高中英语高考第三节 词句猜测题——胆大心细-2022年新高考英语二轮复习提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）

第三节　词句猜测题——胆大心细

词句猜测题考查考生根据上下文推断单词、词块或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以考查对替代词所替代内容的判断。词句猜测题是英语高考阅读理解中的必考题型， 一般每套试卷中的考查数量不超过2道，但是学生理解有一定的难度，易错，属于拉分题。因此要掌握好词句猜测题技法， 做到分分都要得。

微技能一 词语猜测题——巧用线索猜词义

词语猜测题主要考查考生猜测文章中某个单词或词块的含义，或考查该词(块)能被哪个单词或词块代替。此外，也会考查某一个熟词在具体语境中的特殊含义。近几年高考每套题一般考查一个小题，个别情况考查两个小题，主要考查以下几个方面：1.纲外陌生词(词块/习语)；2.陌生派生词或合成词；3.熟词(词块)生义；4.有特殊含义的词块。

利用构词法猜测词义

构词法能够不借助阅读上下文便能够大体猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且具有双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以我们主张：可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。构词法主要有派生、合成和转化三种形式。例如2019年全国卷Ⅱ第25题：tug at the heartstrings中的heartstrings是合成词：heart(心)＋string(弦)→heartstrings(心弦)，故本单词可能与feeling有关。

【典例1】　(2020·新高考卷Ⅱ阅读 B)

The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high.I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of “forbidden fruit” that come out of book bags.Now was the spring of the water pistol (手枪)．

I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.

...

My imaginary Grandma’s Box worked like magic that spring，and later.Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it.Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away—since I seldom actually kept them.Usually the__offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the belonging.

25．What do the underlined words “the offender” in paragraph 8 refer to?

A．The student’s parent.

B．The maker of the Grandma’s Box.

C．The author’s grandchild.

D．The owner of the forbidden fruit.

【分析】　利用构词法猜测词义。er为后缀，当其与动词缀合时，表示“做某事的人或物”；offend为动词，意为“违反；冒犯”，故offender有“犯规者，违反者”的含义。结合前文中出现的“forbidden fruit”，以及后文提到“return the belonging”，可推断犯规者指的是拥有前述forbidden fruit的人。故选D。

利用上下文猜测词义

这是最常见的方法，一定要先从画线词语最近的位置找起，要求理解句子的顺序是：本句的意思→前后句的意思→本段和前后段的意思

【典例2】　(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读C)

When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever－increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地)．

29．What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?

A．Acquire. B．Export.

C．Destroy. D．Distribute.

【分析】　利用上下文猜测词义。文章前两句说，当探险家们第一次踏上北美洲大陆时，天上和大地上有许多各种各样的野生动物。美洲土著人很聪明地保护了这些宝贵的自然资源。下一句中的unfortunately表示转折意义，由此推断，画线单词所在句“Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.”意思是“不幸的是，仅仅几十年后，探险家和定居者就毁灭了大部分资源。”也就是说，画线单词decimate意思是“破坏；毁灭(destroy) ”。首段最后两句“Millions of waterfowl...greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地)．”进一步说明了“探险家和定居者对这里资源的破坏”。故选D。

利用语法关系猜测词义

【典例3】　(2021·全国甲卷阅读C)

Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.I loved it.I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own language.And my favorite：Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don’t worry about it.Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up：Safe, man.Safe.A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting：“Safe!__Safe!__Safe！” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.

29．What do the underlined words “Safe！Safe！Safe！” probably mean?

A．Be careful! B．Well done!

C．No way! D．Don’t worry!

【分析】　利用语法关系猜测词义。根据画线词后文的解释说明“And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。故选B。

利用逻辑关系猜测词义

【典例4】　(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)

According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research，both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.

13．What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to?

A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons

C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons.

【分析】　利用逻辑关系猜测词义。根据 “And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭) 相反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contrary to”可知，画线词与heavier people含义相反。故选D。微技能二 代词猜测题——就近原则找指代

代词猜测题主要考查文章中的人称代词、不定代词、指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。

解答这类题目的时候一定要遵循就近原则，即：代词往上找，就近原则不能忘，找出离代词最近的名词、词组或句子等。

【典例5】　(2020·浙江7月卷阅读B)

The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue，Washington，generally don’t flash the same length of green twice in a row，especially at rush hour.At 9：30 am，the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds.By 9：33 am，a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds.Less traffic at 9：37 am could push it down to 135.Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.

That is by design.Bellevue，a fast－growing city just east of Seattle，uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US：intersection(十字路口)signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions.These lights，known as adaptive signals，have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.

25．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Increased length of green lights.

B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.

C．Flexible timing of traffic signals.

D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.

【分析】　

第一步　确定题干中的关键信息：the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2

第二步　定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容：根据代词永远出现在原词之后的原则，故代词所指代的内容应在这一句的前面一句或者前面几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为：Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.

第三步　综合判断得出答案：that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间。故选C。

微技能三 句意猜测题——意义吻合推句意

句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后寻找，意义吻合是解题关键。

【典例6】　(2019·浙江6月卷阅读B)

Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”

24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?

A．Money spent without hesitation.

B．Money not legally made.

C．Money offered without conditions.

D．Money not tied together.

【分析】　

第一步　定位到原句，找出题干关键信息在原文中的位置：money with no strings attached

第二步　寻找信息句，找出与该句相关的信息句：“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”

第三步　分析选项，细读信息句，合理推断画线句的句意。综合判断得出画线句的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。

第四步　仔细比对选项，“Money offered without conditions.”符合句意。故选C。

　精做模拟考题

(2021·无锡市高三调研)

Having met only weeks before, climbers Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay shook hands before hugging each other in a moment that would put their names in history books forever.They were on top of the world—literally.After five hours of continuous climbing the two first climbed to the top of Mount Qomolangma, the highest spot on earth.As the ultimate climbing goal for them both and the dream of most climbers, they had just 15 minutes to absorb the experience of being at 8，848.86 metres above sea level.Be any longer and they may not have made it back to camp to tell the tale.

With this in mind, the pair spent some of their precious minutes searching the area for signs of those who had been before them.The bodies of two previous Qomolangma hopefuls—Andrew Irvine and George Mallory of the 1924 attempt—were in the thoughts of Norgay and Hillary.However, they could find no sign of them having reached the top.

Qomolangma has been responsible for claiming over 300 lives and endangering many others,  as it poses huge and unpredictable challenges, with high altitudes (海拔) putting immense pressure on human biology and with its icy land making each step a risk.When the climbers made it back to camp and the news spread, global admiration and fame poured in.

Norgay and Hillary were determined to be the first to conquer the world’s highest mountain.They had done it.At the time they believed that the box had been ticked and no one else would put themselves through the danger to repeat their achievement.They couldn’t have been more wrong.

Today hundreds of people choose to follow in their footsteps every year.In contrast to the total isolation (孤独) felt on the first successful journey, during times of ideal weather conditions, queues form up to the mountain’s summit.This creates dangerous pauses (停顿) in the mountain’s most deadly zones.

Whether you believe these adventurers to be brave，admirable or out of their minds, it is clear that Hillary and Norgay have provided knowledge and inspiration for many to find out how it feels to truly be on top of the world.

【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。主要介绍了世界上第一次登上珠穆朗玛峰的登山者埃德蒙·希拉里和丹增·诺盖的故事，以及他们对后世的影响。

1．What did Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay do on the top of the world?

A．They measured the height of Mount Qomolangma.

B．They celebrated their victory with many climbers.

C．They tried to find signs of earlier climbers.

D．They shared the experience as long as 15 minutes.

答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“the pair spent...had been before them”可知，埃德蒙·希拉里和丹增·诺盖在世界之巅寻找早期登山者的迹象，故C项正确。]

2．What can be inferred about Andrew Irvine and George Mallory from the passage?

A．They succeeded in reaching the top of Mount Qomolangma first.

B．They lost their lives in their attempt to conquer Mount Qomolangma.

C．They were good friends of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay.

D．They died because they didn’t return to their camp in time.

答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The bodies of two previous Qomolangma hopefuls...Norgay and Hillary”可知，安德鲁·欧文和乔治·马洛里在征服珠穆朗玛峰的途中丧生，故B项正确。]

3．What does the underlined word “immense” in Paragraph 3 mean?

A．Huge. B．Outside.

C．Minimum. D．Limited.

答案　A　[词句猜测题。根据上文中的“it poses huge and unpredictable challenges”可知，珠穆朗玛峰给登山者带来了巨大的不可预测的挑战；再结合下文中的“high altitudes(海拔) putting immense pressure on human biology”和常识可知，过高的海拔会给人体带来巨大的压力，故A项与画线词的意义最为接近。]

4．What will the present Qomolangma climbers be likely to face compared with Norgay and Hillary?

A．More terrible loneliness.

B．More ideal weather conditions.

C．More deadly zones.

D．More dangerous stops.

答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第五段中的“This creates dangerous pauses(停顿)in the mountain’s most deadly zones”可知，与埃德蒙·希拉里和丹增·诺盖相比，现在的珠穆朗玛峰攀登者面临着更多危险的停滞，故D项正确。]

　挑战外刊阅读

When the world responded to the COVID－19 epidemic  with broad lockdown orders, home delivery services lacked the  manpower (人力) to keep up with the explosion in demand.Stores  and companies went on doing the hiring; in some areas, it was very hard to get goods delivered.

You know what might have made things a bit easier? Drones.It has taken years for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to allow the use of unmanned aerial devices for commercial  delivery.Over the course of a decade, we’ve gone from a  complete ban to slow, heavily regulated, and restricted initial  testing.

At the end of August, 2020, the FAA finally gave Amazon approval for its Prime Air drone delivery fleet.It did that by classifying Amazon as an “air carrier” and making it subject__to some relatively recent regulations intended to facilitate drone deliveries.

The FAA’s rules initially required that private drones remain in sight of the operator at all times.That simply won’t work for delivery services.So in 2019, the agency introduced a special certification process that would allow approved pilots to operate drones across much longer distances.

Amazon will now be able to join Google in drone deliveries. The company revealed that its fleet can carry packages weighing up to five pounds and deliver them within a 15－mile range in less than 30 min.The FAA also recently granted the company Zipline a temporary waiver (豁免) allowing it to deliver medical supplies in North Carolina.Zipline had been operating for some time in Africa, but the United States continues to lag behind both  developed and developing nations in giving drone companies the freedom to test their services.

While Amazon still faces several technical and regulatory hurdles (障碍), it’s great that the government is giving it this new room to maneuver.Too bad it took the Feds this long to allow it, especially as the pandemic made drone deliveries not just a futuristic innovation but something we could have used yesterday.(From Discover)

【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。在新冠肺炎疫情背景下，美国联邦航空局(FAA)从完全禁止到允许包括亚马逊在内的几家公司使用无人机派送货物。

1．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?

A．Drones are the most convenient aerial devices.

B．The use of drones was completely prohibited at first.

C．It took a short time to permit the use of drones.

D．FAA allows drones to serve for the army.

答案　B　[细节理解题。从第二段最后一句“Over the course of a decade，we’ve gone from a complete ban to slow，heavily regulated, and restricted initial testing.”可以看出，B项正确。]

2．The underlined phrase “subject to” probably refers to ________．

A．obey  B．control 

C．damage   D．create

答案　A　[词句猜测题。根据画线词所在段落可知，美国联邦航空局批准了亚马逊的空中无人机配送服务，亚马逊还为此被归类为“航空公司”，所以需要遵守相应的航空规则，故选A。]

3．What’s Paragraph 5 mainly about?

A．The companies allowed to use drone deliveries.

B．Amazon joining in drone deliveries.

C．Drone deliveries used in medical service.

D．Zipline operating in Africa and America.

答案　A　[段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知，Amazon，Google，和Zipline 这三家公司均被允许一定程度上使用无人机进行物品派送。故选A。]

4．What’s the author’s attitude toward Amazon’s drone deliveries?

A．Neutral.    B．Negative.

C．Favorable. D．Indifferent

答案　C　[观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“it’s great that the government is giving it this new room to maneuver. Too bad it took the feds this long to allow it”可以判断，作者支持使用无人机进行物品派送。neutral中立的；negative消极的；favorable赞成的；indifferent漠不关心的。]

【精深阅读】

一、词汇积累

1．lockdown  n．活动(或行动)限制

2．drone n.  无人机

3．commercial adj.  商业的

4．initially adv.  起初

5．grant v.  准予；授予

6．weigh up to five pounds  重达五磅

二、语境训练——语境猜词/单句语法填空/长难句分析

1．...the use of unmanned aerial devices...(Para.2) adj.无人驾驶的，__无人操纵的

2．...a futuristic innovation...(Para.6) adj.未来的

3．Stores and companies went on doing the hiring; in some areas, it was very hard to get goods delivered(deliver)．

4．Over the course of a decade, we’ve gone from a complete ban to slow, heavily(heavy) regulated, and restricted initial testing.

5．Too bad it took the Feds this long to allow it，especially as the pandemic made drone deliveries not just a futuristic innovation but something we could have used yesterday.(Para.5)

[分析]　本句为主从复合句。句首省略了It is；something为先行词，被定语从句we could have used yesterday修饰和限定；其中定语从句的关系代词that在从句中作宾语，故可以省略。

[翻译]　很糟糕的是，联邦政府花了很长时间才允许无人机的使用，特别是在疫情之下，无人机派送不仅仅是一种未来的发明，更是我们原本在昨天就可以使用的服务。

[背景链接]

亚马逊公司是美国最大的一家网络电子商务公司，成立于1995年，位于华盛顿州的西雅图。它是网络上最早开始经营电子商务的公司之一，一开始只经营网络的书籍销售业务，现在则扩及了范围相当广的其他产品，已成为全球商品品种最多的网上零售商和全球第二大互联网企业。