专题02 阅读理解：说明文+议论文-冲刺高考英语大题突破+限时集训（江苏专用）

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专题02 阅读理解 议论文+说明文
冲刺高考英语大题突破
（解析版）

议论文一般为C篇，主要考查以议论的方式摆事实、讲道理来阀述自己的观点的一种文体。

说明文一般为D篇，主要考查以客观事物的特点和性质，阀明事物发生和发展过程等为主要表达内容给读者以知识的一种文体。

【说明文】
（2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语真题）
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
32．Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A．Its variety. B．Its distribution. C．Its quantity. D．Its development.
33．Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B．They could not open and close their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D．Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Potential application of the research findings.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35．What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A．It is key to effective communication. B．It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C．It is a complex and dynamic system. D．It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】32．D    33．C    34．A    35．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
32．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.(30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因)”可知，Damian Blasi的研究关注的是这一趋势是如何产生的以及产生的原因，可知他的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.(他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音)”可知，因为古代成年人因为上下门牙是对齐的，他们的下颚结构跟现在的我们不一样，这就导致他们发不出这个唇齿音，也就是说他们的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
34．主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.(对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.(研究小组成员Steven Moran说：“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”)”可知，人类的语意一直在发展变化中，并不会一成不变，而且会因生物变化和文化变化等进行复杂的相互作用而改变，因此可知Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
【点睛】


【议论文】
I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a moon too?” I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan’s world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan’s world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan’s village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan’s question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物) and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
65. How did the author feel on his arrival in the Amazon?
A. Out of place. B. Full of joy. C. Sleepy. D. Regretful.
66. What made that Amazonian evening wonderful?
A. He learned more about the local language.
B. They had a nice conversation with each other.
C. They understood each other while playing.
D. He won the soccer game with the goal keeper.
67. Why was the author surprised at Juan’s question about the moon?
A. The question was too straightforward.
B. Juan knew so little about the world.
C. The author didn’t know how to answer.
D. The author didn’t think Juan was sincere.
68. What was the author’s initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles?
A. To sort out what we have known.
B. To deepen his research into Amazonians.
C. To improve his reputation as a biologist.
D. To learn more about local cultures.
69. How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries?
A. They shifted their viewpoints frequently.
B. They followed other scientists closely.
C. They often criticized their fellow scientists.
D. They conducted in-depth and close studies.
70. What could be the most suitable title for the passage?
A. The Possible and the Impossible .
B. The Known and the Unknown .
C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized .
D. The Ignorant and the Intelligent.
【答案】65. A 66. C 67. B 68. A 69. D 70. B
【解析】
这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“We didn’t speak the local language, did not know the customs and more often than not, didn’t entirely recognize the food. We couldn’t have felt more foreign.”可知，我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到达亚马逊感觉格格不入。故选A项。
【66题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C项。
【67题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“In Juan’s world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判断，胡安对这个世界知之甚少。故选B项。
【68题详解】
推理判断题。根据第七段“I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new spider...,and on and on they appear, my drawer quickly filled, I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species ...I started a third drawer for these big discoveries.”可知，我开始收集报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。由此判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A项。
【69题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“but they pay more attention to them ,and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion ,and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers.”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D项。
【70题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程中，作者提高了认识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为“已知和未知的事物”。故选B项。

说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学习中应积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。
策略指导
技法解读

抓首尾段
首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申强调主题。

梳理文章结构
整体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述；现象+原因+后果/启示/措施；研究发现/调查结果+研究/调查过程。
破解长难句
结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。

议论文解题技巧
1.研读首段，确定论点
2.细读中间段，把握论证方式
3.关注尾段，读出结论。


In English it’s common to say, “I know this town like the back of my hand!” While we may know our towns really well, how well do we actually know our hands? Maybe not quite as well as we think, said a scientific study.
Matthew Longo and his team from University College London studied the left hands of 100 people. With their hands placed palms down under a board, Longo’s team gave the instruction to point to their knuckles (指关节) and fingertips with a marker. How did they do? Not that well.
“People think their hand is wider than it actually is,” said Longo. He said they also seemed to think their fingers were shorter than their true lengths. People were most accurate when finding their thumbs, but became less accurate with each finger, up to their pinkies (小手指)。
“It is connected to our sense of position,” explained Longo. Humans know where different parts of our bodies are, even if we can’t see them. “It tells us whether a joint is straight or not,” said Longo. “We also need to know the distances between our joints,“ he went on. Our brains know the sizes and shapes of our bodies from the maps they make for themselves. “This experiment tried to find those maps,” he said.
Maybe maps don’t need to be perfect. But why aren’t our brains more accurate? Longo said our brains “see” areas based on our sense of touch, with the stronger the sense of touch in a specific body part, the bigger that body part seems. An example is our lips. As they have more nerves than our noses, our brain’s map shows our lips are bigger. The same thing can happen with body parts that have a lot of nerves. If you’ve ever had something stuck in your teeth it probably felt huge! That’s because our tongues also have lots of nerves.
If you want to have some fun, try this test with your classmates. Get some boards and some markers and have them mark the spots where they think their knuckles and fingertips are. Compare their hands to the marker spots and see how well they have performed.
8．What can we learn from the experiment?
A．People are always more accurate to judge the width of their palms.
B．The experiment is to measure with and length of hands accurately.
C．People’ s perception of hands is not something they take for granted.
D．The experiment explores the difference between left and right hands.
9．What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 4 refer to?
A．The size of the hand. B．The misbelief people had.
C．The map the brain makes. D．The position of each body part.
10．According to the passage, what’s the key factor in affecting our perception of hands?
A．The shapes of our bodies. B．Maps of organs.
C．The distances between joints. D．The brain.
11．What’s the purpose of the passage?
A．To give us a further insight into the brain.
B．To convince us that seeing is not believing.
C．To conduct a wider research about our hands.
D．To introduce an easy but interesting experiment.

【来源】江苏省南通市海安市2022-2023学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题
【答案】8．C    9．B    10．D    11．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍了人们并不像自己以为的那样了解自己手的尺寸，因为大脑“看”身体的区域是基于触觉，所以大脑会扭曲人们对自己身体的认知。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段第二、三句“While we may know our towns really well, how well do we actually know our hands? Maybe not quite as well as we think, said a scientific study.(虽然我们可能非常了解我们的城镇，但我们到底有多了解我们的手?一项科学研究称，可能没有我们想象的那么好。)”可知人们对手的了解并不像我们以为的那样，故选C。
9．词句猜测题。根据第三段“‘People think their hand is wider than it actually is,’ said Longo. He said they also seemed to think their fingers were shorter than their true lengths. People were most accurate when finding their thumbs, but became less accurate with each finger, up to their pinkies (小手指)。(Longo说:“人们认为自己的手比实际要宽。他还说，大家似乎还认为自己的手指比实际长度短。人们在找大拇指时最准确，但越指向小拇指，准确率就越低。)”可知此段介绍了人们对手尺寸的误解；第四段第一句“‘It is connected to our sense of position,’ explained Longo. (‘这与我们的方位感有关。’Longo解释道。)”中的It指代第三段所阐述的人们所以为的内容，即对于手尺寸产生的误解。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据第五段第二句“Longo said our brains ‘see’ areas based on our sense of touch, with the stronger the sense of touch in a specific body part, the bigger that body part seems. An example is our lips. As they have more nerves than our noses, our brain’s map shows our lips are bigger. The same thing can happen with body parts that have a lot of nerves. ( Longo说大脑‘看到’的区域是基于触觉，身体某个特定部位的触觉越强，这个部位看起来就越大。我们的嘴唇就是一个例子。因为它们比我们的鼻子有更多的神经，所以我们的大脑地图显示我们的嘴唇更大。同样的事情也会发生在有很多神经的身体部位。)”可知大脑通过触觉“看”到区域，也就是神经，特定部位上的神经越强，身体部位看起来就越大，所以影响我们对手的概念的关键因素是神经，也就是我们的大脑。故选D。
11．推理判断题。文章第一段“In English it’s common to say, ‘I know this town like the back of my hand!’ While we may know our towns really well, how well do we actually know our hands? Maybe not quite as well as we think, said a scientific study.(在英语中，我们常说：‘我对这个城镇了如指掌！’虽然我们可能非常了解我们的城镇，但我们到底有多了解我们的手?一项科学研究称，可能没有我们想象的那么好。)”从人们对手的了解出发，介绍了人们对手的尺寸的误解与大脑通过触觉感知身体的不同部位有关，大脑会扭曲我们对身体的认知。所以这篇文章的目的是更深层次地介绍了我们的大脑，故选A。


【说明文】
（A）
（2022江苏无锡·高三统考试卷）
Advanced technology brings with it a lot of benefits to us. You can now prevent the speech of a single target person from being recorded by using a device called voice jammer.
Voice jammers work much like noise-canceling headphones, which effectively remove unwanted background sound waves out of existence by playing back a copy of the unwanted sound with its wave pattern inverted (反向的).
Such voice jammers generally stop electronic eavesdropping (窃听) on conversations by broadcasting inverse sound waves that affect all microphones within earshot.
This can prevent nearby people’s phones from picking up their voices if they try to make a call, and can stop them interacting with smart assistants, warning that something strange is going on.
Now Qiben Yan at Michigan State University and his colleagues have created a voice jammer that can target a specific voice without causing interruption to anyone else. They did this by training an artificial intelligence called a neural network to isolate (隔断) a speaker’s voice, allowing the jammer to create an inverse sound matched to their speech.
Rather than sending an audible sound, their tool, called Neural Enhanced Cancellation (NEC), makes use of a bug found in all but the most expensive microphones. This bug introduces sounds at set distances above and below the microphone’s recording frequencies. NEC is able to play its inverse speech in the ultrasonic (超声波) range, so that humans can’t hear it. Doing this at the point of recording provides the necessary frequencies to secretly block an audible voice.
The team found that NEC blocked voices on a range of smartphones from Apple, Xiaomi and Samsung at a distance of up to 3.6 metres. And this technology could be useful.
1．How do voice jammers prevent a speech from being recorded?
A．By playing inverse sound waves. B．By interacting with smart assistants.
C．By keeping wave pattern unchanged. D．By broadcasting different sound waves.
2．What does Paragraph 6 focus on?
A．Stressing the importance of NEC． B．Showing the steps of using NEC．
C．Describing the disadvantages of NEC． D．Explaining the working theory of NEC．
3．What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．The NEC blocking voices. B．A device against eavesdropping.
C．A bug playing inverse sound waves. D．The technology changing the speech.
4．What might be discussed in the following paragraph?
A．Disadvantages of voice jammers. B．Public opinions on voice jammers.
C．Further development of voice jammers. D．Potential applications of voice jammers.

【答案】1．A    2．D    3．B    4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是一项叫NEC的声音干扰器的相关信息。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Voice jammers work much like noise-canceling headphones, which effectively remove unwanted background sound waves out of existence by playing back a copy of the unwanted sound with its wave pattern inverted (反向的).(语音干扰器的工作原理很像降噪耳机，通过反向播放不需要的声音的副本，有效地消除了不需要的背景声波。)”可知，语音干扰器是通过播放反向声波来防止讲话被录音，故选A。
2．主旨大意题。根据第六段的“Rather than sending an audible sound, their tool, called Neural Enhanced Cancellation (NEC), makes use of a bug found in all but the most expensive microphones. This bug introduces sounds at set distances above and below the microphone’s recording frequencies. NEC is able to play its inverse speech in the ultrasonic (超声波) range, so that humans can’t hear it. Doing this at the point of recording provides the necessary frequencies to secretly block an audible voice.(他们的工具叫做NEC，并不是发送可听到的声音，而是利用了除了最昂贵的麦克风之外所有麦克风都存在的一个漏洞。此错误在麦克风的录音频率上下设定的距离引入声音。NEC能够在超声波范围内播放逆语音，这样人类就听不到了。在录音时这样做可以提供必要的频率来秘密地屏蔽声音。)”可知，第6段主要阐述了NEC的工作原理。故选D。
3．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第五段的“Now Qiben Yan at Michigan State University and his colleagues have created a voice jammer that can target a specific voice without causing interruption to anyone else.(现在，密歇根州立大学的严启本和他的同事们发明了一种声音干扰器，可以针对特定的声音，而不会打断其他人。)”和第六段的“Rather than sending an audible sound, their tool, called Neural Enhanced Cancellation (NEC), makes use of a bug found in all but the most expensive microphones.(他们的工具叫做NEC，并不是发送可听到的声音，而是利用了除了最昂贵的麦克风之外所有麦克风都存在的一个漏洞。)”可知，本文主要介绍了一项叫NEC的声音干扰器的相关信息，故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“The team found that NEC blocked voices on a range of smartphones from Apple, Xiaomi and Samsung at a distance of up to 3.6 metres. And this technology could be useful.(研究小组发现，NEC在苹果、小米和三星的一系列智能手机上屏蔽了高达3.6米的声音。这项技术可能很有用。)”可知，接下来的一段可能会介绍语音干扰器的潜在应用。故选D。

（B）
（2023江苏扬州·高三统考开学考试）
Today, the Vikings are mostly known as violent pirates (海盗). But they were also traders. At their height, the Vikings attacked, settled or traded on four continents.
All of their travel, trade and warfare were made possible by Viking ships, which were far more advanced than anything else sailing around Europe at the time. The most famous, and most feared, was the drekar. At sea, these ships could move quickly thanks to their large sails. The hulls (船体) of the ships were shallow and fat, which made them ride high in the water. The ships were also light enough that they could be carried from one body of water to another over short sections of land. This greatly extended their range.
But Viking ships weren’t just built for warfare. Another type, called the knarr, had cargo (货物) holds built in the hull. One such cargo ship was capable of carrying 24 tons. The knarrs would have looked similar to the drekars except they were longer, fatter and taller. These were the backbones of the Viking empire, which they used to carry everything from gold coins to spices and fine fabrics.
Both the drekar and the knarr were built using the same method. Traditionally, oceangoing ships have used a keel (龙骨), shaped like the fin of a fish. The keel sinks into the water below the hull. It helps the ship maintain a straight line through the water and counters the force of the wind against the sail, which otherwise might blow the ship over. Viking ships had no deep keel. Instead, they were built fat enough to carry lots of soldiers or pieces of cargo whose weight helped keep the ship planted in the water.
Viking ships were so advanced for their tine that they often were the biggest, tallest and most striking ships many people had ever seen. A monk at the St. Omar Monastery, in Franco, wrote this description of a royal Viking ship in 1013.
“On one side lions molded in gold were to be seen on the ships, on the other birds on the tops of the poles indicated by their movements the winds as they blew…”
The Vikings built a wealthy empire through trade as well as robbery and used their wealth to continuously improve their ships.
5．What does the author intend to tell us?
A．The Vikings were not violent pirates but traders.
B．The Vikings used to take a lead in the world trade.
C．Viking ships could carry more cargo than ships today.
D．Viking ships contributed to the extension of their empire.
6．What can we infer about the knarrs?
A．They were not designed for warfare.
B．They were faster than the drekars.
C．They were designed to carry soldiers.
D．They served the same purpose as drekars.
7．What do the Vikings’ ships and the traditional oceangoing ships have in common?
A．They both use a deep keel shaped like the fin of a fish.
B．They both make the hull shallow and fat with large sails.
C．They both take measures to keep the ship planted in water.
D．They both install something to counter the force of wind.
8．Why does the author refer to a monk’s description of a Viking ship?
A．To show how advanced Viking ships were for their time.
B．To show how interested the monk was in traveling by sea.
C．To show that Viking ships were designed in a strange way.
D．To show that Viking ships were continuously improved.

【答案】5．D    6．A    7．C    8．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是维京人所建的两种船drekar和knarr的相关情况。
5．推理判断题。根据第二段的“All of their travel, trade and warfare were made possible by Viking ships, which were far more advanced than anything else sailing around Europe at the time.(他们所有的旅行、贸易和战争都是由维京船只实现的，这些船只比当时在欧洲航行的任何船只都先进得多)”和最后一段的“The Vikings built a wealthy empire through trade as well as robbery and used their wealth to continuously improve their ships.(维京人通过贸易和抢劫建立了一个富有的帝国，并利用他们的财富不断改进他们的船只)”可知，作者想告诉我们北欧海盗船只为他们帝国的扩张做出了贡献。故选D。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段的“But Viking ships weren’t just built for warfare. Another type, called the knarr, had cargo (货物) holds built in the hull. One such cargo ship was capable of carrying 24 tons. The knarrs would have looked similar to the drekars except they were longer, fatter and taller. These were the backbones of the Viking empire, which they used to carry everything from gold coins to spices and fine fabrics.(但维京船只不仅仅是为战争而建造的。另一种类型，称为knarr，在船体中建造了货舱。一艘这样的货船能载重24吨。knars看起来和drekars很相似，只是它们更长、更宽、更高。这些是维京帝国的支柱，他们用来运输从金币到香料和高级织物的所有东西)”可知，knars不是为战争而设计的。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Both the drekar and the knarr were built using the same method. Traditionally, oceangoing ships have used a keel (龙骨), shaped like the fin of a fish. The keel sinks into the water below the hull. It helps the ship maintain a straight line through the water and counters the force of the wind against the sail, which otherwise might blow the ship over.(drekar和knarr都是用同样的方法建造的。传统上，远洋船只使用龙骨，形状像鱼鳍。龙骨沉入船体下面的水中。它可以帮助船只在水中保持一条直线，并抵消风对帆的力量，否则可能会把船吹翻。)”可知，维京人的船和传统的远洋船的共同之处在于，它们都采取措施让船停在水里，故选C。
8．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“Viking ships were so advanced for their tine that they often were the biggest, tallest and most striking ships many people had ever seen. A monk at the St. Omar Monastery, in Franco, wrote this description of a royal Viking ship in 1013.(海盗船在当时是如此先进，以至于它们往往是许多人见过的最大、最高和最引人注目的船只。佛朗哥圣奥马尔修道院的一位僧侣在1013年写下了对皇家海盗船的描述。)”可知，作者提到了一个僧侣对海盗船的描述是为了展示当时维京船只的先进程度。故选A。

（C）
（2023江苏常州·高三统考试卷）
The Chinese written language originated very early. However, people began to like the art of writing, and pay attention to the creator’s thinking and spirit since the period between the Late Han Dynasty and Wei Jin Dynasty. The Chinese calligraphy fonts(字体) gradually evolved from oracle, Chinese bronze inscriptions and silk manuscripts to the following five main schools:
School
Representative Master
Feature
Seal Script

Li Si
There are Big Zhuan and Small Zhuan. The Big Zhuan includes all the ancient Chinese calligraphy fonts before Qin Dynasty. The Small Zhuan are the characters commonly used by officials after Qin united China. These characters feature balanced left and right parts and a bit complicated structures.
Official Script
Cai Yong
A simplified form of script since seal characters were too complicated for officials to use when copying documents.
Regular Script
Ouyang Xun,
Yan Zhenqing,
Liu Gongquan
Also named Zhenshu or Zhengshu, Kaishu is regular with a tight structure and fluent strokes.
Cursive Hand

Zhang Xu,
Huai Su
Caoshu is characterized by sketchy, simplified forms of characters, often distorted or exaggerated to achieve an internal rhythmic appearance within the compositions of characters.
Running Hand
Wang Xizhi, Yan Zhenqing;
Su Shi
Xingshu is something between the regular script and the cursive scripts in the initial period and now is between the official script and cursive(草写体的)hand. Chinese masters have always compared the three styles of writing, Kaishu, Xingshu, Caoshu to people standing, walking and running respectively.

9．The difference between Seal Script and Official Script lies in ______.A．the difficulty to write B．their function in use
C．who often wrote them D．how cursive they are
10．Which school is compared to people walking according to the text?
A．Official Script. B．Running Hand.
C．Cursive Hand. D．Regular Script.
11．If you want to practice both Regular Script and Running Hand, who is a better choice to choose based on this article?
A．Ouyang Xun. B．Yan Zhenqing.
C．Zhang Xu. D．Wang Xizhi.

【答案】9．A    10．B    11．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国的五个书法艺术流派。
9．细节理解题。根据Seal Script中的These characters feature balanced left and right parts and a bit complicated structures.(这些字的特点是左右平衡，结构有点复杂。)和Official Script 中“A simplified form of script since seal characters were too complicated for officials to use when copying documents.”（由于篆书过于复杂，官员在抄写文件时无法使用，因此简化了文字形式。）可知，篆书与隶书的区别在于书写的难度。故选A项。
10．细节理解题。根据Running Hand 中“Chinese masters have always compared the three styles of writing, Kaishu, Xingshu, Caoshu to people standing, walking and running respectively.”（中国的大师们总是把楷书、行书、草书这三种文体分别比作人的站立、行走和奔跑。）可知，行书流派被比作人的行走。故选B项。
11．细节理解题。根据Regular Script中“Yan Zhenqing”以及Running Hand中“Yan Zhenqing”可知，如果你想同时练习楷书和行书，根据这篇文章，你应该选择颜真卿流派。故选B项。

（D）
（2023江苏苏州·高三统考试卷）
Cities are difficult to navigate (导航) at the best of times, but for people with disabilities they can be like courses with hurdles and bring inconvenience to disabled people.
A UK national travel survey found that adults with mobility difficulties took 39% fewer trips than those with no disability in 2017. Yet that could change as devices and cities grow smarter. Assistive tech is playing a big role in the transformation. The global value of the industry is expected to increase from $14 billion in 2015 to $30.8 billion in 2024, according to Zion Market Research.
One of the things that could transform lives is a smart walking stick designed by engineers from Young Guru Academy (YGA) in Turkey. The WeWalk stick has a sensor that detects hurdles above chest level and uses vibrations (振动) to warn the user. It can be paired with a smartphone to help navigation, and is connected with a voice assistant and Google Maps.
Ceylan, who has been blind since birth, says that connecting the stick to the Internet of Things and smart city solutions makes it user-friendly. “As a blind person, when I am at the Metro station I don’t know which is my exit ... I don’t know which bus is approaching ... which stores are around me. That kind of information can be provided with the WeWalk,” he says.
“The smart walking stick is really an exciting initiative that will make a huge difference to some people,” says Anna Lawson, the director of the Center for Disability Studies at Leeds University in the United Kingdom. “But they are very expensive ... they’re not going to be available to the vast majority of disabled people,” she added.
Bryan Matthews, a lecturer at the Institute for Transport Studies at the University of Leeds, shares the concerns about cost. He says there should also be a focus on inclusive design, and anything that helps people navigate their environment is positive.
12．What does “that” in the second paragraph refer to?
A．The survey that compared adults’ mobility.
B．The smart industry that is booming.
C．The fact that the disabled traveled less.
D．The role that the assistive tech plays.
13．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．The working principles of the WeWalk stick.
B．The introduction of the WeWalk stick inventors.
C．The transformation caused by the WeWalk stick.
D．The benefits brought about by the WeWalk stick.
14．What’s the purpose of quoting Ceylan?
A．To show the value of smart tech.
B．To urge more attention to the blind.
C．To increase the potential market share.
D．To encourage tech research and development.
15．What is the disadvantage of the WeWalk stick?
A．Confusing instructions. B．Poor navigation.
C．Inclusive designs. D．High prices.

【答案】12．C    13．A    14．A    15．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述残疾人比正常人旅游次数少这一现象，并指出如果设备和城市变得更加智能，这一现象将改变。并展示了智能手杖这一设备。
12．词句猜测题。根据第二段第一句“A UK national travel survey found that adults with mobility difficulties took 39% fewer trips than those with no disability in 2017. Yet that could change as devices and cities grow smarter. (英国一项全国旅行调查发现，2017年，行动不便的成年人比没有残疾的成年人旅游次数少了39%。然而，随着设备和城市变得更加智能，这种情况可能会改变。)”可知，划线词为指示代词that，通常指代前文的人或物，可推测在本句子指代前文提到的这一事实：行动不便的成年人更少去旅游这一社会现象。故选C项。
13．主旨大意题。根据第三段二三句“The WeWalk stick has a sensor that detects hurdles above chest level and uses vibrations (振动) to warn the user. It can be paired with a smartphone to help navigation, and is connected with a voice assistant and Google Maps. (WeWalk手杖有一个传感器，可以检测胸部以上的障碍物，并使用振动来警告用户。它可以与智能手机配对以帮助导航，并与语音助手和谷歌地图连接。)”可知，本段主要介绍了这种手杖的工作原理。故选A项。
14．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Ceylan, who has been blind since birth, says that connecting the stick to the Internet of Things and smart city solutions makes it user-friendly. (Ceylan自出生以来就一直失明，他表示，将手杖连接到物联网和智能城市解决方案，使其易于使用。)”可知，Ceylan认为对他这样的盲人而言，这种手杖起到了作用，本段引用他说的话““As a blind person, when I am at the Metro station I don’t know which is my exit ... I don’t know which bus is approaching ... which stores are around me. That kind of information can be provided with the WeWalk,” he says.(“作为一个盲人，当我在地铁站时，我不知道哪个是我的出口……我不知道哪辆公共汽车来了。我周围有哪些商店?这类信息可以通过WeWalk提供。”)”也是进一步解释他在段首提出的智能手杖有价值这一观点。故选A项。
15．细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句““But they are very expensive ... they’re not going to be available to the vast majority of disabled people,” she added. (她补充道：“但它们非常昂贵…绝大多数残疾人都负担不起。”)”可知，这位专家的话语表明这种手杖的劣势是价格太贵。故选D项。

（E）
（2022江苏盐城·高三统考试卷）
This year saw the publication, in stages, of the sixth report by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—a report which was depressing reading for many climate scientists, and in some ways offered a ray of hope.
Why depressing? Because the report confirmed what scientists have been saying for years: that human activity, particularly in the form of emissions (排放) of greenhouse gases, is responsible for the warming in the past few centuries, and that unless such emissions are greatly reduced, we will soon bring about our entire ecosystem’s destruction.
The report concluded that 1.5°C of global warming over the next couple of hundred years is already “baked in”. This makes the goals outlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement—that nations agreed to keep warming below 2°C, and hopefully below 1.5°C-much harder to meet. Worse still, the IPCC report was followed later in the year by the COP27 summit (峰会), described by Prof Dann Mitchell, as “a complete failure, other than some commitment to loss and damage.”
And the ray of hope? The IPCC’s sixth report was broader in approach than previous studies—looking in-depth for the first time at the role played in warming by short-term greenhouse gases such as methane(甲烷), for instance.
“Reducing carbon emissions is always the best approach: stop the problem at its source,” said Mitchell. “But we also need other approaches to help with this. Methane is important, but it’s so short-lived-that’s why we haven’t been so bothered when compared with CO,.”
The IPCC working groups showed potential adaptation paths, and they are the other things we can do in terms of fighting climate change and relieving its worst effects, rather than simply reducing carbon emissions. This would include taking measures such as switching to a more plant-based diet (to reduce methane emissions), controlling population growth, reducing financial inequality and developing means by which we might remove CO, that’s already in our atmosphere, rather than simply preventing it being released.
16．Which of the following can best describe the sixth report by IPCC?
A．Seemingly contradictory. B．Wholly promising.
C．Particularly hopeless. D．Exceptionally new.
17．What does the underlined phrase “baked in” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．out of date. B．to the full.
C．under discussion. D．in progress
18．According to the passage, what can we learn about methane?
A．It has been long regarded as a major source of global warming.
B．Its role in global warming had been overlooked before the report.
C．Its boost to global warming is as much as other greenhouse gases.
D．It is considered as a new approach to reducing global warming.
19．How many aspects do the adaptation paths involve in the last paragraph?
A．2. B．3. C．4. D．5.

【答案】16．A    17．D    18．B    19．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要分析了联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）发布的第六份气候变化报告，这份报告既令人沮丧，又给人们以希望。
16．推理判断题。根据第一段“This year saw the publication, in stages, of the sixth report by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—a report which was depressing reading for many climate scientists, and in some ways offered a ray of hope.(今年，联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）分阶段发布了第六份报告，这份报告让许多气候科学家读起来令人沮丧，但在某些方面也带来了一线希望)”中报告的解释可知，这份报告既让人沮丧，又给人以希望，由此可以判断，该报告似乎是有些矛盾。故选A项。
17．词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“This makes the goals outlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement—that nations agreed to keep warming below 2°C, and hopefully below 1.5°C-much harder to meet.(这使得2015年《巴黎协定》中概述的目标——各国同意将升温控制在2°C以下，希望低于1.5°C——更难实现)”可知，此处讲述的是划线短语所在句子中产生的结果为使得2015年《巴黎协定》中概述的目标更难实现了，也就是说划线短语所在的句子陈述的内容已经形成，造成《巴黎协定》的目标更难实现，所以该短语的意思是“形成，在进行中”。故选D项。
18．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The IPCC’s sixth report was broader in approach than previous studies—looking in-depth for the first time at the role played in warming by short-term greenhouse gases such as methane(甲烷), for instance.(IPCC的第六份报告在方法上比以前的研究更广泛——首次深入研究了甲烷等短期温室气体在变暖中所起的作用)”可知，在IPCC的第六份报告中第一次深入研究了甲烷在气候变暖中的作用，由此可以推断，在这之前，未提到过甲烷对气候变暖带来的影响。故选B项。
19．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“This would include taking measures such as switching to a more plant—based diet (to reduce methane emissions), controlling population growth, reducing financial inequality and developing means by which we might remove CO, that’s already in our atmosphere, rather than simply preventing it being released.(这将包括采取措施，例如改用更多植物性饮食（以减少甲烷排放），控制人口增长，减少金融不平等以及开发我们可以去除已经在我们大气中的一氧化碳的方法，而不是简单地阻止它被释放)”可知，提到的适应性路径有转向更多的植物性饮食、控制人口增长、减少财政不平等以及开发方法解决已经存在大气中的CO。故选C项。

【议论文】
（A）
（2022江苏常州·高三统考试卷）
Personally, there is nothing I love more than asking “stupid” questions, especially the ones that have no right answers. I remember once asking some kids what time it was, at home, in Singapore, and finally on the Moon. After a long giggling silence, finally a shy girl ventured (试探地说) to say that it was “every time” followed by an energetic Einstein who shouted it was “no time”. Both kids shared that week’s Noble Prize, because no humans live in that distant world and time is a human construct.
As a matter of fact, we are all good at asking questions by nature, but sadly as we age, we get accustomed to the world around us and take things for granted. We became more results-oriented (注重结果的) and concentrate our efforts on success. If something is working, don’t fix it or worry about the cause; just relax and go with the flow. Conventional wisdom may work well, but that does not mean it is always right. Throughout history, it has been those who have questioned conventional wisdom and those who have challenged our common-sense notions of the world that have been the ones to have ushered in (开) the major advancements of human civilization.
In 500 BC, the ancient Greeks wondered whether the Earth was round because sailors on the sea had noticed that the farther south they went, the more different stars they saw in the sky. Why was the sky changing? Nearly 2,000 years later, the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei became interested in this question and ended up demonstrating the “crazy” concept of heliocentrism (日心说), in which the Sun lies at the center of the universe while the Earth revolves (旋转) around it at 30 kilometers per second. But if the Earth is spinning around so quickly, why aren’t we being thrown off of the surface of the planet? The answer to this question would not end up being revealed to us for another century.
People like routine, but past performance is no guarantee of future results. While those who challenge conventional wisdom tend to be subjected to abuse, the progress of humankind would have otherwise been impossible without these persistent people and their “stupid”questions.
20．What is the best title of this article?
A．Asking “stupid” questions.
B．Is conventional wisdom useless?
C．Some major advancements of human civilization
D．What caused them to ask conventional questions?
21．What commonly happens to us when we grow older according to the author?
A．We lay too much emphasis on process.
B．We still refuse to relax and go with the flow.
C．We start to challenge common-sense notions of the world
D．We gradually lose the ability to question conventional wisdom.
22．Who might have solved the question “why aren’t we being thrown off of the surface of the planet?”
A．An ancient Greek scientist living in 500 BC
B．Galileo Galilei living between 1564 and 1642.
C．Isaac Newton living between 1643 and 1727.
D．Albert Einstein living between 1879 and 1955.
23．How does the author develop his writing on the whole?
A．By comparison and contrast.
B．By using supporting examples.
C．By using time and space order.
D．By generalization and definition

【答案】20．A    21．D    22．C    23．B
【导语】本文是议论文。文章论证了问“愚蠢”的问题的重要性，说明正是那些质疑传统智慧和挑战我们对世界的常识性观念的人，引领了人类文明的重大进步。
20．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段中“Personally, there is nothing I love more than asking ‘stupid’ questions, especially the ones that have no right answers.(就我个人而言，没有什么比问“愚蠢”的问题更让我喜欢的了，尤其是那些没有正确答案的问题。)”和最后一段中“While those who challenge conventional wisdom tend to be subjected to abuse, the progress of humankind would have otherwise been impossible without these persistent people and their ‘stupid’ questions.(虽然那些挑战传统智慧的人往往会受到指责，但如果没有这些坚持不懈的人和他们提出的“愚蠢”问题，人类的进步就不可能实现。)”可知，作者认为“愚蠢”的问题非常重要，并用举例的方法说明了“愚蠢”的问题的意义，由此推知“Asking ‘stupid’ questions.(问“愚蠢”的问题)”是文章最佳标题。故选A项。
21．推理判断题。根据第二段中“As a matter of fact, we are all good at asking questions by nature, but sadly as we age, we get accustomed to the world around us and take things for granted.(事实上，我们天生都善于提问，但可悲的是，随着年龄的增长，我们已经习惯了周围的世界，认为一切都是理所当然的。)”可推知，根据作者的说法，当我们变老时，我们通常会认为周围一切都是理所当然的，失去了质疑传统智慧的能力。故选D项。
22．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In 500 BC, the ancient Greeks wondered whether the Earth was round because sailors on the sea had noticed that the farther south they went, the more different stars they saw in the sky. Why was the sky changing? Nearly 2,000 years later, the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei became interested in this question and ended up demonstrating the ‘crazy’ concept of heliocentrism (日心说)，in which the Sun lies at the center of the universe while the Earth revolves (旋转) around it at 30 kilometers per second.(公元前500年，古希腊人想知道地球是否是圆的，因为海上的水手们注意到，他们越往南走，他们在天空中看到的不同的星星就越多。为什么天空在变化?近2000年后，意大利天文学家伽利略·伽利莱对这个问题产生了兴趣，并最终证明了日心说的“疯狂”概念，即太阳位于宇宙的中心，而地球以每秒30公里的速度围绕它旋转。)”可知，伽利略在公元1500年左右提出“日心说”，结合“But if the Earth is spinning around so quickly, why aren’t we being thrown off of the surface of the planet? The answer to this question would not end up being revealed to us for another century.(但如果地球旋转得这么快，为什么我们没有被甩出地球表面呢?这个问题的答案直到一个世纪后才揭晓。)”可知，对于为什么我们没有被甩出地球表面这个问题，是在伽利略提出“日心说”一个世纪后，即公元1600多年才弄清楚的，由此推知，生于1643年至1727年的艾萨克·牛顿可能是解决这个问题的人。故选C项。
23．推理判断题。作者在第二段“Throughout history, it has been those who have questioned conventional wisdom and those who have challenged our common-sense notions of the world that have been the ones to have ushered in (开) the major advancements of human civilization.(纵观历史，正是那些质疑传统智慧和挑战我们对世界的常识性观念的人，引领了人类文明的重大进步。)”中提出观点，然后在第三段中通过例举古希腊人和意大利天文学家伽利略·伽利莱来说明正是质疑引领了人类文明的重大进步，由此可知作者是通过列举支撑例证的方式来展开写作的。故选B项。

（B）
（2022江苏盐城·高三盐城中学校考试卷）
Building good transportation is a good idea. To have environmental value, new transportation has to sufficiently replace or eliminate driving to cut energy consumption overall. That means that a new traffic system has to be supported by reduction in car use. Traffic lanes should be eliminated or converted into bike or bus lanes. Ideally, these should be combined with higher fuel taxes, and parking fees. Needless to say, I have to struggle to make myself extensively understood. But they’re necessary, because you can’t make people drive less, in the long run, by taking steps that make driving more pleasant, economical, and productive.
Lengthy commuting (通勤) time is a forceful factor which can slow the growth of suburbs. The farther people live away from cities, the longer commuting time they need, which means more pollution their cars produce. If, in a misguided effort to do something of environmental value, governments take steps that make long-distance car commuting faster or more convenient—by adding lanes, building bypass, employing traffic-control measures that make it possible for existing roads to accommodate more cars with fewer delays—we are actually encouraging people to live still farther from their jobs, stores, and schools. As a result, governments are forced to further extend road networks, water lines, and other facilities. If you cut commuting time by 10 percent, people who now drive fifty miles each way to work can find reason to move five miles farther out, because their travel time won’t change.
Traffic congestion (拥堵) isn’t an environmental problem; traffic is. Relieving congestion without doing anything to reduce the total volume of cars can only make the real problem worse. Highway engineers have known for a long time that building new car lanes only temporarily reduces congestion, because the new lanes add additional driving. Widening roads makes traffic move faster in the short term, but the improved conditions eventually attract additional drivers, and congestion reappears. With more car on the roads, people think about widening roads again. Moving drivers out of cars and into other forms of transportation can have the same effect, if existing traffic lanes are kept in service: road space stimulates road use.
One of the arguments that cities inevitably make in promoting transportation plans is that the new system, by relieving automobile congestion, will improve the lives of those who continue to drive. No one ever promotes a transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an environmental perspective, inconvenient travel is a worthy goal.
24．In the first paragraph, the author gives us the hint that his recommendations are ______.
A．not widely supported B．costly to carry out
C．generally recognized D．temporarily beneficial
25．According to the passage, what will happen if commuting time for drivers is reduced?
A．Drivers will become more productive employees.
B．Mass transportation will be extended farther into suburban areas.
C．Drivers will be more willing to live farther from their working place.
D．Mass transportation will carry fewer passengers and receive less government funding.
26．Which of the following can be inferred about the author’s attitude towards the measures to improve traffic?
A．They are environmentally beneficial and should be carried out immediately.
B．They are well intentioned but ultimately lead to environmental harm.
C．They will definitely arouse people’s awareness of environmental protection.
D．They will only work if they can make driving more economical and productive.
27．The author wrote this massage mainly to ______.
A．support the claim that efforts to reduce traffic actually increase traffic.
B．oppose the belief that improving mass transportation systems is good for the environment.
C．provide a balance between suburban expansion and traffic congestion.
D．indicate that making driving less agreeable is a way to reduce negative effects of traffic.

【答案】24．A    25．C    26．B    27．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者提出了为缓解交通对环境造成的破坏，需要减少汽车使用，把汽车出行变得不方便。这一观点并不为大众所接受。他通过指出减少通勤时间的好处和现行的一些缓解措施的不足分析支持自己的观点。
24．推理判断题。根据第一段第五句“Needless to say, I have to struggle to make myself extensively understood.(更不用说，我必须努力让自己被广泛地理解)”可知，作者的想法目前并没有被广泛接受，即没有被大众广泛支持。故选A项。
25．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“If you cut commuting time by 10 percent, people who now drive fifty miles each way to work can find reason to move five miles farther out, because their travel time won’t change.(如果你将通勤时间减少10%，那么现在每天单程开车50英里上班的人就有理由再往外走5英里，因为他们的行程时间不会改变)”可知，如果通勤时间减少，人们会愿意住得离上班的地方更远些。故选C项。
26．推理判断题。根据第三段第一二句“Traffic congestion (拥堵) isn’t an environmental problem; traffic is. Relieving congestion without doing anything to reduce the total volume of cars can only make the real problem worse. Highway engineers have known for a long time that building new car lanes only temporarily reduces congestion, because the new lanes add additional driving.（交通拥堵不是环境问题；交通本身就是。不采取任何措施减少汽车总量来缓解拥堵只会使真正的问题变得更糟。公路工程师们早就知道，修建新的车道只是暂时减少拥堵，因为新车道增加了额外的驾驶。）”可知，作者认为现有的比如增加车道目的在不缓解拥堵，但实际上增加了驾驶，从长远看反而对环境有害。故可推测出作者认为这些措施是出自好心，但对环境有害。故选B项。
27．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段第三句“That means that a new traffic system has to be supported by reduction in car use.(这意味着新的交通系统必须通过减少汽车使用来支持)”和最后一句“No one ever promotes a transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an environmental perspective, inconvenient travel is a worthy goal.(从来没有人通过争论某个交通系统会使旅行变得不那么方便来推广这个交通系统，尽管从环境角度来看，不方便的旅行是一个值得追求的目标)”可知，在作者眼里，为了缓解环境压力，把开车出行变得不那么方便，不那么让人开心是一个好方法在，这也是他在本文中推崇的。故选D项。

（C）
（2022·江苏·高三校联考试卷）
Earlier this month, British supermarket chain Morrisons announced that it would be removing “use by” dates on most of its milk. The idea behind this is to discourage people from throwing milk away based on a date, rather than sniffing (闻) and looking at it to determine whether it’s still safe for consumption.
The fact is that significant amounts of food get wasted every year by people blindly following expiration dates, rather than their senses. What makes matters worse is that most dates don’t mean much, anyway. They’re assigned somewhat randomly by food manufacturers that are not held to any regulatory standards for what determines a safe date nor what expertise (专门知识) is required to make such a judgment call—so it makes sense that they’d be too cautious.
What I find amusing, however, is that many people seem to be horrified by this approaching absence of “use by” dates.
In fact, I never look at expiration dates when I shop. To me, it’s as if they don’t exist. To be clear, I am not an absent-minded shopper. I pay close attention to both packaging and price. Despite having a full cart at checkout, I could tell you the exact price of every item in it. Any time I see a clearance rack (清仓货架) at the store, that’s usually where I go first because it’s exactly the stuff I want to buy—the cheaper, the better! If there’s any heavily discounted product that I’d normally use, I will certainly take it. Often, I’ll mentally adjust my weekly menu plan on the spot, based on what I find.
The handful of times I have looked at expiration dates have been for short-lived items like prepackaged salad greens. What I’ve found, however, is that the dates mean little. Even a package that claims to be fresh can still have rotten yellow leaves at the bottom, which turns me off. Therefore, the expiration date means next to nothing, but my visual assessment, combined with my intention for when I plan to eat it, is far more useful.
Food is your friend. Food is not out to kill you!
28．Why will Morrisons remove “use by” dates on most of its milk?
A．To reduce food waste. B．To improve customers’ senses.
C．To meet the regulatory standards. D．To be cautious about food quality.
29．What do we know about the author’s shopping habit from the text?
A．She shows little interest in packaging.
B．She cares more about the price.
C．She always avoids buying discounted products.
D．She is often careless about choosing goods.
30．Why does the author give the example of “prepackaged salad greens”?
A．To claim her favorite food.
B．To introduce her cooking habit.
C．To stress the uselessness of expiration dates.
D．To show the poor packaging of some food.
31．What is the best title for the text?
A．What Makes Us Waste More Food B．Why We Need “Use By” Dates
C．How I Choose Food for Cooking D．Why I Ignore Food Expiration Dates

【答案】28．A    29．B    30．C    31．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者通过自己消费习惯和生活中的例子的论述解释了为什么要忽视食物的保质期。
28．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The idea behind this is to discourage people from throwing milk away based on a date, rather than sniffing (闻) and looking at it to determine whether it’s still safe for consumption.(这背后的想法是阻止人们根据一个日期就扔掉牛奶，而不是闻和看它是否仍然可以安全食用。)”第二段“The fact is that significant amounts of food get wasted every year by people blindly following expiration dates, rather than their senses. What makes matters worse is that most dates don’t mean much, anyway.(事实是，每年有大量的食物被浪费是因为人们盲目地遵循保质期，而不是他们的感官。更糟糕的是，大多数日期都没有什么意义。)可知，为了减少食物浪费，莫里森公司将在大部分牛奶上去掉“食用截止日期”。故选A。
29．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“I pay close attention to both packaging and price.(我非常注意包装和价格。)”可知，作者的消费习惯是她更关心价格。故选B。
30．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The handful of times I have looked at expiration dates have been for short-lived items like prepackaged salad greens. What I’ve found, however, is that the dates mean little. Even a package that claims to be fresh can still have rotten yellow leaves at the bottom, which turns me off.( 我看过的几次保质期都是预先包装的蔬菜沙拉等短期食品。然而，我发现，日期意义不大。即使是号称新鲜的包装，底部也可能有腐烂的黄叶，这让我很反感。)”可推知，作者举了一个“预先包装的蔬菜沙拉”的例子来强调保质期的无用性。故选C。
31．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Earlier this month, British supermarket chain Morrisons announced that it would be removing “use by” dates on most of its milk. (本月早些时候，英国连锁超市莫里森(Morrisons)宣布，将在大部分牛奶中去掉“食用日期”。)”和第二段“The fact is that significant amounts of food get wasted every year by people blindly following expiration dates, rather than their senses. What makes matters worse is that most dates don’t mean much, anyway.(事实是，每年有大量的食物被浪费是因为人们盲目地遵循保质期，而不是他们的感官。更糟糕的是，大多数日期都没有什么意义。)”以及下文中作者通过自己消费习惯和生活中的例子的论述可知，文章主要讲述了作者为什么会忽视食物的保质期。故选D。

（D）
（2022江苏盐城·校考模拟试卷）
In the autumn of 1853 Thomas Butler Gunn got lost — temporarily rather than physically. On a visit to Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, and isolated from the outside world, his diary quickly divorced the time order of reality. Wednesdays are repeated and days go mislabelled. It took around a fortnight, and renewed contact with civilization, for Gunn to restore his weekly bearings.
The episode (经历), says David Henkin, suggests how fragile a sense of time can be — especially when it comes to weeks. Unlike months or years, these seven-day groupings have no real basis in astronomy. People from Nigeria to China have lived well without them.
And yet the week has become the measure not only of routine, but even of wisdom. “Weekly rhythms have become so thoroughly absorbed into ordinary human experience,” Mr Henkin writes, “that forgetting what day it is constitutes a singular symptom and feeling of disorientation (迷失方向).” His new book shows how the week came to rule the world.
But when newspapers, factory schedules and weekly paydays were all rarer, the weekly structure was less important. People got confused. As late as 1866, the Louisville Courier mentioned a man getting drunk on Friday because he thought it was Saturday.
As towns grew and society became more complicated, citizens “became differently and more intensely week-oriented, in ways we can now recognize as modern”. When his local charity met on Wednesdays in 1859, and choral concerts were scheduled for Fridays, James Fiske of Massachusetts couldn’t afford to mix up his days. Japan formally adopted the seven-day system only in 1873; all the same, a character in a novel by Haruki Murakami is as sure of something “as I am sure that today is Wednesday”.
32．What is the function of Paragraph 1?
A．To introduce the topic. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To record some experience. D．To make a prediction.
33．Why can a sense of week be so fragile?
A．Because it does rule the world. B．Because it is tightly related to reality.
C．Because it is not used very often. D．Because it is not based on astronomy.
34．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A．The influence of abusing the week.
B．The change of weekly rhythms.
C．The disadvantage of using the week less.
D．The importance of changing the weekly structure.
35．What is the author’s attitude towards the use of the week?
A．Positive. B．Intolerant. C．Negative. D．Unclear.

【答案】32．A    33．D    34．C    35．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲了周概念的普及其带来的优势，以及周概念的淡化引起的误解，并在字里行间表达了作者的观点。
32．推理判断题。根据下文内容，尤其第二段的“The episode (经历), says David Henkin, suggests how fragile a sense of time can be — especially when it comes to weeks. Unlike months or years, these seven-day groupings have no real basis in astronomy. (大卫·亨金说，这一事件表明，时间观念是多么脆弱——尤其是当涉及到几周的时候。不像月或年，这些7天的分组在天文学上没有真正的基础)”和第三段的“And yet the week has become the measure not only of routine, but even of wisdom. (然而，这周不仅成为衡量日常生活的标准，甚至成为衡量智慧的标准)”可知，下文陈述了与“周”这个概念有关的内容。由此推知，第一段通过讲述一个故事导入本文的主题——周概念。故选A。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段的“The episode (经历), says David Henkin, suggests how fragile a sense of time can be — especially when it comes to weeks. Unlike months or years, these seven-day groupings have no real basis in astronomy. (大卫·亨金说，这一事件表明，时间观念是多么脆弱——尤其是当涉及到几周的时候。不像月或年，这些7天的分组在天文学上没有真正的基础)”可知，周的感觉很脆弱是因为这七天分组在天文学上没有真正的基础。故选D。
34．主旨大意题。根据第四段“But when newspapers, factory schedules and weekly paydays were all rarer, the weekly structure was less important. People got confused. As late as 1866, the Louisville Courier mentioned a man getting drunk on Friday because he thought it was Saturday. (但当报纸、工厂时间表和每周发薪日都比较少时，每周结构就不那么重要了。人们感到困惑。直到1866年，《路易斯维尔信使报》还提到一名男子星期五喝醉了，因为他以为那是星期六)”可知，本段主要讲述了“周”的使用变少导致人们困惑，即少使用“周”造成的不便。故选C。
35．推理判断题。根据第三段的“And yet the week has become the measure not only of routine, but even of wisdom. (然而，这周不仅成为衡量日常生活的标准，甚至成为衡量智慧的标准)”，和第四段陈述少使用“周”造成的不便，以及最后一段的“As towns grew and society became more complicated, citizens “became differently and more intensely week-oriented, in ways we can now recognize as modern”. (随着城镇的发展和社会变得更加复杂，公民‘变得不同，更加注重周，以我们现在可以认识到的现代方式’)”推知，作者对“周”的使用持积极态度。故选A。

（E）
（2023江苏扬州·扬州中学校考模拟试卷）
Critics who don’t themselves make music “SHOULD BE UNEMPLOYED”, the American singer Lizzo tweeted to her 222,000 followers this week. The star was reacting angrily to an unfavorable review of her new album Cuz I Love You.
Lizzo was wrong about this. Publishers, studios and artists have always been publicists (推介者) as well as creators. Independent voices offer a crucial counterweight. Critics help people determine which music, TV, books and plays to spend their time and money on, and to make the most of those choices. The Internet has made it easier to sample culture, while social media has vastly increased the range of word of mouth. But in this digital age, the critics’ role has become more important.
Judgments, whether of opera or soap opera, are subjective. What is considered beautiful or interesting depends on perspective. But knowledge and experience matter. A person who has been reading poetry for decades, or has seen a play many times, will be able to tell you things about a new poem or performance that others can’t—even, sometimes, their creators.
Disagreement is healthy. Artists are free to disagree with critics, just as other critics are. The Internet was supposed to make this whole process more democratic (民主的) and open, since it could publish far more opinions than the printed pages of old. The wisdom of the crowd, in all its diversity, would enhance that of the traditional gatekeepers.
This partly worked. It is much easier to access a range of views than it used to be. Lively arguments about talked-about shows can quickly spread. But social media also provides a platform for performers to reveal their sensitivity, or for armies of fans to attack anyone who dares to dislike a favored star.
The evil critic, motivated by envy of creativity, is an overused term to flatter (奉承) artists. True, reviewers can be mean. Criticism is the exercise of judgment, and this applies to what is said but also how and to whom; as a rule, novices (新手) should be treated more gently. Yet performers and others who hate unpleasant words should be careful what they wish for. Critics are part of the proof that culture matters.
36．Why do critics understand a poem better than their creators?
A．Because they understand readers’ tastes better. B．Because they are more experienced in poetry.
C．Because they draw on various online opinions. D．Because they dare to disagree with artists.
37．In which way does the Internet benefit critics?
A．It makes their judgements more objective. B．It conveys their opinions to more people.
C．It provides different opinions for reference. D．It helps them sense the artists’ sensitivity.
38．What is the author’s attitude towards the Internet publishing more opinions?
A．Favorable. B．Unclear. C．Cautious. D．Intolerant.
39．What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?
A．The term “evil critic” should be abandoned. B．Critics should be more gentle in their reviews.
C．New critics should be careful with their words. D．Artists should accept unfavorable reviews.

【答案】36．B    37．C    38．C    39．D
【导语】本文为一篇议论文，讨论了关于网络时代评论家的重要性。
36．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“But knowledge and experience matter. A person who has been reading poetry for decades, or has seen a play many times, will be able to tell you things about a new poem or performance that others can’t—even, sometimes, their creators.”（但知识和经验很重要。一个读了几十年诗的人，或者看过很多次戏剧的人，能够告诉你一首新诗或一场演出的一些事情，而其他人，甚至有时候，他们的创作者，都做不到。）可知，评论家阅读诗歌更有经验，能比创作者更好地了解诗歌。故选B项。
37．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The Internet was supposed to make this whole process more democratic and open, since it could publish far more opinions than the printed pages of old.”（互联网本应使整个过程更加民主和开放，因为它可以比旧的印刷页面发表更多的意见。）及第五段“It is much easier to access a range of views than it used to be.  Lively arguments about talked-about shows can quickly spread.”（现在访问一系列视图比以前容易多了。关于热门节目的激烈争论可以迅速传播。）可知，互联网给评论家提供了不同的意见供参考。故选C项。
38．推理判断题。根据文章第第四段的“The Internet was supposed to make this whole process more democratic (民主的) and open, since it could publish far more opinions than the printed pages of old. The wisdom of the crowd, in all its diversity, would enhance that of the traditional gatekeepers. (互联网本应使整个过程更加民主和开放，因为它可以比旧的印刷页面发表更多的意见。群众的智慧，尽管具有多样性，也会增强传统把关人的智慧)”和第五段的“This partly worked. It is much easier to access a range of views than it used to be. Lively arguments about talked-about shows can quickly spread. But social media also provides a platform for performers to reveal their sensitivity, or for armies of fans to attack anyone who dares to dislike a favored star.”（这只起到了部分作用。现在访问一系列视图比以前容易多了。关于热门节目的激烈争论可以迅速传播。但社交媒体也为表演者提供了一个平台，让他们展示自己的敏感，或者让大批粉丝攻击任何胆敢不喜欢自己喜爱的明星的人。）可知，互联网只是对加强评论家的作用起到部分作用，既提供了多种参考意见，同时又给攻击评论家提供了平台。由此推知，作者对互联网发表更多意见的态度是审慎的。故选C项。
39．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“Yet performers and others who hate unpleasant words should be careful what they wish for. Critics are part of the proof that culture matters.”（然而，表演者和其他讨厌不愉快话语的人应该小心他们的愿望。批评家们是文化重要性的一部分证明。）可知，作者希望艺术家应该接受负面评价，慎重对待它们。故选D项。


（2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语真题）
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28．What is the purpose of the project?
A．To ensure harmony in care homes. B．To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C．To raise money for medical research. D．To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29．How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A．She has learned new life skills. B．She has gained a sense of achievement.
C．She has recovered her memory. D．She has developed a strong personality.
30．What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A．Improve. B．Oppose. C．Begin. D．Evaluate.
31．What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A．It is well received. B．It needs to be more creative.
C．It is highly profitable. D．It takes ages to see the results.

【答案】28．D    29．B    30．C    31．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
28．细节理解题。根据第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况。)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了减少孤独和提高老年人的幸福感。故选D项。
29．推理判断题。根据第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好。)”可知，Ruth Xavier很享受做这些事，她觉得自己在做有用的事，这能够给她来良好的感觉，因此可知通过该项目她获得了一种成就感。故选B项。
30．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” (彭福街60号的额外护理经理Wendy Wilson是第一批参与该项目的人之一，她说：“居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。”)”可知，Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，也是做这个项目的创始人之一，因此可知，画线处embark on意为“开始着手做某事”，与C项“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C项。
31．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说：“我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来。”)”可知，该项目得到了居民们的认可，大家很欢迎这个项目，而且这个项目将会带来一些好处，因此可知这个项目的反响很好，很受欢迎。故选A项。
【点睛】

（2020年江苏省英语高考试卷）

Sometimes it’s hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country’s past-age-old castles, splendid homes… and red phone boxes.
Beaten first by the march of technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场), the phone boxes representative of an age are now making something of a comeback. Adapted in imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair shops or even defibrillator machines (除颤器).
The original iron boxes with the round roofs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.
About that time, Tony Inglis’ engineering and transport company got the job to remove phone boxes from the streets and sell them out. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea of repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls to preserve the boxes and had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings.
As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.
In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role. Local organizations can adopt them for l pound, and install defibrillators to help in emergencies.
Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities. LoveFone, a company that advocates repairing cellphones rather than abandoning them, opened a mini workshop in a London phone box in 2016.
The tiny shops made economic sense, according to Robert Kerr, a founder of LoveFone. He said that one of the boxes generated around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.
Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last. “I like what they are to people, and I enjoy bringing things back,” he said.
58. The phone boxes are making a comeback ______.
A. to form a beautiful sight of the city
B. to improve telecommunications services
C. to remind people of a historical period
D. to meet the requirement of green economy
59. Why did the phone boxes begin to go out of service in the 1980s?
A. They were not well-designed. B. They provided bad services.
C. They had too short a history. D. They lost to new technologies.
60. The phone boxes are becoming popular mainly because of ______.
A. their new appearance and lower prices B. the push of the local organizations
C. their changed roles and functions D. the big funding of the businessmen
【答案】58. C 59. D 60. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在英国，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用。后来，一些商人使电话亭的角色和功能发生了变化，电话亭又变得流行起来。
【58题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段Sometimes it’s hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country’s past-age-old castles, splendid homes.. and red phone boxes.(有时候真的很难放手。对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过去历史的机构和物品--古老的城堡、辉煌的住宅……还有红色的电话亭)和最后一段Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last.(英格利斯说，电话亭让人想起了一个东西经久耐用的时代)可知，电话亭正在卷土重来，以提醒人们一个历史时期。故选C。
【59题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.(在成为英国许多街道的重要组成部分后，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始消失，随着移动电话的兴起，大部分电话亭被扔到了垃圾场)可知，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用是因为它们输给了新技术。故选D。
【60题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.(随着英格利斯和后来的其他商人开始工作，改装后的电话亭开始在城市和乡村重新出现，人们发现了它们的新用途。今天，它们再次成为人们熟悉的景象，扮演着与它们最初的目的同样重要的角色)和第六段In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role.(在农村地区，救护车要花相当长的时间才能到达，电话亭就起到了拯救生命的作用)以及第七段Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities.(其他人也在电话亭寻找商机)可推断出，电话亭之所以变得流行，主要是因为它们的角色和功能发生了变化。故选C。