2023届高考英语二轮复习第三讲主旨大意题——辨主干细加工课件

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习第三讲主旨大意题——辨主干细加工课件，共43页。PPT课件主要包含了专题一 阅读理解，续上表，理解标题的3大特点，答案　D，主题句法，常用的写作架构，课堂新体验，答案A，答案D，答案B等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第三讲　主旨大意题——辨主干细加工主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。一、了解题型特点与设问方式[命题解读]1．主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。
2．标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意类(内容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意。[题型特点]1．把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式。The best title fr the passage is________．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the passage?The passage is mainly abut________． What is the text mainly abut?The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is________．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
2．掌握主旨大意题的考查角度。(1)高频考点：标题归纳题、文章大意题。(2)低频考点：段落大意题。
二、掌握主旨大意题的解题捷径——熟知主旨大意题的解题捷径——
——明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征——
——破解主旨大意题的三大类型——类型1　标题归纳题　标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)，覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)
巧用三大方法确定文章标题(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想如果它们作标题写出来的文章将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。(3)研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等
[典例]　(2022·全国乙卷)Can a small grup f drnes(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and，at the same time，help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year？That is the very likely future f applying tday's “eyes in the sky”technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.Drnes are already being used t examine high­tensin electrical lines.They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected，the mre railway safety，reliability and
n­time perfrmance will be imprved.Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient(高效)acrss the bard.That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety.It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，ften at night，t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews' effrts.By using the latest technlgies，drnes culd als start prviding higher­ value services fr railways，detecting faults in the rail r switches，befre they can cause any safety prblems.T perfrm these tasks，drnes fr rail dn't need t be flying verhead.Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future.
They will be mving n the track ahead f the train，and prgrammed t run autnmusly.Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c­pilt.With their ability t see ahead，they culd signal any prblem，s that fast­mving trains wuld be able t react in time.31．Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drnes　　　　B．Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be ExpandedC．What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will Face D．Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways
[解题示范]第一步：读文章，理清结构
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
第三步：对比选项得出答案
类型2　文章大意题　文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。应掌握寻找文章主题的三个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句：
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句：
高频词法若全文无明显主题句，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章最明显的特点之一是文中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心
逆向思维法在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项
[典例]　(2021·全国甲卷)When I was 9，we packed up ur hme in Ls Angeles and arrived at Heathrw，Lndn n a gray January mrning.Everyne in the family settled quickly int the city except me.Withut my belved beaches and endless blue­sky days，I felt at a lss and ut f place.Until I made a discvery.
Suthbank，at an eastern bend in the Thames，is the center f British skatebarding，where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing. I lved it.I sn made friends with the lcal skaters.We spke ur wn language. And my favrite: Safe.Safe meant cl.It meant hell.It meant dn't wrry abut it.Once，when trying a certain trick n the beam (横杆)，I fell nt the stnes，damaging a nerve in my hand，and Tby came ver，helping me up：Safe，man.Safe.A few minutes later，when I landed the trick，my friends beat their bards lud，shuting: “Safe！Safe！Safe！”And that's what mattered — landing tricks，being a gd skater.
When I was 15，my family mved t Washingtn.I tried skatebarding there，but the lcals were far less welcming.Within a cuple f years，I'd given it up.When I returned t Lndn in 2004，I fund myself wandering dwn t Suthbank，spending hurs there.I've traveled back several times since，mst recently this past spring.The day was cld but clear；turists and Lndners stpped t watch the skaters.Weaving(穿梭)amng the kids wh rushed by n their bards，I fund my way t the beam.Then a rail­thin teenager，in a baggy white T­shirt，skidded(滑)up t the beam.He sat next t me.He seemed nt t ntice the man next t him.But sn I caught a few f his glances.“I was a lcal here 20 years ag，”I tld him.Then，slwly，he began t nd his head.“Safe，man.Safe.”“Yeah，”I said.“Safe.”
31.What message des the authr seem t cnvey in the text？A．Children shuld learn a secnd language. B．Sprt is necessary fr children's health.C．Children need a sense f belnging. D．Seeing the wrld is a must fr children.
[解题示范]第一步：读文章，概括文意
第三步：对比选项得出答案[答案]　C
类型3　段落大意题　段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来
定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高
[典例]　（2021·全国乙卷）When almst everyne has a mbile phne，why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座机）？These days yu'd be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn't wn a mbile phne.In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket.Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere， des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes？A.Their target wide majr cmplex design.
[解题示范]第一步：首尾兼顾定段意根据第二段中的“These days yu'd be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn't wn a mbile phne”以及“Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere，anytime”可知，移动电话在澳大利亚几乎随处可见，即本段主要谈及移动电话在澳大利亚的普及程度。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
第三步：对比选项得出答案[答案]　B
A（2022·长沙新高考适应性考试）Mre than 45，000 years ag，by the shre f present­day Tasmania，a lcal persn picked up a large piece f thick，dark brwn seaweed.And he realized that this giant piece f seaweed culd be used t make a watertight bag.And 45，000 years later in mainland Australia，peple are again turning t seaweed t slve pressing prblems.Tday，it is used t address the wrld's climate crisis.Winberg，a marine eclgist at the University f Wllngng，has spent decades studying seaweed.She believes seaweed's fast grwth rate and ability t absrb vast amunts f carbn dixide can help fight climate change，deacidify the cean，and change the way we farm，nt nly in the cean but als n land.
“If we used the infrastructure we have in the cean and created seaweed islands，we wuld actually get rid f many climate change issues we have tday，”says Winberg.Realizing seaweed's ptential as a climate slutin，Winberg pened Australia's first land­based，cmmercial seaweed farm in 2013.On her farm in New Suth Wales，Winberg prduces seaweed extracts（提取物）that are used in fd，csmetics and medicines.Like plants n land，seaweed absrbs CO2 and grws bimass（生物量）.Castal marine systems can absrb carbn at rates up t 50 times greater than frests n land，accrding t Emily Pidgen，senir directr f strategic marine initiatives at Cnservatin Internatinal.Glbally，seaweed is thught t absrb
nearly 200 millin tns f CO2 every year—as much as New Yrk State's annual emissins.And when seaweed dies，much f the carbn lcked up in its tissues is transprted t the deep cean.By raising pH levels in the cean，seaweed als imprves grwing cnditins fr shellfish such as ysters and mussels，whse shells becme mre fragile（脆弱的）in acidic envirnments.
The ptential fr seaweed cultivatin desn't stp in the cean.Winberg has fund there are benefits f ding it n land t.She believes that seaweed farming ffers“huge ptential”t nt nly address the climate crisis，but als feed a grwing ppulatin in a sustainable way.Accrding t Winberg，ne hectare（公顷）
f a seaweed farm can prduce mre prtein than the same amunt f land used fr cattle.“We're sitting n undiscvered，renewable，sustainable resurces，”she says.
【语篇解读】　45 000多年前，人类发现海藻可以用来做防水袋。现在人们可以用海藻来解决世界上的气候问题。1.What is mainly intrduced abut seaweed in Paragraph 1？A.Its use.　　　　　　　B.Its rigin. D.Its appearance.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，45 000多年前，人类发现了海藻可以用来做防水袋。45 000年后它被用来解决“pressing prblems”，如今它被用来解决世界上的气候危机。故可知该段主要介绍了海藻的用途。故A项正确。
2.Why is seaweed spken highly f accrding t the text？A.It lwers the cean temperature cntributes t shellfish's grwing prduces the same amunt f prtein as grws fast and can absrb carbn at a high rate.
解析：推理判断题。由第二段中的“She land”可知海藻生长速度快，能吸收大量二氧化碳；根据第四段内容可知，沿海海洋系统吸收碳的速度高达陆地森林的50倍。由此可推知，海藻生长迅速，并且能以很高的速度吸收碳。故D项正确。
3.What is Winberg's attitude twards seaweed？A.Unclear. D.Dubtful.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“She als n land”，第三段中的“If we Winberg”和第六段中的“She sustainable way”可知，Winberg对海藻持支持态度。
4.What is the best title fr the text？A.CO2，a Killer f Climate ChangeB.Pllutin，the Wrld's Climate CrisisC.Seaweed，a Ptential Climate SlutinD.Infrastructure，a Way f Eliminating Climate Issues
解析：主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段的最后一句“Tday，it is used t address the wrld's climate crisis”可知，现在人们可以用海藻来解决世界上面临的气候问题。由此可知，C项“海藻，一种潜在的气候解决方案”适合作文章标题。
BIf the three Rs（reduce，reuse and recycle）is a guideline t save the planet，garbage­srting is where the effrts start.Since May 1，Beijing has started t carry ut mandatry garbage­srting in new effrts t better prtect the envirnment. Under the new regulatin，residents are required t classify husehld waste int fur categries： kitchen，recyclable，hazardus and ther waste.Peple wh fail t srt their garbage prperly can be fined frm 50 t 200 yuan，reprted Xinhua.Sme residential cmmunities in Beijing have intrduced rewards t encurage residents t srt their garbage.Accrding t Xinhua，residents can earn pints by classifying their dmestic waste crrectly and then exchange the pints they accumulated fr daily necessities such as sap.
Garbage­srting practices have reached ver 70 percent f husing estates in 18 cities，including Shanghai，Xiamen and Hangzhu，accrding t the Ministry f Husing and Urban­Rural Develpment.Shanghai first enacted a mandatry garbage­srting regulatin in July 2019 and has had a 90 percent cmpliance（服从）rate amng its husing estates.Accrding t a reprt by the Ministry f Eclgy and Envirnment，ver 90 percent f the public believe that garbage­srting is imprtant fr the prtectin f the envirnment.Hwever，garbage­srting is still a big prblem in China.Only 30 percent f participants said they think they are cmpletely srting their waste，the reprt nted.Accrding t Xinhua，it's partly because many peple lack the willingness t srt their wn waste.Als，sme previus garbage regulatins didn't include fines fr peple wh failed t bey them.
“It's a must t have a legal guarantee t prmte garbage­srting，”Liu Jiangu，a prfessr frm Tsinghua University，tld China Daily.“Aside frm China，many cuntries like Germany，Spain and Britain，als ask peple t srt waste int specific categries.In Japan，there is a fixed time fr the srting f each kind f garbage and littering.”【语篇解读】　本文是一篇新闻报道。自5月1日起，北京开始实施强制垃圾分类，以更好地保护环境。文章介绍了这一政策的相关规定，说明了如今中国垃圾分类的现状和存在的一些问题，以及其他人对于中国垃圾分类的一些看法。
5.What can we learn abut the new regulatin in Beijing？A.It hasn't been put int use can srt the garbage as they can get mney if they classify their dmestic waste wh can't srt the garbage as the new rule requires shall be fined.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Peple wh fail t srt their garbage prperly can be fined frm 50 t 200 yuan，reprted Xinhua.”可知，据新华社报道，没有对垃圾进行分类的人将被处以50元到200元的罚款。
6.What's the prblem in garbage­srting in China？A.Mst peple are unaware f its imprtance in prtecting peple dn't want t take the truble t srt the residents in big cities can srt the trash gvernment desn't have enugh mney t supprt garbage srting.
解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段可知，90%的人意识到垃圾分类的重要性，但只有30%的受访者表示，他们认为自己已经完全对垃圾进行了分类，……部分原因是许多人不愿意对自己的垃圾进行分类。选B。
7.What can we infer frm Liu Jiangu's wrds？A.It's difficult t carry ut garbage­srting in laws in garbage­srting are in develped cuntries can better srt the shuld learn frm Japan.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“It's a must t have a legal guarantee t prmte garbage­srting”可知，清华大学教授刘建国在接受《中国日报》采访时表示“推广垃圾分类必须要有法律保障”。由此可推知，刘建国认为需要制定一些垃圾分类的法律。