高中英语高考考向25 阅读理解之应用文类(解析版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题

这是一份高中英语高考考向25 阅读理解之应用文类(解析版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题，共21页。
1. 考点趋势：今后对语篇领悟能力的检测仍是高考的重点和基本点，同时还需关注对主旨大意题和文章结构题的考查。
2. 理解层次趋势：表层意义理解题减少，深层含义理解题增多。考查难度有所增加，由简单寻找信息向多层次细节推理的趋势比较明显。
3. 信息量和词汇量：阅读理解材料信息浓缩，词汇总量减少，但对词汇量的考查在加大，非考纲词汇有所增加(主要为词根加上前、后缀或有词义转化的词)。旨在引导学生掌握词汇的合成、派生和转化，让考生能通过上下文或构词法来理解词汇的含义。《考试说明》中＂根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义＂这一新要求预示对能力要求有所提高。
4. 句子的难度：长句增多，句子难度加大。复合句、省略句、倒装句和插入语等语言现象普遍。
5. 体裁和题材：继续体现体裁和题材多样化，并彰显英语国家语言与文化特点，强化文化意识的渗透。题材涉猎广泛，体现＂语言是文化的载体＂这一理念。
【应试指导】
应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，它包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等，形式多样，题材各异，如图示、表格等。英语《考试说明》对＂读＂的能力要求之一是：要求考生读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章并能识别不同文体的特征。研读近年全国各地的高考试题可以看出，应用文是高考阅读理解命题的重要体裁之一。现简要介绍应用文的特点、类型和解题技巧。
一、应用文阅读试题的文体特点
应用文不同于其他文体的文章，其目的是为了向读者传输信息，措辞简洁明了，直截了当。一般说来，应用文英语阅读试题具有以下特点：
1. 选材特点
信息量大，文句精炼，形式灵活，用最少的篇幅表达最大量的信息。
2. 内容特点
生活化，实用化，多样化，如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启示、招生招聘等。
3. 形式特点
标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章的结构更鲜明。
4. 语言特点
人名、地名、专有名词多；生词多；缩略词、祈使句、省略句多；结构不完整。
5. 命题特点
主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对较容易。
二、应用文语篇主要类型
应用文的类型主要有：同主题广告，混合型广告，规则、通知、咨询问答、注意事项等，指南，书评、问卷调查、告示、参观须知、申请书、个人简介等。
三、应用文解题技巧点拨
高考应用文阅读理解设题以细节理解题为主，因此，阅读这类文章时，应该在整体把握文章结构的前提下，主要注意细节信息。细节题的题干都是相应原文的变形(如同义改写、词性转换等)，因此要找到答案一定要找到题干在原文中的出处，再把原文和选项相比较。
做题时，根据所提问题用寻读、跳读的方法可达到事半功倍的效果。
同时，在阅读时也要特别注意文中以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，因为这很有可能是文章的核心或某一部分内容的概括。具体答题策略如下：
1. 先题后文
先读试题，了解试题考点；明确目的，快速捕捉，获取信息。
2. 题干定向
根据题干关键词到文中定位答案范围，按照题目顺序依次而下：问题与材料相同→对号入座；问题与原文相同→同义替换、归纳事实等。
3. 生词模糊
遇到生词；如与答题无关，直接跳过；涉及答题，则根据语境、构词法等猜词。
4. 信息补全
对于影响理解的省略句，可根据语境，将其补全。
总之，应用文类型的阅读文章一般说来比较易理解，文章类型以广告形式居多，设问根据文章的段落秩序，多以细节事实理解为主，答案的寻找可以根据问题中的关键字顺藤摸瓜，辅以适当的推理判断。了解了应用文的措辞和内容特点，我们在实践中总结出解答应用文试题的关键是：抓信息。
提示：应用文阅读题做完后，不可轻易改答案，要相信第一感觉。因为第一次解题时思路最清晰，假如没十分把握，以不改为好，防止弄巧成拙。
全国高考英语考试说明确指出，要求考生读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章，这说明了应用文文体在高考英语中的重要性。这个特点在历年高考试题中有明显的印证，不管是全国高考卷，还是省区高考卷中基本每年都涉及应用文文体的考查，这充分体现了
＂为用而学，学以致用＂的新课程理念。因此，考生很有必要认真研读阅读理解中应用文的特征和命题特点，并掌握一定的解题方法。本文拟结合近年高考英语全国卷阅读理解中所涉及的应用文文体，帮助考生提高阅读理解的解题能力。
应用文是在日常工作和生活中使用的文体，通常以实用性为目的、以真实性为基础、以时效性为根本、以规范性为准则。该文体一般可分为两大类：一类是说明性应用文，包括广告、启事、海报、守则、公告、指南、个人简历、备忘录、摘要等；另一类是叙述性应用文，如书信、日记、便条、报告、请帖等。目的都是向读者传输信息。高考试题主要涉及宣传广告、公告类应用文，偶尔也会有书信类文章出现。从近三年高考全国卷阅读理解中应用文的话题分布情况可知，前一类是应用文命题的首选题材，其中包括广告、海报和指南等。
在高考英语阅读理解中应用文体的考查主要有如下几个特点：
1. 就文体特点而言，应用文主要是为了向读者传递信息，措辞简洁明了，一般来说，和所述问题无关的文字不会出现。例如很多文章没有标题，甚至通篇没有一个完整的句子，而是用词、数字、缩写、短语等来替代。
2. 就选材特点来说，信息量大，文句精练，形式灵活，用最小的篇幅表述最大量的信息。其中书信，招聘和商品销售等广告，交通运输时刻表，日记等的比例较大。其内容特点表现为：生活化，实用化，多样化。
3. 就形式特点而言，标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章结构更鲜明。
4. 就语言特点来说，文章充斥大量冗长而生僻的专有名词，如人名、地名、机构名、组织名、书籍名、作品名等等，而且没有汉语注释。缩略词、祈使句、省略句多。
5. 在行文方式方面，应用文的每种文体都有固定的格式。叙述性应用文采用一般记叙文的写作方法，无特别之处；说明性应用文的行文呈排列式，即以小标题为单位逐一下行排列。
6. 就命题特点来说，高考英语应用文的设问一般是按照文章段落的顺序依次设置，主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既考查对特定细节的选取、排除、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对容易。具体讲来主要有四大类：(1)细节理解题，即要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。这一题型常见的命题方式有事实认定题、图形辨认题、数字运算题等。(2)推理判断题。这类题主要考查考生根据文章的字面意思，通过分析语篇的逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。(3)主旨大意题。该类题主要考查考生对所读材料中心思想的概括。其考查形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想等。(4)词义猜测题，即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。
广告类阅读题的五大特点
1. 材料特点：大家知道，刊登广告是要钱的，为了节省费用，人们在拟写广告时往往都希望用最少的篇幅表现最大量的信息，这就决定了广告类材料通常具有以下特点：信息量大，用词简练，形式灵活。
2. 内容特点：综观近几年的高考英语阅读理解题，其中广告类阅读题内容主要涉及的是与人们生活息息相关的信息，如产品宣传、服务介绍、招生招聘等。
3. 形式特点：做广告的主要目的就是要让受众了解并记住广告的内容，并为广告上所刊登的内容(产品或服务等)买单。为了达到这一目的，人们在设计广告时往往会做到：标题醒目，重点突出，条理清楚。
4. 用词特点：广告类阅读材料的用词有＂三多＂特点：一是人名、地名、专有名词多；二是生词多；三是缩略词、省略句多。
5. 命题特点：广告类阅读是近几年高考英语阅读理解最常考的题材，在阅读理解的选材中占有很大的比重。命题者的目的是要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，所以命题的题型多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题。
应用文主要设题类型及特点
1. 细节理解题
针对应用文体裁的阅读训练多出现细节理解题。应用文不同于一般的文章，应用文的措辞简洁明了、直截了当，在阅读时须重点注意细节信息，最好采取跳读这种阅读方法。如：活动的具体时间和地点是什么？音乐会的具体举办时间是什么？所倡议的活动是针对哪些人展开的？这些细节问题都是同学们在阅读时需要特别注意的地方。常见的细节理解题的题干表达方式有“When is the sprts meeting ging t be held？” “Tysn will invite all f the fllwing except _______ t his birthday party.”例如：
The incrrect descriptin f Lndn Eye is that _______.
A. it is ne f the wrld’s tallest bservatin wheels
B. yu can see up t 40 kilmeters away in all directins frm each capsule
C. it has 32 capsules and carries arund 1，000 visitrs every day
D. yu can enjy a full 360-degree panrama when yu are at the tp f the wheel
这是一个细节理解题，由表格一中第二句 “It has 32 capsules （密闭舱） and carries abut 10， 000 visitrs every day.”可知，是10，000不是1，000答案应该选C。
2. 主旨大意题
应用文强调实用性，无论是信件、广告、通知，还是倡议书、海报等，在阅读时都应该快速掌握其主旨大意。如：海报介绍的那部电影？通知的是哪个活动？邀请哪些人参加什么活动？这些都是主旨大意题考查的内容。常见的主旨大意题的题干表达方式有“The pster intrduces us t _______.” “The e-mail mainly tells us abut _______.” 例如：
The advertisement mainly make peple _______.
A. give help t thse in need
B. nt thrw away used clthes
C. knw abut the rganizatin
D. learn the use f dnated clthes
这是一个主旨大意题，由表格一中的“Dn’t thrw away used clthes. Use them t help change the lives f thers.”可知答案应该选A。
3. 观点态度题
作者往往通过海报、广告等形式的应用文表明自己对于某事的态度，也可以通过通知、倡议书、邀请函等形式暗示自己对某次活动的看法和态度。常见的观点态度题的题干表达方式有“What is the authr’s attitude twards...” “What des the authr think f the...？”例如：
In Allisn’s pinin， ther kids f her age may _______ their parents.
A. have prblems with
B. get n well with
C. like t talk t
D. like t listen t
这是一个观点态度题，从信中的第一段中“kids say they dn’t get n well with theirs”可知答案应该选A。
4. 推理判断题
与记叙文和说明文有所不同，应用文阅读中出现的推理判断题常考查文章的出处或者来源，常见的题干表达方式有“Yu can find the ad _______.” “Where wuld yu prbably read the ntice？”例如：
We can infer （推断） frm the advertisements that _______.
A. nne f the rganizatin accept children’s clthes
B. peple can dnate used clthes thrughut the USA
C. sme rganizatin need mney t help sme peple D. sme dnated clthes will be given t cancer patients
这是一个推理判断题，由表格二中第二句“Sales （销售额） f yur used clthes will supprt…”，由表格三中第二句“Sales frm used clthes will benefit （有助于）”，由表格四中第二句“Sale frm dnated clthes will help the Bys and Girls Club in Venice， CA.”可知答案应该选C。
【检测训练】
1
Life and Health Insurance Risk Manager Wanted
Our cmpany has partnered with an internatinal insurer and is lking fr a full-time risk manager with respnsibility fr the UK Life and Health Insurance business. The rle is in a small risk team and is suited t a high-perfrming individual.
Respnsibilities
*Supprt the chief risk fficer;
*Oversee the reprting f health and life risks;
*Deliver advice and cperate with sme stakehlders(利益相关者);
*Assess relevant risks f technical pricing and reinsurance;
*Cntinuusly cntribute t the capital requirements, internal mdel review and data mdel prcesses.
Key requirements
The individual will be a qualified life r health manager wh has experience in risk management r cnsulting. Yu must wrk in the UK---these rules have changed recently, s when applying, please state yur qualificatin t wrk in the UK. (E.g. British passprt, Irish passprt, ILR, settled-status, etc.)
Salary
￡70,000-￡90,000 per year and perfrmance-based salary.
Cntact infrmatin
The deadline fr applicatins is 14th May, 2021.
If yu are interested, please apply here r cntact the assciate cnsultant Abi Lgeswaran at HFG Insurance Recruitment(招聘). Sign in t apply instantly.
We'd lve t send yu infrmatin abut Jbs and Services frm CareersinRisk.cm by email. We d nt share yur infrmatin with third parties fr marketing purpses. By applying fr a jb listed n CareersinRisk.cm yu agree t ur terms and cnditins and privacy plicy. Yu shuld never be required t prvide bank accunt details. If yu are, please email us.
1. What d we knw abut the jb?
A. It hunts fr a chief risk fficer.B. It is a part-time jb.
C. It is related t insurance business.D. It invlves a high-risk team.
2. Which f the fllwing is a must fr applicants?
A. A prfessinal certificate.B. The ability t change wrking rules.
C. An Irish passprt.D. Relevant experience.
3. What d we have t d when applying fr the jb?
A. Hand in ur applicatins befre May.B. Accept the cmpany's privacy plicy.
C. Offer ur bank accunt details.D. Give ur infrmatin t third parties.
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B
【解析】这是一则招聘广告。一家保险公司招聘人寿及健康保险风险经理。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Our cmpany has partnered with an internatinal insurer and is lking fr a full-time risk manager with respnsibility fr the UK Life and Health Insurance business. ”（我们公司与一家国际保险公司合作，正在寻找一位负责英国人寿和健康保险业务的全职风险经理。）可知，本则广告中招聘的岗位与保险行业有关，故选C。
2. 细节理解题。在“Key requirements”部分中的内容“The individual will be a qualified life r health manager wh has experience in risk management r cnsulting.”（个人将是有风险管理或咨询经验的合格的生活或健康经理。）可知，应聘者必须有相关的工作经验，故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“By applying fr a jb listed n CareersinRisk.cm yu agree t ur terms and cnditins and privacy plicy. ”（通过申请CareersinRisk.cm上列出的工作，您同意我们的条款和条件以及隐私政策。）可知，申请者需要通过申请CareersinRisk.cm上列出的工作，并同意该公司的条款和条件以及隐私政策。故选B。
2
ROBOTICS ACADEMY
Ages 12 — 14 · Grades 7 — 9
The academy-level rbtics prgram takes it t the next level fr the next generatin f engineers, designers and gearheads with real-wrld applicatins f science, technlgy, engineering and math. Hands-n sessins in rbt chassis design and building algrithms, remte-cntrl design and peratin, and aerial drne peratins make fr an exciting adventure. Trainees fcus n teamwrk as they learn what it’s like t engineer and design rbts n land, in the air and underwater with state-f-the-art materials. The week culminates (达到高潮) with trainees cmpeting t cmplete tasks n a Challenge Table using rbts they spent the week building, prgramming and testing.
Activities
·Prgram rbts t interact (互动) with the wrld using a variety f sensrs and mtrs
·Learn with hands-n sessins in remte-cntrl design and peratin and aerial peratins
·Master managing wireless signals in rder t cntrl and pilt rbts n the Challenge Table
·Chse frm lessns as yu like, such as building rbtic attachments, prgramming with sensrs and data functins, r using Human Interface Devices
·Use the binary number system and basic lgic functins t understand hw machines “think”
·Design, build and pilt underwater rbts using the SeaPerch ROV system
·Train in cutting-edge, custm-designed Unmanned Aerial Systems training simulatin VAMPIRE Pr and fly quadcpters
Fast Facts
Fr rientatin times, visit spacecamp.cm.
·Arrival windw: Sunday 1:30 p.m. — 3:30 p.m. (CT)
·Graduatin: Friday 9 a.m. — 10 a.m.
·Price: $999. (Includes a $50 registratin fee that cannt be returned and tuitin fees that can be fully refunded (退款) at request befre the sessin starts.)10% ff each additinal sessin.
·Camp prgrams are available during summer mnths and select weeks thrughut the remainder f the year. Search spacecamp.cm fr details and schedule.
4. What will the participants pay special attentin t during their learning?
A. Cmpetitin.B. Wrking tgether.
C. Cncentratin.D. Saving materials.
5. Which f the fllwing is an ptinal lessn?
A. Remte-cntrl design.B. Managing wireless signals.
C. Building rbtic attachments.D. Understanding hw machines “think”.
6. Hw much mney can yu get back if yu cancel yur first sessin befre it starts?
A. $999.B. $50.C. $899.1.D. $949.
【答案】4. B 5. C 6. D
【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个适合12到14岁孩子参加的机器人课程的相关细节。
4. 细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Trainees fcus n teamwrk (学员注重团队合作)”可知，学员在学习过程中会特别注意共同工作。故选B项。
5. 细节理解题。通过文章“Activities”部分中的“Chse frm lessns as yu like, such as building rbtic attachments, prgramming with sensrs and data functins, r using Human Interface Devices (从课程中选择您喜欢的，如构建机器人附件，用传感器和数据功能编程，或使用人机界面设备)”可知，构建机器人附件是选修课。故选C项。
6. 细节理解题。通过文章“Fast Facts”部分中的“Price: $999. (999美元)”以及“Includes a $50 registratin fee that cannt be returned and tuitin fees that can be fully refunded at request befre the sessin starts. (包括50美元不可退还的注册费和可在课程开始前要求全额退还的学费)”可推知，如果你在第一节课开始前取消，可以拿回949美元。故选D项。
3
Summer Pre-Cllege Prgram 2021—Register Nw!
Earn up t 12 cllege credits nline with FDU’s Summer Pre-Cllege Prgram!
Fairleigh Dickinsn University’s Summer Pre-Cllege Prgram ffers mtivated students in grades 9 t 12 the pprtunity t get a jump-start n earning cllege credits thrugh new, engaging, interactive curses. Students will develp in-demand skills and earn cutting-edge techniques in a virtual academic setting.
Prgram highlights
Our curses have been designed t keep students engaged in a remte learning frmat. Register tday t experience:
The pprtunity t earn 3 cllege credits per curse and up t 12 cllege credits this summer fr future university studies.
Custmized, exclusive curriculum develped and taught by distinguished FDU prfessrs.
The perfect blend f real-time instructin, self-paced prjects and virtual teamwrk.
A glimpse int the mst desired majrs and careers f tday.
The ability t advance the quality f yur cllege applicatin frm the cmfrt f yur hme.
Prgram schedule
Prgram Cst: $770 per curse (Yu can get a 20% discunt if yu bk nw!)
Cntact Infrmatin
Summer Pre-Cllege Prgram
precllege@ fdu. edu
1000 River Rad, H-DH1-02 Teaneck, NJ 07666
7. Wh are the curses intended fr?
A. High schl students.B. Cllege graduates.
C. Cllege freshmen.D. Primary schl pupils.
8. What can yu infer abut the Summer Pre-Cllege Prgram?
A. It ffers hands-n learning chances.B. A student can earn 15 cllege credits.
C. All the curses are given nline.D. Students must stay n the campus.
9. Hw much will yu pay if yu bk tw curses nw?
A. $308.B. $770.C. $1232.D. $1540
【答案】7. A 8. C 9. C
【解析】本文是应用文，是一则暑假线上学习课程的促销广告。
7. 细节理解题。根据第一自然段“Fairleigh Dickinsn University’s Summer Pre-Cllege Prgram ffers mtivated students in grades 9 t 12 the pprtunity t get a jump-start n earning cllege credits thrugh new, engaging, interactive curses.(费尔雷·迪金森大学的暑期大学预科项目为9-12年级的积极学生提供了一个机会，通过新的、吸引人的、互动的课程来获得大学学分)”可知，这个课程主要是针对9至12年级,准备上大学的高中生。故选A项。
8. 推理判断题。根据第一自然段“Students will develp in-demand skills and learn cutting-edge techniques in a virtual academic setting.(学生将在虚拟的学术环境中发展所需的技能和学习前沿技术 )”和第二自然段“Our curses have been designed t keep students engaged in a remte leaning frmat.(我们的课程是为了让学生参与远程学习而设计的)”可推知，所有课程都是线上教学课程。故选C 项。
9. 细节理解题，根据Prgram Cst部分“$770 per curse(Yu can get 20% discunt if yu bk nw!)(每门课程$770,如果您现在预订，可以享受8折优惠!)”可知，一门课程的学费是770美元，现在预订可打8折，两门课程就是：770×2×0.8=1232美元。故选C项。
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WHERE TO STAY IN SYDNEY
Whether yu want t stay in a cnverted beer factry, a luxury htel n the harbur r an advanced lft-style rm, Sydney has a huge range f tp-quality htels.
1. THE OLD CLARE HOTEL
Lcated in the heart f Sydney’s Central Park district, The Old Clare Htel, prviding luxurius (豪华的) rms and facilities, takes up a histric Chippendale pub and the nearby frmer beer factry site. This htel has been lvingly restred by Peng Lh, a Singaprean businessman with a passin fr redecrating heritage prperties.
2. HILTON SYDNEY
This is luxury accmmdatin right in the centre f Sydney, with wrld-class restaurants, ne f the city’s best bars. Just upstairs sits Glass, the award-winning small restaurant by celebrity chef Luke Mangan. Dwnstairs lies The Marble Bar, a Sydney htspt fr decades and heritage listed due t its extensive use f marble, dating back t 1893. Rms are simply fashinable.
3. THE LANGHAM
Grand harbrside luxury can be expected at The Langham, lcated in the Sydney centre. The htel makes the mst f its impressive harbur views with a marble-decrated hall that takes yur breath away. Dn’t frget t check ut the art, with a cllectin f Australia’s mst famus painter. Try their famus high tea menu, and be sure t check ut the incredible undergrund swimming pl available t guests nly.
4. FOUR SEASONS HOTEL SYDNEY
Anther luxury stay with amazing harbur views, the Fur Seasns Htel Sydney sits n the edge f Sydney’s histric Rcks district. A Deluxe Harbur Rm will give yu a breath-taking view, with dark wd and silk inside in calming clurs. Dwnstairs is Grain, ne f the best-knwn whisky bars in the city.
10. Which f the fllwing htels huses a restaurant by a famus chef?
A. The Langham.B. Hiltn Sydney.
C. The Old Clare Htel.D. The Fur Seasns Htel Sydney.
11. What privilege can guests enjy in The Langham?
A. A taste f the famus high tea fr free.
B. Access t the undergrund swimming pl.
C. A rest in the impressive marble-decrated hall.
D. A gd lk at the cllectin f famus paintings.
12. What d all the htels have in cmmn?
A. Famus bars.B. Harbur views.
C. Heritage prperties.D. Luxurius facilities.
【答案】10. B 11. B 12. D
【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了悉尼的四个顶级豪华酒店。
10. 细节理解题。根据“2. HILTON SYDNEY”中的“This is luxury accmmdatin right in the centre f Sydney, with wrld-class restaurants, ne f the city’s best bars. Just upstairs sits Glass, the award-winning small restaurant by celebrity chef Luke Mangan.(这是一间位于悉尼市中心的豪华酒店，拥有世界级的餐厅和该市最好的酒吧之一。就在楼上，有著名厨师卢克·曼根(Luke Mangan)设计的获奖小餐厅Glass)”可知，希尔顿悉尼酒店有著名厨师设计的餐厅。故选B。
11. 细节理解题。根据“3. THE LANGHAM” 中的“Try their famus high tea menu, and be sure t check ut the incredible undergrund swimming pl available t guests nly.(试试他们著名的下午茶菜单，一定要去看看只有客人才能享用的地下游泳池)”可知，只有朗廷酒店的客人才可以去他们的地下游泳池。故选B。
12. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Whether yu want t stay in a cnverted beer factry, a luxury htel n the harbur r an advanced lft-style rm, Sydney has a huge range f tp-quality htels.(无论你是想住在改装的啤酒厂、海港的豪华酒店还是高级阁楼风格的房间里，悉尼都有大量的顶级酒店)”和下文四个酒店的描述，可知这四个酒店的共同点就是都能提供豪华的设施。故选D。
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Hibernatin is a cmplex slutin t a simple prblem. In winter, fd is scarce. T survive this seasnal starvatin, animals, such as the arctic grund squirrel and black bear, hibernate s that physilgical shifts keep them alive despite the lack f fd, water and mvement. Researchers and dctrs alike are interested in hw these hibernatin tricks culd help humans with their wn health.
THREAT: Strke
INSIGHT: Bld flw in the brain f a hibernating arctic grund squirrel drps t a tenth f nrmal. Typically such xygen shrtage wuld cause a strke. But these squirrels can survive all winter because their metablism lwers t 2 percent f its summer rate—requiring much less xygen t maintain. If dctrs culd similarly lwer the metablism f a human patient immediately after a strke—perhaps by cling the bdy—they might prevent permanent brain damage, says Brian Barnes, a bilgist at the University f Alaska Fairbanks.
THREAT: Diabetes
INSIGHT: Peple wh gain a lt f weight ften stp respnding t insulin, which regulates the amunt f glucse that cells take up frm the bld. Yet grizzly bears gain 100 punds r mre each autumn and smehw avid diabetes. A recent study fund that the grizzlies' fat cells becme mre sensitive t insulin as they prepare fr the winter, allwing the bears t keep prcessing and string sugar. Scientists at bitechnlgy cmpany Amgen are nw testing whether making slight changes t the same prtein that cntrls sensitivity in diabetic humans culd have similar results.
THREAT: Osteprsis
INSIGHT: If a human were t lie still fr lng perids withut fd, his r her bnes wuld slwly degrade. A black bear, hwever, emerges frm its cave after winter just as strng as ever because its bne is recycled at 25 percent f nrmal levels during hibernatin. Researchers at Clrad State University are nw trying t identify the hrmnes that cntrl this extreme limit n bne turnver. They aim t create a drug fr peple at risk fr steprsis that similarly prtects bne density.
THREAT: Heart Disease
INSIGHT: During heart surgery, a patient becmes shrt f xygen when the heart stps beating. T cpe, the bdy switches frm aerbic t anaerbic metablism. Unfrtunately, the change creates lactic acid, which can kill cells if it builds up. Damage f this kind des nt ccur in hibernating arctic grund squirrels, likely because they break dwn mre fats than sugars even after the heart has slwed t just ne beat per minute. Researchers at Duke University and the University f Alaska Fairbanks are nw wrking t identify hw this species priritizes fat as fuel in lw-xygen cnditins. Finding a way t get heart surgery patients t d the same may reduce injury t rgans during prcedures.
13. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. What humans can learn frm animals that sleep fr mnths n end.
B. What health threats humans are facing while they are under treatment.
C. Hw humans can survive frm the same tugh cnditins as animals d.
D. Hw health threats can be avided if humans are with certain animals.
14. Hw grizzly bears prcess sugar in the autumn may give insights int hw t deal with________.
A. strkeB. diabetesC. steprsisD. heart disease
15. Which f the fllwing statements is true accrding t the passage?
A. Metablism usually cnsumes a small amunt f xygen.
B. Fat cells are less sensitive t insulin than ther cells.
C. Lying still fr a lng time will affect bne density.
D. Dctrs are seeking ways t keep patients' hearts beating in surgery.
【答案】13. A 14. B 15. C
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了人类可以从冬眠的动物身上学到的一些帮助人类保持健康的知识。
13. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Hibernatin is a cmplex slutin t a simple prblem. In winter, fd is scarce. T survive this seasnal starvatin, animals, such as the arctic grund squirrel and black bear, hibernate s that physilgical shifts keep them alive despite the lack f fd, water and mvement. Researchers and dctrs alike are interested in hw these hibernatin tricks culd help humans with their wn health.(冬眠是一个简单问题的复杂解决方案。冬天食物匮乏。为了在这种季节性的饥饿中生存下来，动物，如北极地松鼠和黑熊，会冬眠，这样生理上的变化使它们在缺乏食物、水和运动的情况下仍能生存。研究人员和医生都对这些冬眠技巧如何帮助人类保持健康感兴趣)”结合文章主要介绍了4个人类可以从冬眠的动物身上学到的一些帮助人类保持健康的知识。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是人类可以从连续睡几个月的动物身上学到什么。故选A。
14. 细节理解题。根据THREAT: Diabetes部分中“Yet grizzly bears gain 100 punds r mre each autumn and smehw avid diabetes. A recent study fund that the grizzlies' fat cells becme mre sensitive t insulin as they prepare fr the winter, allwing the bears t keep prcessing and string sugar.(然而，灰熊每年秋天都会增重100磅或更多，而且不知怎么就能避免患糖尿病。最近的一项研究发现，灰熊的脂肪细胞在为冬天做准备时对胰岛素更加敏感，这使得灰熊能够继续处理和储存糖分)”可知，灰熊在秋天处理糖的过程可能会给我们提供一些关于如何处理糖尿病问题的见解。故选B。
15. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“If a human were t lie still fr lng perids withut fd, his r her bnes wuld slwly degrade.(如果一个人长时间不吃东西而躺着不动，他或她的骨头就会慢慢退化)”可知，C选项“长期躺着不动会影响骨密度”正确。故选C。
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Online curses ffers peple abundant pprtunities t learn. Try sme f the Harvard nline curses abut humanities.
The Path t Happiness
Frm Cnfucianism t Daism, the philsphies develped ver tw thusand years ag are amng the mst pwerful in human histry. This curse brings vices frm the past int mdern cntexts t explre the path t a gd life tday.
Duratin: June 16, 2021 – June 14, 2022
Fees: Free f charge
Pace: Self-paced
Difficulty: Intrductry
Intrductin t the Ancient Greek Wrld
This curse is abut ancient Greece with its unique places, ways f life and histrical changes. We survey the mst imprtant scial institutins and cultural traditins. We als study everyday features such as fd and dress.
Duratin: June 21 – August 6, 2021
Fees: $3400+
Pace: Instructr-led
Difficulty: Intrductry
Bitechnlgy and the Human Gd
Bitechnlgy ffers exciting and prmising prspects fr healing the sick and relieving the suffering. In this curse we cnsider pssible functins beynd cmmn treatments like making peple lk yunger, perfrm better and becme perfect.
Duratin: June 21 – August 6, 2021
Fees: $ 3400+
Pace: Instructr-led
Difficulty: Intermediate
Superheres and Pwer
What makes superheres ppular? Hw can they help us think abut super pwers? In this curse, we explre thse questins in Marvel and DC favrites (especially the X-Men) as well as independent cmics nvels.
Duratin: June 22 – August 6, 2021
Fees: $ 3400+
Pace: Instructr-led
Difficulty: Intermediate
16. Which curse can yu take if yu are free in Oct. 2021?
A. The Path t HappinessB. Intrductin t the Ancient Greek Wrld
C. Bitechnlgy and the Human GdD. Superheres and Pwer
17. What des Bitechnlgy and the Human Gd deal with?
A. Pwers f superheres.B. Ways t increase happiness.
C. Mre uses f bitech.D. Clinical practices f bitech.
18. What d the fur curses have in cmmn?
A. They are f the same level.B. They are free f charge.
C. They are instructr-led.D. They belng t the same subject.
【答案】16. A 17. C 18. D
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了哈佛大学的一些人文学科的在线课程。
16. 细节理解题。根据The Path t Happiness部分“Duratin: June 16, 2021 – June 14, 2022 ”可知如果2021年10月你有空，你可以上“幸福之路”课程。故选A。
17. 细节理解题。根据Bitechnlgy and the Human Gd部分“Bitechnlgy ffers exciting and prmising prspects fr healing the sick and relieving the suffering.”（生物技术为治愈病人和减轻痛苦提供了令人兴奋和有希望的前景）可知Bitechnlgy and the Human Gd研究的是更多地使用生物技术。故选C。
18. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Online curses ffers peple abundant pprtunities t learn. Try sme f the Harvard nline curses abut humanities. ”（网络课程为人们提供了大量的学习机会。 试试哈佛大学的一些人文学科的在线课程）结合四个课程的介绍，可知这四门课程的共同点是它们属于同一个学科。故选D。
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19. Why des the blgger like Mda?
A. It ffers its custmers a discunt.
B. It prvides typical Turkish fd
C. It hires a chef wh cmes frm Turkey.
D. It transprts ingredients frm all ver the wrld.
20. Which f the fllwing statements is true accrding t the passage?
A. Chef Fitz is lcated 30 kilmeters frm Leicester Square.
B. The blgger is angry that he spends s much n fd this week.
C. SuthLndnMum is wrried abut the ever wrsening weather
D. Ecvre desn’t think f Mda in the same way as the blgger des.
21. The wrd “extic” (in Annymus’s cmments) is clsest in meaning t________.
A. lcalB. freign
C. fruitfulD. fruitless
【答案】19. B 20. D 21. B
【解析】这是一篇应用文。博文中介绍了伦敦的两家餐馆，附带了几条评论。
19. 细节理解题。根据博文第二段中“Apparently, the chef insists that the fruit and vegetables are brught ver every day frm his hme regin in Turkey—and frm nwhere else. (显然，这位厨师坚持每天的水果和蔬菜都是从他的家乡土耳其运来的，而不是从其他地方。)”可知，博主之所以喜欢Mda，是因为它提供典型的土耳其食物。故选B项。
20. 细节理解题。根据博文第二段中“He may be a perfectinist, but it was s delicius that I can’t cmplain. Mda isn’t cheap, but it’s definitely wrth every penny.(他可能是个完美主义者，但它太美味了，我不能抱怨。Mda不便宜，但每一分钱都绝对值。)”等内容可知，博主很喜欢Mda；根据Ecvre的评论中“They are very bad fr the envirnment.(它们对环境有害)”等内容可知，Ecvre评论中强调了Mda餐馆的缺点。从而判断选项D“Ecvre对Mda的看法与博主不同”是正确的。故选D项。
21. 词句猜测题。博文第二段中“Apparently, the chef insists that the fruit and vegetables are brught ver every day frm his hme regin in Turkey—and frm nwhere else. (显然，这位厨师坚持每天的水果和蔬菜都是从他的家乡土耳其运来的，而不是从其他地方。)”说明Mda餐厅从国外土耳其运来食材，再根据Annymus（匿名）评论中“…but dn’t have a g at restaurants like Mda.(……但不要去Mda这样的餐馆。)”可知，此处在谈论Mda餐馆。从而推断评论中extic所在句“If we grw extic vegetables in the UK, then we have t use heated greenhuses and that prbably uses even mre energy. (如果我们在英国种植extic蔬菜，那么我们必须使用加热的温室，这可能会消耗更多的能源。)”中extic应为“歪国的”的意思，对应前面提到的“从土耳其运来食材”，故选B项。
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22. When will the hearing be held accrding t the ntice?
A. July 27, 2021.B. July 2, 2021.
C. May 31, 2019.D. Sept. 1, 2018.
23. Which ne f the fllwing purchasers has the least chance t get a full refund?
A. One prvided sme prf f purchasing related prducts.
B. One purchased HPD canned dg fd n Sept. 11, 2018.
C. One submitted a valid claim applicatin frm n July 3, 2021.
D. One purchased sme SD canned dg fd prducts, csting $20.
24. Hw many ways can yu find mre details abut submitting a claim?
A. 1.B. 2.
C. 3.D. 4.
【答案】22. A 23. C 24. B
【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一则购买宠物产品的法律诉讼通知。
22. 细节理解题。根据WHAT IS THIS LAWSUIT ABOUT?中的“The Curt will hld a hearing n July 27, 2021, at 10:00 a. m. by Zm Vide, which may be mved t a different lcatin, time r date.(法院将于2021年7月27日上午10点通过Zm Vide举行听证会，该听证会可能会被移至其他地点、时间或日期)”可知，听证会将于2021年7月27日举行。故选A。
23. 细节理解题。根据WHAT DOES THE SETTLEMENT PROVIDE?中的“Yu must submit a valid Claim Frm by July 2, 2021. (你必须在2021年7月2日前提交一份有效的索赔表)”可知，购买者于2021年7月3日提交了有效的索赔申请表获得全额退款的机会最少。故选C。
24. 细节理解题。根据WHAT DOES THE SETTLEMENT PROVIDE?中的“Yu can find mre details n hw t submit a claim by visiting r calling 1-833-537-1191. (你可以访问或拨打1-833-537-1191获取关于如何提交索赔的更多细节)”可知，购买者有两种方法可以找到提交索赔的更多细节。故选B。
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Online Early Childhd Educatin Curse Prgrams
If yu're interested in receiving a degree in early childhd educatin, yu may want t take relevant curses. If yu have a busy plan, finding nline early educatin curses can be a true lifesaver. With the fllwing nline curse prgrams, yu'll find it easier t cmplete yur cursewrk arund yur plan.
Assciate in Science
Price: $105/credit hur
Duratin: 60 credit hurs
This prgram frm Flrida State Cllage is designed fr thse wh are interested in wrking with yung children in child develpment centers r hme child care centers. Students will learn hw they can best plan t meet the needs f yunger learners. When they sign up fr this prgram, learners will have the chice t hse t fcus n management r educatin.
Bachelr f Arts
Price: $510/credit hur
Duratin: 120 credit hurs
The prgram frm Ashfrd University is brken dwn int a series f five week curses. Yu'll nly need t cmplete ne curse at time, s yu'll be able t devte all f yur attentin t ne subject matter. The participant will learn abut early childhd develpment, hw t plan and hw t create prgrams fr yung learners.
BS in EC Educatin
Price: $ 375/credit hur
Duratin: 120 credit hurs
The prgram tm Alabama University fcuses n hw children between the ages f birth and eight develp emtinally, physicality scially and cgnitively(认知). Curses cver ideas such as designing learning prgrams fr preschlers and building partnerships with families.
EC Educatin Bachelr's Degree
Price: $ 402.50/credit hur
Duratin: 120 credit hurs
The prgram frm K State Online is designed t prepare educatrs t wrk with children frm birth thrugh kindergarten. The prgram will als include infrmatin n wrking with children wh have disabilities r ther special needs. In additin t the nline curses, learners will als jin in an in-classrm field experience with a lcal schl
25. Which curse prgram fllws yu t fcus n management sill?
A. Assciate in Science.B. Bachelr f Arts.
C. BS in EC Educatin.D. EC Educatin Bachelr's Degree
26. Hw much shuld yu pay t finish Ashfrd University's curse prgram?
A. $ 6,120.B. $ 6,300.C. $ 45,000.D. $ 61,200.
27. What is special abut EC Educatin Bachelr’s Degree?
A. It is spnsred by a famus university.B. It is available mstly in a lcal schl,
C. It refers t wrking with disabled kids,D. It fcuses n early childhd educatin.
【答案】25. A 26. D 27. C
【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个和儿童早期教育有关的网上课程项目。
25. 细节理解题。 根据Assciate in Science部分中“When they sign up fr this prgram, learners will have the chice t hse t fcus n management r educatin.(当他们报名参加这个项目时，学习者将可以选择专注于管理或教育)”可知，Assciate in Science可以允许你专注学习管理技能。故选A。
26. 细节理解题。根据Bachelr f Arts部分中“Price: $510/credit hur；Duratin: 120 credit hurs；The prgram frm Ashfrd University is brken dwn int a series f five week curses.(价格：510美元/学时；时长：120学时；这个来自阿什福德大学的项目分为一系列为期五周的课程)”可知，要完成Ashfrd University的整个课程项目需要花费510×120=61200美元。故选D。
27. 细节理解题。根据EC Educatin Bachelr's Degree部分中“The prgram will als include infrmatin n wrking with children wh have disabilities r ther special needs.(该计划还将包括与有残疾或其他特殊需要的儿童一起工作的信息)”可知，EC Educatin Bachelr’s Degree的特别之处是涉及到要与残疾孩子一起工作。故选C。
Sessin 1-July 5 t July 15, 2021
Classes: 9 AM t 12: 30 PM
Pre-Medical Prfessins and the Health Sciences
Creative Writing: The Pwer f Strytelling
Intrductin t Data Science and Business Intelligence
Classes: 1: 30 PM t 5 PM
Optimizing Smartphne Phtgraphy and Videgraphy
Intrductin t Materials Science and Engineering
Intrductin t Applied Statistics
Drug Discvery: The Exciting Future f Pharmaclgy
Sessin 2-August 1 t August 11, 2021
Classes: 9 AM t 12: 30 PM
Wall Street Careers: An Intrductin t Financial Markets and Trading
Astrphysics: Explring the Stars and the Galaxies
Arund the Wrld in Eight Days: Intrductin t Glbal Turism Management
Classes: 1: 30 PM t 5 PM
Advanced Cding and Develpment
Cgnitive Psychlgy: Understanding the Mind, the Brain and Yur Behavir
Digital Art: Create Yur Own Online Canvas
Turkish Treats
Hell Lndn fdies!
I’m kicking ff this week’s blg by talking abut a fantastic new Turkish restaurant in Sh called Mda. I can’t remember ever eating better dlma r hummus—it was s delicius! In fact, this is ne f the things which the restaurant prides itself n—the freshness and authenticity f the ingredients. Apparently, the chef insists that the fruit and vegetables are brught ver every day frm his hme regin in Turkey—and frm nwhere else. He may be a perfectinist, but it was s delicius that I can’t cmplain. Mda isn’t cheap, but it’s definitely wrth every penny.
And I’ve gt great news fr yu. When I tld him that I write a fd blg, he said he’d give all my readers a 10% discunt! Just mentin this blg when yu bk.
A very different restaurant, where I had lunch last Mnday, is Chez Fitz. Situated near Leicester Square, its main selling pint is that its fd is all lcally surced (within 30 kilmetres f the restaurant). My friends and I were cmpletely amazed—we had n idea that s much culd be grwn s clse t central Lndn. But it turns ut that there are pckets f green all ver the city—yu just need t knw where t lk.
One final pint: I culdn’t believe hw pricey my weekly shp was this week. Nrmally if s abut £40, but this week it was mre than £55 fr mre r less the same amunt f fd. Any ideas why?
Mre in a cuple f weeks as I’m ging away n my hlidays tmrrw!
Cmments
SuthLndnMum
10 Octber
Hi—regarding yur last pint, I’ve fund the same thing recently. I read smewhere that the average ‘shpping basket’ has already increased by 20% this year. The prices have gne up s much, because f the awful weather we’ve been having, and they may g up even mre. Hw are we meant t feed ur families?
Ecvre
10 Octber
I’m nt sure we shuld be supprting restaurants like Mda. They are very bad fr the envirnment. What abut all the extra carbn emissins frm the ‘fd miles’ created by bringing ver thse ingredients frm Turkey?
Annymus
11 Octber
I knw what yu’re saying, Ecvre, but dn’t have a g at restaurants like Mda. If we grw extic vegetables in the UK, then we have t use heated greenhuses and that prbably uses even mre energy.
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The lawsuit claims that Hill's Prescriptin Diet(HPD) and Science Diet(SD) canned dg fd prducts had high levels f Vitamin D. The lawsuit states that purchasers f these prducts lst mney by purchasing dg fd prducts that were nt manufactured as represented and/r paid fr services as a result f injuries t their dgs. The Curt will hld a hearing n July 27, 2021, at 10:00 a. m. by Zm Vide, which may be mved t a different lcatin, time r date. The Zm Vide link will be psted n
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Cnsumer Fd Purchase: If yu purchased HPD and/r SD canned dg fd prducts between September 1, 2018 and May 31, 2019, yu culd get a full refund with Prf f Purchase r up t 。20 ttal withut Prf f Purchase. Yu must submit a valid Claim Frm by July 2, 2021.
Dg Injury: If yur dg suffered injuries cnsistent with the cnsumptin f excess Vitamin D as a result f yur dg eating HPD and/r SD canned dg fd prducts, yu culd receive mney. Yu must submit a valid Claim Frm with prper dcumentatin by July 2, 2021. Yu can find mre details n hw t submit a claim by visiting r calling 1-833-537-1191.
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