高中英语高考北京专用2020届高考英语一轮复习专题六推测词义课件

这是一份高中英语高考北京专用2020届高考英语一轮复习专题六推测词义课件，共60页。

专题六 推测词义
高考英语 (北京市专用)
A组  自主命题·北京卷题组
Group 1Passage 1(2019北京,D)词数:419By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物) called phytoplank-ton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colourful pat-terns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and con-centration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an impor-
tant process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener.“Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing,”she said,“but the type of phytoplankton is changing.”And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said,“it will change the type of fish that will be able to sur-vive.” Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain.
Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradu-al and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. “It'll be a while before we can sta-tistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change,”Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.”1.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A.The various patterns at the ocean surface.B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour.C.The way light reflects off marine organisms.D.The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.2.What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Sensitive.　　B.Beneficial.C.Significant.　　D.Unnoticeable.
3.What can we learn from the passage?A.Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.B.Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes.C.Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate.D.Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.4.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.B.To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.C.To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.D.To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,主题语境为人与自然,主题语境内容为人与环境。气候变暖导致了海洋浮游植物的变化,进而会影响海洋颜色的变化。文章侧重于引导学生关注自然生态,增强环境保护的意识。1.B　主旨要义题。文章第一段给出了海洋颜色变化的原因,第二段具体说明了海洋颜色变化的原因在于海洋浮游植物的类型和浓度的变化。综上所述,前两段主要说明了海洋颜色变化的原因,故选B项。2.A　推测词义题。根据下文气候变暖改变了海洋的主要特点,影响了浮游植物的生长,结合关键词changes和affect可综合推断出浮游植物对海洋变暖的趋势是比较敏感的,故选A项(敏感的)。B:有益的;C:重大的;D:不被注意的。3.D　推理判断题。根据第四段中But in some waters...a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener.可知,在更适宜浮游植物生长的地方,海洋的颜色会变得更绿,故选D项(有更多浮游植物的海洋可能看上去更绿)。4.C　推理判断题。根据全文,尤其是中心段落第一段中the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate可知,文章的主要目的是解释气候变化对海洋尤其是其颜色的影响,故选C项。A项(评估海洋颜色变化产生的后果)、B项(分析海洋食物链的构成)和D项(介绍一种研究浮游植物的新方法)均不符合文章目的,故排除。
高考热词    1.reflect v.反射,反映　2.currently adv. 目前,当前　3.ripe adj. 成熟的,时机成熟的    
高级语块　food web食物网
长难句　When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. 当这些微生物死亡时,它们将碳埋在深海中,这是一个有助于调节全球气候的重要过程。本句为主从复合句。句子的主干为they bury carbon。that helps to regulate the global climate 为定语从句,先行词为process。
Passage 2 (2018北京,D)词数:479Preparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on pub-lic roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, de-pending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放)and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy—or even worsen—the traffic of today with driverless cars?Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport—an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in
ride-hailing(叫车)services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施)and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially avail-able driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driver-less car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehi-cles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop trans-portation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
1.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can　　    .A.help deal with transportation-related problemsB.provide better services to customersC.cause damage to our environmentD.make some people lose jobs2.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?A.Safety.　　B.Side effects.C.Affordability.　　D.Management.3.What does the underlined word“fielded”in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A.Employed.　　B.Replaced.C.Shared.　　D.Reduced.4.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?A.Doubtful.　　B.Positive.C.Disapproving.　　D.Sympathetic.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为议论文。文章围绕无人驾驶汽车的管理问题展开讨论。1.A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句“...policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, afford-able mobility options.”可知注意力应该放在无人驾驶汽车如何帮助解决一些与交通有关的问题上,故选择A项。2.D　主旨要义题。根据文章第一段最后一句“...depending on how the transformation is regu-lated.”和最后一段第一句可知作者主要关注无人驾驶汽车的管理问题,故选择D项。3.A　推测词义题。画线单词所在句子和后面一句话形成了转折关系,后面一句提到随着价格的下降和更多的人对这种技术的适应,无人驾驶汽车作为私家车的拥有量会提高,画线单词所在句子与后一句意思相反,表示的是“考虑到费用、责任与维护问题,首批无人驾驶车辆的个人拥有情况不会很乐观,这些车几乎都会被叫车服务所利用”,因此可以判断出画线单词意为“使用,利用”,与 employed的意思一致。故选择A项。
4.B　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后三句“The coming technological advancement pre-sents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more peo-ple, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.”可知作者虽然对无人驾驶车辆提出了自己的看法,但是对它的前景还是抱有乐观的态度的,故选择B项。
高考热词    1.apparently adv. 显然　2.permit n.许可证　3.operate v.(以某种方式或从某地方)经营,营业    4.note v.指出　5.potential n.潜力,潜能　6.regulate v.调节,控制　7.affordable adj. 价格合理的8.packed adj. 异常拥挤的;挤满人的
高级语块　1.depend on取决于　2.a side effect副作用
长难句　Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today.政策制定者现在应该开始考虑如何确保无人驾驶车辆的出现不会将我们现在所拥有的汽车控制交通运输体系中最糟糕的方面扩大。句中make sure后接宾语从句,从句中谓语动词是doesn't extend,宾语是the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system。we have today是省略关系词的定语从句,修饰先行词the car-controlled transportation system。
Passage 3 (2016北京,D) 词数:443Why College Is Not HomeThe college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adoles-cence,during which many of today's students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control;guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social me-dia, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult re-sponsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility,college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both in-tellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within col-leges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual
growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern,they are not facing the chal-lenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against an-other characteristic of young adults:the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents' desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.
Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the nec-essary tension between safety and self-discovery.1.What's the author's attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?A.Sympathetic.　　B.Disapproving.C.Supportive.　　D.Neutral.2.The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means　　    .A.change　　B.choice　　C.text　　D.extension3.According to the author, what role should college play?A.To develop a shared identity among students.B.To define and regulate students' social behavior.C.To provide a safe world without tension for students.D.To foster students' intellectual and personal development.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是议论文,题材为学校教育类。大学时期应该是学生成长的一个重要时期,学生应在这段时期学会独立和发现。但是现在的大学时期却成了青春期的延续,大学没有教给学生独立,也没有让学生学会发现。1.B　推理判断题。根据第一段可知,作者不赞同大学生继续接受父母的指导。sympathetic同情的;disapproving不赞成的,不同意的;supportive支持的;neutral中立的。2.A    推测词义题。根据语境可知此处表达的是“大学时期是一个从家庭庇护到独立和承担成人责任的转化时期”,所以答案为A项。3.D　推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知答案为D项。4.C　逻辑结构题。文章第一段引入主题,第二段描述了大学时期是怎样变成青春期的延续的,第三段提出如何解决这一问题,第四段和第五段提出了解决这个问题的原因,最后进行总结。故选C项。
高考热词    1.identity n.(区别人或群体的)特性　2.extended adj. 较长时间的　3.adolescence n.青春期　4.previous adj. 先前的 5.exploration n.探索　6.intellectual adj. 智力的　7.foster v.培养　8.administrator n.管理人员    
高级语块　1.be shouldered with 肩负着　2.a sense of belonging 归属感
长难句　Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.大学里有关团体价值观、社会风气和行为的每一项讨论都应该包含对学生自主和自我管理发展重要性的认识,包含对安全和自我发现之间必要矛盾的认识。本句主干为Every college discussion should include recognition,三个of短语作定语。
Passage 4 (2015北京,C) 词数:450Life in the ClearTransparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a win-dow.These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach.Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen,a scientist in biology,says,“These animals live through their life alone.They never touch anything unless they're eating it,or unless something is eating them.”And they are as clear as glass.How does an animal become see-through?It's trickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light,bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light,stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an ob-ject look different from other objects around it,so you can see it easily.
But a transparent object doesn't absorb or scatter light,at least not very much.Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.That means a transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water.You don't see it—you see the things behind it.To become transparent,an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light.But a transparent animal doesn't have pigments,so its tissues won't absorb light.According to Johnsen,avoiding absorption is actually easy.The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are built of many different materials—skin,fat,and more—and light moves through each at a different speed.Every time light moves into a material with a new speed,it bends and scatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Some animals are simply very small or
extremely flat.Without much tissue to scatter light,it is easier to be see-through.Others build a large,clear mass of non-living jelly-like(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it.Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge,because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.They need to look uniform.But how they're doing it is still unknown.One thing is clear:for these larger animals,staying trans-parent is an active process.When they die,they turn a non-transparent milky white.1.According to Paragraph 1,transparent animals　　    .A.stay in groups　　B.can be easily damagedC.appear only in deep ocean　　D.are beautiful creatures2.The underlined word“dead” in Paragraph 3 means　　    .A.silently　　B.graduallyC.regularly　　D.completely
3.One way for an animal to become transparent is to　　    .A.change the direction of light travelB.gather materials to scatter lightC.avoid the absorption of lightD.grow bigger to stop light4.The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals　　    .A.move more slowly in deep waterB.stay see-through even after deathC.produce more tissues for their survivalD.take effective action to reduce light spreading
答案    [语篇解读]　文章介绍了如玻璃般透明的动物。体裁为说明文。1.B　细节理解题。根据第一段第三句可知B项正确。2.D　推测词义题。由Others absorb light可知是完全阻挡了光线的传播。3.C　细节理解题。由第五段第一句可知C项正确。4.D　主旨要义题。根据最后一段第一句话可知D项正确。
高考热词    1.transparent adj. 透明的　2.typically adv. 通常,一般3.delicate adj. 脆弱的　4.interact v.相互作用,相互影响5.object n.物体　6.absorb v.吸收　7.tissue n.组织　8.trick n.诀窍
高级语块　interact with 相互作用
长难句　Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments that absorb specific colors of light. 生命物质可以阻挡光线,因为它们含有色素,这些色素会吸收光线当中的特定颜色。because引导原因状语从句,that absorb specific colors of light是定语从句,修饰pigments。
Group 2Passage 1(2014北京,D) 词数:351Store Scent(香味)What is the first thing you notice when you walk into a shop?The products displayed(展示)at the entrance?Or the soft background music?But have you ever noticed the smell?Unless it is bad,the answer is likely to be no.But while a shop's scent may not be outstanding compared with sights and sounds,it is certainly there.And it is proving to be an increasingly powerful tool in encouraging people to purchase.A brand store has become famous for its distinctive scent which floats through the fairly dark hall and out to the entrance,via scent machines.A smell may be attractive but it may not just be used for freshening air.One sports goods company once reported that when it first introduced scent into its stores,customers' intention to purchase increased by 80 percent.When it comes to the best shopping streets in Paris,scent is just as important to a brand's success as the quality of its window displays and goods on sale.That is mainly because shopping is a very
different experience to what it used to be.Some years ago,the focus for brand name shopping was on a few people with sales assistants' dis-proving attitude and don't-touch-what-you-can't-afford displays.Now the rise of electronic com-merce(e-commerce)has opened up famous brands to a wider audience.But while e-shops can use sights and sounds,only bricks-and-mortar stores(实体店)can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave.Another brand store seeks to be much more than a shop,but rather a destination.And scent is just one way to achieve this.Now,a famous store uses complex man-made smell to make sure that the soft scent of baby powder floats through the kid department,and coconut(椰子)scent in the swimsuit section.A department store has even opened a new lab,inviting customers on a journey into the store's windows to smell books,pots and drawers,in search of their perfect scent.1.According to the passage,what is an increasingly powerful tool in the success of some brand stores?A.Friendly assistants.
B.Unique scents.C.Soft background music.D.Attractive window display.2.E-shops are mentioned in the passage to　　    .A.show the advantages of bricks-and-mortar storesB.urge shop assistants to change their attitudeC.push stores to use sights and soundsD.introduce the rise of e-commerce3.The underlined word “destination” in Paragraph 5 means　　    .A.a platform that exhibits goodsB.a spot where travelers like to stayC.a place where customers love to goD.a target that a store expects to meet4.The main purpose of the passage is to　　    .A.compare and evaluate　　B.examine and assessC.argue and discuss　　D.inform and explain
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,题材为社会文化。文章告诉我们商店都是有它们独特的气味的,这种气味可以让顾客更加喜欢在商店购物。1.B　细节理解题。根据文章第二段第三句和第四句“But while a shop's scent may not be outstanding compared with sights and sounds,it is certainly there.And it is proving to be an increas-ingly powerful tool in encouraging people to purchase.”可知本题选择B项。2.A　推理判断题。文章第五段第三句“But while e-shops can use sights and sounds,only bricks-and-mortar stores(实体店) can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave.”指出实体店相对于网店更能给顾客提供全方位的体验,目的是体现实体店的优势,故选择A项。3.C　推测词义题。整篇文章都在说商店中的味道可以让顾客喜欢这个商店并促进购物,des-tination所在句的前半句中也提到品牌店希望自己不只是个商店,因此可以推断destination是顾客愿意去的地方,故选择C项。4.D　主旨要义题。本文为说明文,作者告诉我们商店里的味道在人们购物时也很重要,并对此进行了解释,因此选择D项inform and explain告知并解释。A:对比并评价;B:测试并评估;C:争论并讨论。
高考热词    1.notice v.注意　2.purchase v.购买　3.distinctive adj. 独特的;有特色的　4.entrance n.入口　5.electronic adj. 使用电子设备的　6.achieve v.实现　7.drawer n.抽屉
高级语块　1.compare...with...把……与……相比　2.in search of 寻找
长难句　A brand store has become famous for its distinctive scent which floats through the fairly dark hall and out to the entrance,via scent machines.一个品牌店之所以出名是因为它独特的香味,这种香味通过散播香味的机器弥漫于相当昏暗的走廊直至门口。本句话含有一个定语从句which floats through the fairly dark hall and out to the entrance,via scent machines,先行词为scent,关系词在从句中充当主语成分。
The EP has no exposed heating parts that can cause a fire.The outside of the EP only gets warm to the touch so that it will not burn children or pets.The EP will not reduce oxygen in the room.With other heaters,you'll notice that you get sleepy when the heat comes on because they are burning up oxygen.The advanced EP also heats the room evenly,wall to wall and floor to ceiling.It comfortably covers an area up to 350 square feet.Other heaters heat rooms unevenly with most of the heat concentrat-ed to the center of the room.And they only heat an area a few feet around the heater.With the EP,the temperature will not vary in any part of the room.The EP comes with a 3-year warranty(保修)and a 60-day,no questions asked,satisfaction guaran-tee.If you are not totally satisfied,return it at our expense and your money will be given back to you.Now we have a special offer for 10 days,during which you can enjoy a half price discount and a free delivery.If you order after that,we reserve the right to either accept or reject order requests at the discounted price.Take action right now!
1.What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2?A.The heat of the EP.　　B.The safety of the EP.C.The appearance of the EP.　　D.The material of the EP.2.From the passage,we can learn that the EP　　    .A.doesn't burn up oxygenB.runs without any noiseC.makes people get sleepyD.is unsuitable for children and pets3.The underlined word “evenly”in Paragraph 4 probably means　　    .A.continuously　　B.separately　　C.quickly　　D.equally4.The main purpose of the passage is to　　    .A.persuade people to buy the productB.advise people to save on heating billsC.report the new development of portable heatersD.compare the functions of different heater brands
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为应用文,是一则关于加热器的广告。1.B　主旨要义题。这段主要介绍了此款加热器不会引起火灾、烧伤孩子或宠物,由此可知本段主要在讲加热器的安全性,故此题选择B项。2.A　细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句话“The EP will not reduce oxygen in the room.”可知此题选择A项。3.D　推测词义题。根据本段内容可知,此款加热器可以很均匀地加热屋子而不像其他加热器那样只加热屋子中心部分,故此题选择D项equally平等地、均匀地。4.A　主旨要义题。全文一直在介绍加热器的优点,倒数第二段提到了打折,最后一段号召大家赶快行动,从这些方面都可以看出这篇文章的主要目的是鼓励人们买此产品,故选择A项。
高考热词    1.burden n.负担　2.portable adj. 轻便的　3.exposed adj. 暴露的　4.reduce v.减少　5.advanced adj. 先进的　6.guarantee n.保证;担保　7.expense n.费用　8.reserve v.保留
高级语块　burn up 烧掉
长难句　With other heaters, you'll notice that you get sleepy when the heat comes on because they are burning up oxygen.使用其他的加热器,你会注意到当加热器工作时你会感到困倦,因为它们在燃烧氧气。when the heat comes on是时间状语从句,because引导了原因状语从句。with other heaters是介宾短语作状语。
be causing everyone to act this way?”Quickly,I flashed back to the day Miss Lancelot gave me the task.This was the first real task I re-ceived in my new school.It seemed simple:go on the Internet and find information about a man named George Washington.Since my idea of history came from an ancient teacher in my home country,I had never heard of that name before.As I searched the name of this fellow,it became evi-dent that there were two people bearing the same name who looked completely different!One in-vented hundreds of uses for peanuts,while the other led some sort of army across America.I stared at the screen,wondering which one my teacher meant.I called my grandfather for a golden piece of advice:flip(掷)a coin.Heads—the commander,and tails—the peanut guy.Ah!Tails,my report would be about the great man who invented peanut butter,George Washington Carver.Weeks later,standing before this unfriendly mass,I was totally lost.Oh well,I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk,burning to find out what I had done wrong.As a classmate began his report,it all became clear,“My report is on George Washington,the man who started the American Revolu-tion.”The whole world became quiet!How could I know that she meant that George Washington?
Obviously,my grade was awful.Heartbroken but fearless,I decided to turn this around.I talked to Miss Lancelot,but she insisted:No re-dos;no new grade.I felt that the punishment was not justified,and I believed I deserved a second chance.Consequently,I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year.Ten months later,that chance unfolded as I found myself sitting in the headmaster's office with my grandfather,now having an entirely different conversation.I smiled and flashed back to the embarrassing moment at the beginning of the year as the headmaster in-formed me of my option to skip the sixth grade.Justice is sweet!1.What did the author's classmates think about his report?A.Controversial.　　B.Ridiculous.C.Boring.　　D.Puzzling.
2.Why was the author confused about the task?A.He was unfamiliar with American history.B.He followed the advice and flipped a coin.C.He forgot his teacher's instruction.D.He was new at the school.3.The underlined word “burning”in Para.3 probably means　　    .A.annoyed　　B.ashamed　　C.ready　　D.eager4.In the end,the author turned things around　　    .A.by redoing his taskB.through his own effortsC.with the help of his grandfatherD.under the guidance of his headmaster
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为记叙文,题材为人物故事类。由于对历史知识的匮乏让“我”在课上闹了大笑话并得了很差的分数,之后“我”努力学习为的就是不让那样的尴尬时刻再次出现。1.B　推理判断题。根据文章第一段的第一句话“Proudly reading my words,I glanced around the room,only to find my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes.”可以判断出同学们认为“我”的报告很可笑、很荒唐,故选择B项。2.A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段第四句“Since my idea of history came from an ancient teacher in my home country,I had never heard of that name before.”可知“我”对美国历史不熟悉,故选择A项。3.D    推测词义题。根据文章第一段的最后一句话“What could be causing everyone to act this way?”就可以看出“我”不知道到底怎么了。第三段讲回到了座位上的那一刻,“我”迫切想知道“我”做错什么了,根据上下文意思应选择D项eager“迫切的,急切的”。annoyed生气的;ashamed羞愧的;ready准备好的。4.B　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的第五句话“Consequently,I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year.”可知应选择B项。
高考热词    1.glance v.扫视　2.evident adj. 明显的　3.wonder v.想知道　4.revolution n.革命　5.heartbro-ken adj. 极为悲伤的 6.justified adj. (做某事)有正当理由的　7.heartily adv. 完全地　8.unfold v.展现
长难句　I smiled and flashed back to the embarrassing moment at the beginning of the year as the headmaster informed me of my option to skip the sixth grade.当校长告知我可以选择跳过六年级时,我笑了,同时突然想到了年初那尴尬的一瞬间。将此句中的状语画出:“I smiled and flashed back to the embarrassing moment at the beginning of the year(时间状语)as the headmaster informed me of my option to skip the sixth grade.(时间状语)”。保留部分为主句,这样考生对句子的理解会更清晰。
Passage 4(2011北京,C)词数:375Students and Technology in the ClassroomI love my Blackberry—it's my little connection to the larger world that can go anywhere with me.I also love my laptop computer,as it holds all of my writing and thoughts.Despite this love of tech-nology,I know that there are times when I need to move away from these devices(设备)and truly communicate with others.On occasion,I teach a course called History Matters for a group of higher education managers.My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas.Because I want students to thoroughly study the material and exchange their ideas with each other in the classroom,I have a rule—no laptops,iPads,phones,etc.When students were told my rule in advance of the class,some of them were not happy.
Most students assume that my reasons for this rule include unpleasant experiences in the past with students misusing technology.There's a bit of truth to that.Some students assume that I am anti-technology.There's no truth in that at all.I love technology and try to keep up with it so I can relate to my students.The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations and truly engage complex ideas.Interruptions by technology often break concentration and allow for too much dependence on outside information for ideas.I want students to dig deep within themselves for inspiration and ideas.I want them to push each other to think differently and to make connections between the course material and the class discussion.I've been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the evaluations reflect student satisfaction with the environment that I create.Students realize that with deep conversation and
challenge,they learn at a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom.I'm not saying that I won't ever change my mind about technology use in my history class,but un-til I hear a really good reason for the change,I'm sticking to my plan.A few hours of technology-free dialogue is just too sweet to give up.1.Some of the students in the history class were unhappy with　　    .A.the course materialB.others' misuse of technologyC.discussion topicsD.the author's class regulations2.The underlined word “engage” in Para.4 probably means　　    .A.explore　　B.accept　　C.change 　　D.reject
3.According to the author,the use of technology in the classroom may　　    .A.keep students from doing independent thinkingB.encourage students to have in-depth conversationsC.help students to better understand complex themesD.affect students' concentration on course evaluation4.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the author　　    .A.is quite stubbornB.will give up teaching historyC.will change his teaching plan soonD.values technology-free dialogues in his class
答案    [语篇解读]　本文体裁为夹叙夹议。作者在文中叙述了自己上课时的经历,即禁止学生讨论问题时使用电脑、手机等高科技工具,并解释了其中的原因以及益处。1.D　细节理解题。由第二段最后一句可以得知,当学生被提前告知禁止使用高科技工具的规定时,有些学生感到不高兴。故答案为D项。2.A　推测词义题。根据下句可知,高科技工具经常分散学生们的注意力,使他们自己的观点过多依赖一些外部信息。由此可推断出作者在本句要表明只有在不使用高科技工具的地方,学生们才能进行深入讨论,探讨(explore)一些复杂的观点,但这样的场合很少。accept接受;change改变;reject拒绝。3.A　推理判断题。根据第四段的“Interruptions by technology often break concentration and allow for too much dependence on outside information for ideas.”可知,高科技工具会分散学生们的注意力,使他们的观点过多依赖一些外部信息,即高科技工具会阻止他们进行独立思考。故答案为A项。
4.D　推理判断题。由最后一段可知,我对不使用高科技工具的课堂讨论评价很高,不会轻易放弃,除非自己听到一个合理的理由。由此可推断出答案为D项。不能说作者是“顽固的”,因为有合适的理由,我会改变自己的做法,排除A项;B项文章并未提到;也不能说作者很快就会改变自己的教学计划,除非有合理的理由,排除C项。
高考热词    1.despite prep. 尽管　2.truly adv. 真诚地　3.thoroughly adv. 仔细地;详尽地　4.misuse v.滥用;误用　5.inspiration n.灵感 6.evaluation n.评价　7.reflect v.反映
高级语块　1.in advance 提前　2.relate to 与……联系起来
长难句　The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations and truly engage complex ideas.我让学生们把高科技工具都丢在门口的真正原因是在这些场合下我们才能进行深入讨论,真正地探讨复杂的观点,但这样的场合太少见了。The reason why...is that...为高中常见句型,why引导定语从句,先行词为reason,that引导表语从句,I think可以认为是插入语,in which引导定语从句,先行词为places。
B组  统一命题、省(区、市)卷题组
Group 1Passage 1(2019课标全国Ⅰ,B)词数:329For Canaan Elementary's second grade in Patchogue, N.Y., today is speech day, and right now it's Chris Palaez's turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.But he's nervous.“I'm here to tell you today why you should...should...”Chris trips on the “-ld,”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Wha-ley, is next to him, whispering support.“...Vote for...me...”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.A son of immigrants, Chris started learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls(回想起)how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great
teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot for any student,”Whaley explains, “especial-ly for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say,‘I don't know, but I want to know.’”Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.“Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,”Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”1.What made Chris nervous?A.Telling a story.　　B.Making a speech.C.Taking a test.　　D.Answering a question.
2.What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Improper pauses.　　B.Bad manners.C.Spelling mistakes.　　D.Silly jokes.3.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to　　    .A.help students see their own strengthsB.assess students' public speaking skillsC.prepare students for their future jobsD.inspire students' love for politics4.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?A.Humorous.　　B.Ambitious.　　C.Caring.　　D.Demanding.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文,主题语境是人与社会,主题语境内容为老师与学生。文章讲述了Whaley老师关爱学生,鼓励学生发现自己的优点,增强自信的故事。本文旨在提高学生的文化意识。1.B　细节理解题。本题题干意为:什么使Chris紧张?根据第一段第一句(……今天是演讲日,现在轮到Chris Palaez了)和第二段第一句(但是他很紧张)可知,B项正确。A:讲故事;C:参加考试;D:回答问题。2.A　推测词义题。本题题干意为:第二段中的画线单词stumbles指代什么?根据第二段中的“you should...should...”Chris trips on the “-ld,”...可知,他有些发音上的问题。 又根据Ex-cept for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well.可知,Chris总体上很好,但是有些不合适的停顿。故A选项(不合适的停顿)正确。B:不礼貌;C:拼写错误;D:愚蠢的笑话。3.A　推理判断题。本题题干意为:我们可以推断出Whaley的项目的目的是　　    。根据文章倒数第二段最后一句(他想要这些孩子学会夸耀自己)可知答案为A项(帮助学生看到他们自己的优点)。B:评价学生的公众演讲技巧;C:让学生为他们未来的工作做准备;D:激励学生热爱政治。
4.C　推理判断题。本题题干意为:下面哪一个词最能描述Whaley作为一个老师所具有的品质? 根据第二段他低声耳语支持学生、第五段中他想让学生夸耀自己和第六段中他认为夸耀自己和自己最好的品质对一个没有自信的孩子是很难的,可知他理解、关心学生们,故选C项(关心他人的)。A:幽默的;B:有雄心的;D:苛求的,要求高的。
高考热词    1.trip v.绊,绊倒　2.quality n.品质
长难句　“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”Whaley说:“夸耀自己和自己最好的品质对一个走进教室时没有自信的孩子是很难的。”直接引语的主干为 Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities is very difficult for a child。 child 后面的who came into the classroom not feeling confident是个定语从句,修饰先行词a child。
Passage 2(2019课标全国Ⅱ,A)词数:264My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds. Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they're also aspira-tional.After DarkHaruki MurakamiIt's about two sisters—Eri, a model who either won't or can't stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student. In trying to connect to her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of di-verse“night people”who are hiding secrets.
Gone GirlGillian FlynnThere was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brilliant. There's tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. It's a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what's going on is horribly enjoyable.The StandStephen KingThis is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious flu out-break wipes out 99.4% of the world's population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.
1.Who does “I” refer to in the text?A.Stephen King.　　B.Gillian Flynn.C.Jo Usmar.　　D.Roald Dahl.2.Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?A.Cosmopolitan.　　B.Matilda.C.After Dark.　　D.The Stand.3.What kind of book is Gone Girl?A.A folk tale.　　B.A biography.C.A love story.　　D.A horror story.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇应用文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为文学艺术。文章介绍了一位作家对自己喜欢的几本书的评价。本文侧重于培养学生的文化意识。1.C　推测词义题。本题题干意为:文章中的“I” 指的是谁?根据第一段可知本文是作者Jo Usmar的书评。根据Matilda中的“I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me...”可知,此处I 指的是Jo Usmar,故选C项。其他几项都是文章中提到的几本书的作者。2.C　细节理解题。本题题干意为:下面哪个选项讲述了Mari和Eri?在文章有关After Dark的书评中,作者介绍了Eri和Mari,因此C项正确。A项Cosmopolitan是作者介绍Jo Usmar时提及的她的一本书。B项和D项是书评介绍中的两本书。3.D　推理判断题。本题题干意为:Gone Girl是一本什么样的书?根据文章Gone Girl部分的介绍,尤其是“but the horror story is brilliant”可知,这本书是关于恐怖故事的,故D项正确。A:民间传说;B:传记;C:爱情故事。
高考热词    1.co-author n.合著者　2.appreciation n.理解 3.delightful adj.令人愉快的　4.aspirational adj.令人渴望的　5.brilliant adj.杰出的,精彩的　6.tension n.紧张
高级语块　wipe out 彻底消灭,全部摧毁
长难句　There was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brilliant. 在这个星球上其他人都喜欢这本书的时候,我却有一点不喜欢它,但是这个恐怖故事太精彩了。本句是一个并列复合句,由but连接前后两个分句。前一分句的主干是There was a bit of me, that didn't want to love this 为定语从句, when everyone else on the planet did是时间状语从句。
Passage 3(2019课标全国Ⅱ,B)词数:338“You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse(长曲棍球)club.I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on...At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Al-right. Yes, I'll do it.”I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities a-mong many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an
invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more:Connect-ing to the community(社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.In that sense, I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?
1.What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?A.She knows little about the club.B.She isn't good at sports.C.She just doesn't want to volunteer.D.She's unable to meet her schedule.2.What does the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings”in paragraph 2 mean?A.Encourage teamwork.　　B.Appeal to feelings.C.Promote good deeds.　　D.Provide advice.3.What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?A.She gets interested in lacrosse.B.She is proud of her kids.C.She'll work for another season.D.She becomes a good helper.4.Why does the author like doing volunteer work?A.It gives her a sense of duty. B.It makes her very happy.C.It enables her to work hard. D.It brings her material rewards.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为志愿服务。文章记述了作者请一位家长做志愿者的故事。文章侧重社会服务和人际沟通素养的培养。1.C　推理判断题。本题题干意为:从第一段那位家长的回答中我们可以推断出关于她的什么?文章中,那位家长的回答是“你可以把我作为最后一个选择,如果没有其他人愿意当志愿者,那么我就做”。根据其回答可以知道,她其实是不太愿意做志愿者的,故C项正确。2.B　推测词义题。本题题干意为:第二段中的画线短语“tug at the heartstrings”的意思是什么?根据上下文可知,此处表示“我”又试了一次, 这回开始打感情牌。画线短语意为“触动心弦”,故B项正确。A:鼓励团队合作;C:促进良好行为;D:提供建议。3.D　推理判断题。本题题干意为:从第三段中,我们能够得知那位家长的什么情况?在文章的第三段,作者记述了那位家长在活动中所做的事情,即安排饮食计划、发送邮件、募集资金等,她成了团队中一个重要的成员。因此D项(她成了一个好助手)正确。4.B　推理判断题。本题题干意为:为什么作者喜欢做志愿工作?根据文章倒数第二段中的“Connecting to the community...provides a real joy” 以及“Volunteering just feels so good.”可知,作者认为,做志愿工作能让她开心。故B项正确。A:这给予她一种责任感;C:这让她能努力工作;D:这给她带来了物质上的回报。
高考热词    1.heartstrings n.心弦　2.responsibility n.责任
高级语块　1.end up 最终成为,最后处于　2.focus on 集中于　3.off the hook 摆脱困境
长难句　The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. 教练能够把注意力集中在孩子们身上,而其他的父母则因为又一个赛季不用操心而松了口气。本句是一个并列复合句。while连接两个并列的分句。to be off the hook for another season是动词不定式短语作原因状语。
Passage 4(2019课标全国Ⅲ,B)词数:313For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western cre-ative.“It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers,” says A-manda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows.Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fash-ionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
“China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fash-ion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fash-ion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Al-baz, Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales,” adds Hill.For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.“The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers,” she says.“China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China—its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”1.What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?A.It promoted the sales of artworks.B.It attracted a large number of visitors.
C.It showed ancient Chinese clothes.D.It aimed to introduce Chinese models.2.What does Hill say about Chinese women?A.They are setting the fashion.B.They start many fashion campaigns.C.They admire super models.D.They do business all over the world.3.What do the underlined words “taking on” in paragraph 4 mean?A.learning from　　B.looking down onC.working with　　D.competing against4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Young Models Selling Dreams to the WorldB.A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New YorkC.Differences Between Eastern and Western AestheticsD.Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为跨文化沟通、包容与合作。文章侧重对学生文化意识的培养。1.B　细节理解题。本题题干意为:关于纽约的展览我们能知道什么?根据文章第三段中的 “The exhibition had record attendance(展览的出席人数达到新的纪录)”可知,B项(展览吸引了大量的参观者)正确。A:展览促进了艺术作品的销售;C:展览展示了中国古代的服饰;D:展览的目的是介绍中国的模特。2.A　推理判断题。本题题干意为:关于中国女性,Hill说了些什么?根据文章第四段可知,Hill认为中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是时尚运动的核心。因此,A项(中国女性开创时尚)符合题意。B:她们开始了很多时尚运动;C:她们羡慕超级模特;D:她们在全世界经商。3.D　推测词义题。本题题干意为:第四段画线词taking on的意思是什么?根据上下文可知,此处表示Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu 在和Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs竞争,而且在设计和销量上很容易地打败了他们。 根据语境可知,这里taking on的意思是竞争,因此D项(与……竞争)正确。A:向……学习;B:蔑视;C:与……合作。
4.D　主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的合适的标题是什么?本文第一段讲了中国及其文化是西方设计界的灵感来源之一,第二段和第三段进一步解释了中国文化对西方时尚界的影响。第四段介绍了中国女性对时尚界的影响。最后一段,Hill总结了中国在国际时尚界的巨大影响。因此D项是本文最合适的标题。
高考热词    1.inspiration n. 灵感　2.influence n. 影响　3.attendance n. 出席人数
长难句　The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese in-fluences. 展览的出席人数达到新的纪录,表明人们对中国的影响很有兴趣。showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences是现在分词短语作状语。
Group 2Passage 1(2019天津,D)词数:435Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a los-ing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book.The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote(《堂吉诃德》). And the story poses an in-teresting question:why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before?We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of spe-cialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a com-mitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我),whether to loved ones, to fellow hu-mans, to work, or to some moral concept.Many of us equate(视……等同于)“commitment”with such “caring”occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, or running a store—make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valu-able lesson.
1.The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that 　　    .A.loss of freedom stimulates one's creativityB.age is not a barrier to achieving one's goalC.misery inspires a man to fight against his fateD.disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success2.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.End one's struggle for liberty.B.Waste one's energy taking risks.C.Miss the opportunity to succeed.D.Lose the interest to continue learning.3.What could be inferred from Paragraph 4?A.Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.B.Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C.Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.D.Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.4.What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5?A.A tough man can tolerate suffering.B.A wise man can live without self-pity.C.A man should try to satisfy people around him.D.A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.5.What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?A.To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.B.To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.C.To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.D.To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
答案    [语篇解读]    本文为议论文,主题语境为人与自我,主题语境内容为终身学习。文章通过塞万提斯创作《堂吉诃德》的例子,阐述了“活到老、学到老”的重要性,唯有学习才能觅得良机,唯有学习才能找到生活的意义。本文侧重于培养学生的学习能力。1.B　推理判断题。本题题干意为:文章以塞万提斯的故事开头是为了说明　　    。根据第一段可知,塞万提斯历经磨难,在53岁时才开始写《堂吉诃德》,根据第二段最后一句可知,塞万提斯的故事引出了一个有趣的问题:为什么有些人在生命晚年发现新的生命力和创造性,而其他人则在很久之前就失去活力了?由此可见B项符合题意,意为“年龄并不是实现个人目标的障碍”。2.D　推测词义题。本题题干意为:第三段中画线部分的意思可能是什么?根据第三段最后一句“I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing...”可知,作者谈到的是停止学习的人,故D项“失去继续学习的兴趣”符合题意。
3.C　推理判断题。本题题干意为:从第四段中我们可以推断出什么?由本段内容可知,我们在某个领域取得成功后就会被困在里面,从而失去了好奇心。由最后一句“But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.”可知,但是如果我们愿意学习,机会便无处不在,故C项(机会青睐那些有好奇心的人)为正确答案。4.D　推理判断题。本题题干意为:在第五段中作者想告诉我们什么?第五段首句指出“我们在成熟期所学习的东西很少涉及信息和技能”,结合下文中的三句话“We learn to...We learn to...We learn that...”可知,本段主要说明了我们应该学习的东西,故D项符合本段内容,意为“一个人应该学习应对生活的适当方式”。A:坚强的人可以忍受苦难;B:明智的人生活中没有自怜;C:一个人应该尽力让周围的人满意。5.A　推理判断题。本题题干意为:作者写本文的目的是什么?由全文可知,作者通过塞万提斯创作《堂吉诃德》的例子阐述了学习的重要性,学习让机会无处不在,学习让生活有意义,由此可知A项(就如何过上有意义的成年生活提供指导)符合作者的写作目的。
高考热词    1.vitality n.活力;生命力　2.specialization n.专业　3.moral adj. 道德的
长难句　I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.我所谈的是那些成长过程中已经停止学习的人,因为他们已经持有往往是随着时间的流逝而采取的顽固的态度和观点。本句中who引导定语从句,because引导原因状语从句,从句中that引导定语从句,先行词为the fixed attitudes and opinions。
Passage 2(2019浙江,B)词数:306Money with no strings attached.It's not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People of all ages, races, and socio-economic(社会经济的)backgrounds gave and took,” said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. “We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.”Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The video clip(片段) shows one man who had found a $20 bill pinning it to the board.
“What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles,”Bridges said.“There's a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most.”Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.“After all, everyone has bad days and good days,”he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand.”1.What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Money spent without hesitation.B.Money not legally made.
C.Money offered without conditions.D.Money not tied together.2.What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride?A.Women tended to be more sociable.B.The activity attracted various people.C.Economic problems were getting worse.D.Young couples needed financial assistance.3.Why did Bridges carry out the project?A.To do a test on people's morals.B.To raise money for his company.C.To earn himself a good reputation.D.To promote kindness and sympathy.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为社会进步与人类文明。文章讲述了Tyler Bridges在洛杉矶发起的一项展示人性善良和同情心的测试活动。文章侧重于培养学生正确的人生观和价值观。1.C　推测词义题。本题题干意为:第一段中的词组 “money with no strings attached”是什么意思?该词组是整个文章的核心信息。文章讲述Tyler Bridges在洛杉矶的Union Station放了一块公告牌,上面钉着一些钞票,并写着“留下你所能捐赠的,拿走你所需要的”。因此C项(无条件提供的钱)符合题意。A:毫不犹豫花的钱;B:非法赚得的钱;D:没有捆在一起的钱。2.B　推理判断题。在文章的第二段,作者描述了各年龄段的、各个种族的和各种社会经济背景的人都来捐赠和取用。作者提到新娘的目的是说明有各种各样的人参与了活动。因此B项(活动吸引了各种各样的人)符合题意。A:女人往往更善于交际;C:经济问题越来越严重;D:年轻夫妻需要财务援助。3.D　推理判断题。根据文章第四段的“Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy (Bridges说,唯一的目的是展示慷慨和同情)”可知,他开展这项研究的目的是宣传善良和同情心,故D项正确。A:检验人们的道德;B:为他的公司募捐;C:为了给他自己赢得好名声。
高考热词    1.attach v.附上,系　2.background n.背景　3.apparent adj.明显的　4.generosity n.慷慨,大方　5.sympathy n.同情心
高级语块　catch on 理解,明白
长难句　There's a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most.给予可以给你带来某种感觉,那种感觉在那些给予得最多的人身上体现得很明显。本句是并列复合句。其主干是There's a certain feeling and that was apparent in those。其中第一个分句中,that giving can do for you是定语从句,修饰feeling; 第二个分句中, that gave the most是定语从句,修饰those。
Passage 3(2019江苏,B)词数:360In the 1960s, while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park, Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before:he couldn't find the park's volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature—that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up. These can form remark-ably quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether
there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth, all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is, however, a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the as-sumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Chris-tiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera:almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must
have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.1.What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone?A.Its complicated geographical features.B.Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.C.The mysterious history of the park.D.The exact location of the volcano.2.What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?A.The shapes of volcanoes.B.The impacts of volcanoes.C.The activities of volcanoes.D.The heights of volcanoes.3.What does the underlined word “blow-up” in the last paragraph most probably mean?A.Hot-air balloon.　　B.Digital camera.C.Big photograph.　　D.Bird's view.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文,主题语境是人与自然,旨在提升学生对自然的认知。文章提到,Christiansen研究黄石国家公园的时候在公园内找不到破火山口,后来发现几乎整个公园都是破火山口。1.D　细节理解题。本题题干意为:当 Christiansen研究黄石国家公园的时候,什么事情让他感到迷惑?根据文章第一段第一句...Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before:he couldn't find the park's volcano.可知应选D项(火山的确切位置)。A:它复杂的地理特征;B:它对旅游业的永久的影响;C:这个公园神秘的历史。2.A　主旨要义题。本题题干意为:第二段主要讲的是什么?根据第二段第一句中the classic cone shapes 和最后三句可知,第二段介绍了火山的两种形状,故选A项。B:火山的影响;C:火山的活动;D:火山的高度。3.C　推测词义题。本题题干意为:最后一段中的画线词blow-up最有可能是什么意思?根据文章最后一段中美国航空航天局用高空照相机拍摄黄石国家公园及Christiansen看到照片后意识到自己为什么找不到破火山口,可知画线词意为“大照片”。故C项正确。A:热气球;B:数码相机;D:鸟瞰。
高考热词    1.classic adj.经典的;典型的　2.caldera n.[地质] 破火山口　3.assumption n.假定;设想　4.ex-plosion n.爆发
长难句　There is, however, a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building.然而,还有一种比较不出名的火山,这种火山不涉及造山运动。此句是主从复合句。本句主干是There is a second less known type of volcano,句中含有一个定语从句that doesn't involve mountain building。
Passage 4 (2018课标全国Ⅰ,C)词数:294Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their lan-guages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely un-even. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages;the Americas about 1,000;Africa 2,400;and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon(eight remaining speakers), Chia-paneco in Mexico(150), Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia(one, with a question-mark):none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
1.What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?A.They developed very fast.B.They were large in number.C.They had similar patterns.D.They were closely connected.2.Which of the following best explains“dominant”underlined in paragraph 2?A.Complex.　　B.Advanced.　　C.Powerful.　　D.Modern.3.How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?A.About 6,800.　　B.About 3,400.C.About 2,400.　　D.About 1,200.4.What is the main idea of the text?A.New languages will be created.B.People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.C.Human development results in fewer languages.D.Geography determines language evolution.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。作者从语言发展历史这一角度论述了人类的发展导致了世界上语言数量的减少。1.B　推理判断题。本题题干意为:对于采猎者时代的语言,我们可推断出什么?根据第一段第二句(当世界人口仍然由采猎者构成的时候,小的、联系紧密的群体彼此独立地形成了自己的讲话模式。)可知答案为B项(它们的数量很大)。A:它们发展得很快;C:它们有相似的模式;D:它们联系很紧密。2.C    推测词义题。本题题干意为:下面哪一项最好地解释了第二段画线词“dominant”?根据画线词所在句子中的“such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”可推知dominant的意思是“占统治地位的,强大的”,故答案为C项(Powerful)。A:复杂的;B:高级的;D:现代的。3.B　细节理解题。本题题干意为:目前,有多少种语言的使用人数少于6,000?根据第三段第一句(目前世界上大约有6,800种语言。)和第三段最后一句(……这意味着世界的语言中有一半的语言,其使用人数不足6,000。)可知,答案为B项(6800×1/2=3400)。
4.C　主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的主旨是什么?作者在首段首句介绍了本文的主题,即语言几千年来一直变化不定,但在最近时期,其数量越来越少。然后进一步解释造成这种现象的原因是社会的发展,故答案为C项。
高考热词    1.develop v.发展　2.pattern n.模式　3.decade n.十年4.distribution n.分布　5.relatively adv. 相对地　6.survival n.幸存
高级语块　1.settle down定居下来2.account for (数量上、比例上)占3.at random 任意地;随便地
长难句　Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.一些专家认为,在一万年前,当时世界上只有五百万至一千万人口,他们之间可能要说12,000种语言。本句的主句为:Some language experts believe。后面的that从句为宾语从句,该从句的主干为:they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them;10,000 years ago为时间状语;when the world had just five to ten million people为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词10,000 years ago。
Passage 5 (2018课标全国Ⅱ,B)词数:258Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abun-dance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia's fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质), iron and zinc(not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries(樱桃), they are so delicious. Who cares?However, they are rich in vitamin C.When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat“ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for
freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve”creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a chil-dren's party;they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watch-ing the ice cream come out below.1.What does the author seem to like about cherries?A.They contain protein.B.They are high in vitamin A.C.They have a pleasant taste.D.They are rich in antioxidants.
2.Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?A.To make them smell better.B.To keep their colour.C.To speed up their ripening.D.To improve their nutrition.3.What is“a juicer”in the last paragraph?A.A dessert.　　B.A drink.C.A container.　　D.A machine.4.From which is the text probably taken?A.A biology textbook.B.A health magazine.C.A research paper.D.A travel brochure.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文,题材为食品营养类。许多人最爱七月,因为在这个月份大量的新鲜水果成熟了。本文介绍了几种对人体有益的水果,还为你推荐了一种孩子们喜欢的自制果汁。1.C　细节理解题。题干意为:作者似乎喜欢樱桃的什么?根据第二段最后两句话(至于樱桃,它们那么美味可口,谁在乎呢?然而,它们富含维他命C。)可知作者喜欢樱桃的美味可口,所以答案为C项。A项:它们含有蛋白质;B项:它们富含维他命A;D项:它们富含抗氧化物。这三项均与文章所述不符。2.B    推理判断题。题干意为:为什么在冷冻香蕉时要加点新鲜的柠檬汁?根据第三段倒数第二句话(如果你喜欢的话,挤一点新鲜的柠檬汁到香蕉上会防止它们变成褐色。)可推断出这么做是为了保持香蕉本来的颜色,所以答案为B项。A项:为了让它们更好闻;C项:为了加速它们的成熟;D项:为了增加它们的营养。这三项均与原文描述不符。3.D　推测词义题。题干意为:最后一段的“a juicer”是什么?根据最后一段第一句和第二句话的描述(如果你有一个榨汁机的话,你就把冷冻的香蕉和一些浆果或者切成片的水果放进
去。就会出来一种软软的奶油状的甜品,要马上吃掉哦。)可以推断出画线部分是一种能制作果汁样食品的机器,所以答案为D项。4.B　推理判断题。题干意为:这篇文章可能选自什么?根据第一段第二句话的描述(这些来自不列颠哥伦比亚省土地上的色彩鲜艳的甜甜的宝贝就是营养保护的小集团。)再结合后文描述的几种富含各种维生素的水果,我们可以推断出本文是来自与健康营养相关的书,即一本健康杂志,所以答案为B项。A项:一本生物课本;C项:一篇研究论文;D项:一本旅游册子。这三项与文章主题不符。
高考热词    1.nutritional adj. 营养的　2.contain v.包含　3.combine v.使结合　4.slice n.薄片　5.ripe adj. 成熟的　6.freeze v.冷藏
高级语块　1.in abundance 大量;丰盛　2.be rich in 富含　3.right away 立刻;马上
长难句　When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”.当与浆果或者其他的水果片混合在一起时,冷冻的香蕉就会成为一种极好的用来制作浓浓的冷奶昔和低脂肪冰激凌的基本材料。第一个逗号前是when引导的省略了主语和be动词的时间状语从句,相当于When they are com-bined with...,第一个逗号后是句子的主干。句子的主语frozen bananas与combine 之间是被动关系。
Passage 6 (2018课标全国Ⅲ,D)词数:304Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings?The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them?And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less?Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball—simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It
was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.1.What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.The more, the better.　　B.Enough is enough.C.More money, more worries.　　D.Earn more and spend more.2.What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?A.Saving up for her holiday. B.Raising money for a poor girl.C.Adding the money to her fund. D.Giving the money to a sick mother.3.Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?A.To try out an idea. B.To show a parent's love.C.To train his attention. D.To help him start a hobby.4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Take It or Leave It　　B.A Lesson from KidsC.Live More with Less　　D.The Pleasure of Giving
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。题材为家庭生活类。作为成年人我们都理解身边用不到的东西太多给我们的感觉,但是我们却认为我们的孩子拥有的东西越多越好。我在自己的孩子身上做了一个实验,证明了拥有更少的东西能生活得更好。1.A　推测词义题。根据第一段最后一句话可知,我帮我自己的孩子学会了用更少的东西生活得更好,由此推断出画线词语的意思是“越多越好”,所以答案为A项。B项:适可而止。C项:钱越多就越担心。D项:挣得多花得多。这三项与父母希望孩子拥有更多的东西的想法不符。2.C　细节理解题。题干句意:什么事让Georgia同意卖掉她的一些东西?根据第二段最后一句话可知,在我们承诺把这笔钱放进她的学校基金后,她选择卖掉几件较大而不太常用的东西,因为她想把这笔钱放到自己的基金中去,所以答案为C项。A项:为了她的假期攒钱。B项:为一个贫穷的女孩筹款。D项:把这笔钱给一位生病的母亲。3.A　推理判断题。题干句意:作者为什么要和Shepherd一起玩球?根据第三段的Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this.可以推断出作者和儿子一起玩球是为了检验一下自己的理论。
4.C　主旨要义题。作者在第一段的最后就提出了本文的主题:how to live more with less,后面几段描写了作者在自己的孩子身上证明了自己的这个观点是正确的,所以答案为C项。A项:要么接受,要么放弃。B项:从孩子身上学到的教训。D项:奉献的乐趣。这三项与第一段提出的主题不符。
高考热词    1.assume v.认为　2.belonging n.所有物　3.promise v.承诺　4.theory n.理论　5.expect v.期待6.bounce v.使弹起
高级语块　1.be flooded with... 充满……2.when it comes to... 当涉及……3.due to由于;因为4.be determined to do sth.决心做某事
长难句　Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.由于我们的努力,我们的女儿Georgia确实决定把一大袋子玩具捐给一个小女孩,这个女孩的妈妈因为生病而无法支付她的假期费用。because of...作原因状语;谓语动词decide用助动词did加以强调;关系代词whose引导的定语从句修饰先行词a little girl。
Group 3Passage 1 (2018浙江,B)词数:279Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers' arguments:many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plas-tic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground to-
day.The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement:reusable shop-ping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists don't dispute(质疑)these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.1.What has Steven Stein been hired to do?A.Help increase grocery sales.B.Recycle the waste material.C.Stop things falling off trucks.D.Argue for the use of plastic bags.2.What does the word“headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Bans on plastic bags.
B.Effects of city development.C.Headaches caused by garbage.D.Plastic bags hung in trees.3.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?A.They are quite expensive.B.Replacing them can be difficult.C.They are less strong than plastic bags.D.Producing them requires more energy.4.What is the best title for the text?A.Plastic, Paper or NeitherB.Industry, Pollution and EnvironmentC.Recycle or Throw AwayD.Garbage Collection and Waste Control
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文。文章论述的主题是一次性塑料袋究竟对环境好不好,塑料袋和纸袋哪个好。1.D　细节理解题。从第一段的最后一句What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.可知,Steven被公司雇用是为了维护塑料袋制造业,因此D项正确,意为“为塑料袋的使用进行辩护”。2.A　推测词义题。前句提到禁止使用塑料袋。此处的headwinds指的就是禁止使用塑料袋,因此A项正确。3.D　细节理解题。从文章第四段的However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.可知,生产可以循环使用的购物袋需要花费更多的能源。所以D项正确。4.A　主旨要义题。本文论述的主要内容是塑料袋好还是纸质的袋子好。因此A项符合文章主题,意为“塑料(袋)、纸(袋)还是都不用”。
高考热词    1.defend v.保卫　2.highway n.公路　3.prohibit v.禁止4.recycle v.回收利用　5.require v.要求　6.represent v.代表7.replacement n.替代品　8.reusable adj. 可重复使用的9.ban v.禁止
长难句　His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. 当你考虑到他是一个环境科学家的时候,他的奇怪的习惯就可以理解了。他研究如何减少垃圾,包括那些从路上行驶的垃圾车上掉下来的东西。本句是一个比较复杂的主从复合句。其中主句是:His strange habit makes sense;when引导一个时间状语从句,在从句中,consider后面的that引导宾语从句,而who则引导定语从句。“how+不定式”作定语从句中studies的宾语。including things是介词词组,作状语,后面有that引导的定语从句和as引导的时间状语从句。
Passage 2 (2017课标全国Ⅰ,D)词数:311A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of A-griculture, it's an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5'×5' sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates(蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won't have to break down the still every time you need a drink.1.What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A.It's delicate.　　B.It's expensive. C.It's complex.　　D.It's portable.2.What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher”in paragraph 2 refer to?A.The tube.　　B.The still.　　C.The hole.　　D.The cup.3.What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?A.Dig a hole of a certain size.B.Put the cup in place.C.Weight the sheet's center down.D.Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.4.When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from　　    .A.the plastic tube　　B.outside the holeC.the open air　　D.beneath the sheet
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,属于科普类文章。文章介绍了在野外自制蒸馏装置收集饮用水的过程及其工作原理。短文首先说明了自制蒸馏装置所需的部件,然后详细说明了制作装置的几个步骤,最后简要阐述了其工作原理。1.D　细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句,尤其是尾句These pieces can be folded into a neat lit-tle pack and fastened on your belt.可知该装置是可折叠的、便携的(portable),故答案为D项。2.B　推测词义题。本题问第二段中画线的“the water catcher”指的是什么。根据第二段前两句可知,画线短语指代的是该段首句中的a working still,故答案为B项。3.C　细节理解题。本题问制作蒸馏器的最后一个步骤是什么。根据第二、三段可知四个选项的正确顺序是A→B→D→C,故答案为C项。 4.D　细节理解题。本题问蒸馏器工作时水滴从何处进入杯子。根据尾段前两句可知该装置是利用蒸发到塑料薄片上的水分凝聚成水滴,最后滴落到杯子中,故答案为D项。
高考热词    1.obtain v.获得　2.available adj. 可用的　3.agriculture n.农业4.substitute n.代用品　5.component n.成分　6.container n.容器　7.fasten v.系牢　8.productivi-ty n.生产率　9.secure v.拴牢;扣紧
长难句    Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.接着把管子放在恰当的位置,使管子的一端一直放在杯子里并且管子的其余部分向上延伸到所挖坑的外部。主句lay the tube in place为祈使句;so that引导目的状语从句,从句是and连接的并列句。in place在恰当的地方;all the way自始至终。
Passage 3 (2017课标全国Ⅱ,B)词数:289I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn't want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.
We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. He'd been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn't talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.1.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?A.Paul Newman wanted it.B.The studio powers didn't like his agent.C.He wasn't famous enough.D.The director recommended someone else.
2.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?A.They were of the same age.B.They worked in the same theater.C.They were both good actors.D.They had similar characteristics.3.What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to?A.Their belief.　　B.Their care for children.C.Their success.　　D.Their support for each other.4.What is the author's purpose in writing the text?A.To show his love of films.B.To remember a friend.C.To introduce a new movie.D.To share his acting experience.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。描述的是作者与著名演员保罗·纽曼的友情。文章内容包括:两个人最初相识的情景(第一段),友谊的基础(第二段),两人成名后以实际行动回报社会(第三段),回忆与保罗最后见面的情景(第四段)。1.C　推理判断题。根据第一段中的 “it wanted somebody as well known as Paul”可知,这家电影公司不想把这个角色给作者,是因为他们想把角色给像保罗这样出名的人,由此推断作者当时知名度还不够高,所以答案为C项。2.D　推理判断题。第二段指出他们的友谊建立于共同参演两部电影的经历。但他们的友谊能够长久,根本原因是他们有相似的特性:一是具有剧院演出和参加电视直播的背景;二是看重演技、专注于对角色的探究和发掘;三是他们都具有典型美国演员所具有的品质和美德。根据以上信息可推断出答案为D。3.A　推测词义题。根据本段第一句话 “We shared the belief that if...”可知,我们共同的信念(belief)是:如果你有幸事业成功,就应该进行回报。文章接着介绍了两人在这方面的具体作为,画线词所在分句意为“但是分享我们的信念使我们走到了一起”,所以答案为A项。
4.B　推理判断题。文章开头作者介绍了自己与著名演员保罗·纽曼相识的情景,后面描述了两人的交往和深厚的友谊。最后一段指出“我几个月前最后一次见到保罗,他几乎离不开医院了”,由此可推断作者发表此文时,保罗或许已经离世,由此推断出作者写这篇文章就是为了缅怀故友。所以答案为B项。
高考热词    1.agent n.(演员、音乐家、运动员、作家等的)代理人,经纪人2.virtue n.美德　3.aggressive adj. 有进取心的　4.underlying adj. 隐含的　5.affection n.喜爱    6.regularly adv. 有规律地
高级语块　be respectful of... 尊重……
长难句　We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back...我们有着相同的信念,那就是如果你足够幸运而成功了的话,你应该对这个世界有所回报……。句子的主干为We shared the belief。that引导同位语从句,说明belief的内容。
Passage 4 (2017课标全国Ⅲ,C)词数:291After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Four-teen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources(来源)for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegeta-tion(植被),which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes, and completely drove away the park's beavers.
As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellow-stone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.1.What is the text mainly about?A.Wildlife research in the United States.B.Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.C.The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.D.The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
2.What does the underlined word“displaced”in paragraph 2 mean?A.Tested.　　B.Separated.C.Forced out.　　D.Tracked down.3.What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?A.Damage to local ecology.B.A decline in the park's income.C.Preservation of vegetation.D.An increase in the variety of animals.4.What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?A.Doubtful.　　B.Positive.C.Disapproving.　　D.Uncaring.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文讲述了经过多年激烈的争论,美国政府终于从加拿大重新把14匹灰狼引入黄石国家公园,以恢复当地的生态平衡。1.D　主旨要义题。全篇自始至终谈论的就是重新把灰狼引入美国黄石国家公园,故正确选项应为D。2.C　推测词义题。短文第二段描述灰狼曾经在黄石地区和美国大陆的大部分地区生活,由于人类的发展,到20世纪20年代,灰狼几乎在黄石地区消失了。由此可以判断肯定是人类的发展“逼走”了灰狼,迫使灰狼迁徙到加拿大的森林地区。故正确选项为C。3.A　推理判断题。根据第三段可知灰狼的消失产生了许多出乎意料的结果。作为灰狼食物来源的其他动物繁衍过快,导致当地植被被过度消耗,公园的植物多样性遭到破坏;没有了天敌灰狼,当地的郊狼迅速繁衍,而郊狼杀死了公园大部分的红狐,也让河狸丧失了栖息之地。因此考生可以判断黄石国家公园的生态系统遭到破坏,故最佳选项为A。4.B　观点态度题。从短文中最后一段最后一句中的a valuable experiment可以推断出作者的态度是积极的,因此B项正确。
高考热词    1.heated adj. 激烈的　2.reintroduce v.重新引入　3.continental adj. 大陆的　4.diversity n.多样性　5.monitor v.监视　6.pack n.一群(动物或猎狗)
高级语块　1.in the absence of... 当……不在时2.drive away 使离去
Group 4Passage 1 (2017天津,C)词数:330This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley”of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things:that a car always chooses property(财产)damage over personal injury;that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race;and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email, say—the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,”says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers
and lawyers.“The liability(法律责任)issue is the biggest one of them all,”says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human“be watchful and monitoring the road”at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars,”Merat says.“You know—no driver.”Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully auto-mated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US, however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,”says Calo.
1.What does the phrase“death valley”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A place where cars often break down.B.A case where passing a law is impossible.C.An area where no driving is permitted.D.A situation where drivers' role is not clear.2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to　　    .A.stop people from breaking traffic rulesB.help promote fully automatic drivingC.protect drivers of all ages and racesD.prevent serious property damage3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?A.It should get the attention of insurance companies.B.It should be the main concern of law makers.C.It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.D.It should involve no human responsibility.
4.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in　　    .A.Singapore　　B.the UKC.the US　　D.Germany5.What could be the best title for the passage?A.Autonomous Driving:Whose Liability?B.Fully Automatic Cars:A New BreakthroughC.Autonomous Vehicles:Driver Removed!D.Driverless Cars:Root of Road Accidents
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文,题材为社科类。本文介绍了德国交通部部长Alexander Do-brindt提出的一系列有关自主驾驶车辆的法规。1.D　推测词义题。根据第一段第二句和第二段的内容可知,“They would define the driver's role”的目的是处理“death valley”,故可推知“death valley”是一种司机的角色不明确的状况,故选D。2.B　推理判断题。根据第二段可知,由Dobrindt提出的这项建议旨在帮助促进全自动驾驶。故选B。3.D    推理判断题。 根据第七段中的“You know—no driver.”和第八段中的“until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation”可知,消费者担心的是人的责任问题,故选D。 4.C　细节理解题。由最后一段中的“That would go down poorly in the US”可知选C。5.A　主旨要义题。本文主要探讨无人驾驶技术在推广过程中遇到的困难,即难以界定法律责任的主体,故选A。
高考热词    1.propose v.建议,提议　2.govern v.规定　3.distinguish v.区别　4.consumer n.消费者　5.insur-ance n.保险;保险业 6.confusion n.混乱,困惑　7.vehicle n.交通工具
长难句　They would define the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.它们将界定在这样的汽车中司机的角色,并规定这样的汽车在可能危及生命的事故中如何表现。本句中how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost为宾语从句;宾语从句中包含了一个定语从句where lives might be lost,修饰crashes。
Passage 2 (2016课标Ⅰ,C) 词数:269I am Peter Hodes,a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者)to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “Well, I'm really sorry, I've got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient—please, please, you've got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything.
She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.For this courier job,you're consciously aware that in that box you've got something that is poten-tially going to save somebody's life.1.Which of the following can replace the underlined word“courier”in Paragraph 1?A.provider　　B.delivery manC.collector　　D.medical doctor2.Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours?A.He cannot stay away from his job too long.B.The donor can only wait for that long.C.The operation needs that much time.D.The ice won't last any longer.3.Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?A.To London.　　B.To Newark.C.To Providence.　　D.To Washington.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了作为干细胞运送志愿者的Peter Hodes在美国遇到飓风,航班被取消,后来得到帮助的经历。1.B　推测词义题。根据文章第一段可知从在捐献者身上取到干细胞到移植到病人身上最多有72小时的时间,由此可判断作者是干细胞的运送者,故选B项。A、C、D三项和作者的递送工作无任何关系,因此可排除。2.D　细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句可知作者有两个冰袋,而它们能持续的时间为42小时,故选D项。A项意为“他不能离开工作太长时间”。B项意为“捐献者只能等那么长时间”。C项意为“手术需要很长时间”。3.B　细节理解题。根据文章第二段倒数第一句...re-routed me through Newark...可知选B项。
高考热词    1.harvest v.采集　2.implant v.(通常指通过手术)将……植入3.hurricane n.飓风　4.urgently adv. 迫切地　5.arrange v.安排6.scheduled adj.(根据节目、时间表等)事先安排的;事先计划的　7.consciously adv. 有意识地8.aware adj. 意识到的
高级语块　pick up (开车)接人
长难句　For this courier job,you're consciously aware that in that box you've got something that is potentially going to save somebody's life. 对于快递员这个工作,你要意识到在那个箱子里你拥有的是有可能挽救别人生命的东西。本句中 that in that box you've got something that is potentially going to save somebody's life为宾语从句,而 that is potentially going to save somebody's life则为定语从句,先行词为some-thing。
Passage 3 (2016课标Ⅱ,B) 词数:294Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said:“Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today—and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.”A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided.Another group built something out of their own imaginations.Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染)other stu-dents.Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare,“But I'm just not creative.”
“Do you dream at night when you're asleep?”“Oh,sure.”“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.”The student would tell something wildly imag-inative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads.“That's pretty creative. Who does that for you?”“Nobody. I do it.”“Really—at night, when you're asleep?”“Sure.”“Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay?”1.The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to　　    .A.know more about the studentsB.make the lessons more excitingC.raise the students' interest in artD.teach the students about toy design
2.What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3?A.He liked to help his teacher.B.He preferred to study alone.C.He was active in class.D.He was imaginative.3.What does the underlined word“downside”in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A.Mistake.　　B.Drawback.　　C.Difficulty.　　D.Burden.4.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams?A.To help them to see their creativity.B.To find out about their sleeping habits.C.To help them to improve their memory.D.To find out about their ways of thinking.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者在西雅图一所学校教学的时候为了更好地了解学生进行了一次小测试,并且有了新的发现。1.A　细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句中的I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students可知,作者在学期开始使用Tinkertoys作为测试是为了了解学生的一些情况,由此判断A项符合题意。2.D　推理判断题。根据文章第三段第四句Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.可知,这个孩子在他的作品上极有创造力,由此判断他是有想象力的,故选D项。3.B　推测词义题。根据文章第四段第二句可知,作者鼓励这种思维就有失去那些有不同风格的思维的学生的危险,因此可判断这种行为有不利的方面,故选择B项。4.A　推理判断题。根据文章最后一句中的Try doing it in the daytime可知,作者要孩子们在白天尝试梦中的想法,由此判断作者让孩子们说出自己的梦的真正目的是让孩子们看到自己的创造性,故选A项。
高考热词    1.hesitate v.(对某事)犹豫,迟疑不决　2.instruction n.用法说明　3.imagination n.想象　4.con-struction n.建造物 5.delighted adj. 高兴的　6.exceptionally adv. 极其,非常7.declare v.声称,宣称
高级语块　according to 根据
长难句　His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect other students.他的出现意味着课堂上我突然有了一个教学助手,他的创造力会感染其他的学生。本句中that 引导宾语从句。在宾语从句中whose creativity would infect other students为定语从句,关系词whose在从句中作定语。
Passage 4 (2016课标Ⅲ,B) 词数:323On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, an-other customer was approaching their table.“Hey, aren't you from Mississippi?”the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger.“I'm from Mississippi too.”Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,”Welty said.“I didn't know what my New York friends were thinking.”Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty's new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back
downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚).“My friend said:‘Now we believe your stories,’”Welty added.“And I said:‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’”Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.“I don't make them up,”she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.“I don't have to.”Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty's people come from af-ternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now giv-
en out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片断)of a particularly in-teresting story.1.What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?A.Two strangers joined her.B.Her childhood friends came in.C.A heavy rain ruined the dinner.D.Some people held a party there.2.The underlined word“them”in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's　　    .A.readers　　B.partiesC.friends　　D.stories3.What can we learn about the characters in Welty's fiction?A.They live in big cities.B.They are mostly women.C.They come from real life.D.They are pleasure seekers.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为记叙文,讲述了美国著名女作家尤多拉·韦尔蒂在纽约旅游时的一次经历。她让朋友相信了她小说中的人物都来源于真实的生活。她善于和各种人交往,从而使她的小说真实、生动。1.A　细节理解题。根据文章第三段...the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner part-ner showed up...可以得知选A。干扰项为C项,虽然有大雨,但是没有破坏他们的晚餐,所以排除C选项。2.D　推测词义题。根据上文中的Now we believe your stories可以推断出选D。3.C　推理判断题。根据第八段中的I don't make them up和最后一段,可以推断出她的小说中的人物来自真实的生活。
高考热词    1.approach v.接近　2.elegant adj. 优雅的　3.immediately adv. 立即;马上　4.amazed adj. 大为惊奇的;惊讶的　5.slim adj. 苗条的　6.figure n.身材　7.beautician n.美容师
高级语块　show up 如约赶到
C组  教师专用题组Passage 1(2013重庆,D)Not all bodies of water are so evidently alive as the Atlantic Ocean,an S-shaped body of water covering 33 million square miles.The Atlantic has,in a sense,replaced the Mediterranean as the in-land sea of Western civilization.Unlike real inland seas,which seem strangely still,the Atlantic is rich in oceanic liveliness.It is perhaps not surprising that its vitality has been much written about by ancient poets.“Storm at Sea”,a short poem written around 700,is generally regarded as one of mankind's ear-liest artistic representations of the Atlantic.When the wind is from the westAll the waves that cannot restTo the east must thunder onWhere the bright tree of the sunIs rooted in the ocean's breast.
As the poem suggests,the Atlantic is never dead and dull.It is an ocean that moves,impressively and endlessly.It makes all kinds of noise—it is forever thundering,boiling,crashing,and whistling.It is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breath—perhaps not so noticeably out in mid-o-cean,but where it meets land,its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach.It mimics(模仿)nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature.It is filled with symbiotic existences,too;unimag-inable quantities of creatures,little and large alike,mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic har-mony,giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat,a kind of sub-ocean vitality.And it has a psycholo-gy.It has personalities:sometimes peaceful and pleasant,on rare occasions rough and wild;always it is strong and striking.1.Unlike real inland seas,the Atlantic Ocean is　　    .A.always energetic　　B.lacking in livelinessC.shaped like a square　　D.favored by ancient poets
2.What is the purpose of using the poem“Storm at Sea”in the passage?A.To describe the movement of the waves.B.To show the strength of the storm.C.To represent the power of the ocean.D.To prove the vastness of the sea.3.What does the underlined word“symbiotic”mean?A.Living together.　　B.Growing fast.C.Moving harmoniously.　　D.Breathing peacefully.4.In the last paragraph,the Atlantic is compared to　　    .A.a beautiful and poetic placeB.a flesh and blood personC.a wonderful worldD.a lovely animal
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,题材为地理环境介绍,说明了大西洋富有力量、和谐和多变的自然特点。1.A　细节理解题。根据第一段中the Atlantic is rich in oceanic liveliness可知大西洋充满了活力,故选A项。2.C　推理判断题。第一段说明了大西洋富有活力的特点后,作者通过一首古诗印证,接着用一句话对诗歌进行了总结:As the poem suggests,the Atlantic is never dead and dull.由此可判断作者引用诗歌的目的是展现大西洋的力量,故选C项。3.A　推测词义题。根据下文的描述可知在大西洋生活的大量生物和谐共处,由此可推断symbiotic的意思为“共生的”,故选A项。B:生长迅速;C:和谐地移动;D:平和地呼吸。4.B　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的关键词psychology,personalities可知作者把大西洋比喻成了一个有血有肉有情感的人,故选B项。
Passage 2(2013重庆,E)It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather.Such a fixation with the weather finds expression in Dr.Johnson's famous comment that“When two English meet,their first talk is of weather.”Though Johnson's observation is as accurate now as it was over two hun-dred years ago,most commentators fail to come up with a convincing explanation for this English weather-speak.Bill Bryson,for example,concludes that,as the English weather is not at all exciting,the obsession with it can hardly be understood.He argues that“To an outsider,the most striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.”Simply,the reason is that the unusual and un-predictable weather is almost unknown in the British Isles.Jeremy Paxman,however,disagrees with Bryson,arguing that the English weather is by nature at-tractive.Bryson is wrong,he says,because the English preference for the weather has nothing to do with the natural phenomena.“The interest is less in the phenomena themselves,but in uncertain-ty.”According to him,the weather in England is very changeable and uncertain and it attracts the English as well as the outsider.
Bryson and Paxman stand for common misconceptions about the weather-speak among the Eng-lish.Both commentators,somehow,are missing the point.The English weather conversation is not really about the weather at all.English weather-speak is a system of signs,which is developed to help the speakers overcome the natural reserve and actually talk to each other.Everyone knows conversations starting with weather-speak are not requests for weather data.Rather,they are routine greetings,conversation starters or the blank“fillers”.In other words,English weather-speak is a means of social bonding.1.The author mentions Dr.Johnson's comment to show that　　    .A.most commentators agree with Dr.JohnsonB.Dr.Johnson is famous for his weather observationC.the comment was accurate two hundred years agoD.English conversations usually start with the weather
2.What does the underlined word“obsession”most probably refer to?A.A social trend.　　B.An emotional state.C.A historical concept.　　D.An unknown phenomenon.3.According to the passage,Jeremy Paxman believes that　　    .A.Bill Bryson has little knowledge of the weatherB.there is nothing special about the English weatherC.the English weather attracts people to the British IslesD.English people talk about the weather for its uncertainty4.What is the author's main purpose of writing the passage?A.To explain what English weather-speak is about.B.To analyse misconceptions about the English weather.C.To find fault with both Bill Bryson and Jeremy Paxman.D.To convince people that the English weather is changeable.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为议论文,题材为社会文化类,主要介绍了对英国人见面谈论天气的不同看法。1.D　推理判断题。第一段作者首先提出英国人见面谈论天气这一现象,接着就给出了Dr.Johnson的评论,由此可判断引用Dr.Johnson评论的目的是说明这一现象的普遍,故选D项。2.B　推测词义题。第二段提到Bill Bryson认为由于英国的天气一点也不让人兴奋,所以人们见面就谈天气的这种痴迷令人费解。可推断obsession的意思是“痴迷”,是一种情感状态,故选B。A:社会趋势;B:情感状态;C:历史概念;D:未知现象。3.D　推理判断题。根据第三段中“The interest is less in the phenomena themselves,but in un-certainty.”可知人们见面谈论天气的兴趣不在天气本身,而在于天气的不确定性,故选D。4.A　主旨要义题。文章第一段首先引出英国人见面爱谈天气的现象,第二段和第三段分别阐述了Bill Bryson和Jeremy Paxman对这一现象的两种相反观点,最后一段提出了自己的观点:英国人见面谈论天气是社交的一种手段,可判断文章的写作目的是剖析英国人见面谈天气的原因。
长难句　Jeremy Paxman,however,disagrees with Bryson,arguing that the English weather is by nature attractive.然而,Jeremy Paxman和Bryson持有相反的观点,他争辩说英国的天气在本质上是吸引人的。句中arguing...作伴随状语,that引导的从句作及物动词argue的宾语。
Passage 3(2013四川,B)On a sunny day last August,Tim heard some shouting.Looking out to the sea carefully,he saw a couple of kids in a rowboat were being pulled out to sea.Two 12-year-old boys,Christian and Jack,rowed out a boat to search for a football.Once they'd rowed beyond the calm waters,a beach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat into open water.The pair panicked and tried to row back to shore.But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.Tim knew it would soon be swallowed by the waves.“Everything went quiet in my head,”Tim recalls(回忆).“I was trying to figure out how to swim to the boys in a straight line.”Tim took off his clothes and jumped into the water.Every 500 yards or so,he raised his head to judge his progress. “At one point,I considered turning back,”he says. “I wondered if I was putting my life at risk.”After 30 minutes of struggling, he was close enough to yell to the boys,“Take down the umbrella!”
Christian made much effort to take down the umbrella. Then Tim was able to catch up and climb aboard the boat.He took over rowing,but the waves were almost too strong for him.“Let's aim for the pier(码头),”Jack said.Tim turned the boat toward it.Soon afterward,waves crashed over the boat,and it began to sink.“Can you guys swim?”he cried.“A little bit,”the boys said.Once they were in the water,Tim decided it would be safer and faster for him to pull the boys to-ward the pier.Christian and Jack were wearing life jackets and floated on their backs.Tim swam toward land as water washed over the boys' faces.“Are we almost there?”they asked again and again.“Yes,”Tim told them each time.After 30 minutes,they reached the pier.1.Why did the two boys go to the sea?A.To go boat rowing.B.To get back their football.C.To swim in the open water.D.To test the umbrella as a sail.
2.What does“it”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.The beach.　　B.The water.　　C.The boat.　　D.The wind.3.Why did Tim raise his head regularly?A.To take in enough fresh air.B.To consider turning back or not.C.To check his distance from the boys.D.To ask the boys to take down the umbrella.4.How did the two boys finally reach the pier?A.They were dragged to the pier by Tim.B.They swam to the pier all by themselves.C.They were washed to the pier by the waves.D.They were carried to the pier by Tim on his back.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为记叙文,题材为日常活动。本文讲述了两个孩子为了找一个足球驾船出海而遇到危险,最终被Tim成功救回的故事。1.B　细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句Two 12-year-old boys,Christian and Jack,rowed out a boat to search for a football.可知应选B项。2.D　推测词义题。句意:但是他们没有能力和风抗衡,于是船失控了。所以it指风。3.C　细节理解题。根据文章第五段第二句Every 500 yards or so,he raised his head to judge his progress.可知他常抬起头来看看自己的进展,即距离两个孩子的距离,故选C。4.A　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段可知两个孩子是被Tim拖到码头的,故选A。
Passage 4(2013四川,E)Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head,according to a study that has found a link be-tween the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩)and pumping blood around their bodies,compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed.Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influ-ence how the brain responds to a fearful event,depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said:“Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.Dr Garfinkel said,“The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed.Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don't see—and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship,the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪)to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person's feeling of fear.“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain‘speak’to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,”Dr Garfinkel said.“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced,we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders,and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”1.What is the finding of the study?A.One's heart affects how he feels fear.B.Fear is a result of one's relaxed heartbeat.C.Fear has something to do with one's health.D.One's fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
2.The study was carried out by analyzing　　    .A.volunteers' heartbeats when they saw terrible picturesB.the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditionsC.volunteers' reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scansD.different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication3.Which of the following is closest in meaning to “mechanism”in Paragraph 6?A.Order.　　B.System.　　C.Machine.　　D.Treatment.4.This study may contribute to 　　    .A.treating anxiety and stress betterB.explaining the cycle of fear and anxietyC.finding the key to the heart-brain communicationD.understanding different fears in our hearts and heads
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,题材为科普知识。文章介绍了恐惧与心脏之间的关系,尤其是心脏在收缩时人们对恐惧的反应。1.A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句可知A项正确,心脏影响人们对恐惧的反应。2.C　细节理解题。根据文章第四、五段可知C项正确。3.B　推测词义题。句意:我们已经发现了一个重要的　　    ,通过它心脏和大脑可以对话从而改变我们的感觉并减少恐惧。可以猜测出此词应为“系统”,故选B。4.A　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知A项正确。
Passage 5 (2013陕西,D)About 30 years ago,I left Cuba for the United States with my son.After getting settled finally in Brunswick,New Jersey,I enrolled(注册)my son in kindergarten.Several weeks later,my son's teacher asked me to meet him at his office.In the teacher's office,an exchange of greetings was followed by his questions:“Is your son men-tally retarded(弱智的)?Does he suffer from any kind of mental disability?”Was he talking about my wonderful Scola?No,no,it can't be.What a helpless,lonely moment!I told him that Scola was a quiet,sweet little boy,instead.I asked him why he was asking me all these questions.My son could not follow the teacher's directions,he told me,and thus,Scola was disrupting the class.Didn't he know my son did not speak English yet?He was angry:“Why hasn't your son been taught to speak English?Don't you speak English at home?”
No,I didn't speak English at home,I replied.I was sure my son would learn English in a couple of months,and I didn't want him to forget his native language.Well,wrong answer!What kind of per-son would not speak in English to her son at home and at all times?“Are you one of those people who come to this country to save dollars and send them back to their country,never wanting to be a part of this society?”Needless to say,I tried to tell him I was not one of “those people”.Then he told me the meeting was over,and I left.As I had expected,my son learned to speak English fluently before the school year was over.He went on to graduate from college and got a job,earning close to six figures.He travels widely and leads a well-adjusted,contented life.And he has benefited from being bilingual(双语的).Speaking more than one language allows people to communicate with others;it teaches people about other cultures and other places—something very basic and obviously lacking in the“educa-tor”I met in New Jersey.
1.The teacher asked the author to his office　　    .A.to discuss Scola's in-class performanceB.to get Scola enrolled in kindergartenC.to find a language partner for ScolaD.to work out a study plan for Scola2.What does the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A.Breaking.　　B.Following.　　C.Attending.　　D.Disturbing.3.The author's attitude towards being bilingual may best be described as　　    .A.critical　　B.casual　　C.positive　　D.passive4.This text is likely to be selected from a book of　　    .A.medicine　　B.education　　C.geography　　D.history
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是记叙文,属于学校生活和语言学习类。本文作者的儿子因不会说英语而被老师认为是弱智,老师因此把作者叫到了学校。作者以积极的态度应对,让儿子学到了一口流利的英语,大学毕业后儿子的职业生涯获得了极大成功。1.A　细节理解题。根据第四段第一句话可知答案。2.D　推测词义题。由于作者的儿子不会说英语,跟不上老师的课堂指令,可猜测得出画线单词意思。A:打破,使碎裂,折断,毁坏;B:跟随,遵循,沿行,接着;C:参加,出席,照顾;D:妨碍,打扰,打乱。3.C　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段,作者的儿子正如作者所期望的那样学会了说一口流利的英语可知,作者鼓励孩子努力学习英语,对于双语学习持有积极的态度。4.B　推理判断题。通过整篇文章的大意可知它是关于学校教育问题的,最有可能选自教育方面的书籍。
长难句　I was sure my son would learn English in a couple of months,and I didn't want him to forget his native language.我确信我儿子在几个月里会学英语,而且我不想让他忘记母语。and连接两个并列分句;在第一个分句中my son would learn English in a couple of months是宾语从句。
Passage 6(2013山东,D)Sparrow is a fast-food chain with 200 restaurants.Some years ago,the group to which Sparrow be-longed was taken over by another company.Although Sparrow showed no sign of declining,the chain was generally in an unhealthy state.With more and more fast-food concepts reaching the market,the Sparrow menu had to struggle for attention.And to make matters worse,its new owner had no plans to give it the funds it required.Sparrow failed to grow for another two years,until a new CEO,Carl Pearson,decided to build up its market share.He did a survey,which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain,while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them.Sparrow had to develop a new promotional campaign.Pearson faced a battle over the future of the Sparrow brand.The chain's owner now favored re-branding Sparrow as Marcy's restaurants.Pearson resisted,arguing for an advertising campaign de-
signed to convince customers that visits to Sparrow restaurants were fun.Such an attempt to estab-lish a positive relationship between a company and the general public was unusual for that time.Pearson strongly believed that numbers were the key to success,rather than customers' spending power.Finally,the owner accepted his idea.The campaign itself changed the traditional advertising style of the fast-food industry.The TV ads of Sparrow focused on entertainment and featured original songs performed by a variety of stars.Instead of showing the superiority of a specific product,the intention was to put Sparrow in the hearts of potential customers.Pearson also made other decisions which he believed would contribute to the new Sparrow image.For example,he offered to lower the rent of any restaurants which achieved a certain increase in their turnover(营业额).These efforts paid off,and Sparrow soon became one of the most successful fast-food chains in the regions where it operated.
1.Which was one of the problems Sparrow faced before Pearson became CEO?A.The number of its customers was declining.B.Its customers found the food unhealthy.C.It was in need of financial support.D.Most of its restaurants were closed.2.What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Customers of Sparrow restaurants.B.Sparrow restaurants.C.Customers of other fast-food chains.D.Other fast-food chains.3.For what purpose did Pearson start the advertising campaign?A.To build a good relationship with the public.B.To stress the unusual tradition of Sparrow.
C.To learn about customers' spending power.D.To meet the challenge from Marcy's restaurants.4.The TV ads of Sparrow　　    .A.changed people's views on pop starsB.amused the public with original songsC.focused on the superiority of its productsD.influenced the eating habits of the audience5.What was Pearson's achievement as a CEO?A.He managed to pay off Sparrow's debts.B.He made Sparrow much more competitive.C.He helped Sparrow take over a company.D.He improved the welfare of Sparrow employees.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为记叙文,题材是计划与愿望实现类。快餐连锁店Sparrow的经营遭受到了前所未有的困难,在此危难关头新的CEO Pearson 用自己独特的经营理念拯救了它,一跃成为最成功的快餐连锁店之一。1.C　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话:而更糟糕的是它的新老板没有计划投入饭店所需要的资金,故选C项。第一段描述的就是在Pearson成为新的CEO前的情况,根据no sign of de-clining排除A项;B、D两项该段没有提及。2.D　推测词义题。该句表达:那些在Sparrow消费过的顾客对其充满积极支持的态度,而那些其他快餐店的顾客也不愿意离开它们。也就是other fast-food chains,故选D项。3.A　细节理解题。根据第三段的第三、四句话可知这次广告活动的目的就是为了和大众建立良好的关系,故选A项。4.B　细节理解题。根据第四段中的and featured original songs performed by可知这次广告是靠原唱歌曲来取悦大众的,故选B项。5.B　推理判断题。最后一段总结:这些努力得到了回报,Sparrow连锁店很快成了它的运作地区最成功的快餐连锁店之一。由此我们推断出新的CEO使得Sparrow具有了非常强的竞争力,故选B项。
长难句　He did a survey,which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain,while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them.他做了一项调查,调查表明那些已经在Sparrow饭店消费过的顾客对该连锁店持有非常乐观的态度,而那些其他连锁店的顾客却不愿意离开它们。which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词survey。while在此处是连词,意为:而,却,表示前后的对比。
Passage 7(2013福建,B)Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone,and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch.Some in the city can't wait to try them on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include.“I'd use it if I were hanging out with friends at 3 a.m. and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open,”said Walter Choo,40,of Fort Greene.The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600,the Times said,possibly including a variation of augmented(增强的)reality,a technology already avail-able on smartphones and tablets(平板电脑)that overlays information onto the screen about one's surroundings.So,for example,if you were walking down a street,indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you.“As far as a mainstream consumer product,this just isn't something anybody needs,”said Sam Biddle,who writes for Gizmodo.com.“We're accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things,”he added,“and the average consumer isn't gonna be able to afford another de-vice(装置)that's hundreds and hundreds of dollars.”
9to5Google publisher Seth Weintraub,who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last year,said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones.“It's just like smartphones 10 years ago,”Weintraub said.“A few people started getting emails on their phones,and people thought that was crazy.Same kind of thing.We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones,and it's unnatural,”he said.“There's gonna be improvements to that,and this a step there.”1.One of the possible functions of the smartphone-like glasses is to　　    .A.program the opening hours of a barB.supply you with a picture of the futureC.provide information about your surroundingsD.update the maps and GPS in your smartphones
2.The underlined phrase“pop up”in the third paragraph probably means“　　　    ”.A.develop rapidly　　B.get round quicklyC.appear immediately　　D.go over automatically3.According to Sam Biddle,the smartphone-like glasses are　　　    .A.necessary for teenagersB.attractive to New YorkersC.available to people worldwideD.expensive for average consumers4.We can learn from the last two paragraphs that the smartphone-like glasses　　　    .A.may have a potential marketB.are as common as smartphonesC.are popular among young adultsD.will be improved by a new technology
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,题材为科普知识类。这则新闻介绍了Google新推出的智能眼镜。1.C　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知,该智能眼镜可能具备目前智能手机和平板电脑所具备的技术,即在屏幕上可以显示有关周围环境的信息。2.C　推测词义题。此处举例说明智能眼镜具备显示周围环境信息的技术。由此推断,indica-tors would pop up最有可能指显示器“会快速显现出信息”,故选C。3.D　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句可知,Sam Biddle认为,人们携带一种具有这些功能的智能装置就足够了(例如智能手机或平板电脑),一般的消费者不可能再花费成百上千美金去买另一种装置。这里的another device指的就是智能眼镜,故答案选D。4.A　推理判断题。根据最后两段可知,Weintraub认为,智能手机接收邮件开始也是不为人们所接受的,智能眼镜最终也会像智能手机那样,被人们所接受和认可。故答案选A。
Passage 8 (2013江西,A) The light from the campfire brightened the darkness,but it could not prevent the damp cold of Dennis's Swamp(沼泽地)creeping into their bones.It was a strange place.Martin and Tom wished that they had not accepted Jack's dare.They liked camping,but not near this swamp.“So,”Martin asked as they sat watching the hot coals.“How did this place get its name?”“Are you sure you want to hear it?It's a scary story,”warned Jack.“Of course!”cried out Tom.“If there were anything to be scared of,you wouldn't have chosen this place!”“OK,but don't say I didn't warn you,”said Jack,and he began his tale.“Way back in time,a man called Dennis tried to start a farm here.He built that cottage over there to live in.In those days,the area looked quite different—it was covered with tall trees and the swamp was a crystal-clear river.After three hard years,Dennis had cleared several fields and plant-ed crops.He was so proud of his success that he refused to listen to advice.”“‘You are clearing too much land,’warned one old man.‘The land is a living thing.It will hit back at you if you abuse it.’”
“‘Silly fool,’said Dennis to himself.‘If I clear more land,I can grow more crops.I'll become wealthier.He's just jealous!’”“Dennis continued to chop down trees.Small animals that relied on them for food and shelter were destroyed.He was so eager to expand his farm that he did not notice the river flowing slowly towards his door.He did not notice salt seeping to the surface of the land.He did not notice swamp plants choking all the native plants.”“What happened?”Martin asked.It was growing colder.He trembled,twisting his body closer to the fire.“The land hit back—just as the old man warned,”Jack shrugged.“Dennis disappeared.Old folks around here believe that swamp plants moved up from the river and dragged him underwater.His body was never found.”“What a stupid story,”laughed Tom.“Plants can't...”Before he had finished speaking,he screamed and fainted(晕倒).The other two boys jumped up with fright,staring at Tom.Suddenly,they burst out laughing.Some green swamp ivy(常春藤)had covered Tom's face.It was a while be-fore Tom could appreciate the joke.
1.The underlined word “dare”in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to　　    .A.courage　　B.assistance　　C.instruction　　D.challenge2.Why did Jack tell Tom and Martin the story?A.To frighten them.B.To satisfy their curiosity.C.To warn them of the danger of the place.D.To persuade them to camp in the swamp.3.Why did Dennis ignore the warning of the old man?A.The old man envied him.B.The old man was foolish.C.He was too busy to listen to others.D.He was greedy for more crops.
4.Why did Tom scream and faint?A.He saw Dennis's shadow.B.He was scared by a plant.C.His friends played a joke on him.D.The weather became extremely cold.5.What lesson can we learn from the story of Dennis?A.Grasp all,lose all.B.No sweat,no sweet.C.It is no use crying over spilt milk.D.He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为记叙文,题材为文娱与体育。讲述了三个小男孩去沼泽地野营的事。文章围绕沼泽地名称的由来展开了一个骇人听闻的故事。1.D　推测词义题。根据文章第一段可知这个地方很诡异,马丁和汤姆感到害怕,都希望没有接受杰克的大胆挑战。A:勇气;B:帮助;C:指导;D:挑战。2.B　细节理解题。根据文章第三段和第四段中的“Are you sure you want to hear it?”和“Of course!”可得出答案。3.D　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第五段中的“If I clear more land,I can grow more crops.I'll become wealthier.”可知他想种更多的农作物。4.B　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Some green swamp ivy had covered Tom's face.”可知,汤姆是因被常春藤的叶子盖到脸部而吓着了。5.A　主旨要义题。文章讲到丹尼斯太贪婪,不断地开垦土地想把所有土地都种植农作物以获取更多金钱,最终受到了大自然的报复,所以选A(贪多必失)。B:没有汗水,没有收获;C:覆水难收;D:不犯错的人是不会有收获的。
Passage 9 (2013湖北,B) Mothers and daughters go through so much—yet when was the last time a mother and daughter sat down to write a book together about it all?Perri Klass and her mother,Sheila Solomon Klass,both gifted professional writers,prove to be ideal co-writers as they examine their decades of mother-hood,daughterhood,and the wonderful ways their lives have overlapped(重叠).Perri notes with amazement how closely her own life has mirrored her mother's:both have full-time careers;both have published books,articles,and stories;each has three children;they both love to read.They also love to travel—in fact,they often take trips together.But in truth,the harder they look at their lives,the more they acknowledge their big differences in circumstance and basic na-ture.A child of the Depression(大萧条),Sheila was raised in Brooklyn by parents who considered edu-cation a luxury for girls.Starting with her college education,she has fought for everything she's ev-er accomplished.Perri,on the other hand,grew up privileged in the New Jersey suburbs of the 1960s and 1970s.For Sheila,wasting time or money is a crime,and luxury is unthinkable while Perri en-
joys the occasional small luxury,but has not been successful at trying to persuade her mother into enjoying even the tiniest thing she likes.Each writing in her own unmistakable voice,Perri and Sheila take turns exploring the joys and pains,the love and bitterness,the minor troubles and lasting respect that have always bonded them together.Sheila describes the adventure of giving birth to Perri in a tiny town in Trinidad where her husband was doing research fieldwork.Perri admits that she can't sort out all the mess in the households,even though she knows it drives her mother crazy.Together they compare thoughts on bringing up children and working,admit long-hidden sorrows,and enjoy precious memories.Looking deep into the lives they have lived separately and together,Perri and Sheila tell their mother-daughter story with honesty,humor,enthusiasm,and admiration for each other.A written ac-count in two voices,Every Mother Is a Daughter is a duet(二重奏)that produces a deep,strong sound with the experiences that all mothers and daughters will recognize.1.Why does Perri think that her own life has mirrored her mother's?A.They both have gone through difficult times.
B.They have strong emotional ties with each other.C.They have the same joys and pains,and love and bitterness.D.They both have experiences as daughter,mother and writer.2.The word“luxury”in Paragraph 3 means　　    .A.something rare but not pleasantB.something that cannot be imaginedC.something expensive but not necessaryD.something that can only be enjoyed by boys3.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?A.The content of the book.　　B.The purpose of the book.C.The influence of the book.　　D.The writing style of the book.4.How are women's lives explored in this book?A.In a musical form.　　B.Through field research.C.With unique writing skills.　　D.From different points of view.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。题材为作品创作。介绍Every Mother Is a Daughter的基本内容及其作者的基本情况。1.D　细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知,母女二人都是杰出的职业作家,都有做母亲、做女儿的生活阅历。故选D。2.C　推测词义题。第三段第一句表明,大萧条时代,女孩子上学是一种奢侈,即something that is expensive and enjoyable,but not necessary,故选C。3.A　主旨要义题。根据第四段Each writing in her own unmistakable voice...和下文Sheila de-scribes the adventure of giving birth to Perri...和最后一句可知,第四段主要讲书的具体内容,故选A。4.D　推理判断题。从文章最后一段特别是信息A written account in two voices...可知,作者在Every Mother Is a Daughter一书中从不同的观点阐述母女二人的生活。故选D。
Passage 10(2014湖南,B)In the mid-1950s,I was a somewhat bored early-adolescent male student who believed that doing any more than necessary was wasted effort.One day,this approach threw me into embarrassment.In Mrs.Totten's eighth-grade math class at Central Avenue School in Anderson,Indiana,we were learning to add and subtract decimals(小数).Our teacher typically assigned daily homework,which would be recited in class the following day.On most days,our grades were based on our oral answers to homework questions.Mrs.Totten usually walked up and down the rows of desks requesting answers from student after student in the order the questions had appeared on our homework sheets.She would start either at the front or the back of the classroom and work toward the other end.Since I was seated near the middle of about 35 students,it was easy to figure out which questions I might have to answer.This particular time,I had completed my usual two or three problems accord-ing to my calculations.What I failed to expect was that several students were absent,which threw off my estimate.As Mrs.Totten made her way from the beginning of the class,I desperately tried to determine which math prob-lem I would get.I tried to work it out before she got to me,but I had brain freeze and couldn't function.
When Mrs.Totten reached my desk,she asked what answer I'd got for problem No.14.“I...I didn't get anything,”I answered,and my face felt warm.“Correct,”she said.It turned out that the correct answer was zero.What did I learn that day?First,always do all your homework.Second,in real life it isn't always what you say but how you say it that matters.Third,I would never make it as a mathematician.If I could choose one school day that taught me the most,it would be that one.1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 indicate?A.It is wise to value one's time.B.It is important to make an effort.C.It is right to stick to one's belief.D.It is enough to do the necessary.2.Usually,Mrs.Totten asked her students to　　    .A.recite their homework togetherB.grade their homework themselves
C.answer their homework questions orallyD.check the answers to their homework questions3.The author could work out which questions to answer since the teacher always　　    .A.asked questions in a regular wayB.walked up and down when asking questionsC.chose two or three questions for the studentsD.requested her students to finish their usual questions4.The author failed to get the questions he had expected because　　    .A.the class didn't begin as usualB.several students didn't come to schoolC.he didn't try hard to make his estimateD.Mrs.Totten didn't start from the back of the class5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.An Unforgettable Teacher　　B.A Future MathematicianC.An Effective Approach　　D.A Valuable Lesson
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为记叙文,题材为学校生活。“我”曾经自以为是地认为做自己认为必要的事情就够了,然而在八年级的一节数学课上,“我”所遇到的尴尬让“我”明白了“我”所付出的努力还不够。1.D　推测词义题。此句话可直译为“做任何超出必要的事都是浪费精力”,通过阅读下文能够知道作者刚开始只做自己认为有必要做的事情,因此D项符合题意。2.C　细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句可知本题应选择C项。3.A　细节理解题。根据文章第四段可知老师通常提问的方式是有规律的,故选择A项。4.B　细节理解题。根据文章第六段的第一句“What I failed to expect was that several students were absent...”可知本题选择B项。5.D    主旨要义题。通读全文可知作者通过上这节数学课得到了教训,文章的最后一段也提到“If I could choose one school day that taught me the most,it would be that one.”因此本题选择D项。
Passage 11(2014湖南,C)The behaviour of a building's users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to en-ergy use,according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre(UKERC).The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions(排放)by 80 percent by 2050,part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by 2016.But this report shows that sustainable build-ing design on its own—though extremely important—is not enough to achieve such reductions:the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too.The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency(效率),which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.“Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything,”explains Katy Janda,a UK-ERC senior researcher,“consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful de-sign.”In other words,old habits die hard,even in the best-designed eco-home.Another part of the problem is information.Households and bill-payers don't have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits.Without specific information,it's hard to estimate the
costs and benefits of making different choices.Feedback(反馈)facilities,like smart meters and en-ergy monitors,could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their be-haviour directly affects their energy use;some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.Social science research has added a further dimension(方面),suggesting that individuals' be-haviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted—whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat(恒温器),for example.Janda argues that education is the key.She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.1.As to energy use,the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of　　    .A.zero-carbon homesB.the behaviour of building usersC.sustainable building designD.the reduction of carbon emissions
2.The underlined word“which”in Paragraph 2 refers to“　　    ”.A.the ways　　B.their homes C.developments　　D.existing efforts3.What are Katy Janda's words mainly about?A.The importance of changing building users' habits.B.The necessity of making a careful building design.C.The variety of consumption patterns of building users.D.The role of technology in improving energy efficiency.4.The information gap in energy use　　    .A.can be bridged by feedback facilities B.affects the study on energy monitorsC.brings about problems for smart meters D.will be caused by building users' old habits5.What does the dimension added by social science research suggest?A.The social science research is to be furthered.B.The education programme is under discussion.C.The behaviour of building users is unpredictable.D.The behaviour preference of building users is similar.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,题材为社会生活类。现在人们提倡减少碳排放,我们以节能为核心来关注楼房设计的同时,也不能忽视人们是如何使用楼房的。1.B　细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句中“The behaviour of a building's users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use”和最后一句中“the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too”可知本题选择B项。2.D    推测词义题。文章第二段中that people use and live in their homes为the ways的定语从句,to improve energy efficiency为existing efforts的定语,which instead focus on architectural and technological developments修饰的是existing efforts,故本题选择D项。3.A　推理判断题。文章第三段第一句中的consumption patterns“消费模式”指的就是人们的习惯,第二句中也提到“old habits die hard”,故本题选择A项。4.A　细节理解题。根据文章第四段第四句“Feedback...could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour...”可知本题选择A项。5.C　细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句“...suggesting that individuals' behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted...”可知本题选择C项。
长难句　The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been large-ly ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency(效率),which instead focus on architec-tural and technological developments.这项研究表明,通过现有的提高能效方面的努力,人们使用和居住在他们房屋中的方式被极大地忽视了,而现有的努力大多集中到了建筑和科技的发展上。本句话的句子结构非常清晰,主句的谓语动词为suggests,宾语从句中主语为the ways,谓语动词为have been ignored,by引导方式状语,而existing efforts在后面which引导的定语从句中充当主语成分。在翻译时,考生需要厘清句子成分,并通过上下文来理解句意。
Passage 12(2014课标Ⅱ,A)Arriving in Sydney on his own from India,my husband,Rashid,stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children. During the first week of his stay,he went out one day to do some shopping.He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers,including his passport. He reported the case to the police and then sat there,lost and lonely in a strange city,thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one. Late in the evening,the phone rang.It was a stranger.He was trying to pronounce my husband's name and was asking him a lot of questions.Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can(垃圾桶)that had been left out on the footpath. My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents.Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had
carefully sorted them out,although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the docu-ments.At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.1.What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney?A.Go shopping.　　B.Find a house. C.Join his family.　　D.Take a vacation.2.The girl's parents got Rashid's phone number from　　    .A.a friend of his family　　B.a Sydney policemanC.a letter in his papers 　　D.a stranger in Sydney3.What does the underlined word “restored”in the last paragraph mean?A.Showed.　　B.Sent out. C.Delivered.　　D.Gave back.4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.From India to Australia. B.Living in a New Country.C.Turning Trash to Treasure. D.In Search of New Friends.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为记叙文,题材是人物故事类。从印度来到悉尼的第一个星期,作者的丈夫Rashid的手提箱被盗,里面装有重要文件,包括护照。在这个举目无亲的陌生城市里,他会得到帮助吗?1.B　细节理解题。根据第一段中while looking for a house for me and our children可知,Rashid在抵达悉尼之后,计划为家人寻找一套房子。2.C　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句可知,女孩的父母在Rashid写了一半的信中发现了他给朋友留下的新电话号码。3.D　推测词义题。倒数第二段第一句提示Rashid是亲自登门,故在这里restore指这家人归还他被盗的文件,而非展示、分发或递送。4.C　主旨要义题。本文讲述了一户善良的人家在垃圾桶内发现了Rashid被盗的重要文件并归还给他。故C项标题“变废为宝”符合文章主旨。
Passage 13(2014课标Ⅱ,C)One of the latest trends(趋势) in American childcare is Chinese au pairs.Au Pair in Stamford,Conn.,for example,has got increasing numbers of requests for Chinese au pairs from zero to around 4,000 since 2004.And that's true all across the country. “I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age,”Joseph Stocke,the managing director of a company,says of his 2-year-old son.“I would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the future.”After only six months of being cared for by a 25-year-old woman from China,the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions,his dad says. Li Drake,a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband,had an-other reason for looking for an au pair from China:She didn't want her children to miss out on their roots.“Because I am Chinese,my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to(接触) the language and culture,” she says. “Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom,” says Suzanne Flynn,a professor in language education of children.“But parents must understand that just one year with an au pair is unlikely to produce wonders.Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.”
The popularity of au pairs from China has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of Ameri-can parents who want their children to learn Chinese.It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.1.What does the term “au pair” in the text mean? A.A mother raising her children on her own. B.A child learning a foreign language at home. C.A professor in language education of children. D.A young foreign woman taking care of children.2.Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them 　　    . A.to live in China some day B.to speak the language at home C.to catch up with other children D.to learn about the Chinese culture3.What can we infer from the text? A.Learning Chinese is becoming popular in America. B.Educated women do better in looking after children. C.Chinese au pairs need to improve their English skills. D.Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,题材是社会文化类。在美国开始盛行雇用中国换工互惠生来照看孩子,因为越来越多的父母希望孩子可以尽早学习汉语。1.D　推测词义题。根据第二段可知,Joseph Stocke让一名来自中国的25岁女性照看他的儿子,希望对儿子未来的汉语学习有所帮助。由此推断,au pair指的是D项。2.D　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中to keep exposed to(接触)the language and culture可知选D。3.A　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句...by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children to learn Chinese.可推断出,学习汉语在美国越来越流行。
Passage 14(2014安徽,E)You may not have heard of Ashoka,but for the past 27 years,this association,founded by Bill Dray-ton,has fought poverty(贫困)and sickness,promoted education and encouraged small businesses.To support these worthy causes,Ashoka provides money for the world's most promising“change-makers”seeking to solve(解决)urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change.The important thing is to simply give yourself permission.If you see a problem that you care about,you can help solve it.The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy,healthy,contributing adult.In fact,it is many young people's ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions.An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka,which handled the rubbish problem facing the city,helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka's streets,attracting rats and disease,they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste.So they
educated the poor people in the city to compost(把……制成堆肥)this waste.They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fer-tilisers(化肥)which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years.At first,they were refused,but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made,the project took off.In 2009 sales were $14,000.Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious,practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.1.Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?A.Changemakers　　B.BusinessmenC.Social Conditions　　D.Rubbish Problem
2.The underlined word“them”in Paragraph 3 probably refers to“　　    .”A.the local farmersB.Masqsood and IftekharC.Drayton and his teamD.the poor people in Dhaka3.It can be concluded from the passage that anyone can become a changemaker if he　　    .A.considers Drayton's conceptB.gets permission from AshokaC.tries to improve social conditionsD.is a young,happy and healthy adult4.The author's attitude towards Ashoka's program can be described as　　    .A.changing　　B.forgivingC.cautious　　D.positive
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,讲述了一个由Bill Drayton所创立的组织Ashoka通过提供资金支持,致力于鼓励人们去做一个变革者,努力去改变社会,解决当前社会中迫切需要解决的问题。1.A　主旨要义题。根据全文可知Bill Drayton创立Ashoka的目的就是通过提供资金支持,致力于鼓励人们去做一个变革者,努力去改变社会,解决当前社会上迫切需要解决的问题。A选项与全文主题思想最吻合。2.D    推测词义题。根据第三段可知Dhaka当地贫民饱受垃圾困扰,Masqsood 和 Iftekhar在Ashoka帮助下试图说服当地贫民把垃圾变废为宝转化为肥料,他们俩起初被拒绝,后来他们俩说服当地的贫民,因此them指的是当地贫民。故选D。3.C　推理判断题。根据第二段可知C选项正确。4.D　推理判断题。由全文内容可知答案为D项。
Passage 15(2014课标Ⅰ,B) Passenger pigeons(旅鸽)once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers.Writ-ten accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群)so large that they darkened the sky for hours.It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point,there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States,making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.Even as late as 1870 when their num-bers had already become smaller,a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles(about 515 kilo-meters)long was seen near Cincinnati.Sadly,the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing.Where the birds were most abundant,people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands.Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain,waited until pigeons had settled to feed,then threw large nets over them,taking hundreds at a time.The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
By the closing decades of the 19th century,the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans' need for wood,which scattered(驱散)the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north,where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline.Soon the great flocks were gone,never to be seen again.In 1897,the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons,but by then,no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.The last confirmed wild pigeon in the U-nited States was shot by a boy in Pike County,Ohio,in 1900.For a time,a few birds survived under human care.The last of them,known affectionately as Martha,died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1,1914.1.In the 18th and early 19th centuries,passenger pigeons　　    .A.were the biggest bird in the worldB.lived mainly in the south of AmericaC.did great harm to the natural environmentD.were the largest bird population in the US
2.The underlined word “undoing”probably refers to the pigeons'　　    .A.escape　　B.ruin　　C.liberation　　D.evolution3.What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons?A.To seek pleasure.　　B.To save other birds.C.To make money.　　D.To protect crops.4.What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan?A.It was ignored by the public.B.It was declared too late.C.It was unfair.D.It was strict.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,题材为环境与自然类。曾几何时在美国蔚蓝的天空飞翔着一种鸟,这种鸟可能是当时美国数量最多的鸟类——旅鸽。但是慢慢地这种鸟的数量急剧减少,人们几乎看不到它们了。发生了什么事?这些鸟去哪儿了呢?1.D　推理判断题。根据第二段第一句话可知当时这种鸟的数量占据美国全部鸟类数量的24%到40%,可能是世界上最多的鸟,由此推断它是当时美国数量最多的鸟类,所以答案为D项。没有提及它们是世界上最大的鸟类,排除A项;也没有提及它们主要生活在美国的南部,排除B项;更没有提及它们给环境带来了巨大的危害,排除C项。2.B　推测词义题。根据后面的描述可知人们大量捕捉这种鸟,把它们卖到饭店。由此推断出这种鸟的数量众多导致了它们的毁灭。所以答案为B项。escape逃跑,避开;ruin毁坏,毁灭;lib-eration解放;evolution进化,发展。3.C　细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句话The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.可知人们主要是为了钱才大量屠杀这种鸟的,所以答案为C项。其他三项文中均未提及。
4.B　推理判断题。根据最后一段的描述可知尽管密歇根州于1897年通过了禁止屠杀旅鸽的法律,但是在以前的10年里人们已经没有见过有一定规模的鸟群飞过密歇根州了。由此推断出该法律颁布得太晚了,所以答案为B项。其他三项文中均未提及。
长难句　It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point,there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States,making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.据计算,这种鸟的数量在达到最高点的时候有超过30亿只——这个数量相当于全美鸟类数量的24%到40%,这使它可能成为世界上数量最多的鸟类。主句用的是It was+过去分词+that句式,从句中when引导的是时间状语从句,there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons为主句。破折号后是同位语,对前面的数量进行解释和说明,making it...是现在分词短语作状语。
Passage 16(2014课标Ⅰ,D) As more and more people speak the global languages of English,Chinese,Spanish,and Arabic,other languages are rapidly disappearing.In fact,half of the 6,000—7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century,according to the United Nations Educational,Scientific,and Cultural Organization(UNESCO).In an effort to prevent language loss,scholars from a number of organizations—UNESCO and Na-tional Geographic among them—have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.Mark Turin,a scientist at the Macmillan Center,Yale University,who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas,is following in that tradition.His recently published book,A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture,grows out of his experience living,working,and raising a family in a village in Nepal.Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin,who seeks to in-clude other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India,Nepal,Bhutan,and
China.But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials—including pho-tographs,films,tape recordings,and field notes—which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.Now,through the two organizations that he has founded—the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project—Turin has started a campaign to make such documents,found in li-braries and stores around the world,available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet,Turin notes,the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.1.Many scholars are making efforts to　　    .A.promote global languagesB.rescue disappearing languagesC.search for language communitiesD.set up language research organizations
2.What does“that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to?A.Having full records of the languages.B.Writing books on language teaching.C.Telling stories about language users.D.Living with the native speakers.3.What is Turin's book based on?A.The cultural studies in India.B.The documents available at Yale.C.His language research in Bhutan.D.His personal experience in Nepal.4.Which of the following best describes Turin's work?A.Write,sell and donate.B.Record,repair and reward.C.Collect,protect and reconnect.D.Design,experiment and report.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是说明文,题材为社会文化类。世界上很多语言在慢慢消失,为了拯救这些使用人数少的语言很多学者开始了营救工程。本文介绍了一位正在为之奋斗的学者,他到底为此在做着什么呢?1.B    细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中In an effort to prevent language loss,scholars...docu-menting dying languages...可知答案为B项。A项:推广世界语言;C项:寻找语言团体;D项:建立语言研究机构。这三项与原文不符。2.A　推测词义题。根据第二段最后的 documenting dying languages可以推断出Mark Turin教授也加入到了拯救正在消失的语言的队列中,他想把这些语言全部记录下来,所以答案为A项。B项:写有关语言教学的书;C项:讲有关语言使用者的故事;D项:和使用当地语言的人生活在一起。这三项与Mark Turin做的事无关。3.D　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句话...grows out of his experience living,working,and raising a family in a village in Nepal.可知Turin的这本书是以自己在尼泊尔一个村庄的生活经历为基础写出来的,所以答案为D项。4.C　细节理解题。根据最后一段的from whom the materials were originally collected和the en-dangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities可知答案为C项。
Passage 17(2014辽宁,C)Would it surprise you to learn that,like animals,trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation?UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest,Simard shows just how wrong he was.In fact,the opposite is true:trees survive through their co-operation and support,passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it”.Nitrogen(氮)and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi(真菌)networks,making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy.This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons(神经元)in our brains,and when one tree is destroyed,it affects all.Simard talks about “mother trees”,usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees
depend.She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation,transporting impor-tant minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow.When humans cut down “mother trees” with no awareness of these highly complex “tree societies”or the networks on which they feed,we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.“We didn't take any notice of it,”Simard says sadly.“Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying,but we never give them chance.”If we could put across the message to the forestry industry,we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.1.The underlined sentence “the opposite is true” in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees　        .A.compete for survivalB.protect their own wealthC.depend on each otherD.provide support for dying trees
2.“Mother trees” are extremely important because they　　    .A.look the largest in size in the forestB.pass on nutrition to young treesC.seem more likely to be cut down by humansD.know more about the complex“tree societies”3.The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to　　    .A.how “tree societies” work　　B.how trees grow oldC.how forestry industry develops　　D.how young trees survive4.What would be the best title for the passage?A.Old Trees Communicate Like HumansB.Young Trees Are In Need Of ProtectionC.Trees Are More Awesome Than You ThinkD.Trees Contribute To Our Society
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,题材为科普知识类。本文介绍了森林里的树木是如何互相依赖而生存的。1.C　推测词义题。画线句子的前一句“...that trees are competing for survival of the fittest,...”指出树木为了生存互相竞争,画线句子认为这一观点的对立面才是正确的:树木之间是互相依赖和支持的关系。因此本题选择C项。2.B　细节理解题。根据文章第四段第二句“...how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation,transporting important minerals to young trees...”和第五段第二句“Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying...”可以看出本题应选择B项。3.A　推测词义题。倒数第二、三段一直在围绕着树木之间如何相互依靠、互相传递养料进行说明,因此it指的是:群体树木之间是如何相互作用的,故答案为A项。4.C　主旨要义题。本文围绕树木这个群体是如何通过相互依靠来生存的进行了解释说明,A项中的old trees和B项中的young trees都偏离了主题,故排除。文章只描述了树木本身这个群体,并没有强调树木为人类社会作出的贡献,因此排除D项。C项中的awesome(令人惊叹的)是对树木如何生存做出的一个很高的评价,故选择C项。
Passage 18(2014四川,D) With around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture,it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them are still awake after the first 15 minutes;it is not even a surprise that most of them are still in their pyjamas(睡衣).Obviously,students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their daily schedule.All human beings possess a body clock.Along with other alerting(警报)systems,this governs the sleep/wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern sleep behaviour.Typical-ly,the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents,which leads to many students not feel-ing sleepy until much later in the evenings.This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the“night owl”schedule of sleep.This is opposed to the“early bird”schedule,and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight.Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings.Re-search suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night.Re-
search findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as“night owls”and only 10 percent can be classified as“early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle.Al-though this is clearly not true for all students,for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday.1.What does the author stress in Paragraph 1?A.Many students are absent from class.B.Students are very tired on Monday mornings.C.Students do not adjust their sleep patterns well.D.Students are not well prepared for class on Mondays.2.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2?A.Most students prefer to get up late in the morning.B.Students don't sleep well because of alerting systems.C.One's body clock governs the sleep/wake cycle independently.D.Adolescents' delayed sleep/wake cycle isn't the preferred pattern.
3.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word“classified”?A.Criticised.　　B.Grouped.C.Organised.　　D.Named.4.What does the text mainly talk about?A.Functions of the body clock.B.The“night owl”phenomenon.C.Human beings' sleep behaviour.D.The school schedule of “early birds”.
答案    [语篇解读]    本文为说明文,题材为科普知识类。每个人的体内都有一个生物钟,有的人习惯了熬夜,但是他们早上醒来是一件很困难的事情,这叫“夜猫子”型。有的人习惯早睡早起,这叫“早起鸟”型。也有的人属于中间类型。那么你属于哪个类型呢?1.C    主旨要义题。第一段最后一句话总结了该段的主题:很显然,学生们很难调节自己的睡眠模式来适应学校的课程安排,所以答案为C项。A、B两项是周一学生的课堂表现,属于细节;没有提及他们没有准备好周一的课,故排除D项。2.D　推理判断题。根据第二段的Typically,the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adoles-cents...可知人们喜欢的那种睡眠和醒来的模式在青少年身上被推迟了。由此我们推断出青少年的这种推迟了的作息模式不是人们更喜欢的那种,所以答案为D项。3.B　推测词义题。研究结果表明大约20%的人可以划分为“夜猫子”型。由此可知画线单词的含义是:分类到、归于某一类中;所以答案为B项。criticise批评;group分类,把……分组;organise组织;name命名,取名。4.B　主旨要义题。第一段作者描述了周一上课时学生的各种因睡不醒带来的具体表现,后面分析了造成这一现象的原因是“夜猫子”型的作息模式。由此推断出本文主要是描述青少年身上的那种“夜猫子”型作息现象。所以答案为B项。其他三项都是文中的某个细节而不是主题。
Passage 19(2014重庆,D)One moment it was quiet and calm in the forest,the next,the air was charged with tension.The ele-phant had heard the distant alarm calls of animals and her mood suddenly changed.I urged the ele-phant deeper into the forest.We sounded like a forest fire—crackling,snapping,trailblazing.But through all the noise came a sharp warning cry.The elephant stopped and we heard it again—the tell-tale call of a spotted deer.I looked quickly around the shadows of the forest.Rays of sunlight shone through tree branches,beneath which the patchwork(交错)of green plants and shadows-within-shadows would make tiger stripes(条纹)look more attractive.Apart from an occasional noise from the elephant's stomach,the forest was silent.Gradually,the tension slipped from our bodies.The elephant seized a nearby branch and put it into her mouth.I reached forward and gently moved my hand over the elephant's neck;there was a soft part,free of wrinkles and hairs,behind her ear.
This was my fourth time to sense the aura of the forest in Corbett,although I saw no tigers in the end.Located at the foot of the Himalayan mountains,Corbett is home to about 135 Bengal tigers,but the forest seemed to be guarding their whereabouts(出没处),a silent reminder of their secrecy and rarity.Still,I was happy enough touching the elephant behind the ear.If I had so desperately wanted to see a tiger,I could have gone to a zoo.After all,spotting tigers merely confirms their beauty;tracking them can make you aware of something more.1.Which of the following was a clear signal of alarm?A.The elephant stopped.B.A spotted deer called.C.The elephant seized a branch.D.The forest was silent for a while.
2.The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by　　    .A.describing various soundsB.comparing different animalsC.listing different activitiesD.introducing various plants3.What does the underlined part “to sense the aura” most probably mean?A.To see the diversity.B.To enjoy the scenery.C.To feel the atmosphere.D.To experience the freedom.4.How does the author feel after several visits to Corbett?A.Seeing a Bengal tiger is quite thrilling.B.It is very time-consuming to travel in Corbett.C.It is really worthwhile to study the animals in Corbett.D.The process of finding Bengal tigers is most appealing.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是记叙文,题材为社会生活类。为了看到孟加拉虎,“我”第四次来到了喜马拉雅山下的Corbett森林中。这一次“我”摸着身边的大象,听到了森林中的各种声音。这次经历让“我”明白了看到孟加拉虎也许不如追踪它们更有意义。1.B　细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句可知答案为B项。2.A    推理判断题。根据第一段中的heard the distant alarm calls of animals和We sounded like a forest fire以及all the noise came a sharp warning cry和第二段中的an occasional noise from the elephant's stomach推断出作者是通过对各种声音的描述描写自己这次森林之行的,所以答案为A项。3.C　推测词义题。由上文对森林紧张气氛的描写可知这里指的是“我”第四次来感受Cor-bett森林的气氛了。4.D　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的描述:tracking them can make you aware of something more可以推断出作者通过这四次的经历终于明白了:看到孟加拉虎是为了领略它们的美,但是追踪它们的过程却是最吸引人的,意义也更大。所以答案为D项。
Passage 20(2014湖北,E)For most city people,the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains,jets,and even bicycles.Dr.Christopher Wilk is a member of a small group of elevator experts who consider this a misunderstanding.Without the elevator,they point out,there could be no downtown skyscrapers or tall buildings,and city life as we know it would be impossible.In that sense,they argue,the elevator's role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars.In fact,according to Wilk,the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century,with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontal-ly(水平地),and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical(垂直的)columns.If we tend to ignore the significance of elevators,it might be because riding in them tends to be such a brief,boring,and even awkward experience—one that can involve unexpectedly meeting people with whom we have nothing in common,and an unpleasant awareness of the fact that we're hanging from a cable in a long passage.
In a new book,Lifted,German journalist and cultural studies professor Andreas Bernard directed all his attention to this experience,studying the origins of elevator and its relationship to humankind and finding that riding in an elevator has never been a totally comfortable experience.“After 150 years,we are still not used to it,”Bernard said.“We still have not exactly learned to cope with the mixture of closeness and displeasure.”That mixture,according to Bernard,sets the elevator ride a-part from just about every other situation we find ourselves in as we go about our lives.Today,as the world's urban population explodes,and cities become more crowded,taller,and more crowded,America's total number of elevators—900,000 at last count,according to Elevator World magazine's “2012 Vertical Transportation Industry”—are a force that's becoming more impor-tant than ever.And for the people who really,really love them,it seems like high time that we looked seriously at just what kind of force they are.1.What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.The enthusiasm for transport vehicles.B.The desire for a remarkable machine.
C.The particular interests of experts.D.The general view of elevators.2.The author's purpose in mentioning cars is　　    .A.to explain people's preference for elevatorsB.to reveal their secret war against elevatorsC.to emphasize the importance of elevatorsD.to contrast their functions with elevators'3.According to Prof.Bernard,what has made the elevator ride different from other life experiences?A.Uncomfortable conditions. B.Little physical space.C.Lack of excitement. D.Vertical direction.4.The author urges readers to consider　　    .A.the relationship between cars and elevatorsB.the role of elevators in city developmentC.the serious future situation of elevatorsD.the exact number of elevator lovers
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。题材为科普知识类。文章主要介绍了电梯在城市发展中所起的巨大作用。1.D　推测词义题。上文提到了城市人群对电梯的传统看法。故选D项。2.C　推理判断题。根据第一段第四句可知,作者提及汽车的目的是想通过对比的方式,说明电梯对于城市的发展所起的作用一点也不亚于汽车。故选C项。3.B　推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第一、二句可知,坐电梯和其他生活经历的不同之处就在于“the mixture of closeness and displeasure”。故选B项。4.B　推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话可知,作者的写作目的是让人们重视电梯在城市发展中所起的作用。故选B项。
A组  2017—2019年高考模拟·考点基础题组
Group 1Passage 1 (2019北京海淀第一学期期末, A)词数:424　　In December 2017, I attended a conference. Five successful women delivered speeches on the topic “Bouncing Back after Setbacks.” As I sat there listening to their many personal and pro-fessional mistakes and setbacks, I felt fortunate that I hadn't made so many mistakes in my own life.Those women had lost thousands in investments, started companies but failed, sold companies that later ended up being worth millions, and lost partners in the name of business. Despite knowing that they had bounced back and were again doing very well, I was starting to feel sorry for them.Then, as if someone whispered in my ear, I heard the words: “Don't be so proud of yourself. You haven't made any mistakes because you haven't lived at all. Look how boring your life is.” Whose voice was this, and how dare it speak to me like that?I think, for the first time, I heard my own heart speak. It shook me to my core, and it took all I had to keep from crying. I started thinking of the mistakes I had made. The voice was right. There
weren't many at all. I had followed a straight path for 38 years. I went to school, earned bachelor's and master's degrees with honors, and stayed at every job I'd had far longer than it was profes-sionally beneficial for me to do so. In fact, at 38, I had only had three jobs. “The devil (魔鬼) you know is better than the one you don't ” was my motto.A quick review of my life made me realize that it was the actions I hadn't taken that I was sudden-ly regretting. I hadn't studied abroad. I hadn't risked love. In fact, I was perpetually single. I hadn't started a business. I hadn't traveled enough. I had said “no” far more than “yes”.The voice that whispered to me continued to the New Year. It was like it laughed at me. The thought of turning forty frightened me. It's one thing to be unhappy and unsettled in your twenties, and perhaps even in one's thirties. But was I going to start a new decade with the same boredom? I needed something to pick me up, some activity I could look forward to.1.How did the author feel when first hearing stories from the 5 speakers?A.Regretful.　　B.Surprised.　　C.Lucky.　　D.Guilty.
2.The author felt like crying during the conference because she realized　　    .A.she hadn't lived her life to the fullestB.she was deeply touched by the womenC.she had nothing to be proud of in her lifeD.she had made a lot of mistakes in her life3.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A.The familiar devil is more frightening.B.Saying “no” is better than saying “yes”.C.It's better to stay within the comfort zone.D.You'd better change your job more frequently.4.From the passage, we can learn that the author　　    .A.felt afraid of ageingB.traveled abroad a lotC.was married in her thirtiesD.decided to do something new
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是记叙文。文章叙述了作者听的一场五位女性讲述自己遇到挫折之后重新振作的讲座,这使作者开始反思自己的生活并决定做出一些改变。1.C　细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句...I felt fortunate that I hadn't made so many mis-takes in my own life.可推知,作者没有演讲的几位女性这样的失败经历,她的内心是感到幸运的,fortune与lucky互为同义词,表示幸运的,故选C。2.A　细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的You haven't made any mistakes because you haven't lived at all.和第四段中的It shook me to my core, and it took all I had to keep from crying.可知,作者想到了自己没有充实地度过自己的一生,想到这里极力克制自己想哭的心情。A项中的“hadn't lived her life to the fullest”与“haven't lived at all”为同义转换,故选A。3.C　推测词义题。根据画线句的前一句In fact, at 38, I had only had three jobs.可推知,作者是一个不太敢于尝试新鲜事物的人,38岁的她一直过着非常稳定的生活,很少尝试对自己来说未知的工作,愿意待在自己的舒适圈里,因此本题选C。4.D　推理判断题。根据文章主旨和文章最后两句But was I going to start a new decade with the same boredom? I needed something to pick me up, some activity I could look forward to.可知,作者对于自己的人生有所改变,想要迎接新的挑战,故选D。
高级语块　1.end up doing... 以做……而告终　2.take action采取行动
长难句　A quick review of my life made me realize that it was the actions I hadn't taken that I was suddenly regretting. 快速回顾我的生活让我意识到我突然后悔的正是那些我没有做的事。本句的第一个that引导宾语从句,宾语从句中it was...that...是强调句式。
Olivia was inspired to deal with this global problem after watching the news that more than 10,000 people died from Ebola in West Africa. She was particularly worried about the fact that, while the acts of involvement can improve survival rates, present detection methods are costly, time-consum-ing and require complex tools.Olivia got help from her science research teacher. She drew out di-rections from past research, and figured out detection systems that have proven to work with other diseases, including Lyme disease and yellow fever.“What affects one country affects everyone,” Olivia told CNBC.“We have to work together to find answers to the huge challenges which cause harm to the global health.”The Connecticut's teen, who hopes to become a doctor one day, was named the winner of the Google Science Fair in the competition of 20 competitors from across the globe. The fair is open to young people between the ages of 13 and 18 in most countries.Olivia hopes her success will inspire other girls interested in science and computers.“I would just encourage girls to try it in the beginning, and remind them that they don't have to feel naturally drawn or feel like they have a special talent for maths or science,” she told CNBC, “but just re-
ally look at something they are interested in and then think how to improve something or make it more enjoyable or relate it to their interests.”1.According to the passage, present Ebola detection methods　　    .A.must use a large amount of samplesB.may detect other deadly viruses as wellC.have proven to be ineffective in practiceD.require samples to be kept in refrigerators2.What can we learn about Olivia's method?A.Time-consuming.　　B.Cheap. C.Complex.　　D.Out-of-date.3.What does the underlined word “drawn” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?A.Attracted.　　B.Controlled. C.Admitted.　　D.Exposed.4.The Google Science Fair is intended for　　    .A.students　　B.doctorsC.inventors　　D.scientists
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是记叙文。文章讲述了高中生Olivia发明了检测埃博拉病毒的新方法,详细对比说明了新型检测方法的优势。另外,Olivia鼓励女孩们在科学和计算机方面尝试创新探究。1.D　推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句Besides, the sample doesn't have to be put in a refrig-erator thanks to the silk material Olivia uses to produce the testing cards.可推断出,使用最新检测埃博拉病毒的方法的样品不需要冷冻保存,而使用目前的检测方法的样品需要放入冰箱进行保存。2.B　推理判断题。根据第二段倒数第二句Olivia's method, however,can be done just in 30 minutes for about $25.可知,和当前的方法相比,Olivia的新方法耗时变短且价格便宜,故本题选B。3.A　推测词义题。根据第五段中的“I would just encourage girls to try it in the beginning, and remind them that they don't have to feel naturally drawn or feel like they have a special talent for maths or science,”可知,Olivia希望通过自己的成功鼓励女性在科学和计算机方面追寻自己的
梦想,她们不需要天生就对此感兴趣,也不需要特殊天赋,能够针对自己感兴趣的方面做出一些改进就是成功。A项中的Attracted与drown为同义词,意为“感兴趣的”,故选A。4.A　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句The fair is open to young people between the ages of 13 and 18 in most countries.可知,Google Science Fair主要针对13到18岁的学生开放,所以本题选A。
高级语块　1.thanks to 多亏,由于　2.up to 多达
长难句　Olivia Hallisey, a junior at Greenwich High School, was awarded $50,000 in the Google Science Fair for her new method that detects Ebola, a virus that causes bleeding from different parts of the body and usually causes death. 来自格林尼治高中的三年级学生Olivia Hallisey在谷歌科学竞赛中获得了五万美金的奖励,因为她发明了检测埃博拉病毒的新方法,这种病毒会导致人体不同部位出血且通常致死。本句中第一个that引导定语从句,修饰method;第二个that引导定语从句,修饰virus。
Passage 3 (2019北京朝阳一模, C)词数:454Training the BrainPeople who can accomplish unbelievable tasks, such as memorizing thousands of random numbers in under an hour, state that they just have normal brains. Some memory superstars compete in the World Memory Championships. These mental athletes, or MAs for short, can memorize names of dozens of strangers in a few minutes or any poem handed to them. Ed Cooke, a 24-year-old MA, explains they see themselves as participants rescuing the long-lost art of memory training. These techniques existed not to recall useless information, but to cut into the brain basic text and ideas.A study in the journal Nature examined eight people who finished near the top of the World Mem-ory Championships. The scientists examined whether their brains were fundamentally different from everyone else's or whether they were simply making better use of memorizing abilities we all possess. They put the MAs and control subjects into brain scanners and had them memorize numbers and photographs. The result surprised everyone. The brains of the MAs and those of the control subjects were indistinguishable. On every test, the MAs scored in the normal range. How-ever, when the scientists examined what part of the brain was used during a memory activity, they found the MAs relied more heavily on areas in the brain involved in spatial memory.
MAs offer an explanation: anything can be fixed upon our memories and kept in order by con-structing a building in the imagination and filling it with pictures of what needs to be recalled. Dat-ing back to the fifth century, the building is called a memory palace. Even as late as the fourteenth century, when there were copies of any text, scholars needed to remember what was read to them. Reading to remember requires a different technique than speed reading. If something is made memorable, it has to be repeated. Until relatively recently, people read only a few books intensive-ly (细致地) again and again, usually aloud. Today we read extensively, usually only once and without continuous focus.So the greatest difference is the ability to create impressive pictures in mind and to do it quickly. Using memory palaces, MAs create memorized pictures. For example, recombine the pictures to form unforgettable scenes such as the ways through a town. One competitor used his own body parts to help him memorize a 57,000-word dictionary.Anyone who wishes to train the mind needs first to create fantastical palaces in the imagination. Then they should cut each building into cubbyholes for memories. In a short amount of time, they will notice improvement with remembering things. To keep the skill sharp, MAs deliberately empty their palaces after competitions, so they can reuse them and they recommend that beginners do the same.
1.We can learn from Paragraph 2 that a mental athlete　　    .A.owns a brain that is larger in sizeB.shows a gift in mental ability testsC.uses the memorizing technique betterD.depends less on the areas that control spatial memory2.Why does the author mention “speed reading” in Paragraph 3?A.To discuss the memorizing technique in the fifth century.B.To give the reason why people read only a few books carefully.C.To explain the text scholars in the fourteenth century had to remember.D.To compare the type of reading nowadays with that of earlier times.3.What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?A.There is a variety of unforgettable scenes. B.Memory palaces can be quickly forgotten.C.Impressive pictures are in actual buildings. D.One person probably has 57,000 body parts.4.What does the underlined word “cubbyholes” in the last paragraph probably mean?A.Small spaces. 　　B.Black holes. C.Technical skills.　　D.Different numbers.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文,介绍了记忆大师们快速记忆的方法。1.C　细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句The scientists examined whether their brains were fundamentally different from everyone else's or whether they were simply making better use of memorizing abilities we all possess.可知,科学家有两个推测:一是这些记忆大师的大脑和其他人不同,二是他们更好地运用了我们所有人都拥有的记忆能力;再根据第五句The brains of the MAs and those of the control subjects were indistinguishable.可知,这些记忆大师的大脑和其他人没什么区别,只是这些人更好地运用了记忆的技巧,故选C。2.D　推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的关键词:the fifth century, the fourteenth century, today等,可知提到speed reading的目的是为了对比不同时间的记忆类型的异同,因此本题选D。3.A　推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句So the greatest difference is the ability to create im-pressive pictures in mind and to do it quickly.可知,最大的不同就是要在脑海中想象出使人印象深刻的图片并迅速记住它们,A选项中unforgettable对应impressive,和文章表述一致,故选A。4.A　推测词义题。根据画线处句子Then they should cut each building into cubbyholes for memories.可知,是将建筑切成小的空间来进行记忆,因此选A。
高级语块　1.rely on 依靠　2.date back to 追溯到
长难句　To keep the skill sharp, MAs deliberately empty their palaces after competitions, so they can reuse them and they recommend that beginners do the same.为了使(记忆)能力保持灵敏,比赛结束后记忆大师们都会故意腾空他们的“宫殿”,以便他们能再次使用这个空间,他们推荐初学者也这样做。句中To keep the skill sharp为动词不定式作目的状语;they recomnend that beginners do the same为省略句,完整的句子应为they recommend that beginners should do the same。
Passage 4 (2019北京东城二模,A)词数:347Preschool girl lifts old man's spirits When Tara Wood brought her daughter to a grocery store to buy the four-year-old cupcakes, she had no idea that would be a life-changing experience. As Tara pushed her daughter Norah around the store last month, she passed an old man who was by himself. The old man looked cold, until Norah shouted to him, “Hi! It's my birthday today!” The man stopped and his demeanor changed from distant and serious to warm and friendly. “How old are you today?” the man asked. After some time talking together, Norah asked her mom to take a picture of her with her new friend “Mr. Dan”, Dan Peterson, 82.They hugged and after ten minutes went their separate ways. That could have been the end of the story. But it is actually the beginning of a special relationship.Tara posted the picture of her daughter and Mr. Dan on Facebook and someone who recognized him reached out to her with his contact information. It turned out that Mr. Dan's wife died in March and he had been suffering from depression and anxiety ever since. The person on Facebook
told Tara that it was the first time they had seen Mr. Dan smile since the death of his wife. Know-ing that, Tara contacted Mr. Dan, and ever since Norah and the 82-year-old have developed a friendship unlike any other. “She has shown me a depth of love, a depth that I didn't know exist-ed,” Mr. Dan told the reporter. Mr. Dan told Tara that before meeting Norah, he hadn't had one night of uninterrupted sleep. Anx-iety kept him up at all hours and made him restless. After meeting Norah, he said he now sleeps soundly. For Mr. Dan's 82nd birthday on October 20, the mother and the daughter brought bal-loons and presents and, of course, cupcakes. Mr. Dan will also spend a day around Thanksgiving with Norah and her family. “If you don't take the time to notice people, you will never know how you can positively impact a life,” Tara Wood said. 1.Mr. Dan looked cold because 　　    . A.he felt lonely B.he disliked little kidsC.nobody had hugged himD.he knew little about Norah
2.The underlined word “demeanor” in Paragraph 2 probably means 　　    . A.words　　B.body　　C.thoughts　　D.attitude3.How did Tara know more about Mr. Dan? A.From a news reporter.　　B.From a stranger.C.From a shop assistant.　　D.From his neighbor.4.What can we learn from the story? A.Giving makes a real difference.B.It is important to respect each other. C.We should not judge a person at first sight.D.Good things will happen if one keeps trying.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文,讲了一个女孩偶然和一位老人的搭话改变了他之后的人生,从妻子去世后的抑郁到碰到女孩后露出笑容的故事。1.A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句话中she passed an old man who was by himself.可知,老人独自一人很孤独,且后文也提到他的妻子去世后,他变得非常抑郁,不再笑了,所以看起来非常冷漠,和A选项表述一致,因此本题选A。2.D　推测词义题。根据文章第二段第三句The man stopped and his demeanor changed from distant and serious to warm and friendly.可知,老人听到Norah的喊叫后停了下来,从冷淡严肃变得温暖友好,是指老人态度的变化,故选D。3.B　细节理解题。根据文章第三段第三句The person on Facebook told Tara that it was the first time they had seen Mr. Dan smile since the death of his wife. 可知,是Facebook上的一位网友告诉Tara有关Mr. Dan的事情,是之前并不认识的陌生人,因此本题选B。4.A　主旨要义题。根据全文以及文章最后一句“If you don't take the time to notice people, you will never know how you can positively impact a life,”Tara Wood said.可知,为别人付出可能会积极地影响别人的一生,和A选项相符,因此本题选A。
高级语块　keep sb. up使某人不睡觉
长难句　The person on Facebook told Tara that it was the first time they had seen Mr. Dan smile since the death of his wife. 脸书上的人告诉Tara,自从Mr. Dan的妻子去世后,这是他们第一次看到他笑。本句中on Facebook为介词短语作后置定语,修饰the person;that引导宾语从句。
Group 2Passage 1 (2019北京西城第一学期期末, C)词数:462Be nice to mice and they may return the favour.Only one drug of every ten successfully tested in laboratory animals ends up working in people. One reason, of course, is that mice are not men. Another, though, might have to do with the fact that while human patients are afforded all manners of creature comforts, their animal proxies (代替物) are not.Although medical science's favourite creatures relish temperatures of a little over 30℃, laborato-ries routinely keep them at five or ten degrees below that. This is not in order to abuse the beasts but because when kept warm they are unmanageably aggressive.The downside is that they have to eat more than they otherwise would, in order to keep their bodies warm. That changes their physiology (生理). And that in turn changes the way they metabolise (新陈代谢) drugs, with possibly confusing results. Joseph Garner, of Stanford University, thinks the answer is to keep the labs cool, but let mice deal with the low temperatures as they do in their
natural habitat: not by eating more but by building nests.So far, though, no one has a clear idea of how much nesting material is needed to keep mice happy. Dr Garner and his colleagues therefore decided to find out. They have just reported their results in The Public Library of Science. Dr Garner and his team let each of their mice, 36 males and as many females from three types commonly used in trials, wander free in two cages connected by a narrow tube. One cage was kept constant at one of six temperatures between 20℃ and 35℃. The other was maintained at 20℃ but was supplied with up to ten grams of very small pieces of paper, which the mice could use to weave a nest.The idea was to check whether the animals would rather build a nest in the cooler cage or move to the warmer one, possibly pulling nesting material along with them little by little. The researchers found that the mice's preferences varied slightly between types, as well as between sexes (with females fond of higher temperatures, possibly because of their thinner protective layer of fat), con-firming that there is no single set of conditions in which all mice feel cosy.
In general, though, with little nesting material around, the mice laboriously carried pieces of paper over to the warmer spot, one or two at a time. But leave at least six grams of paper in the chilly cage, and many mice will prefer instead to brave the cold and build a nest there.That seems a small price to pay for better drug trials.1.What does the underlined word “relish” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Resist.　　B.Enjoy.C.Avoid.　　D.Maintain.2.Mice eating more than they normally do may lead to　　    .A.better management of their behaviorB.their different body response to drugsC.a slowdown in their metabolismD.a confusion in their mind
3.Dr Garner and his team found that　　    .A.mice keep warm by moving pieces of paperB.female mice better beat the cold than male miceC.mice tend to fight the cold under certain conditionsD.different types of mice prefer very different temperatures4.To have a better drug trial, researchers need to　　    .A.provide little foodB.use other animal proxiesC.raise the lab temperatureD.prepare enough nesting material
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。经常被人类用于药效实验的小鼠在不同温度下可能会有不同的药效反应,研究表明在实验时多给它们提供一些筑巢的纸张取暖可以有效提高实验的准确性。1.B　推测词义题。根据画线词所在的句子Although medical science's favourite creatures rel-ish temperatures of a little over 30℃, laboratories routinely keep them at five or ten degrees below that.可知,尽管医学上最喜欢的生物喜欢略高于30摄氏度一点的温度,但实验室的温度通常比这个温度低五到十度,前后形成对比,因此那些生物喜欢略高于30℃的温度。resist抵制,avoid避免,maintain保持,均不符合文意,故选B。2.B　细节理解题。根据第四段第三句And that in turn changes the way they metabolise drugs, with possibly confusing results.可知,实验室温度的变化可能会影响实验的结果,故选B。3.C　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句But leave at least six grams of paper in the chilly cage, and many mice will prefer instead to brave the cold and build a nest there.可知,在温度较低的笼子里放至少六克纸,很多老鼠都宁愿选择待在那里给自己搭一个窝来抵抗严寒。所以在特定的环境下,老鼠会抵抗寒冷,故选C。
4.D　推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话That seems a small price to pay for better drug trials.可知,只要用六克纸就可以让实验结果变得更加准确,这似乎是个很小的代价。所以研究员应该准备足够的筑巢材料,让实验效果更好,故本题选择D项。
高级语块　in turn反过来
长难句　In general, though, with little nesting material around, the mice laboriously carried pieces of paper over to the warmer spot, one or two at a time.然而总体来说,如果周围没筑巢材料,老鼠会辛勤地将纸一次一两张地搬到比较温暖的地方。句中with的复合结构作条件状语。
Passage 2 (2018北京东城二模, B)词数:386Five days a week, 28-year-old Ebony Smith arrives at Changing Gears Bike Shop at 10:50 a.m., ten minutes before opening. Walking into the shop, she turns on the lights, opens the register and reviews the repair orders. For the next several hours she will repair bikes with professional skill and care, and guide customers through bike choices like an experienced rider, learning about their needs and preferences and helping them to find the perfect fit. Although Smith had almost no experience of riding a bike and didn't even enjoy riding one when she first came to Changing Gears, she has stayed in the position for nearly a decade now, and her customers are thankful for her kind assistance. What's more, many of the shop visitors are youth from families living in low-income housing named Alameda Point. Smith lived in this neighbor-hood throughout her childhood, and for these youngsters and families, she is a positive role model—someone determined to succeed in spite of educational and financial struggles.
When she first worked at Changing Gears at 19 years old, Smith was living with her parents, who struggled to make a living. She failed to earn a high school diploma as she didn't pass the Califor-nia High School Exit Exam. However, when a three-month job training opened at the bike shop in 2008, Smith took a chance to turn her life around. She signed up and was quickly hired.Smith is just one of the thousands of Changing Gears' employees around the world, and her con-tinued success at Changing Gears embodies the shop's duty to “operate a bicycle-based social en-terprise that meets the needs of the underprivileged of our local area”. In addition, the shop has a strong environmental focus, which includes bicycle reuse and recycling. Throughout the years Changing Gears has also engaged youth and families in bicycle field trips and provided free bicycle parking and repair service at local farmers' markets in order to encour-age bike riding as a practical and green form of transportation. Through its blend(协调) of effective small business practices and a social and environmental mis-sion, Changing Gears stays inspired to use bicycles as a vehicle for social change.
1.What can we learn about Ebony Smith?A.She is a bike shop owner.B.She is a professional rider. C.She has a good knowledge of bikes. D.She has a lot of shopping experience.2.What helped Ebony Smith get into the career?A.Family support.　　B.Personal interest. C.Training opportunity.　　D.High school education. 3.What does the underlined word “embodies” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A.Is an example of.　　B.Is the reason for. C.Is similar to.　　D.Is modeled after.4.Which of the following is Changing Gears' duty?A.Making bike donations. B.Offering help to the poor people. C.Improving bike-riding techniques. D.Drawing people's attention to bike enterprises.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为记叙文。Changing Gears Bike Shop承担起社会责任,帮助所在地区的穷人,培训他们并雇用他们,Ebony Smith就是众多雇员中的一位。1.C　细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句For the next several hours she will repair bikes with professional skill and care, and guide customers through bike choices like an experienced rid-er, learning about their needs and preferences and helping them to find the perfect fit. 可知,Ebony Smith对自行车了如指掌,因此选择C项。2.C　细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后两句However, when a three-month job training opened at the bike shop in 2008, Smith took a chance to turn her life around. She signed up and was quickly hired.可知本题选择C项。3.A　推测词义题。根据画线词所在的句子可知,Ebony Smith是众多雇员中的一个,她的成功体现了Changing Gears承担起满足所在地区贫困人口的需求的社会责任,即Ebony Smith的成功是一个例子,因此本题选择A项。
4.B　细节理解题。根据文章第四段Smith is just one of the thousands of Changing Gears' em-ployees around the world, and her continued success at Changing Gears embodies the shop's duty to “operate a bicycle-based social enterprise that meets the needs of the underprivileged of our lo-cal area”. 可知本题选择B项。
高级语块　1.in spite of尽管2.engage sb. in sth.使某人从事某事
Passage 3 (2018北京海淀一模, C)词数:500The Life Cycle of a T-shirtWe all probably have a lot of T-shirts, but do you ever stop and think about the influence of a T-shirt on the planet?You'd probably be surprised to learn what's involved in the life cycle of just one T-shirt. There are 5 major stages:material, production, shipping, use and disposal(处理). The material stage involves farming, irrigating, fertilizing, harvesting and ginning. While cotton is a natural fiber and not as harmful to the environment as man-made fibers, it still takes a toll in the material and pro-duction stages. Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides(杀虫剂) is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming. Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4.1 billion on pesticides annually, of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.
Once the cotton is grown and harvested, the production stage begins:spinning, knitting, bleaching, dyeing, cutting, sewing, etc.—these processes also use a great deal of water and energy. Commer-cial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants and can eventually pollute groundwater.After the T-shirt is produced, it enters the transportation stage. This often involves overseas ship-ping. Take a look at your closet. Chances are most of your cotton garments(衣服) are made in Chi-na or India. Garments can be shipped via plane, ship or truck,etc.—all of which spill CO2 into the atmosphere. Calculations show that CO2 emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1.15 pounds per mile.Once the T-shirt reaches the retail market, it is purchased.This stage may seem like the least envi-ronmentally damaging part. But consider the number of times you've washed and dried your fa-vorite T-shirt. Washing machines are certainly becoming more efficient. However, the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per load. Such excessive water use is combined with the large amount of energy used by dryers.The final stage is disposal. This releases harmful emissions, or involves a landfill where cotton
takes years to break down. Current U.S. records show that an estimated 15% of clothes and shoes are recycled, which means that consumers send a shocking 85% of these materials to landfills.We all need new clothes every once in a while, but let's all try to keep in mind what goes into the production of clothing... it has a real impact on the planet.There are a lot of things you can do to help reduce your impact. Reuse and recycle clothes. If they're too worn out to wear, cut them up and use them as cleaning rags. Donate them to charity or an-other organization that recycles textiles. When possible, make an effort to buy organic cotton. Turn down the thermostat (恒温器) on your washer, and line dry your clothes when the weather allows it. 1.The underlined phrase “takes a toll” probably means “　　    ”.A.wastes water　　B.takes a lot of timeC.uses energy　　D.has a bad effect 2.We can learn from the passage that in the US,　　    .A.pesticides in cotton farming cost over 4 billion dollars every year
B.CO2 emissions of land transport amount to 1.15 pounds per mileC.about 15% of the clothes and shoes are made of materials that are recycled D.about 16,000 gallons of water is used annually by an average family on laundry3.What can we know from this passage?A.The production process may affect water safety.B.The clothing cost is relatively low in China and India.C.Cotton clothes are buried because they are hard to break down.D.The use stage is the least environmentally harmful of the five stages.4.What is the purpose of this article?A.To encourage people to donate clothes to charity.B.To promote eco-friendly actions related to clothes.C.To persuade people to purchase more organic cotton.D.To introduce the five stages in the life cycle of clothing.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,阐述了T恤衫从原料到处理五个阶段对环境造成的影响,并介绍了有助于减少环境污染的做法。1.D　推测词义题。根据While cotton is a natural fiber and not as harmful to the environment as man-made fibers可知前后语义相反,而前面说棉花不会像人造纤维一样对环境造成伤害,故可推知takes a toll为不好的影响,又根据后一句Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming.可推知本题选D项。2.D　推理判断题。根据第五段倒数第二句However, the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per load.可推知,平均每个美国家庭每年洗衣服用水约为400×40=16,000加仑,故选D项。3.A　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants and can eventually pollute groundwater.可知本题选A项。4.B　主旨要义题。根据文章最后一段第一句There are a lot of things you can do to help reduce your impact.可知文章旨在倡导与衣服有关的环境友好行为,故选B项。
高级语块　1.break down分解2.worn out破旧的;不能再用的
长难句　Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4.1 billion on pesticides annually, of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.研究显示,在美国,农民们每年花在杀虫剂上的费用约为41亿美元,其中25%用在棉花作物(的杀虫剂)上。that引导宾语从句;of which引导定语从句,其中which指代$4.1 billion。
Passage 4 (2018北京朝阳一模, C)词数:433Senses That Work TogetherWhen we think about how our senses work, we usually imagine them operating separately:you sniff a flower, and the smell is delivered uninterruptedly from nose to brain. However, it's more complex than that. Most evidence for cross-modal perception (知觉) comes from studies into sound and vision. But research that shows other senses crossing over is coming out all the time, and it seems that even sound and smell sometimes form an unlikely pairing.When New York researchers, Daniel Wesson and Donald Wilson, tried to find out the truth about a “mysterious” area of the brain called the olfactory tubercle, they had to deal with this fact. Orig-inally, they only intended to measure how olfactory tubercle cells in mice responded to smells. But during testing, Wesson noticed that every time he put his coffee cup down, the mouse cells jumped in activity. In fact, the olfactory tubercle is well placed to receive both smell and sound in-
formation from the outside world. Later they found that among separate cells, most responded to a smell but a significant number were also active when a sound was made. Some cells even behaved differently when smell and sound were presented together, by increasing or decreasing their activi-ty.Of course, mice aren't people, so the research team has been carrying out further experiments. They pulled together a group of people and gave them various drinks to smell. Participants were asked to sniff the drinks, and then match them to appropriate musical instruments and produce the notes at different levels. The results were interesting:the piano was regularly paired with fruity fra-grances;strong smells sounded like the instruments that are made of metal.Further research found that listening to different sounds can change your perceptions. Studying taste this time, the team ordered some special toffee(太妃糖) and put together “soundscapes” corresponding to bitterness and sweetness. Participants tasted similar pieces of toffee while listen-
ing to each soundscape, and found the toffee more bitter or sweeter, depending on which sound-track they were listening to.Studies like this are helping scientists correctly describe our understanding of the senses, and how the brain combines them with its advantage. The consequences are worth considering. Could we see musicians work together with chefs to produce sound-improved food and drinks?Will you be ordering a coffee with a soundtrack to bring out your favorite smell?That could be one thing you hope coffee shop chains don't get round to.1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A lot of research focuses on the senses.B.Sound and vision are relatively easy to study. C.There can be a link between sound and smell.D.Evidence for the way senses work is hard to obtain.2.In Wesson and Wilson's research,　　    .A.the mice were affected more significantly by sound
B.the result confirmed what the researchers had suspectedC.the mice seemed to be afraid of certain sound or smells D.the connection between sound and smell was found by chance3.What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?A.Participants took an active part in the experiments.B.The purpose of the further experiments was totally different.C.The result failed to support what was found in previous experiments.D.Experiments showed that links between sound and smell were consistent.4.How does the author feel about the effect of the research?A.She is excited about the creative chances.B.She is surprised at the recent developments. C.She is convinced that the findings will be used soon.D.She is worried about how the knowledge can be applied.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,介绍了听觉和嗅觉能够产生通感的相关研究。1.C    推测词义题。根据语境可知this fact指代前文中提到的内容,即第一段最后一句中的and it seems that even sound and smell sometimes form an unlikely pairing,故本题选C项。2.D　细节理解题。根据第二段可知Wesson和Wilson原本是为了研究老鼠的嗅结节细胞是如何对气味产生反应的,但是研究却发现了嗅觉与听觉的关联,所以选D项。3.D　主旨要义题。第三段描述了另一项研究,根据第三段最后一句话所描述的结果可知研究表明听觉与嗅觉之间有固有的关联,故本题选D项。4.A    推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第二句The consequences are worth considering.以及后文作者的推测可知,作者对研究结果所带来的创新机会感到兴奋,故选A项。
高级语块　carry out 进行
长难句　Participants tasted similar pieces of toffee while listening to each soundscape, and found the toffee more bitter or sweeter, depending on which soundtrack they were listening to.参与者聆听每一种背景音时品尝相似的太妃糖,根据他们正在听的背景音不同,他们发现他们品尝的太妃糖会更苦或更甜。while listening to...为时间状语;depending on...为现在分词短语作状语。
Group 3Passage 1 (2018北京西城二模, C)词数:384British anthropologists Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durham, after studying the results of boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman wrestling and freestyle wrestling matches at the Olympic Games, conclude that when two competitors are equally matched in fitness and skill, the athlete wearing red is more likely to win. Hill and Barton report that when one competitor is much better than the other, colour has no effect on the result. However, when there is only a small difference between them, the effect of colour is enough to tip the balance. The anthropologists say that the number of times red wins is not simply by chance. These results are statistically significant. Joanna Setchell, a primate (灵长目动物) researcher at the University of Cambridge, has found similar results in nature. She studies the large African monkeys known as mandrills. Mandrills have bright red noses that stand out against their white faces. Setchell's work shows that the pow-erful males—the ones who are more successful with females—have a brighter red nose than other
males. As well as the studies on primates by Setchell, another study shows the effect of red among birds. In an experiment, scientists put red plastic rings on the legs of male zebra finches and this in-creased the birds' success with female zebra finches. Zebra finches already have bright red beaks (鸟喙), so this study suggests that, as with Olympic athletes, an extra flash of red is significant. In fact, researchers from the University of Glasgow say that the birds' brightly coloured beaks are an indicator of health. Jonathan Blount, a biologist, and his colleagues think they have found proof that bright red or orange beaks attract females because they mean that the males are healthier. Nothing in nature is simple, however, because in species such as the blue-footed booby, a com-pletely different colour seems to give the male birds the same advantage with females. Meanwhile, what about those athletes who win in their events while wearing red?Do their clothes give them an unintentional advantage?Robert Barton accepts that “that is the implication” of their findings. Is it time for sports authorities to consider new regulations on sports clothing?
1.According to their research, Hill and Barton conclude that　　    . A.the colour of clothing has an effect on most sports eventsB.red should be the choice of colour for clothing in sportsC.red plays a role when competitors are equally capableD.athletes perform better when surrounded by bright red2.The underlined word “tip” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to　　    . A.achieve　　B.seek　　C.keep　　D.change3.The example of the blue-footed booby proves that　　    . A.male birds use different body parts to draw attentionB.red is not the only colour to attract female birdsC.blue gives female birds the same advantageD.blue can indicate how healthy a bird is4.What is the best title for the passage?A.What Colour Implies More Power? B.A Tip on Clothing C.Need to Change the Rules of Sports? D.Red Is for Winners
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。研究表明,在双方势均力敌的情况下,穿红色对胜出更有利。1.C　细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的conclude that when two competitors are equally matched in fitness and skill, the athlete wearing red is more likely to win 可知本题选择C项。2.D　推测词义题。根据However可知前后所表达的意思相反,根据前句可知,实力相差较大时,颜色不会影响结果,后句则应表达势均力敌时,颜色会起作用,因此选择D项。3.B　细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句Nothing in nature is simple, however, because in species such as the blue-footed booby, a completely different colour seems to give the male birds the same advantage with females. 可知不止红色可以吸引雌性鸟类,因此选择B项。4.D　主旨要义题。文章第一段就点明了研究结果,文章也主要围绕这一研究结果进行说明,因此标题也应紧扣the athlete wearing red is more likely to win,故选择D项。
长难句　British anthropologists Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durham, after studying the results of boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman wrestling and freestyle wrestling matches at the Olympic Games, conclude that when two competitors are equally matched in fitness and skill, the athlete wearing red is more likely to win. 英国杜伦大学的人类学家Russell Hill 和 Robert Barton研究了奥运会中的拳击、跆拳道、古典式摔跤和自由式摔跤比赛的结果后得出结论:当比赛双方体能和技能相当时,穿红色衣服的选手更容易获胜。句中主语的中心语是Russell Hill and Robert Barton,谓语动词是conclude,that引导宾语从句,从句中when引导时间状语从句。
Passage 2 (2018北京海淀第一学期期中, C)词数:436A large body of research has been developed in recent years to explain many aspects of willpower. Most of the researchers exploring self-control do so with an obvious goal in mind:How can willpower be strengthened?If willpower is truly a limited resource, as the research suggests, what can be done to make it stay strong?Avoiding temptation(诱惑) is an effective method for maintaining self-control, which is called the “out of sight, out of mind” principle. One recent study, for instance, found office workers are less attracted to candy in the desk drawer than that on the top of their desks, in plain sight. The research suggesting that we possess a limited reservoir of self-control raises a troubling ques-tion: When we face too many temptations, are we to fail?Not necessarily. Researchers don't be-lieve that one's willpower is ever completely exhausted. Rather, people appear to hold some willpower in reserve, saved for future demands. The right motivation allows us to tap into those re-serves, allowing us to carry on even when our self-control has been run down. High motivation might help overcome weakened willpower—at least to a point.
Willpower may also be made less vulnerable(脆弱的) to being exhausted in the first place. Re-searchers who study self-control often describe it as being like a muscle that gets tired with heavy use. But there is another aspect of the muscle comparison, they say. While muscles become ex-hausted by exercise in the short term, they are strengthened by regular exercise in the long term. Similarly, regular practices of self-control may improve willpower.The evidence from willpower-exhaustion studies also suggests that making a list of resolutions on New Year's Eve is the worst possible approach. Being exhausted in one area can reduce willpower in other areas, so it makes more sense to focus on a single goal at a time. In other words, don't try to quit smoking, adopt a healthy diet and start a new exercise plan at the same time. Taking goals one by one is a better approach. Once a good habit is in place, Baumeister says, you'll no longer need to draw on your willpower to maintain the behavior. Eventually healthy habits will become routine, and won't require making decisions at all.Many questions about the nature of self-control remain to be answered by further research. Yet it seems likely that with clear goals, good self-monitoring and a little practice, you can train your willpower to stay strong in the face of temptation.
1.From the studies in the passage, we learn that　　    .A.people have unlimited self-control B.high motivation ensures one's successC.willpower is hardly completely exhausted D.too many temptations often lead to failure2.The underlined phrase “tap into” in Paragraph 3 most probably means　　    .A.make use of　　B.run out of C.build　　D.increase3.The author compares self-control to muscles　　    .A.to prove the long-term effects of willpower B.to show the significance of regular exerciseC.to argue that self-control can be easily used upD.to explain the benefits of practicing self-control4.To develop a good habit, which of the following does the author prefer? A.“I will give up dessert and do exercise.”B.“I will set three goals this new semester.”C.“I will keep myself from any temptation.”D.“I will read an English novel every month.”
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。研究表明明确的目标、良好的自我监控以及少量的练习可以使我们的意志力变得更加强大。1.C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的Researchers don't believe that one's willpower is ever completely exhausted.可知研究人员认为一个人的意志力不会被完全耗尽,因此选择C项。2.A　推测词义题。根据The right motivation allows us to tap into those reserves, allowing us to carry on even when our self-control has been run down.可知我们之所以能在自制力变弱时还能继续坚持,是因为正确的动力使我们能够利用储蓄的意志力,故本题选择A项。3.D　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句Similarly, regular practices of self-control may im-prove willpower.可知,把自制力和肌肉相比较是为了说明经常锻炼可以使肌肉变得强壮,与之相似的是,经常锻炼自制力也会增强意志力,故选D。4.D　推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段第二句Being exhausted in one area can reduce willpower in other areas, so it makes more sense to focus on a single goal at a time.可知作者更喜欢一次聚焦一个目标,故本题选择D项。
高级语块　1.in plain sight显眼的2.hold sth. in reserve 保存……以备后用3.draw on 利用;动用
长难句　While muscles become exhausted by exercise in the short term, they are strengthened by regular exercise in the long term.虽然从短期来看,肌肉会因锻炼而感到疲惫,但从长期来看,经常锻炼会使肌肉变得更强壮。While引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然”。
Passage 3 (2018北京朝阳第一学期期中, D)词数:461CyclingYou need only look at a professional cyclist to appreciate the potential effects of cycling on the body. But what about the mind?It's a question that has long challenged anyone who has wondered how riding a bike can offer what feels close to a state of emptying your mind.Dr. John Ratey thinks cycling increases “the chemistry in your brain that makes you feel calm”, but also that carrying out multiple operations while cycling can be an effective treatment, as shown in a German study involving 115 children, half of whom did activities such as cycling that in-volved complex movements, while the rest performed more straightforward exercises with the same aerobic (有氧的) demands. Both groups did better than they previously had in concentration tests, but the “complex” group did a lot better.There have been other interesting findings too. In 2003, Dr. Jay Alberts rode a tandem, a bicycle built for two riders sitting one behind the other, across the American state of Ohio with a friend
who has Parkinson's (帕金森) disease, a condition affecting the nervous system. The idea was to raise awareness of the disease, but to the surprise of both riders, the patient showed significant im-provements. Dr. Jay Alberts then scanned the brains of 26 Parkinson's patients during and after an eight-week exercise programme using bikes. Half the patients were allowed to ride at their own paces, while the others were pushed harder. All patients improved, and the group which was pushed harder showed particularly significant increases in connectivity between areas of intelli-gence responsible for functions such as walking and picking things up.We don't know how this happens, but there is more evidence of the link between Parkinson's and cycling. A video on the Internet shows a 58-year-old man with severe Parkinson's. At first, we watch the patient trying to walk. He can barely stand and his hands shake uncontrollably. Then we see the man on a bicycle being supported by others. With a push, he's off, cycling past cars with
perfect balance. Doctors don't fully understand this discrepancy either, but say that cycling may act as some sort of action that helped the patient's brain.The science of cycling is incomplete, but perhaps the most remarkable thing for the everyday rider is that it can require no conscious focus at all. The mindlessness of cycling can not only make us happier, but also leave room for other thoughts. On the seat of my bike, I've solved problems at work and made life decisions.1.What does the study described in Paragraph 2 suggest?A.Cycling has a good effect on physical fitness.B.The tasks involved in cycling can be hard for children.C.Lack of exercise like cycling causes lack of concentration.D.Cycling can improve the ability to focus attention on a task.2.Studies of people with Parkinson's show that　　    .A.cycling does more good if sufferers put more effort into itB.cycling on tandems has a better effect on the disease
C.not every person with Parkinson's will benefit from cyclingD.social awareness is more important for Parkinson's sufferers3.What does the underlined part “this discrepancy” in Paragraph 4 refer to?A.Why Parkinson's affects some people but not others.B.Why someone with Parkinson's can cycle but not walk.C.How cycling could be included in treatment for Parkinson's.D.How a link between cycling and Parkinson's was discovered.4.What's the main idea of the passage?A.The effect of cycling is not yet fully understood.B.Cycling is believed to be both complex and mindless.C.Cycling has a significant influence on people's mind.D.People may be more intelligent with the help of cycling.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,介绍了骑自行车在使人镇定、提升大脑机能等方面的作用。1.D　细节理解题。根据Both groups did better than they previously had in concentration tests, but the “complex” group did a lot better.可知骑自行车能帮助提高注意力,故选D项。2.A　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句All patients improved, and the group which was pushed harder showed particularly significant increases in connectivity between areas of intelligence re-sponsible for functions such as walking and picking things up.可知本题选A。其中“was pushed harder”对应“put more effort”, “showed particularly significant increases”对应“does more good”。3.B　推测词义题。根据第四段第四句He can barely stand and his hands shake uncontrollably.和第六句With a push, he's off, cycling past cars with perfect balance.可推知,“this discrepan-cy”指的是这两种表现的差异,故选B。4.C　主旨要义题。根据全文介绍的研究及观点可知,本文主要介绍了骑自行车对大脑的影响,故选C。
高级语块　raise awareness 提高认识
长难句　Dr. John Ratey thinks cycling increases “the chemistry in your brain that makes you feel calm”, but also that carrying out multiple operations while cycling can be an effective treat-ment, as shown in a German study involving 115 children, half of whom did activities such as cy-cling that involved complex movements, while the rest performed more straightforward exercises with the same aerobic demands. John Ratey博士认为骑自行车能够增加“大脑中使人感到镇定的化学物质”,而且骑自行车时进行多项操作可能是一种有效的治疗手段,正如一项德国研究所显示的那样,该研究包括115名孩子,其中一半孩子做诸如涉及复杂动作的骑自行车运动,剩下的(孩子们)做更简单但具有同样有氧需求的动作。此句中thinks后接了两个宾语从句,两个宾语从句用but also连接,第一个宾语从句省略了that;half of whom 引导非限制性定语从句。
Passage 4(2017北京东城一模, A)词数:440Dear Madam,Welcome back to school. My child is so happy to be in your class this year. We know you care so much about your students. I want to tell you a little bit about my child. Although he really loves to learn, he is somewhat anxious about being back in school again.My child is thought to be gifted and that has brought some unexpected challenges to him and our family. To many people, being gifted means he will do very well in school, but that hasn't always been true for him. He is just a kid thinking differently, and he sometimes struggles in school. Last year, school wasn't easy for him for a few reasons.He may be ahead by a few grade levels in some subjects, but not in all subjects. He just doesn't do better in all areas all the time. And although he may seem older than his years, he doesn't always behave like you would think he should. I'm sure you know how gifted children can be emotionally immature—that is exactly my kid. Also, he can be really intense in class when you are teaching one of his favorite topics. He may raise his hand often and constantly talk about what he thinks about it. I'll apologize in advance be-cause he will also likely challenge you on information or facts which he feels are not quite right
especially when it's a topic he is hooked on. He is not being impolite and he isn't just being a know-it-all, or a show-off;he is really just very excited to be learning about a subject he feels strongly about.He just gets carried away!Last year, he was teased about looking like a know-it-all in school by some of his classmates, which hurts him A LOT. Being teased is part of his fear of going back to school. He fears being called a show-off at school and he feels like he doesn't fit in. His teacher said he often kept to himself and chose to work alone. I know as a teacher, you are incredibly busy, but could you keep an eye out for anyone teasing him or if he seems to be keeping to himself too much?Lastly, his therapist(理疗师)mentioned that because of the teasing and maybe because he was bored last year in school, he is showing signs of becoming an underachiever. Please let me know if his grades start slipping.Thank you for taking the time to read and understand about my child.Don't hesitate to call or e-mail me if there are any problems with him at school. Believe me, I know very well how sensitive, emotional and intense he can be. I hope you have a wonderful school year! Sincerely,Mom of a Gifted Child
1.From the passage, we learn that the author's son　　    . A.fails to get along well with classmates B.has fallen behind the other studentsC.has lost interest in learningD.is rude to the teachers2.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 mean?A.He has been taken away from school. B.He is too excited to control himself.C.He is so absorbed in observing. D.He has been overpraised.3.How does the author feel about her child?A.Annoyed.　　B.Proud. C.Pleased.　　D.Worried.4.Why does the author write the letter?A.To ask the teacher to reduce children's burden. B.To call on the school to stop school teasing.C.To suggest that his child has special needs.D.To explain how gifted her child is.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为应用文。一位母亲给自己孩子的老师写信,信中与老师交流了孩子的一些问题,希望老师能够理解并予以关注。1.A　细节理解题。根据文章第五段的前两句Last year, he was teased about looking like a know-it-all in school by some of his classmates, which hurts him A LOT. Being teased is part of his fear of going back to school.可知孩子与同班同学相处得不好,故选择A项。2.B　推测词义题。在第四段中,妈妈一直在向老师解释,如果孩子在课堂上做出一些看似不礼貌的举动实则不是有意的,他只是控制不住自己而已,因此本题选择B项。3.D　推理判断题。整封信件字里行间都流露出妈妈(作者)对孩子现在出现的一系列问题的担忧,因此选择D项。4.C　主旨要义题。文中有几处比较明显的句子证明妈妈(作者)希望老师对自己孩子特殊照顾,如第五段的could you keep an eye out for anyone teasing him or if he seems to be keeping to himself too much?,第六段的最后一句Please let me know if his grades start slipping.和最后一段的第二句Don't hesitate to call or email me if there are any problems with him at school,因此本题选择C项。
高级语块　1.be hooked on对……着迷　2.keep an eye out留意
长难句　I'll apologize in advance because he will also likely challenge you on information or facts which he feels are not quite right especially when it's a topic he is hooked on.我要提前道歉,因为他也可能会在某些他认为不十分正确的信息或事实上对你进行挑战,特别是当他对某个话题很感兴趣时。句中because引导原因状语从句,从句中facts后是which引导的定语从句。
B组  2017—2019年高考模拟·专题综合题组
Group 1Passage 1 (2019北京西城一模,C)词数:564　　Like many other people who speak more than one language, I often have the sense that I'm a slightly different person in each of my languages—more confident in English, more relaxed in French, more emotional in Czech. Is it possible that, along with these differences, my moral com-pass (指南针) also points in somewhat different directions depending on the language I'm using at the time?Psychologists who study moral judgments have become very interested in this question. The find-ings of several recent studies suggest that when people are faced with moral dilemmas (困境), they do indeed respond differently when considering them in a foreign language than when using their native tongue.In a 2014 paper led by Albert Costa, volunteers were presented with a moral dilemma known as the “trolley problem”: Imagine that a runaway trolley is moving quickly toward a group of five people standing on the tracks, unable to move. You are next to a switch that can move the trolley to
a different set of tracks, therefore sparing the five people, but resulting in the death of one who is standing on the side tracks. Do you pull the switch?Most people agree that they would. But what if the only way to stop the trolley is by pushing a large stranger off a footbridge into its path? People tend to be very hesitant to say they would do this, even though in both situations, one person is sacrificed to save five. But Costa and his col-leagues found that presenting the dilemma in a language that volunteers had learned as a foreign tongue dramatically increased their stated willingness to push the sacrificial person off the foot-bridge, from fewer than 20% of respondents working in their native language to about 50% of those using the foreign one.Why does it matter whether we judge morality in our native language or a foreign one? According to one explanation, such judgments involve two separate and competing ways of thinking—one of these, a quick, natural “feeling,” and the other, careful deliberation about the greatest good for the greatest number. When we use a foreign language, we unconsciously sink into the more careful way simply because the effort of operating in our non-native language signals our cognitive (认知
的) system to prepare for difficult activity.An alternative explanation is that differences arise between native and foreign tongues because our childhood languages are filled with greater emotions than those learned in more academic settings. As a result, moral judgments made in a foreign language are less filled with the emotional reac-tions that surface when we use a language learned in childhood.There's strong evidence that memory connects a language with the experiences and interactions through which that language was learned. For example, people who are bilingual (双语的) are more likely to recall an experience if reminded in the language in which that event occurred. Our childhood languages, learned in the middle of passionate emotion, become filled with deep feeling. By comparison, languages acquired late in life, especially if they are learned through limited inter-actions in the classroom or dully delivered over computer screens and headphones, enter our minds lacking the emotionality that is present for their native speakers.1.What does “this question” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.What contributes to one's language improvements?
B.Is it necessary to learn more than one foreign language?C.Does the language one uses influence one's moral judgments?D.How do people deal with moral dilemmas in a foreign language?2.When the “trolley problem” was presented in a foreign language, volunteers were more likely to　　    .A.care less about the five peopleB.pull the switch to the side tracksC.remain hesitant about what to doD.sacrifice the stranger on the footbridge3.The underlined word in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to　　    .A.consideration　　B.guidance C.selection　　D.arrangement4.What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?A.Bilingual people are less emotional than others.B.Native language learning involves greater emotions.C.Childhood memories limit foreign language learning.D.Academic settings promote foreign language learning.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是说明文。文章阐述了人在使用不同语言时,对同样的道德伦理问题会做出不一样的判断。1.C　推测词义题。根据文章第一段最后一句话Is it possible that, along with these differences, my moral compass also points in somewhat different directions depending on the language I'm us-ing at the time?可知,这个问题指的是上一句提到的我所使用的语言对我的道德伦理判断是否有影响,故选C。2.D　细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句But Costa and his colleagues found that presenting the dilemma in a language that volunteers had learned as a foreign tongue dramatically increased their stated willingness to push the sacrificial person off the footbridge, from fewer than 20% of re-spondents working in their native language to about 50% of those using the foreign one.可知,当志愿者们用他们学习的外语时,面对同样的两难境地他们更愿意牺牲在桥上的那个人,sacrificial person和D选项对应,因此本题选D。3.A　推测词义题。根据第五段第二句According to one explanation, such judgments involve
two separate and competing ways of thinking—one of these, a quick, natural “feeling,” and the other, careful deliberation about the greatest good for the greatest number.可知,两种思考方式是相反的,一种是快速自然地思考,另一种是仔细地考虑,和consideration仔细思考,与deliberation对应,因此选A。4.B　主旨要义题。根据最后两段主要内容和第六段第一句An alternative explanation is that differences arise between native and foreign tongues because our childhood languages are filled with greater emotions than those learned in more academic settings.可知,相比在学术背景下学会的语言,我们童年就会的母语中包含更多的感情,和B选项一致,故选B。
高级语块　1.depend on 取决于　2.be faced with 面临,面对　3.result in 导致　4.be filled with 充满
Passage 2 (2019北京石景山第一学期期末, B)词数:398Paris is the city of dreams, the city of love. If you are thinking of heading to Paris for a study period, then perhaps a little reality check is in order. But my experience was a romantic one.I paved my path to Paris through an exchange program. On arrival in Paris, I was constantly re-minded of the official processes I was required to complete—forms to be filled in, meetings to at-tend, and the list seemed endless. Perhaps it was due to my well organizational habit, but somehow this endless list of to-dos was completed in little more than a week.Then the real work began. Once classes were underway, I found myself volunteering to do oral presentations and assignments first, rather than last. This method turned out to be very helpful.Once I had finished class for the week, I had an ever-increasing list of museums to visit, neighbor-hoods to explore, cafés to sit in, and parks to run around. Read as many books about Paris as you can. Talk to as many locals and other foreigners living there as you can. The one thing that reading
a book or talking to someone cannot do is to provide you with the experience of wandering Paris on foot. I discovered some of my favorite places in Paris by wandering. The people watching, the sounds of the city, the changing colors, they all add to the ecstasy that is experienced in Paris.After spending five months wandering through the charming neighborhoods, I fell in love with the atmosphere that came out from every open door, and with every spoken word. There is something comforting about walking to the market each Sunday to be faced with the beautiful display of fruits, vegetables and dairy products. There is warmth in saying bonjour to the man across the hall.On my last day in Paris, I confidently said, “Bonjour, Monsieur,” as I passed the little store down the street. I guess no matter how hard I tried I was always going to be an outsider, a tourist. The best part about going on exchange in Paris is falling in love with the city in your own unique way. Everyone's experience of Paris is different. I know mine is unique and special to me, my own little pieces of Paris.1.What does the passage mainly tell us?A.The special working experience in Paris.
B.The charming neighborhoods in Paris.C.Living abroad in Paris as a student.D.The stressful study life in Paris.2.What does the underlined word “ecstasy” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A.Happiness.　　B.Imagination. C.Courage.　　D.Reputation.3.Which experience would the author treasure most?A.Enjoying a cup of coffee in his spare time.B.Greeting people in French in the street.C.Buying vegetables in the market.D.Wandering in Paris on foot.4.According to the passage, what left the author the deepest impression?A.The steps he went through before the exchange program.B.The presentations and assignments he did in class.C.The academic achievement he made in his study.D.The special culture he experienced in the city.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文,记述了作者作为交换生在巴黎留学期间的独特体验。1.C　主旨要义题。根据文章首段作者提到自己在巴黎学习是一段浪漫的体验可知,文章大致讲了作者在法国巴黎学习的经历;全文作者并没有提到工作经历,因此排除A项;迷人的街区虽有提及却不是作者强调的重点,排除B;D选项中的stressful在文中也没有提及,故选C。2.A　推测词义题。根据文章第四段倒数第二句I discovered some of my favorite places in Paris by wandering.可知,作者在巴黎漫步时发现了很多自己喜欢的地方,后文提到的the people watching, the sounds of the city, the changing colors都是给作者带来快乐的事情,因此本题选A。3.D　细节理解题。根据文章第四段第四句The one thing that reading a book or talking to someone cannot do is to provide you with the experience of wandering Paris on foot.“读书或者同他人谈话不能做到的一件事就是给你提供在巴黎漫步的体验。”可知,在巴黎漫步是作者最喜欢的体验的,和D项表述一致,因此本题选D。4.D　细节理解题。文章最后一段第三句提到的The best part about going on exchange in Paris is falling in love with the city in your own unique way.“在巴黎交流最好的事情就是以你自己的方式爱上这个城市。”和D选项“他在这个城市体验到的独特文化。”表述一致,因此本题选D。
高级语块　1.head to 前往　2.be reminded of 被提醒3.turn out to be 结果是
长难句　The one thing that reading a book or talking to someone cannot do is to provide you with the experience of wandering Paris on foot. 读书或者同他人谈话不能做到的一件事就是给你提供在巴黎漫步的体验。画线部分是定语从句,修饰the one thing;to provide为动词不定式作表语。
Passage 3 (2019北京海淀二模,D)词数:457What a Messy Desk Says About YouFor some time, psychologists have been studying how personality traits affect health and health-re-lated choices. Not surprisingly, they have found that people blessed with innate conscientiousness, meaning that they are organized and predictable, typically eat better and live longer than people who are disorderly. They also tend to have immaculate offices.What has been less clear is whether neat environments can produce good habits even in those who aren't necessarily innately conscientious. To find out, researchers at the University of Minnesota conducted a series of experiments. In the first experiment, they randomly assigned a group of col-lege-age students to spend time in two offices, one of which was very neat, the other wildly clut-tered (乱堆) with papers and other work-related stuff. The students spent their time filling out questionnaires unrelated to the study. After 10 minutes, they were told they could leave with an apple or a chocolate bar. Those students who sat in the orderly office were twice as likely to choose the apple as those who sat among the mess.A second experiment, however, found that working in chaos has its advantages, too. In this one, college students were placed in a messy or a neat office and asked to dream up new uses for Ping-
Pong balls. Those in messy spaces generated ideas that were significantly more creative, according to two independent judges, than those in offices where stacks of papers and other objects were neatly arranged.“The results were something of a surprise,” says Dr. Vohs, the leader of the study. Few previous studies found much virtue in disorder. The broken window theory, proposed decades ago, holds that even slight disorder and neglect can encourage indifferent and poor discipline.But in the study by Dr. Vohs, disordered offices encouraged originality and a search for novelty. In the final portion of the study, adults were given the choice of adding a health “boost” to their lunchtime smoothie that was labeled either “new” or “classic.” The volunteers in the messy space were far more likely to choose the new one;those in the tidy office generally chose the classic version.“Disorderly environments seem to inspire breaking free of tradition,” Dr. Vohs and her co-au-thors conclude in the study, “which can produce fresh insights.”The implications of these findings are also practical. “My advice would be, if you need to think outside the box for a future project”, Dr. Vohs says, “then let the clutter rise and free your imag-ination. But if your primary goal is to eat well or to go to the gym, pick up around your office first. By doing this, the naturally messy people can acquire some of the discipline of the conscientious.”
1.The underlined word “immaculate” in Paragraph 1 probably means 　　    .A.messy　　B.tidy　　C.terrible　　D.comfortable2.Which of the following can best explain the broken window theory?A.Chaos begets chaos. B.Misfortune may be an actual blessing.C.Bad news has wings. D.When a door shuts, a window opens.3.Which of the following will Dr. Vohs probably agree with?A.More virtue exists in organized people.B.Creativity results from tidiness and discipline.C.Disorderly surroundings help to create new ideas.D.Workers' good habits guarantee the success of a project.4.What can we conclude from the study results?A.The naturally neat people tend to be very creative.B.A messy office will cause quite low working efficiency.C.Environments can affect people's way of thinking and behavior.D.People's personalities are determined by their working environments.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文,论述了人生活和工作的环境如何影响人。文章通过对比实验结果,给出了建议:如果你需要过有规律的生活,就把自己的生活和工作环境收拾干净;相反,如果需要一些创意,就不用在意凌乱的环境。1.B　推测词义题。根据画线处的前一句Not surprisingly, they have found that people blessed with innate conscientiousness, meaning that they are organized and predictable, typically eat better and live longer than people who are disorderly.可知,那些自律性很高的人非常有条理,所以他们的办公室一定是非常整洁的,因此本题选B。2.A　细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句The broken window theory, proposed decades a-go, holds that even slight disorder and neglect can encourage indifferent and poor discipline.可知,轻微的混乱和忽视可能会导致很不好的行为,即有一个不好的开始会导致后面不好的事情继续发生,与A选项“Chaos begets chaos.(混乱导致混乱)”表述一致,故选A。
3.C　细节理解题。根据第五段第一句But in the study by Dr. Vohs, disordered offices encour-aged originality and a search for novelty.可知,Dr. Vohs认为混乱的办公室鼓励原创和对于新奇事物的追寻,和C项表述相符,因此本题选C。4.C　主旨要义题。根据结尾段的分类讨论可知,环境会影响人的思考方式和行为,需要分情况讨论,故选C。
高级语块　1.bless with 赋有(能力等)　2.in chaos 混乱
长难句　In the first experiment, they randomly assigned a group of college-age students to spend time in two offices, one of which was very neat, the other wildly cluttered with papers and other work-related stuff. 在第一个实验里,他们随机分配了一组大学生在两个办公室里待一段时间,其中一个非常整齐,另外一个混乱地堆满了各种文件和其他办公相关的东西。在本句中one of which就相当于and one of them。
Passage 4 (2019北京西城二模, D)词数:513The new social robots, including Jibo, Cozmo, Kuri and Meccano M.A.X., bear some resemblance to assistants like Apple's Siri, but these robots come with something more. They are designed to win us over not with their smarts but with their personality. They are sold as companions that do more than talk to us. Time magazine hailed(赞扬) the robots that “could fundamentally reshape how we interact with machines”. But is reshaping how we interact with machines a good thing, especially for children? Some researchers in favor of the robots don't see a problem with this. People have relationships with many kinds of things. Some say robots are just another thing with which we can have rela-tionships. To support their argument, roboticists sometimes point to how children deal with toy dolls. Children animate (赋予……生命) dolls and turn them into imaginary friends. Jibo, in a sense, will be one more imaginary friend, and arguably a more intelligent and fun one.
Getting attached to dolls and sociable machines is different, though. Today's robots tell children that they have emotions, friendships, even dreams to share. In reality, the whole goal of the robots is emotional trickery. For instance, the robot Cozmo needs to be fed, repaired and played with. Boris Sofman, the chief executive of Anki, the company behind Cozmo, says that the idea is to create “a deeper and deeper emotional connection... And if you neglect him, you feel the pain of that.” What is the point of this, exactly? What does it mean to feel the pain of neglecting some-thing that feels no pain at being neglected, or to feel anger at being neglected by something that doesn't even know it is neglecting you? This should not be our only concern. It is troubling that these robots try to empathize with children. Empathy allows us to put ourselves in the place of others, to know what they are feeling. Robots, however, have no emotions to share, and they cannot put themselves in our place. No matter what
robotic creatures “say” or squeak, they don't understand our emotional lives. They present themselves as empathy machines, but they are missing the essential equipment. They have not been born, they don't know pain, or death, or fear. Robot thinking may be thinking, but robot feel-ing is never feeling, and robot love is never love.What is also troubling is that children take robots' behavior to indicate feelings. When the robots interact with them, children take this as evidence that the robots like them, and when robots don't work when needed, children also take it personally. Their relationships with the robots affect their self-esteem (自尊). In one study, an 8-year-old boy concluded that the robot stopped talking to him because the robot liked his brothers better.For so long, we dreamed of artificial intelligence offering us not only simple help but conversation and care. Now that our dream is becoming real, it is time to deal with the emotional downside of living with robots that “feel”.
1.How are the new social robots different from Siri? A.They are intended to teach children how to talk. B.They are designed to attract people with their smarts. C.Their main function is to evaluate children's personality.D.They have a new way to communicate with human beings. 2.In Paragraph 3 Cozmo is used as an example to show that the social robots 　　    .A.are deeply connected with human beings B.are unable to build a real relationship with childrenC.are so advanced that they can feel the pain of human beingsD.are not good enough to carry out the instructions of children3.The underlined phrase “essential equipment” in Paragraph 4 refers to 　　    .A.emotion　　B.pain　　C.fear　　D.thinking
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文,讨论这种声称自己和人有一种新的沟通的方式的机器人是否可以真正和人类,尤其是孩子们沟通。1.D　细节理解题。根据文章第一段倒数第二句Time magazine hailed the robots that could fun-damentally reshape how we interact with machines.可知,机器人彻底改变了我们如何跟机器交流,和D项表述一致,因此本题选D。2.B　细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句和第三句Today's robots tell children that they have emotions, friendships, even dreams to share. In reality, the whole goal of the robots is emotional trickery. 可知,和机器人交流是个情感骗局,并不是真能和人们进行情感上的交流,和B选项“不能和孩子建立真正的关系”表述相符,故选B。3.A　推测词义题。根据画线处的前一句No matter what robotic creatures “say” or squeak, they don't understand our emotional lives.可知,机器人没有情感生活,和后一句中提到的它们所缺少的the essential equipment对应,指的是emotion(情感),故选A。
4.B　逻辑结构题。文章第一段为Introduction,引入了要讨论的问题——和机器交流是一件好事吗?尤其是对孩子们来说;第二段讲了孩子们和机器人交流的好的方面,是第一个论点(P1);第三段提出了第二个论点(P2),孩子们和机器人交流不好,因为这只是个情感骗局(Sp1);第四段提出了机器人装出来的情感共鸣可能会让孩子们对于情感的理解有错误(Sp2);第五段提出机器人可能在孩子们成长过程中对他们的心理产生不好的影响(Sp3)。结尾段得出结论(Con-clusion),我们应该认真处理和机器人之间的关系。根据以上结构分析可知,本题选B。
高级语块　turn...into...把……变成……
长难句　Now that our dream is becoming real, it is time to deal with the emotional downside of living with robots that “feel.” 既然我们的梦想已经实现了,是时候处理和能够“感觉”的机器人生活的情感上的缺点了。now that引导状语从句,it is time to do sth.表示“是时候做某事了”。
Group 2Passage 1 (2019北京昌平二模, C)词数:343There are 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic trash in the world's oceans, and each year, 8 million tons of plastic are added to the figure. Though the oceans seem vast enough to stomach a lot of plastic, the level of waste is starting to reach a crisis point: According to a new report by the Ocean Conser-vancy, by 2025, the ocean could contain one ton of plastic for every three tons of fish.All these floating bits of plastic not only disrupt marine ecosystems, but also poison the global supply of seafood. “It's reaching crisis proportions,” says Andreas Merkl, the CEO of the O-cean Conservancy. “Plastic breaks down into small pieces that look like plankton (浮游生物) and is eaten by everything from plankton to whales.” The new report calls for a focus on improving waste management systems in a handful of develop-ing countries that account for the plastic leakage into the ocean. China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam contribute more than half of the oceans' plastic since their waste facilities haven't kept up with rapid industrialization.
How can countries reduce the leakage of waste into the ocean? The Ocean Conservancy report suggests that by providing more waste collection services, closing the leakage points within the collection system, getting rid of waste with effective landfill, and building more recycling facili-ties, the plastics leakage could be cut by 50% by 2020.It's not just an environmentalist's daydream. Coca-Cola and Dow Chemical, along with some oth-er multinational companies, have joined forces with the Ocean Conservancy to fight ocean pollu-tion. “We're committed to working toward a future of a plastic-free ocean. Companies don't make plastic with the intention of it ending up in the ocean, and we acknowledge the strong role industry must play in order to help eliminate ocean plastic waste by 2035.” Says a Dow Chemical director.“While building landfills and incinerators (焚化炉) across these developing countries might not be pretty, it's far more environmentally friendly than letting waste slide into the world's oceans.” Says Andreas Merkl.1.Five developing countries are mostly responsible for plastic leakage because 　　    .A.there are too many factories in those countries
B.they produce the majority of the waste worldwideC.their waste facilities fail to adapt to rapid industrializationD.their citizens don't make good use of waste management systems2.The underlined word “eliminate” in Paragraph 5 means 　　    .A.end 　　B.increase　　C.remain　　D.reduce3.From the last two paragraphs, we can learn that 　　    .A.many companies have begun to play a role in fighting ocean pollutionB.environment-friendly plastics will be invented by multinational factoriesC.developing countries will be much more beautiful with a plastic-free oceanD.landfills and incinerators have greatly reduced plastic leakage into the ocean4.The main purpose of the passage is to 　　    . A.suggest countries learn more about oceanic wasteB.persuade companies to produce fewer plastic goodsC.warn people of the danger of using too many plastic itemsD.inform people about the serious issue of plastic in the ocean
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文,讲了海洋污染的严重性和带来的危害,并给出了应该如何减少海洋垃圾的具体解决方案。1.C　细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam contribute more than half of the oceans' plastic since their waste facilities haven't kept up with rapid industrialization.可知,这五个国家的垃圾处理设备没有跟上他们快速的工业化进程,和C项表述一致,故选C。2.A　推测词义题。根据第五段画线处前一句We're committed to working toward a future of a plastic-free ocean. 可知,处理垃圾的终极目标是实现零塑料,也就是结束、消除塑料污染,同end意思一致,故选A。3.A　推理判断题。文章第五段和第六段主要讲了减少海洋垃圾并不是环保主义者的白日梦,很多公司都开始为环保做出贡献,预计到2035年能够实现零塑料的目标。A项说很多公司都已经在海洋保护中开始发挥自己的作用,与文章表述相符,故选A。
4.D　主旨要义题。根据文章结尾段“While building landfills and incinerators across these de-veloping countries might not be pretty, it's far more environmentally friendly than letting waste slide into the world's oceans.”says Andreas Merkl. 可知,尽管在发展中国家建造废弃物填埋场和焚化炉可能不那么美观,但是这比让废弃物流入世界上的海洋环保得多。也就是说海洋中的塑料问题现在已经迫在眉睫了,人们需要意识到这个问题的严重性,同D项表述相符,故选D。
高级语块　1.call for 要求　2.account for导致;对……负责　3.get rid of 摆脱　4.join forces with 与……合作
长难句　Coca-Cola and Dow Chemical, along with some other multinational companies, have joined forces with the Ocean Conservancy to fight ocean pollution. 可口可乐和陶氏化学公司,以及一些其他跨国公司,已经和海洋保护协会通力合作来一起对抗海洋污染。句中画线部分为插入语。
Passage 2 (2018北京海淀第一学期期末, C)词数:439As the world's population grows, farmers will need to produce more and more food.And large farms are increasingly using precision farming to increase yields(产量), reduce waste, and reduce the economic and security risks that are inevitably accompanied by agricultural uncertainty.Traditional farming relies on managing entire fields—making decisions related to planting, har-vesting, irrigating, and applying pesticide and fertilizer(农药和化肥)—based on regional condi-tions and historical data. Precision farming, by contrast, combines sensors, robots, GPS, mapping tools and data-analytics software to customize the care that plants receive without increasing labor. Robot-mounted sensors and camera-equipped drones(无人驾驶飞机) wirelessly send images and data on individual plants to a computer, which looks for signs of health and stress. Farmers receive the feedback in real time and then deliver water, pesticide or fertilizer in adjusted doses(剂量) to only the areas that need it. The technology can also help farmers decide when to plant and harvest crops.
As a result, precision farming can improve time management, reduce water and chemical use, and produce healthier crops and higher yields—all of which benefit farmers' bottom line and conserve resources while reducing chemical run-off.Many small businesses are developing new software, sensors, and other tools for precision farm-ing, as are large companies such as Monsanto, John Deere, Bayer, Dow and DuPont. The U.S. De-partment of Agriculture, NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration all support precision farming, and many colleges now offer coursework on the topic.In a related development, seed producers are applying technology to improve plant characteristics. By following individual plants over time and analyzing which ones flourish in different conditions, companies can relate the plants' response to their environments with their genomics(基因组学). That information, in turn, allows the companies to produce seed varieties that will grow well in
specific soil and weather conditions. This advanced technology may also help to improve crop nu-trition.Farmers do not universally welcome precision agriculture for various reasons, such as high equip-ment costs and lack of access to the Internet. The technology may bring great challenges to experi-enced farmers who are not good at computers. And large systems will also be beyond the reach of many small farming operations in developing nations. But less expensive, simpler systems could potentially be applied. For others, though, cost savings in the long run may reduce the financial concerns. And however reticent some farmers may be to adopt new technology, the next genera-tion of farmers are likely to warm to the approach.1.Precision farming differs from traditional farming partly because it　　    .A.provides real-time information about target crops B.relies on regional conditions and historical dataC.offers plenty of water, pesticide and fertilizerD.guarantees high yields with more labor
2.About precision farming, we can learn that　　    . A.the government holds a cautious attitudeB.it draws positive responses from businessesC.seed producers have already made huge profits D.large systems will soon be built in developing nations 3.The underlined word “reticent” in the last paragraph probably means　　    .A.disappointed　　　B.confused　　C.shocked　　D.unwilling 4.What is the best title for the passage?A.Precision Farming Increases Crop YieldsB.More Challenges Faced by Modern FarmersC.Development of Farming Systems in the U.S.D.Traditional Farming Is Gradually Disappearing
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文,主要介绍了精准农业的操作原理、优势、相关发展以及普及情况。1.A　细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句 Farmers receive the feedback in real time and then deliver water, pesticide or fertilizer in adjusted doses to only the areas that need it.可知此题选A项。2.B　推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Many small businesses are developing new software, sen-sors, and other tools for precision farming, as are large companies such as Monsanto, John Deere, Bayer, Dow and DuPont.可知大、小型企业都在为精准农业开发新产品,故可推断企业给予了积极响应。3.D　推测词义题。根据文章最后一句And however reticent some farmers may be to adopt new technology, the next generation of farmers are likely to warm to the approach. 可知无论一些农民多么不情愿采用新技术,新一代的农民很有可能对这种方式更感兴趣,由此可推知reticent意为“不情愿的”,故选D项。
4.A　主旨要义题。根据第一段第二句中的And large farms are increasingly using precision farming to increase yields可知本题选A项。
高级语块　1.in the long run 从长远来看2.warm to 对……更加感兴趣(或热衷)
长难句　By following individual plants over time and analyzing which ones flourish in different conditions, companies can relate the plants' response to their environments with their genomics.通过长时间跟踪个体植物生长并分析在不同条件下哪些植物能够茁壮生长,公司能够把植物对环境的反应和其基因组联系起来。By following...为方式状语,which ones flourish in different conditions为宾语从句。
Passage 3 (2018北京石景山第一学期期末, D)词数:496There are plenty of complaints about how social media—texting in particular—may be harming children's social and intellectual development. But a new study suggests that constant instant mes-saging (IM'ing) and texting among teens may also provide benefits,particularly for those who are introverted(内向的).British researchers studied instant messages exchanged by 231 teens, aged 14 to 18. All of the par-ticipants were “regular”or “extensive”IM'ers. In the U.S., two thirds of teens use instant messaging services regularly, with a full third messaging at least once every day.The researchers analyzed 150 conversations in the study, and reported the results in the journal Computers in Human Behavior. In 100 of these chats, the study participant began IM'ing while in a negative emotional state such as sadness, distress or anger. The rest were conversations begun
when the participant was feeling good or neutral. After the chat, participants reported about a 20% reduction in their distress—not enough to completely eliminate it, but enough to leave them feeling better.“Our findings suggest that IM'ing between distressed adolescents and their peers may provide emotional relief and consequently contribute to their well-being,”the authors write,noting that prior research has shown that people assigned to talk to a stranger either in real life or online im-proved their mood in both settings, but even more with IM. And people who talk with their real-life friends online also report feeling closer to them than those who just communicate face to face, implying the strengthening of their bond.Why would digital communication do better than human contact?The reasons are complex, but may have something to do with the fact that users can control expression of sadness and other emo-tions via IM without exposing emotional elements like tears that some may consider as embarrass-
ing or sources of discomfort. Studies also show that the anonymity(匿名) of writing on a device blankets the users in a sense of safety that may cause people to feel more comfortable in sharing and discussing their deepest and most authentic feelings. The research has shown that expressive writing itself can vent the stress and provide a sense of relief—and doing so, knowing that your words are reaching a sympathetic friend, may provide even more comfort and potentially be thera-peutic(治愈的). Researchers also found that introverted participants reported more relief from IM conversations when they were distressed than extroverts did. Susan Cain, the author of Quiet wrote recently for TIME:Introverts are often overfilled with thoughts and care deeply for their friends, family and colleagues. But even the most socially skilled introverts sometimes long for a free pass from socializing or talking on the phone. This is what the Internet offers:the chance to connect—but in measured doses and from behind a screen.1.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.Teens are more likely to send instant messages when feeling distressed.B.Instant messaging can help completely remove teens' negative emotions.
C.Constant instant messaging can help teens control their negative emotions.D.Chat via instant messaging services makes most participants feel good or calm.2.The underlined word “vent” in Paragraph 5 most probably means　　    .A.control　　B.maintain　　C.reduce　　D.increase3.According to the passage, what does the digital communication enable users to do?A.Find more sympathetic friends.B.Produce more expressive writings.C.Share and discuss more information.D.Avoid embarrassment and discomfort.4.What can be concluded from the new study by British researchers?A.Introverted teens may benefit from constant instant messaging.B.American teens aged 14 to 18 are extensive instant messaging users.C.Teens feeling bad often feel closer to real-life friends than to net friends.D.Instant messaging will prevent children's social and intellectual development.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。文章揭示了即时通信能够帮助青少年,尤其是内向的人,调节情绪,促进情感交流,并解释了其原因。1.A　细节理解题。根据文章第三段前两句可知研究显示大部分即时通信始于负面情绪,故选A项。2.C　推测词义题。根据画线词后面的and provide a sense of relief可推知vent the stress与之意思相近,故vent在此处表示“减少”。3.D　细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句中的users can control expression of sadness and other emotions via IM without exposing emotional elements like tears that some may consider as embar-rassing or sources of discomfort可知本题选D项。4.A　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段后四句可推知内向的人会从即时通信中获益。
高级语块　1.in particular 尤其2.a free pass 免费入场券
长难句　“Our findings suggest that IM'ing between distressed adolescents and their peers may provide emotional relief and consequently contribute to their well-being,”the authors write,noting that prior research has shown that people assigned to talk to a stranger either in real life or online improved their mood in both settings, but even more with IM.作者写道:“我们的发现表明感到苦恼的青少年和他们的同伴之间的即时通信可能会带来情感上的宽慰,从而不断提升他们的幸福感。”还特别提到,之前的研究显示人们无论是被安排去和在现实生活中的陌生人还是网上的陌生人聊天都会改善他们的情绪,但是用即时通信的效果更明显。noting that...为现在分词短语作伴随状语;assigned to talk to a stranger either in real life or online为过去分词短语作定语,修饰people。
Passage 4 (2018北京东城第一学期期末, D)词数:465SharentingIt's the holiday season, the time when we connect with family and friends. Social media sites like Twitter and Facebook are full of festive pictures, featuring parents' catching and sharing those special family moments, their child's wish list, and maybe even a cute video of their child dancing to “Jingle Bell Rock” while wearing a diaper(尿片) and Santa hat. Swelling with pride, parents can't wait to get approval with a “thumbs up” or better yet a personalized message on their trea-sured post.Adults should be able to post what they want online. However, when exposing family moments on-line, are they sharing too much information?Do parents have the right to share those cute now, but embarrassing later moments about kids?Have children willingly given their agreement to share their cute but funny video online?A recent study found that 75% of parents turn to social media for parenting-related information and social support. There is even a term used to describe the overuse of sharing too much information about kids on social media:“sharenting”. Research also finds that “sharenting” isn't going
anywhere anytime soon. What's troublesome is that a typical parent has about 150 Facebook friends and only a third of them are actual friends. So, that brings up questions—Who are we really sharing our information with and why?Who knows when and where that photo could resurface in the future?While there's no reliable information on how young children feel about things being posted online, we do have information about how teens feel. According to a report by the Family Online Safety Institute, 76% of teens are concerned about their privacy. Many teens constantly search for new apps that allow anonymity. When names are required, they use screen names that don't reveal real information. If our teens are doing a better job of protecting themselves online, shouldn't parents take the lead and do the same?Plus, with more and more college admission representatives and po-tential employers surfing the Internet for potential candidates, we'd hate for one of our posts to change an important decision. Think about it... online reputations are now becoming inseparable from real-life ones.Of course, we can secure our privacy settings, only allowing our friends to view pictures, posts and videos, but that doesn't stop others from uploading our pictures. Adults need to be cautious about sharing information online, especially information about children.
So, this holiday season enjoy family time and share those special memories with family and friends. Before clicking the app to upload photos or videos, stop and think twice. 1.Which of the following behaviors is “sharenting”?A.A girl attends a live performance online. B.A father tells his son's story to his colleagues. C.A mother posts her baby's pictures on Facebook. D.A boy invites his friends to his birthday party at home. 2.What does the underlined word “anonymity” in Paragraph 4 mean?A.One's real name.　　B.Using strange names. C.Unchangeable names.　　D.Being unknown by name. 3.What's the author's attitude toward “sharenting”?A.Sympathetic.　　B.Negative. C.Neutral.　　D.Unconcerned.4.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To state an argument. B.To support an opinion. C.To compare different ideas. D.To question a point of view.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为议论文。家长在网上过多地晒孩子信息会侵犯孩子的隐私,影响他们的声誉,因此在网上分享孩子信息时要慎重。1.C　推理判断题。根据文章第三段第二句可知sharenting指的是家长在社交网络中过多分享孩子信息的行为,只有C项符合sharenting的描述。2.D　推测词义题。根据画线词的后一句When names are required, they use screen names that don't reveal real information.可知anonymity指的是不透露真实姓名,即为匿名,故选D项。3.B　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句Adults need to be cautious about sharing informa-tion online, especially information about children.可推知作者并不赞同sharenting这一做法,故选B项。4.A　主旨要义题。根据最后一段最后一句可知作者写此篇文章是为了论述家长在分享孩子信息前要三思的观点,故选A项。
长难句　Social media sites like Twitter and Facebook are full of festive pictures, featuring parents' catching and sharing those special family moments, their child's wish list, and maybe even a cute video of their child dancing to “Jingle Bell Rock” while wearing a diaper and Santa hat.社交网站如Twitter和Facebook上满是欢乐的照片,主要包括父母捕捉并分享的特殊的家庭时刻、孩子的愿望清单,甚至可能是孩子穿着尿片、戴着圣诞帽、伴着“Jingle Bell Rock”跳舞的可爱视频。此句中featuring为现在分词短语作伴随状语。
Group 3Passage 1 (2018北京西城第一学期期末, C)词数:445In some islands north of Scotland, head lice, which live on the hair or skin of people or animals, were a part of life. If the lice left their host, he became sick and feverish. Therefore, sick people had lice put in their hair intentionally. There was a method to their madness:As soon as the lice had settled in again, the patient improved.The story explains the confusion of cause and effect. If the lice leave the sick person, it is because he has a fever and they simply get hot feet. When the fever breaks, they return. We may laugh at this story, but false causality misleads us practically every day. Consider the headline:“Fact:Women Who Use Shampoo XYZ Every Day Have Stronger Hair”. This statement says very little—least of all, that the shampoo makes your hair stronger. It might simply be the other way round:Women with strong hair tend to use Shampoo XYZ—and perhaps that's because it says “especially for thick hair” on the bottle. A further example:Scientists found that long periods in the hospital did harm to patients. This was
music to health insurers' ears, who, of course, are keen to make stays as brief as possible. But, clearly, patients who are dismissed immediately are healthier than those who must stay on for treatment. Recently I read that students get better grades at school if their homes contain a lot of books. This study was surely a shot in the arm for booksellers, but it is also an example of false causality. This simple truth is that educated parents tend to value their children's education more than uneducated ones do. Plus, educated parents often have more books at home. In short, a dust-covered copy of War and Peace alone isn't going to influence anyone's grades;what counts is parents' education levels, as well as their genes.Another example of false causality was the supposed relationship between the birth rate and the numbers of stork (鹳) pairs in Germany. Both were in decline, and if you plot them on a graph, the two lines of development from 1965 to 1987 appeared almost the same. Does this mean the stork actually does bring babies?Obviously not, since this was a purely accidental connection. In conclusion, connections are not causality. Take a closer look at linked events:Sometimes what is
presented as the cause turns out to be the effect, or just the other way round. And sometimes there is no link at all—just like with the storks and babies. 1.Which is an example of false causality?A.Women with strong hair tend to use a certain shampoo.B.Birth rate and the stork population are connected.C.Longer periods in the hospital benefit patients.D.Lice can make a person sick and feverish.2.The underlined phrase “a shot in the arm” in Paragraph 4 means　　    . A.pain　　B.defeat C.guidance 　　D.encouragement3.According to the author, students get better grades probably because　　    . A.their homes are full of books B.they have read War and PeaceC.their educated parents value education D.their parents are successful booksellers4.It can be concluded from the passage that　　    . A.connections are pure accidents B.cause and effect are interdependentC.connections are mostly cause and effect D.linked events may turn out to be unrelated
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为议论文。文章通过一些事例来论证表面上的因果关系可能存在因果倒置,而且两个事物之间有联系不代表一定是因果关系。1.B　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句Obviously not, since this was a purely accidental connection.可知出生率和鹳的数量之间不存在因果关系。2.D　推测词义题。前一句说家里藏书多,孩子的学习成绩就好,由此可推知此研究对书商来讲有激励作用,故选D项。3.C　细节理解题。根据第四段第三句This simple truth is that educated parents tend to value their children's education more than uneducated ones do.可知本题选C项。4.D　主旨要义题。根据文章最后一句可知表面上有联系的事物之间可能毫无关联。
高级语块　the other way around相反的情况
长难句　But, clearly, patients who are dismissed immediately are healthier than those who must stay on for treatment. 但是,很明显,马上就能出院的病人比那些需要住院治疗一段时间的病人更健康。those指代patients;两个who都引导定语从句。
Passage 2(2017北京海淀二模, C)词数:430Why Do People Blink Their Eyes?People blink(眨眼)their eyes tens of thousands of times every day. Scientists have long believed blinking was an involuntary movement and served mainly to keep the eyeballs wet. But a new study suggests it has a more important purpose.An international team of scientists from the University of California at Berkeley studied the blink-ing of human eyelids. The journal Current Biology published their findings. The team said they found that blinking “repositions our eyeballs so we can stay focused”on what we are seeing. They said that when we blink our eyelids, the eyes roll back into their sockets—the bony area that surrounds and protects the eyes. However, the researchers found the eyes don't always return to the same position. They said this causes the brain to tell the eye muscles to reorganize our eyesight.Gerrit Maus is the lead writer of the report. He serves as an assistant professor of psychology at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. Maus said, “Our eye muscles are quite sluggish
(迟缓的)and imprecise, so the brain needs to constantly adapt its motor signals to make sure our eyes are pointing where they're supposed to. Our findings suggested that the brain measures the difference in what we see before and after a blink, and commands the eye muscles to make the needed corrections.”The researchers said that without such corrections our surroundings would appear unclear and even jumpy. They said the movement acts “like a Steadicam(摄影稳定器)of the mind.”The researchers said they asked volunteers to sit in a dark room while staring at a small dot on a flat surface. They used special cameras to follow the volunteer's blinks and eye movements. After each blink, the dot was moved one centimeter to the right. The volunteers did not notice this, but the brain did. It followed the movement and directed the eye muscles to refocus on the dot. After the dot was moved in this way 30 times, the volunteers' eyes changed their focus to the place where they predicted it would be.
Professor Maus said, “Even though participants did not consciously register that the dot had moved, their brains did, and adjusted with the corrective eye movements. These findings add to our understanding of how the brain constantly adapts to changes, commanding our eye muscles to cor-rect for errors in our bodies' own hardware.” 1.According to the new study, blinking eyes can　　    .A.serve to keep the eyeballs wetB.reposition eyeballs to stay focusedC.consciously correct eye movementsD.make our eyes adapt to motor signals2.From the experiment, we can learn that　　    . A.volunteers could see the moving dot with special camerasB.the eyeballs could stay in the place as they were predicted
C.participants were aware of the dot's movements to the rightD.the brain commanded the eye muscles to refocus on the dot3.The underlined word “register” in Paragraph 5 probably means　　    .A.realize　　B.refocusC.reserve　　D.reason4.This passage shows that　　    .A.eye muscles are quite inactive and impreciseB.the research is of great value in the eye movementC.the brain plays an important role in seeing things clearlyD.volunteers control their blinks to follow the changes of the dots
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。人们为什么要眨眼睛呢?新的研究发现了眨眼睛的重要意义。1.B　细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第三句The team said they found that blinking “reposi-tions our eyeballs so we can stay focused”on what we are seeing. 可知本题选择B项。2.D　细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句They said this causes the brain to tell the eye mus-cles to reorganize our eyesight,第三段的Our findings suggested that the brain measures the differ-ence in what we see before and after a blink, and commands the eye muscles to make the needed corrections.以及第四段的After each blink, the dot was moved one centimeter to the right. The volunteers did not notice this, but the brain did. It followed the movement and directed the eye muscles to refocus on the dot.可以看出本题选择D项。3.A　推测词义题。根据上一段的The volunteers did not notice this, but the brain did.可知本段的Even though participants did not consciously register that the dot had moved, their brains did与其意思一致,因此下划线标注的词最有可能要表达的意思是“注意到、意识到”,故选择A项。
4.C　主旨要义题。根据文章最后一段的最后一句These findings add to our understanding of how the brain constantly adapts to changes, commanding our eye muscles to correct for errors in our bodies' own hardware.可知本题选择C项。
长难句　Our findings suggested that the brain measures the difference in what we see before and after a blink, and commands the eye muscles to make the needed corrections.我们的发现表明大脑会对我们在眨眼之前和之后所看到的东西的不同点进行估量,然后大脑会对眼球肌肉发出指令去做一些必要的修正。句中suggested后的that引导了一个宾语从句,从句中in what we see before and after a blink是介宾短语充当状语,介词in后接what引导的宾语从句,后面的and连接了measures和commands,它们的主语都是the brain。
Passage 3(2017北京海淀第一学期期中, C)词数:430Old FossilsScientists have found what they think is probably the oldest fossil on Earth, a remnant of life from 3.7 billion years ago when Earth's skies were orange and its oceans green.In a newly melted part of Greenland, Australian scientists found the leftover structure from a community of microbes(微生物)that lived on an ancient seafloor. Based on their analysis of the fossils, the researchers determined that they are 220 million years older than those discovered in Western Australia, which were 3.48 billion years old.The discovery shows life may have formed quicker and more easily than once thought, about half a billion years after Earth formed. And that may also give hope for life forming elsewhere, such as Mars, said study co-author Martin VanKranendonk of the University of New South Wales and di-rector of the Australian Center for Astrobiology. “It gives us an idea how our planet evolved and how life gained a foothold,” VanKranendonk said.Scientists had thought it would take at least half a billion years for life to form after the molten Earth started to cool a bit, but this shows it could have happened quicker, he said. That's because
the newly found fossil is far too complex to have developed soon after the planet's first life forms, he said.In an outcrop of rocks that used to be covered with ice and snow which melted after an exception-ally warm spring, the Australian team found stromatolites(叠层石), which are layered structures that are often produced by a community of microbes. The stromatolites were about 1 to 4 centime-ters high.“It is like the house left behind made by the microbes,” VanKranendonk said. “Scientists used the layers of ash from volcanoes and tiny zircon(锆石)with uranium and estimated that they date back to 3.7 billion years ago.” The dating seems about right, said Abigail Allwood, a NASA astrobiologist who found the previ-ous oldest fossil, from 3.48 billion years ago, in Australia. But Allwood said she is not completely convinced that what VanKranendonk's team found once was alive. She said the evidence wasn't conclusive enough that it was life and not a geologic quirk(地质巧合).“It would be nice to have more evidence, but in these rocks that's a lot to ask,” Allwood said in an email.1.The underlined words “gained a foothold” in Paragraph 3 mean　　    .A.continued　　B.changed　　C.increased　　D.started
2.We can learn from Paragraph 4　　    .A.the fossil appeared soon after the birth of the earthB.the fossil formed soon after the earth's first lifeC.life formed earlier than the newly found fossilD.life appeared about half a billion years ago3.What is Abigail Allwood's attitude towards the newly found fossil?A.Neutral.　　B.Sceptical.C.Objective.　　D.Supportive.4.According to the passage,　　    .A.the previous fossils are a geologic quirkB.the previous fossils are made up of stromatolitesC.the newly found fossils come from Western AustraliaD.the newly found fossils have a history of 3.7 billion years
答案    [语篇解读]　本文为说明文。文章介绍了科学家发现了37亿年前的化石。1.D    推测词义题。文章第三段始终围绕着地球和生命是如何形成的展开叙述,结合本段的主旨以及本段最后一句的It gives us an idea how our planet evolved可以猜测地球形成之后生命才会开始,因此“gained a foothold”意为“开始”。2.C　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句的the newly found fossil is far too complex to have de-veloped soon after the planet's first life forms可知,生命形成要早于新发现的化石。3.B　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的倒数第二句She said the evidence wasn't conclusive enough that it was life and not a geologic quirk(地质巧合).可知,Abigail Allwood对于新发现的化石态度是怀疑的。4.D　细节理解题。根据文章第一段的remnant of life from 3.7 billion years ago和第二段最后一句的the researchers determined that they are 220 million years older than those discovered in Western Australia, which were 3.48 billion years old.可知,新发现的化石有37亿年历史。
长难句　Based on their analysis of the fossils, the researchers determined that they are 220 mil-lion years older than those discovered in Western Australia, which were 3.48 billion years old.研究者们以他们对化石的分析为依据,他们判断这些化石比在西澳大利亚发现的那些已有三十四亿八千万年历史的化石还要早两亿两千万年。主句的主语是the researchers,谓语动词determined后接that引导的宾语从句,从句中代词those后的discovered in Western Australia是定语,which...old是定语从句也修饰限定those,句首的Based on...fossils是状语,based on意为“以……为依据”。
C组　2017—2019年高考模拟·应用创新题组Passage 1 (2019 5·3原创预测卷四,B)词数:330A mother, Carrie Cort, 51, from Sussex, and her nine-year-old son have been named the UK's most environmentally friendly family after winning an award for their environmental achieve-ments. Now every aspect of her life is environmentally friendly, from her son Adam's birthday parties to her clothing, and she recycles everything from empty pens to milk bottle tops. “Changing our family lifestyle to green has saved us around ￡11,000 every year, which has given us more finan-cial stability,” Carrie says. “Living green has made us healthier and I feel younger now. It is fun seeing what you can make with unwanted or broken things. Growing your own food is great exer-cise, good for wildlife, and the food is much more nutritious and tastier.”“My concern for the way we humans are treating the planet was really roused in 2008 when Adam was born. When he arrived, I suddenly had this huge, greater awareness of the kind of planet we're bringing our children into though I learnt something about it in university.” She began go-
ing to talks, reading books, watching documentaries and attending green meetings in order to edu-cate herself in the details of green living. Carrie set up the local campaign group Sussex Green Living six years after her son's birth. Later, she gave up her high-powered job, as she ran a video company with her brother, to do her job full-time. Today, she organizes talks and workshops. She runs a repair café, where people can bring everything to be fixed. Her recycling program helps people reuse wastes. Toothpaste tubes, for ex-ample, which Carrie sends to the Philippines, are turned into purses by an organization. “My goal is to inspire more people to lead greener, more environmentally friendly lives, to enable us to live in greater harmony with nature, now and for future generations. I achieve this using various Sussex Green Living communication programs and working with other organizations who have the same goals and values.”1.What led Carrie to form her environmentally friendly lifestyle?A.Her bad health. B.Her family poverty.C.The polluted nature. D.The birth of her son.
2.What can we conclude about Carrie?A.She made good preparations for living green.B.She recycled what people ignored for fun.C.She does daily exercise by growing food.D.She majored in planet protection in university.3.What does the underlined part “her job” in the last paragraph refer to? A.Encouraging more people to live a green life.B.Building up branches of Sussex Green Living.C.Producing more environmentally friendly products.D.Running companies to recycle everything unwanted.4.What does Carrie rely on to make her achievements?A.Her repair café and workshops.B.Her own programs and others' work.C.Her well-paid job and her brother's support.D.Her independence of realizing her green dream.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文属于记叙文。Carrie Cort在儿子出生后就想到做环保,她创建了环保组织Sussex Green Living,并积极开展活动,呼吁人们投身环保事业,过绿色的生活。她和儿子被评为英国最环保家庭并获得奖励。1.D　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“My concern for the way we humans are treating the planet was really roused in 2008 when Adam was born. When he arrived, I suddenly had this huge, greater awareness of the kind of planet we're bringing our children into...”可知,当Carrie的孩子出生时,她想到了人们赖以生存的星球和环境,故选D。2.A　推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“She began going to talks, reading books, watching documentaries and attending green meetings in order to educate herself in the details of green liv-ing.”可知,Carrie为了了解环保知识,过上绿色生活,她听报告、读有关书籍、观看纪录片以及参加环保会议,所以Carrie在真正做绿色环保之前,她做足了功课。
3.A　推测词义题。最后一段讲了Carrie辞去原来的工作,全职做她的环保事业,本段中有一句“My goal is to inspire more people to lead greener, more environmentally friendly lives”,表明了她的工作就是让更多的人过上绿色生活。4.B　细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“I achieve this using various Sussex Green Living communication programs and working with other organizations who have the same goals and val-ues.”可知,Carrie的环保事业的成就依靠的是两个方面:一个是自己的环保项目,一个是与其他有同样目标和价值观的组织合作,故选B。
Passage 2 (2019 5·3原创预测卷一,C)词数:311My 18-year-old son, Barton and his classmates had arranged a trip to Killington, Vt. for a weekend of skiing. He had asked for my permission. I nodded at that time giving weather no thought at all.I've never imagined I'd be a helicopter parent. I assumed kids were indestructible, until I had my own and discovered how breakable they could be. We had a handful of emergency room visits be-fore Barton was 6.My concern evolved gradually and some days I'd forbid my children to leave the house if I thought it was too windy.But since this trip was quite important to Barton, I tried to reduce my concern. “The news is just from one little AccuWeather forecast station,” I comforted myself two days before his scheduled departure. From there I became unglued.That afternoon, I called the activity leader, “They're saying the storm and snow will be over 24 inches.” “Mom, do you know in order to ski you need snow?”“I really don't think you should go,” I told my son.“But everyone's going,” he said.
I called a select group of moms—picking carefully those whose children had great influence. If those kids were not permitted to go, the rest would fall like a row of dominoes(多米诺骨牌). I was certain.“They're all going to die,” I said, puzzled that I seemed to be the only mother who understood the potential danger. A few came around and finally I thought I could relax.But teenagers don't always do what they're told. As departure time neared, text messages in-formed my son that the kids who I had assured him were not going on the trip had actually just found their seats on the bus.Barton picked up his snowboard and headed for the front door. Helpless and desperate, I climbed down the bottom rung (梯子的横档) of the parenting ladder. 1.Which of the following can best describe the author according to Paragraph 2?A.Overprotective.　　B.Optimistic. C.Risky. 　　D.Tolerant.
2.What does the underlined word “unglued” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Relaxed.　　B.Upset.C.Excited. 　　D.Embarrassed.3.Why did the author call some moms?A.To ask them for advice.B.To inform them of the change of schedule.C.To persuade them to cancel the trip.D.To remind them to watch over their children.4.How did the author feel after Barton went on the trip?A.She learned more about being parents.B.She was disappointed at Barton's choice.C.She suddenly felt relieved.D.She felt like a failure.
答案    [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文,讲述了身为母亲的作者从过度保护孩子到明白适度放手的心路历程。1.A　推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句My concern evolved gradually and some days I'd for-bid my children to leave the house if I thought it was too windy. 可知,作者对于孩子过度保护,故选A。optimistic乐观的;risky有危险(或风险)的;tolerant容忍的,忍受的,均不正确。2.B　推测词义题。根据第三段中的I comforted myself two days before his scheduled departure. From there I became unglued.中的I comforted myself可知,作者在孩子出发前变得紧张、焦虑,故选B。3.C　细节理解题。根据倒数第四段I called a select group of moms—picking carefully those whose children had great influence. If those kids were not permitted to go, the rest would fall like a row of dominoes. I was certain.可知,作者给那些较有影响力的孩子的母亲打电话,是为了让她们阻止那些孩子去滑雪。一旦他们不去了,其余的孩子自然也就不会去了。故选C。
4.A　推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“Helpless and desperate, I climbed down the bottom rung of the parenting ladder. ”可知,作者看着孩子拿着滑雪板离开,虽仍有牵挂,但也明白孩子终将离开的现实,在如何为人父母方面也有了更深刻的感悟,故选A。原文中Helpless and des-perate会对B项“她对孩子最终的选择感到失望”和D项“她感觉自己是个失败者”造成一定干扰。但是climbed down the bottom rung of the parenting ladder更多是强调作者自己身为母亲的感悟,且孩子长大,终会有自己的主见,孩子不顺从父母亲的意志,这并不能表明父母亲是失败者。