高中英语高考必修第一册 Unit5 Languages Around the World 【过关测试】（解析版）

这是一份高中英语高考必修第一册 Unit5 Languages Around the World 【过关测试】（解析版），共15页。

Ⅰ. 单词拼写
1.D___________ the cld weather,we had a happy weekend.
2. As we knw, taking a psitive a________ t life is gd fr ur bdy and mind.
3. When I said that smebdy was really naughty, I didn’t r________ t yu.
4. I als enjyed the sights f the Arch f Triumph, which is regarded as the s________ f France.
5. Nwhere else in the US can we find such a v________ f peples.
6. Yu can always tell the difference between the turists and the ________ (当地人)．
7. The students, ________ (主修) in histry at cllege, made a cmment n the matter.
8. Radi and telephnes are imprtant ________ (手段) f cmmunicatin.
9.We really_____________(感激)all the help yu gave us last weekend.
10. Chinese ________ (汉字) are becming mre and mre ppular arund the wrld.
答案:1. Despite 2.attitude 3. refer 4. symbl 5. variety 6. natives 7. majring 8. means 9. appreciate 10. characters
Ⅱ. 单句语法填空
1. In my pinin, my best friend changed my attitude ________ life.
2. The study was based ________ the data frm 2，000 men and wmen.
3. The ________ (majr) f peple wn a dg fr cmpaninship.
4. The nvel is regarded ________ ne f the excellent wrks.
5. S far, every pssible means ________ (try) t slve the prblem.
6. As we all knw, ________ (glbe)warming is a real prblem.
7. The article was abut the different ________ (varius) f English spken all ver the wrld.
8. I wuld appreciate ________ if yu culd call back this afternn.
9. In his speech, he ________ (refer) t a recent trip t Canada the ther day.
10.In fact n , picture r phtgraph cnveys the impact which it makes.(describe)
答案:
1. t/twards 2. n/upn 3. majrity 4. as 5. has been tried 6. glbal 7. varieties 8. it 9. referred
10. descriptin
III. 选词填空
1.The nvel _______________ne f the excellent wrks.
2. The bk ______________ at the meeting by White is written by his father.
3. All the phtgraphs in this bk, unless stated therwise, ______________ the 1950s.
4. She didn’t speak a wrd t me ______________ back hme.
5. His first bk t be published next mnth ______________ a true stry.
6. ______________ many difficulties, he managed t get thrugh the experiment.
7. Jin us t taste ______________ fresh lcal fds and drinks.
8. The circle ______________ sectins, and each sectin represents a fractin f the data.
9.In Chinese culture,each year an animal accrding t the 12-year cycle.
10. I’ve tried every diet t lse sme weight, but I failed every time. My weight has always been ______________．
答案:
1.is regarded as 2. referred t 3. date back t 4. all the way 5. is based n 6. In spite f 7. a variety f 8. is divided int 9.is related t 10. up and dwn
IV. 语法填空
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
English has develped ver a lng histry.
Old English cnsists f a 56 (mix) f Celtic language and the languages spken by tw Germanic grups frm the 57 (Eurpe) mainland.At the end f the 9th century,the Vikings mved t Britain, 58 (bring) with them their languages.Their languages als mixed 59 Old English,which had becme the fficial language f England by the 10th century.
Middle English refers t the English 60 (use) frm arund the 12th t the 15th centuries.In 1066,Nrmans, 61 French-speaking peple,defeated England. 62 French did nt replace English as the first language,it 63 (play) an imprtant rle in the frmatin f English.
During the Renaissance in the 16th century,Mdern English appeared,in 64 many Latin and Greek wrds were included.Nw English is 65 (wide) spken arund the wrld.
56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
61._________ 62. 63. 64. 65.
语篇导读这是一篇说明文,介绍了英语的发展过程。
56mixture 【解析】此处表示古英语由凯尔特语和来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼语族混合而成。根据前面的a可知此处应用名词,故填mixture。
57Eurpean 【解析】由语境可知,此处应用形容词修饰名词mainland,故填Eurpean。
58bringing 【解析】此处表示九世纪末,维京人带着他们的语言到了英国。因主语“the Vikings”与bring之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词做伴随状语,故填bringing。
59with 【解析】此处表示他们的语言也与古英语混合在一起,古英语到10世纪时已成为英国的官方语言。mix with sth.是固定搭配,表示“与……混合”,故填with。
60used 【解析】中世纪英语是指大约从12世纪到15世纪使用的英语。因use与被修饰词English之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故此处用过去分词短语做后置定语,故填used。
61a 【解析】1066年,诺曼人,一个说法语的民族打败了英国。句中的peple在此表示“民族”,是可数名词,此处表示泛指,故填a。
62Althugh/Thugh/While 【解析】句意:法语虽然没有取代英语作为第一语言,但在英语的形成中起了重要作用。根据句意可知,此处引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然,尽管”,位于句首时应注意首字母大写,故填Althugh/Thugh/While。
63played 【解析】本段讲述的是中古英语,即约12世纪到15世纪的英语,所以应该用一般过去时,故填played。
64which 【解析】句意:在16世纪的文艺复兴时期,出现了现代英语,其中包括许多拉丁词汇和希腊词汇。这是一个由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,修饰先行词Mdern English,关系词在从句中做宾语,因为前面有介词,所以只能用which。
65widely 【解析】句意:现在,英语在世界各地广泛使用。此处用副词修饰动词,故填widely。
V. 阅读理解
A
When yu study abrad in France, yu can expect t be treated the same as yur native classmates, whether in a lecture r a discussin class.
While yu can study abrad in France and fcus n nearly any subject, it’s the students with a passin fr the arts, architecture （建筑学）and histry that rush t the cuntry in the largest numbers. And that’s n shck, cnsidering that France has been the center f the arts fr centuries.
As students f the arts, yu will have t make careful use f yur time, given all that France has t ffer：
•Visit the Luvre t view the wrks f French artists such as Mnet, Matisse and Renir；
•Read the wrks f such French literary geniuses as Baudelaire, Prust and Vltaire；
•Listen t the music f Debussy, r mre cntemprary （当代的） artists like Air and Daft Punk.
France is als a main destinatin fr architecture students, as yu will see architecture in nearly every style：
•The Gthic Chateau de Chambrd, built in the 1500s；
•Place Dauphine built in 1607 in Barque style；
•The pst-mdern husing develpment, Marnela-Vallée.
Histry students will find that France has been where the actin is fr quite sme time. Over the curse f the centuries, it has been the stage fr the mst imprtant develpments in the histry f mankind, including the French Revlutin, the rise f Naplen and the rise f the Fifth Republic under President Charles de Gaulle. It was als the site f the D-Day invasin （诺曼底登陆）f Wrld War Ⅱ.
As a pssible study-abrad lcatin, France has a lt t ffer, because the cmbinatin f educatinal institutins （教育机构）, arts and culture, and natinal histry is secnd t nne.
1. What can we learn abut studying abrad in France frm the text?
A. Few students chse t study in France.
B. There are many lectures and discussin classes.
C. Students frm freign cuntries are usually treated badly.
D. France is the best place fr students wh lve the arts.
2. What can art students d n weekends?
A. Enjy Vltaire’s music.
B. Listen t Prust’s music.
C. Read Renir’s literary wrks.
D. View Mnet’s wrks in the Luvre.
3. The text is mst likely taken frm __________.
A. a study-abrad website
B. an architecture advertisement
C. a histry bk
D. a fashin magazine
［语篇解读］本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了法国可以为留学生提供许多好的学习机会，是学习艺术、建筑和历史的留学生的好去处。
1. D 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“And that’s n shck, cnsidering that France has been the center f the arts fr centuries.”可知，法国数世纪以来一直是艺术的中心。由此推知对于爱好艺术的学生，法国是最好的去处。故选D项。
2. D 细节理解题。根据文中提到的Visit the Luvre t view the wrks f French artists such as Mnet, Matisse and Renir 可知，学习艺术的学生在周末的时候可以去法国卢浮宫参观莫奈的作品。故选D项。
3. A 推理判断题。本文主要介绍法国是留学生学习的好地方，可以为学习艺术、建筑和历史的学生提供许多学习机会。因此，本文很可能选自国外学习网站。故选A项。
B
Passenger pigens(旅鸽)nce flew ver much f the United States in unbelievable numbers.Written accunts frm the 18th and 19th centuries described flcks(群)s large that they darkened the sky fr hurs.
It was calculated that when its ppulatin reached its highest pint，there were mre than 3 billin passenger pigens－a number equal t 24 t 40 percent f the ttal bird ppulatin in the United States，making it perhaps the mst abundant bird in the wrld.Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already becme smaller，a flck believed t be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (abut 515 kilmeters) lng was seen near Cincinnati.
Sadly，the abundance f passenger pigens may have been their unding.Where the birds were mst abundant，peple believed there was an ever lasting supply and killed them by the thusands.Cmmercial hunters attracted them t small clearings with grain，wait until pigens had settled t feed，then threw large nets ver them，taking hundreds at a time.The birds were shipped t large cities and sld in restaurants.
By the clsing decades f the 19th century，the hardwd frests where passenger pigens nested had been damaged by Americans' need fr wd，which scattered(驱散)the flcks and frced the birds t g farther nrth，where cld temperatures and spring strms cntributed t their decline.Sn the great flcks were gne，never t be seen again.
In 1897，the state f Michigan passed a law prhibiting the killing f passenger pigens，but by then，n sizable flcks had been seen in the state fr 10 years.The last cnfirmed wild pigen in the United States was sht by a by in Pike Cunty，Ohi，in 1900.Fr a time，a few birds survived under human care.The last f them，knwn affectinately as Martha，died at the Cincinnati Zlgical Garden n September 1,1914.
【语篇解读】 本文叙述了旅鸽逐渐消失的过程。
1．In the 18th and early 19th centuries，passenger pigens ________.
A．were the biggest bird in the wrld
B．lived mainly in the suth f America
C．did great harm t the natural envirnment
D．were the largest bird ppulatin in the US
答案 D [事实细节题。根据文章第一段所述在18和19世纪，美国大群的旅鸽飞起来可以遮住天空几个小时，所以美国旅鸽的数量是最大的，故选D。]
2．The underlined wrd“unding”prbably refers t the pigens' ________.
A．escapeB．ruin
C．liberatinD．evlutin
答案 B [词义猜测题。根据文章第三段中“where the birds were the thusands”可知旅鸽遭到捕杀，所以ruin和unding词义相似，故选B。]
3．What was the main reasn fr peple t kill passenger pigens?
A．T seek pleasure.B．T save ther birds.
C．T make mney.D．T prtect crps.
答案 C [事实细节题。根据文章第二段中“Cmmercial hunters attracted in restaurants”可知旅鸽遭到捕杀的主要原因是捕杀者要赚钱。故选C。]
4．What can we infer abut the law passed in Michigan?
A．It was ignred by the public.
B．It was declared t late.
C．It was unfair.
D．It was strict.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“In 1897，the state 10 years”可知通过法律后的10年，鸽群数量仍然不多，所以制定法律为时已晚，故选B。]
C
As Internet users becme mre dependent n the Internet t stre infrmatin，are peple remembering less? If yu knw yur cmputer will save infrmatin，why stre it in yur wn persnal memry，yur brain? Experts are wndering if the Internet is changing what we remember and hw.
In a recent study，Prfessr Betsy Sparrw cnducted sme experiments.She and her research team wanted t knw hw the Internet is changing memry.In the first experiment，they gave peple 40 unimprtant facts t type int a cmputer.The first grup f peple understd that the cmputer wuld save the infrmatin.The secnd grup understd that the cmputer wuld nt save it.Later，the secnd grup remembered the infrmatin better.Peple in the first grup knew they culd find the infrmatin again，s they did nt try t remember it.
In anther experiment，the researchers gave peple facts t remember，and tld them where t find the infrmatin n the cmputer.The infrmatin was in a specific cmputer flder (文件夹)．Surprisingly，peple later remembered the flder lcatin (位置) better than the facts.When peple use the Internet，they d nt remember the infrmatin.Rather，they remember hw t find it.This is called “transactive memry (交互记忆)．”
Accrding t Sparrw，we are nt becming peple with pr memries as a result f the Internet.Instead，cmputer users are develping strnger transactive memries；that is，peple are learning hw t rganize huge quantities f infrmatin s that they are able t access it at a later date.This desn't mean we are becming either mre r less intelligent，but there is n dubt that the way we use memry is changing.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。人们越来越依赖网络了，网络中储存着大量的信息，人们还需要用大脑去记忆吗？是不是我们的大脑越来越不记事情了？科学家对此进行了两个实验，来验证我们的大脑记忆事情的变化。
1．The passage begins with tw questins t________.
A．intrduce the main tpic
B．shw the authr's attitude
C．describe hw t use the Internet
D．explain hw t stre infrmatin
答案 A [推理判断题。文章主要讨论网络是否引起了人们的大脑记忆事情的变化。作者首先运用两个问题来引出话题，因此A项最佳。文章开头的问题是导入话题的，因此可以排除其他选项。]
2．What can we learn abut the first experiment?
A．The Sparrw's team typed the infrmatin int a cmputer.
B．The tw grups remembered the infrmatin equally well.
C．The first grup did nt try t remember the infrmatin.
D．The secnd grup did nt understand the infrmatin.
答案 C [细节理解题。由第二段中的“Peple in the first grup knew they culd find the infrmatin again，s they did nt try t remember it.”可知，因为知道电脑会储存信息，所以第一组实验者就没有去记忆这些信息。故选C。A项错在不是Sparrw的团队，而是参加实验的人把信息输入电脑，可排除；B项与第二段倒数第二句“ secnd grup remembered the infrmatin better.”矛盾，可排除；文章中未提及D项，可排除。]
3．In transactive memry，peple________.
A．keep the infrmatin in mind
B．change the quantity f infrmatin
C．rganize infrmatin like a cmputer
D．remember hw t find the infrmatin
答案 D [细节理解题。由第三段中的“When peple use the Internet，they d nt remember the infrmatin.Rather，they remember hw t find it.”可知，在这样的情况下，人们更容易记住怎样找到信息，而不是信息的内容，故选D项。]
4．What is the effect f the Internet accrding t Sparrw's research?
A．We are using memry differently.
B．We are becming mre intelligent.
C．We have prer memries than befre.
D．We need a better way t access infrmatin.
答案 A [推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的最后一句“This desn't mean we are becming either mre r less intelligent，but there is n dubt that the way we use memry is changing”．(这并不意味着我们变得更聪明或更不聪明了，但毫无疑问我们利用记忆的方式在改变)可排除B、C两项，确定A项正确。文章中未提及D项“我们需要一种更好的方式来获取信息”。]
VI. 完形填空
The jurney my daughter Cathy has had with her swimming is as lng as it is beautiful.
Cathy suffered sme terrible__1__ in her early childhd.After years f regular treatment，she __2__ became healthy.
Tw years ag，while Cathy was watching the Olympics，a dream came int her sweet little head—t be a swimmer.Last summer，she wanted t __3__ ur lcal swim team.She practiced hard and finally __4__ it.The team practice，__5__，was a rugh start.She cughed and chked and culd hardly __6__ her first few weeks.Hearing her cughing bitterly ne night，I decided t __7__ her frm it all.But Cathy wke me up early next mrning，wearing her swimsuit __8__ t g! I tld her she shuldn't swim after a whle night's cughing，but she refused t __9__ and insisted she g.
Frm that day n，Cathy kept swimming and didn't __10__ a single practice.She had a __11__ intentin within herself t be the best she culd be.My ten­year­ld was grwing and changing right befre my eyes，int this __12__ human being with a passin and a missin.There were mments f __13__ f curse：ften she wuld be the last swimmer in the race.It was difficult fr Cathy t accept that she wasn't a __14__—ever.But that didn't stp her frm trying.
Then came the final awards ceremny at the end f the year.Cathy didn't expect any award but was still there t __15__ her friends and praise their accmplishments.As the ceremny was nearing the end，I suddenly heard the head cach __16__，“The highest hnr ges t Cathy！” Lking arund，he cntinued，“Cathy has inspired us with her __17__ and enthusiasm.__18__ skills and talents bring great success，the mst valuable asset(财富)ne can hld is the heart.”
It was the greatest __19__ f my daughter's life.With all she had been __20__ in her ten years，this was the hur f true triumph(成功)．
【语篇解读】 这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述自己十岁的女儿在童年遭受病痛之苦，在接受治疗之后好转。之后决心做一个游泳选手，虽然身体不适，还是坚持训练，虽然经常是比赛后的最后一名，但是一直不放弃。最后教练的一番话给予Cathy最大的奖励和肯定。
1．A.failureB．pressure
C．lssD．illness
答案 D [考查名词辨析。根据下文的treatment，可知，Cathy在童年的时候，得了可怕的疾病。A.失败；B.压力；C.损失；D.疾病。故选D。]
2．A.usuallyB．finally
C．firstlyD．frequently
答案 B [考查副词辨析。根据上文After years f regular treatment，可知，她最后健康了。A.通常；B.最后；C.首先；D.经常。故选B。]
3．A.imprveB．train
C．jin D．cntact
答案 C [考查动词辨析。根据上文a dream came int her sweet little head，可知，她想参加我们当地的游泳队。A.提高；B.训练；C.参加；D.联系。故选C。]
4．A.increasedB．fund
C．created D．made
答案 D [考查动词辨析和固定搭配。根据上文She practiced hard，可知，她最后做到了。A.增加；B.发现；C.创造；D.使得。make it做到，成功。故选D。]
5．A.hweverB．therefre
C．therwise D．instead
答案 A [考查副词辨析。根据下文was a tugh start，可知，然而，游泳队的训练是个艰难的开始。A.然而；B.因此；C.否则；D.代替。故选A。]
6．A.useB．survive
C．save D．waste
答案 B [考查动词辨析。根据上文she cughed and chked，可知，她咳嗽，窒息，在前几个星期几乎不能生存。A.使用；B.生存；C.拯救；节约；D.浪费。故选B。]
7．A.pullB．tell
C．hideD．fire
答案 A [考查动词辨析。根据Hearing her cughing bitterly ne night，可知，我决定将她拉开。A.拉；B.告诉，辨别；C.躲藏；D.解雇。故选A。]
8．A.afraidB．nervus
C．readyD．free
答案 C [考查形容词辨析。根据wearing her swimsuit，可知，她穿着游泳衣准备走。A.害怕的；B.紧张的；C.准备好的；D.免费的，自由的。故选C。]
9．A.take ffB．set ff
C．give up D．shw up
答案 C [考查动词短语辨析。根据：I tld her she shuldn't swim after a whle night's cughing，可知．她拒绝放弃，坚持要走。A.脱下，起飞；开始流行B.启程，引发；C.放弃；D.出现。故选C。]
10．A.attendB．miss
C．ban D．start
答案 B [考查动词辨析。根据keep swimming可知，Cathy一直在训练，没有错过一次训练。A.参加；B.错过；C.禁止；D.开始。故选B。]
11．A.richB．weak
C．firmD．kind
答案 C [考查形容词辨析。根据上文：Cathy一直在训练，没有错过一次训练，可知，她的内心有坚定的意志。A.富有的；B.虚弱的；C.坚定的；D.好心的。故选C。]
12．A.trustedB．determined
C．experiencedD．embarrassed
答案 B [考查形容词辨析。根据下文with a passin and a missin，可知，我十岁的女儿成长为一个有决心的人。A.信任的；B.有决心的；C.有经验的；D.尴尬的。故选B。]
13．A.frustratinB．delight
C．excitementD．surprise
答案 A [考查名词辨析。根据下文ften she wuld be the last swimmer in the race可知，也有挫败的时候。A.沮丧，挫败；B.高兴；C.兴奋；D.惊讶。故选A。]
14．A.beginnerB．learner
C．partnerD．winner
答案 D [考查名词辨析。根据上文the last swimmer，可知，要Cathy接受她不是获胜者很难。A.初学者；B.学习者；C.伙伴；D.获胜者。故选D。]
15．A.cheer nB．cmpete with
C．respnd tD．run after
答案 A [考查动词短语辨析。根据下文praise their accmplishments可知，Cathy在那里为队友加油鼓劲。A.向……欢呼，为……鼓劲加油；B.和……竞争；C.回答；D.追赶。故选A。]
16．A.admittingB．explaining
C．annuncingD．whispering
答案 C [考查动词辨析。根据下文总教练说的话，可知，这里是总教练宣布的事情。A.承认；B.解释；C.宣布；D.低语，耳语。故选C。]
17．A.humrB．will
C．hnesty D．wisdm
答案 B [考查名词辨析。根据enthusiasm可知，教练说：是Cathy用她的意志力和热情激励了我们。A.幽默；B.意愿，意志力；C.诚实；D.智慧。故选B。]
18．A.AlthughB．Since
C．OnceD．Because
答案 A [考查连词辨析。根据下文the mst valuable asset...可知，虽然技巧和才能带来巨大成功，但是一个人能拥有的最珍贵的财富是心。A.虽然；B.自从；C.一旦；D.因为。故选A。]
19．A.discveryB．chice
C．influence D．mment
答案 D [考查名词辨析。根据上一段内容可知，教练说这番话的时候是我女儿生活中最好的时刻。A.发现，B.选择；C.影响；D.时刻。故选D。]
20．A.thrughB．under
C．acrss D．arund
答案 A [考查介词辨析。根据句意：由于这十年她经历的时间，这是真正成功的时候。A.通过(内部)，经历；B.在……下面；C.穿过(表面)；D.在……周围。故选A。]
VII. 阅读七选五
Hw t Imprve Vcabulary Fast
Yur vcabulary refers t the wrds in a language yu are familiar with. We shuld learn sme ways t expand it.
Read every day. __1__ Chse reading material that is slightly abve yur level and keep a dictinary with yu t lk up wrds yu d nt knw.
__2__ If yu d nt meet with an unfamiliar wrd in yur daily reading, use yur dictinary t search fr ne.
Learn the crrect definitin and prnunciatin fr each new wrd. Prnunciatin is as imprtant as definitin because in rder t add a wrd t yur active vcabulary, yu must be able t use it in speech.
Elabrate (阐释) n the meaning f the wrd. Use imagery and persnal relevance. If yu have just learned the wrd “stubbrn”， think abut the neighbr wh will nt lend yu his car. __3__
Use yur new wrd in speech and in writing. E－mail yur sister abut hw yur cat is stubbrn abut sleeping n yur pillw. __4__ But the mre yu use it, the mre fluent yu will becme in its use. Sn it will be a regular part f yur active vcabulary.
Tell everyne yu are trying t increase yur vcabulary. Encurage them t ask yu what yur latest wrd is. __5__ The mre yu explain the meaning f a wrd t smene, the mre likely yu are t remember it.
A. Find a new wrd every day.
B. The vcabulary can be increased.
C. Yur vcabulary cntains the wrds yu understand.
D. The mre ften yu read, the faster yur vcabulary can grw.
E. Or let them ask fr the definitin f a new wrd yu have used.
F. The first time yu use a new wrd in speech, it may seem clumsy and frced.
G. Imagine him shaking his head, and think f him as “stubbrn in his refusal”．
答案与解析
【语篇解读】 这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了增加词汇的几条建议。
1. 答案 D
解析 该空承接前句。根据“Read every day(每天阅读)”可知，D选项“你越是经常读，你的词汇量增长得就越快”可承接前句。故选D项。
2. 答案 A
解析 该空引出下文。根据下文可知，如果你在日常阅读中没有遇到一个不熟悉的单词，用你的词典
找一个。A选项“每天找一个新单词”可引起下文。故选A项。
3. 答案 G
解析 该空承接上文。根据上文可知，如果你刚刚学会了“固执”这个词，想想那个不愿把他的车借给你的邻居吧。G选项“想象一下他摇着头，可以认为他固执地拒绝”切题。故选G项。
4. 答案 F
解析 该空引出下文。根据下文可知，你用新词用得越多，你就会用得越流利，很快，它就会成为你主动词汇的常规部分。F选项“当你第一次在演讲中使用一个新词时，它可能看起来很奇怪”切题，故选F项。
5. 答案 E
解析 该空承上启下。根据上文可知鼓励他们问你最新的单词是什么。根据下文可知你越多地向别人解释一个单词的意思，你就越有可能记住它。E选项“或者让他们问你用过的新单词的定义”切题，故选E项。
relate t, refer t; all the way; in spite f; up and dwn;
be based n; date back t; be divided int; a variety f; regard as