高中英语高考高考复习高中英语语法知识梳理 第8章独立主格结构

这是一份高中英语高考高考复习高中英语语法知识梳理 第8章独立主格结构，共12页。试卷主要包含了非谓语动词独立主格结构等内容，欢迎下载使用。
（Abslute Cnstructin）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。

一、非谓语动词独立主格结构


在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓 关系。
Such an able man t help yu，yu will surely succeed sner r later.
有这么能干的人来帮你,你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man 和 t help yu 之间存在着主谓关系）
= Since such an able man will help yu, yu will surely succeed sner r later. He seating himself at the desk, his mther began t tell him a stry.
他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk 拥有
了自己的逻辑主语 he，注意是“主格”）
= When he seated himself at the desk, his mther began t tell him a stry. The key t the bike lst, he had t walk t schl.
由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lst 的逻辑主语是 the key，lst
也可以用完成式 having been lst）
= Because the key t the bike had been lst, he had t walk t schl.


A．不定式“独立主格结构”


在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。

动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓 关系。
His mther t cme tnight，he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mther is t cme tnight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
——will yu g t the cmcert tnight你今晚去听音乐会吗？
——srry.S many exerise-bks t check,I rially can't affrd any time.
对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
（＝Because I shall check s many exercise-bks tnight,I really can't affrd any time.）
The fur f us agreed n a divisin f labur,each t translate a quarter f the bk.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
（＝The fur f us agreed n a divisin f labur and each is t translate a quarter f the bk.）
Many trees,flwers,and grass t be planted,ur newly-built schl will lk even mre beautiful.种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flwers,and grass are planted,ur newly-built schl will lk even mre beautiful.)


B．-ing 形式“独立主格结构”


动词的-ing 形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Being ill, he went hme.
由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went hme.） Seating himself at the desk, he began t read a magazine.
在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began t read a magazine.）
表示时间的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyne being ready, the teacher began his class.
每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句 When everyne was
ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyne being seated.
每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句 after everyne was seated）
表示原因的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构”
The by leading the way, we had n truble finding the strange cave.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句 Because the by led the way）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervus.许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句 As many eyes were watching him）
必背：
含有 being 的独立主格结构。
It being Natinal Day tday，the streets are very crwded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
= As it is Natinal Day tday, the streets are very crwded.
There being n further business t discuss, we all went hme.没有别的事可讨
论，我们都回家了。
= As there was n further business t discuss, we all went hme.
表示条件的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句 If time
permits)
My health allwing, I will wrk far int the night.
我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句 If my health allws）
表示方式的-ing 形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the schl happily, each wearing a card in frnt f his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分
句 and each wears a card in frnt f his chest）
The by lay n the grass, his eyes lking at the sky.
男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句 and his eyes were lking at the sky）

C．-ed 形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing 形式一样，如果-ed 形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed 形式的独立主格结构。
The bk written in simple English, English beginners were able t read it.
该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
= As the bk was written in simple English，English beginners were able t read it.
The wrkers wrked still harder, their living cnditins greatly imprved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
= As their living cnditins were greatly imprved, the wrkers wrked still harder.
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed n the blackbard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed n the blackbard.
The task cmpleted,he had tw mnths' leave.
任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been cmpleted,he had tw mnths' leave.）
比较：
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed 形式表示动作已经结束， 动词-ing 形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager lks wrried，many things t settle.经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式 t settle）
The manager lks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed 形式 settled 表示动作已经结束）
The fd being cked, the by was watching TV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。
（两个动作同时进行）
The fd cked, the by went t bed.饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）
一、动词独立主格结构

“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing 形式” 的一种形式。在这种结构中，being 往往可以被省去，这种省去 being 的结构， 称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。

A．逻辑主语+名词
Ten students entered fr the cmpetitin, the yungest a by f 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the yungest 和a by f 12之间省去了 being）
注意：
独立主格结构中的 being 在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being +名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being n bus, we had t walk hme.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday, all the ffices are clsed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。B．逻辑主语+形容词
He turned t me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes 和 sleepy 之间省去了 being）
= He turned t me, and his eyes were sleepy. He std there, his muth wide pen.
他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his muth 和 wide pen 之间省去了 being）
= He std there, and his muth was wide pen. C．逻辑主语+副词
Schl ver, we all went hme.
放学了，我们都回家了。（schl 和 ver 之间省去了 being）
= Schl was ver, and we all went hme. He sat at his desk, his shes ff.
他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shes 和 ff 之间省去了 being）
= He sat at his desk and his shes were ff. D．逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in frnt f the blackbard, his back twards us.
他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。
= He was standing in frnt f the blackbard, and his back was twards us. The new teacher came in, a smile n her face.
新老师面带微笑走了进来。
= The new teacher came in and she had a smile n her face. The teacher came int the classrm，a rule in his hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。
= The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.
提示：
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
The music teacher std at the dr, vilin in hand.
音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher std at the dr, a vilin in his hand.）

二、withwithut 引导的独立主格结构

介词 withwithut +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
with+名词代词+形容词
He desn’t like t sleep with the windws pen.
他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He desn’t like t sleep when the windws are pen. He std in the rain, with his clthes wet.
他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He std in the rain, and his clthes were wet.
注意：
在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的
-ing 形式或-ed 形式。
With his sn s disappinting，the ld man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-knwn, the by didn 誸 want t study.
父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
with+名词代词+副词
Our schl lks even mre beautiful with all the lights n.
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our schl lks even mre beautiful ifwhen all the lights are n. The by was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
= The by was walking and his father was ahead.
with+名词代词+介词短语
He std at the dr, with a cmputer in his hand.或He std at the dr, cmputer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
= He std at the dr, and a cmputer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his muth.或Vincent sat at the desk, pen in muth.
文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his muth. D．with+名词代词+动词的-ed 形式
With his hmewrk dne, Peter went ut t play.
作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his hmewrk was dne, Peter went ut t play. With the signal given, the train started.
信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.
I wuldn’t dare g hme withut the jb finished.
工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wuldn’t dare g hme because the jb was nt finished. E．with+名词代词+动词的-ing 形式
The man felt very happy with s many children sitting arund him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he fund s many children sitting arund him. The girl hid her bx withut anyne knwing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
= The girl hid her bx and n ne knew where it was.
Withut anyne nticing, he slipped thrugh the windw.他趁没人注意的时候，从
窗口溜走了。
= When n ne was nticing, he slipped thrugh the windw.
F．with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little by lks sad, with s much hmewrk t d.
有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little by lks sad because he has s much hmewrk t d. The kid feels excited with s many places f interest t visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
The kid feels excited as there are s many places f interest t visit.
提示：
在 withwithut 的复合结构中，多数情况下 with 能省略，但 withut 不能省略。
Withut a wrd mre spken, she left the meeting rm.
她没再说一句话就离开了会议室
四 、独立主格结构的句法功能

独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外， 还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A．作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
表示时间
Night cming n, we put urselves up in a small htel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
（= When night came n, we put urselves up in a small htel.） All the guests seated, they began their dinner.
所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。
（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.） With everything she needed bught, Grace tk a taxi hme.
所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。
（After everything she needed was bught, Grace tk a taxi hme.）
表示原因
With a lt f difficult prblems t settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。
（= As he has a lt f difficult prblems t settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）
There being n means f transprtatin, he had t walk hme at midnight.
由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。
(= As there was n means f transprtatin, he had t walk hme at midnight.) 3．表示条件
Weather permitting, we will hld ur yearly sprts meeting next week.
如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
（= If weather permits，we will hld ur yearly sprts meeting next week.） All the wrk dne, yu can have a rest.
所有工作做好后，你可以休息。
（=As lng as all the wrk is dne, yu can have a rest.）
Everything taken int cnsideratin, the plan seems t be mre practical.如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。
（= If everything is taken int cnsideratin, the plan seems t be mre practical.） 提示：
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。
【误】When class being ver, the students left their classrm.
【正】Class (being) ver, the students left their classrm.下课了，学生都离开了教室。
【误】The mn appearing and they cntinued their way.
【正】The mn appearing, they cntinued their way.月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。4．表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking dwn the street, with a stick in his hand.
那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。
（= The strange man was walking dwn the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）
The murderer was brught in, with his hands tied behind his back.
杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。
（=The murderer was brught in, and his hands were tied behind his back.） Tw hundred peple died in the accident, many f them children.
有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
（Tw hundred peple died in the accident and many f them were children.） B．作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the persn with a lt f questins t be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰 the student)
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
= He is the persn wh has a lt f questins t be settled.
Yu can use a large plastic bttle with its tp cut ff. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰 bttle)
你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
= Yu can use a large plastic bttle whse tp was cut ff.
He was walking alng the rad withut any street lights n its bth sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(withut 的复合结构作定语,修饰 the rad )
= He was walking alng the rad that didn 誸have any street lights n its bth sides.
提示：
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If yu stand n the tp f the muntain，the park lks mre beautiful.
如果你站在山顶上,公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构）
If yu check yur test paper carefully, sme mistakes can be avided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构） 说什么话就离开了会议室。（withut 不能省略）