使用不同的工具、采取不同的迁移路线和使用不同的社交方法。A.irrigation灌溉； B.migration迁徙； C.suspension暂停； D.collision碰撞。这里讲的动物们的习惯，并且后面有routes，显然会想到迁移路线migration routes。故选B。
12.考查名词词义辨析。句意：让我担心的不仅仅是黑猩猩数量的减少。A.loss损失； B.dilemma窘境； C.adjustment调整； D.prevention阻止。下一句话中的losing each population's unique culture暗示了上一句话空格处是loss of populations。此处需要注意前后文的呼应。故选A。
13.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我发现失去每个民族独特的文化是可怕的。A.enterprising有事业心的； B.flexible灵活的； C.artificial人造的 ；D.terrifying令人恐惧的。作者发现失去每个民族独特的文化是可怕的。故选D。
14.考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化不仅仅是人类的。A.animals动物； B.plants食物； C.humans人类； D.nails钉子。空格后一句说，文化也是野生动物的。所以空格前面与之对应应该选择humans。故选C。
15.考查动词词义辨析。句意：从使用工具到社交，文化也是野外生活的重要组成部分。A.refreshing更新； B.weeping哭泣； C.negotiating协商； D.socializing社交。根据前文讲乌鸦使用工具和动物的群体认同（Other important parts of cultural knowledge include things like group identity）可知，此处是讲从使用工具到社交。故选D。