专题10特殊句式——【冲刺2023】高考英语考试易错题（原卷版+解析版）

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专题11 阅读理解——备战2023年高考英语考试易错题
技巧1 运用规则突破词汇观

1. (2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel ( 旅 社 ). The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night, and for that, you'll often get to stay in a central location (位置) with security and comfort.
21.What is probably the major concern of travelers who choose to stay in a hostel？
A．Comfort.　　　　 B．Security.　　
C．Price.　　　　 D．Location.
【解析】根据题干指向，快速查阅原文，可以定位信息出处。但是pricey这个词并不在课标词汇范围内，根据构词法并和选项比对，可以判断pricey和选项中的price为同根词。根据同义转述原则，可以判断出pricey的含义为“价格高的”，因此可以推断出正确选项。
【答案】C


策略一　运用构词法——扩大词汇圈
新课标对构词法提出了明确的要求：了解词汇的词根、词缀，掌握词性变化规律，在语境中，理解具体词语的功能、词义的内涵和外延，运用构词法，扩充词汇量。所以运用词根和词缀串联记单词，能够帮助考生迅速扩大词汇圈，有效地理解有关主题的信息和观点。
英语构词法主要有三种：
派生法：一个词根加上前缀或者后缀构成另外一个词。一般来说，词根决定词义，前缀改变单词的含义，后缀改变单词的词性。
合成法：两个词或更多的词合成一个词。
转化法：一种词性转化成另外一种或几种词性，即常见的熟词生义或旧词新意。
策略二　强化词块意识——构建有效语义网
根据新课标要求，考生除了要更深入地理解和更广泛地应用已学词汇外，还要重点培养语境中的词块意识。为了提高理解效率，不能单纯依靠单词词义的英汉对应，而是要结合具体主题、在特定语境下进行综合性的理解，所以要运用有效的语义网，迁移词语运用能力，将内化的语块能力应用到阅读理解中。


1. 猜single-use词义
(2021·全国卷乙阅读C)Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re­examine their relationship to single­use plastic products.
【解析】总览全文可知，文章讲述了塑料污染问题，其中特别强调的就是“single­use”的塑料制品。根据构词法可知这是一个合成词，single为形容词，意为“单一的”，use为名词，意为“使用”，因此合成之后意为“单次使用的”。
【答案】单次使用的

2. 猜packed up词义
(2021·全国卷甲阅读C)When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue­sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
【解析】本文讲述了作者在伦敦度过的童年时光。语篇中出现的语块都描述了作者搬家及搬家后不适应的情况。pack up意为“收拾行李”； settle into意为“安顿”；feel at a loss意为“不知所措”；out of place意为“格格不入”。如果能够充分把握以上语块，那么就能更准确地把握作者的经历和情绪。
【答案】收拾行李

技巧2 一划(二括)“三会意”分析长难句

1.翻译句子
Another institution funded by the National Science Foundation will analyze hundreds of simulations of aerosol injection, testing the effects on weather extremes around the world.
【解析】本句主干是Another institution will analyze aerosol injection；
funded是过去分词作定语修饰institution，意思是资助；
Testing是现在分词作伴随状语，
【答案】另一个由美国国家科学基金会资助的机构将分析数百个气溶胶喷射的模拟，测试其对世界各地极端天气的影响。
【语法链接】have effect/influence/impact on对...有影响
Her words had a magical effect on us.
她的话对我们有一种魔力般的作用。
The crisis had a negative effect on trade.
这次危机对贸易产生了很坏的影响。


一划: 划主干(trunk), 给主谓宾.(S.V.O.)划____.
二括: 给修饰语（介短, 非谓和从句等）加( )。
三会意：抓主题，去修饰，逻辑关系要注意。

1. 翻译句子： The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus.
【解析】主语为The right level of background noise；本句的主干为：The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking
句中的just enough修饰interrupt; to allow our imaginations to wander是不定式短语作结果状语；without making it impossible to focus是介词短语作结果状语
【答案】适度的背景噪音可能会打断我们正常的思维模式，其程度正好足以使我们展开想象力，但又不至于使我们无法集中注意力。
2. 翻译句子： One way to cool the earth is by injecting aerosols( 气 溶 胶 ）into the upper layer of the atmosphere, where those particles reflect sunlight away, from the earth.
【解析】where引导的是定语从句，在从句中充当地点状语，指的是in the atmosphere。
【答案】一种冷却地球的方法是将气溶胶注入大气层的上层，在那里这些粒子将太阳光从地球反射出去。
【语法链接】Where引导定语从句
先行词是表示“地点”或任何含有“抽象地点意义”的名词用where引导定语从句。
We will discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language preperly.
He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose the control of his car.
But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship（状语从句） that results from an action（定语从句） where the wrongdoes takes no responsibility to fix the mistake（定语从句）.

技巧3分析语篇结构 攻克说明文

1 . 问题解决型（Problem-Solution Pattern）
①Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms (微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
Para. 1 情境 (situation)
问题 (problem) （+科技背景信息

②HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution (解决方案) . “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
③“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Para. 2-3 反应/解决 (response/ solution)
④Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
Para. 4 评价/结果 (evaluation/ result)

(A)1. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station? . 问题 (problem)
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
(D)2. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program? 反应/解决 (response/ solution)
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education
(A)3. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program? 反应/解决 (response/ solution)
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
(B)4. What is the best title for the text? 评价/结果 (evaluation/ result)
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts. B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom. D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform

2. 现象分析型
①California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor. (topic sentence) Para 1 factor/cause

② The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Para 2 phenomenon/ situation


③ Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources.
④But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
⑤The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
⑥Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
Para 3-6 factors/causes

(A)27. What is the second paragraph mainly about? phenomenon/ situation
A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B. The increasing variety of California big trees.
C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.
(D)28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees? factors/causes
A. Ecological studies of forests.
B. Banning woodcutting.
C. Limiting housing development.
D. Fire control measures.
(C)29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre? factors/causes
A. Inadequate snowmelt. B. A longer dry season.
C. A warmer climate. D. Dampness of the air.
(A)30. What can be a suitable title for the text? topic sentence
A. California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D. Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California

3. 研究发现型
1 Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests. Finding

2 Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests. Test (subject; method; process)

3 Those who had held mentally stimulating, demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status. Test (result)

4“This works just like physical exercise,” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work — sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy.”
5 It’s not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating,” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.” Analysis

6 Of course, our brain can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons — including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help. Extension (suggestions; methods)

(D)28. Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests? Test (subject; method; process)
A. To assess their health status. B. To evaluate their work habits.
C. To analyze their personality. D. To measure their mental ability.
(B)29. How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4? Analysis
A. By using an expert’s words. B. By making a comparison.
C. By referring to another study. D. By introducing a concept.
(C)30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? Finding
A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
4. 正面论证
①Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes? 提出论点
②It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. 总体危害

③The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies. 正面论证危害(1）
④Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money. 正面论证危害(2）

⑤In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results. 正面论证危害(3）

⑥Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions. 呼应论点

(D) 61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to __________.总体危害
A. a lack of confidence in technology
B a slow progress in technology
C. a conflict of public opinions
D. a waste of limited resources
(A )62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should __________.正面论证危害（2）
A. take people's essential needs into account
B. make their programmes attractive to people
C. ensure that each child gets financial support
D provide more affordable internet facilities
(B )63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations? 正面论证危害（3）
A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B. Believing that the world has become borderless.
C. Ignoring the power of economic development.
D. Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.
(B) 64. What can we learn from the passage? 呼应论点
A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D. Economic policies should follow technological trends.




5. 正反论证
①During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. 铺垫论点

②Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. 提出论点

③Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage（从事）in dangerous and risky behavior.” 反面论证

④In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（调查研究）. “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us." 反面论证

⑤Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others..
正面论证

⑥In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said. 正面论证
(C) 32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
(A )33.What is the second paragraph mainly about? 提出论点
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.
(B) 34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids? 正面论证
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
(A )35. What is the best title for the text? 提炼论点
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Better
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness

基础夯实
阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：
①标志类、指示类的信息。
a.表示并列关系:and;also;coupled with等
b.表示转折关系:but;yet;however;by contrast等
c.表示因果关系:therefor;thereby;consequently;as a result等
d.表示递进关系:in addition to;even;what'more;furthermore等
e.表示重要性的词: prime;above all;first等
以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握
②具有感情色彩显示作者态度的词:blind盲目的(贬)excessively过分的

【题型分析】

1. It was on October 1st,1949when he joined the Party that he was killed.
2. Where was it that you found your lost pen?
3. Down fell the mirror, breaking to piece.         
4. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts.         
5. Outsides were two men.

1.At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat.
2.Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as consumer rather than a producer.
3.There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes.
4.So there is real cause for concern if consumers distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead. 

1. Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hunt them for food. Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership (伙伴关系) which does good to both of them. You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep.
2. Doctors have found that the "pears" have less internal fat, but the "apples" have more internal fat than external fat.  
3. For about a century, French became the official language of England while Old English became the language of peasants.（注意强对比的双方；及双方的不同点）
4. Although many people see this as a successful attempt to bring people closer to the computer, David does not see it that way.    
5. The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat.  But unfortunately it seems that dieting simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a smaller pear. (unfortunately 不幸地；fortunately 幸运地)

There are two types of fat: external fat (fat under skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall).  Doctors, who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the "pears" have less internal fat, but the "apples" have more internal fat than external fat.  This seems to be what causes the health problems.

1. For about a century, French became the official language of England while Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of Politics and the law come from French rather than German. ...
2. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem.
3. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of.（one result 其中的一种结果）
4. …the result is no sound.  Therefore, by producing a perfect copy of the noise and delaying it by half a wave cycle, we can kill the unwanted noise. （therefore 表示因果关系，前因后果）
5. So why bother even to try imagining life far in the future? Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how short our own lives are compared with the whole human history,…Second, by trying to escape from present interests and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves.

模拟演练
1
Students in Washington, D. C. , will return to classrooms this month to begin a new school year. But at least five percent of their teachers will not return with them. Last month, the District of Columbia public schools told two hundred six teachers that they are not good enough to stay.
The school system dismissed seventy-five teachers last year. It was the first year of a new teacher rating system. Experts say such large numbers of dismissals are rare in American schools. But in Washington the rating system is not governed by the labor contract (劳务合同) with teachers union. So school officials have more freedom. The system is called IMPACT. Teachers are observed in the classrooms five times a year for at least thirty minutes each time. They are also judged by student test scores.
Emily Cohen, a policy director, says the National Council supports the IMPACT system She says, “This is an evaluation method that is finally able to find who is highly effective and who is ineffective.” Michelle Rhee created the IMPACT system. She gained national attention for her aggressive reform efforts when she led the troubled school system in the nation’s capital.
Some Washington teachers say their rating depend too heavily on test scores. For some teachers, half of their rating is based on how well their students do. But Emily Cohen says test scores are important. “Testing is probably one of the-it’s the most objective data that we have on teacher performance. So it’s not just looking at student test performance, it is using other sources of data.”
Almost sixty percent of the teachers who were rated “minimally effective” last year stayed in the school system and improved. School officials say these teachers received help to become better.
1. We can infer from paragraph l and 2 that________.
A. there are more than 3000 teachers in Washington, D. C
B. this is the first year that teachers are fired
C. such a large number of dismissals is very common in American schools
D. schools officials in Washington, D. C have more rights to dismiss teachers
2. The teachers’ ratings depend on________.
A. the test scores the students get
B. their relationship with school officials
C. test scores and other sources of data
D. how well their students perform in the class
3. The author’s attitude towards the IMPACT system is________.
A. objective B. positive C. negative D. questioning
4. The best title for the text might be________.
A. New School Year B. The IMPACT System
C. Teachers Are Dismissed D. Students’ Test Scores
【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了华盛顿学校实施新的教师评估系统——IMPACT系统，不够好的教师将被解雇，不能留下来。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Last month, the District of Columbia public schools told two hundred six teachers that they are not good enough to stay. (上个月，哥伦比亚特区的公立学校告诉206名教师，他们不够好，不能留下来)”和第二段中“But in Washington the rating system is not governed by the labor contract (劳务合同) with teachers union. So school officials have more freedom. (但在华盛顿，评分系统并不受与教师工会签订的劳动合同的约束。所以学校官员有更多的自由)”可知，华盛顿特区的学校官员有更多的权利解雇教师。故选D项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The system is called IMPACT. Teachers are observed in the classrooms five times a year for at least thirty minutes each time. They are also judged by student test scores. (该系统称为IMPACT。教师每年在教室里被观察五次，每次至少30分钟。他们也由学生的考试成绩来判断)”和倒数第二段中““Testing is probably one of the-it’s the most objective data that we have on teacher performance. So it’s not just looking at student test performance, it is using other sources of data.”(“测试可能是我们掌握的关于教师表现的最客观的数据之一。所以它不只是考察学生的考试成绩，还使用了其他数据来源。”)”可知，教师的评分取决于学生的考试分数和其他数据来源。故选C项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Michelle Rhee created the IMPACT system. She gained national attention for her aggressive reform efforts when she led the troubled school system in the nation’s capital. (Michelle Rhee创建了IMPACT系统。当她引领美国首都陷入困境的学校系统时，她积极的改革努力赢得了全国的关注)”和最后一段中“Almost sixty percent of the teachers who were rated “minimally effective” last year stayed in the school system and improved. (在去年被评为“低效”的教师中，有近60%的人留在了学校系统并得到了改善)”可知，作者对IMPACT系统的态度是客观的。故选A项。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“But at least five percent of their teachers will not return with them. Last month, the District of Columbia public schools told two hundred six teachers that they are not good enough to stay. (但至少有5%的老师不会和他们一起回来。上个月，哥伦比亚特区的公立学校告诉206名教师，他们不够好，不能留下来)”和第二段中“The system is called IMPACT. Teachers are observed in the classrooms five times a year for at least thirty minutes each time. They are also judged by student test scores. (该系统称为IMPACT。教师每年在教室里被观察五次，每次至少30分钟。他们也由学生的考试成绩来判断)”以及下文的相关描述，可知，本文主要介绍了华盛顿学校实施新的教师评估系统——IMPACT系统，因此本文的最佳标题选项B“IMPACT系统”符合题意。故选B项。
2
Good Morning Britain weather girl Laura Tobin left her co-hosts and viewers speechless after she accidentally tore a rare Superhero poster worth about £150,000 live on air.
To mark the start of comic book and sci-fi festival London Super Comic Con, Laura was tasked with showing rare magazines and expensive collection. She informed the audience: “We’ve got a very special display here called The Replicator Man. This was a character back in the 1970s. This is a special poster that is worth about £150,000 and there are only ten of them in the world.” Laura was seen telling viewers at home about the history of the comic book poster (连环画海报). Handling the image, Laura continued: “No one’s really seen this before.”
She attempted to pick up the picture in order to “get a closer look”. “I’ve got my gloves on but I’m feeling really nervous because it is said the oils can really spoil them.” As she tried to remove the picture from the display board, it tore in half and Laura screamed: “Oh my goodness! Is this the original one that’s worth £150.000?”
The set fell silent and the presenters weren’t quite sure how to react after the awkward moment. Fellow Good Morning Britain hosts Charlotte Hawkins and Ranvir Singh, on her right, didn’t know how to react to the “mishap”.
“My heart is going ten to the dozen. Was it the gloves?” Laura cried. Completely unaware of the joke, co-host Richard Arnold threw his hand to his face and said: “We are making this up, right?” He added: “I’m a bag of nerves now, Laura.”
Meanwhile, newsreader Ranvir Singh said: “We’ve probably got some insurance that covers this.” While panicked, Charlotte Hawkins looked around the studio and said: “Can we just glue that back down again? Can we go to an advertisement?”
Clearly pleased that she had managed to fool her colleagues, Laura finally revealed: “Guys—it was a joke! It’s not really worth £150,000. It’s worth nothing!” She then took much delight in tearing the rest of the picture into tiny pieces.
5. Which is the right order of the happening according to the passage?
a. Laura’s colleagues were at a loss b. the poster was completely ruined
c. Laura was blaming the gloves d. Laura tore the poster
A. a-b-d-c B. a-d-b-c C. d-a-c-b D. d-c-a-b
6. It can be inferred that Laura________.
A. organized the start of a sci-fi festival London Super Comic Con
B. felt really nervous so she decided to wear a pair of white gloves
C. had bought some rare memorabilia about the Replicator Man
D. successfully conducted a trick on her colleagues in a program
7. The underlined word “mishap” in the fourth paragraph can be replaced by________.
A. accident B. piece C. girl D. program
8. The underlined sentence in Para 5 passes us the message that________.
A. Richard Arnold didn’t want people to recognize him
B. Richard Arnold tried to hide his anxiety
C. Richard Arnold wanted to give himself a good beat
D. Richard Arnold couldn’t help laughing
【答案】5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了《早安英国》天气预报员 Laura Tobin 在一个节目直播时不小心撕毁了一张罕见的超级英雄海报，成功地捉弄了她的同事，这令这让其他主持人和观众们哑口无语。
5. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“As she tried to remove the picture from the display board, it tore in half and Laura screamed: “Oh my goodness! Is this the original one that’s worth £150.000?”(当她试图把画从展示板上拿下来时，画被撕成了两半，劳拉尖叫道：“哦，我的天哪!这就是那幅价值15万英镑的原画吗?”)”可知d是第一个；第四段中“Fellow Good Morning Britain hosts Charlotte Hawkins and Ranvir Singh, on her right, didn’t know how to react to the “mishap”. (《早安英国》的主持人Charlotte Hawkins和Ranvir Singh(在她右边)不知道如何应对“意外”)”可知a是第二个；第五段中““My heart is going ten to the dozen. Was it the gloves?” Laura cried. (“我的心都快跳出来了。是因为手套吗?”劳拉哭了)”可知c是第三个；以及最后一段中“She then took much delight in tearing the rest of the picture into tiny pieces. (然后，她非常高兴地把画的其余部分撕成小碎片)”可知b是最后一个。因此顺序为d-a-c-b。故选C项。
6. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Clearly pleased that she had managed to fool her colleagues, Laura finally revealed: “Guys—it was a joke! It’s not really worth £150,000. It’s worth nothing!” (显然，Laura很高兴自己能骗过同事，她最终揭露了：“伙计们，这是个笑话!它不值15万英镑。它一文不值!”)”可知，Laura在一个节目中成功地捉弄了她的同事。故选D项。
7. 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“As she tried to remove the picture from the display board, it tore in half (当她试图把画从展示板上拿下来时，画被撕成了两半)”和第四段中“Fellow Good Morning Britain hosts Charlotte Hawkins and Ranvir Singh, on her right, didn’t know how to react to the “mishap”. (《早安英国》的主持人Charlotte Hawkins和Ranvir Singh(在她右边)不知道如何应对mishap)”Laura把画撕成了两半可知，此时她的两个同事应该是不知道如何应对这个意外，因此猜测划线词mishap意为“意外”，因此可用accident代替。故选A项。
8. 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Completely unaware of the joke, co-host Richard Arnold threw his hand to his face and said: “We are making this up, right?” He added: “I’m a bag of nerves now, Laura.”(搭档主持Richard Arnold完全没有意识到这个玩笑，他用手捂住他的脸说：“我们会修补这个的，对吧?”他补充说：“劳拉，我现在非常紧张。”)”由Richard Arnold说自己现在非常紧张，可知，面对这个意外，Richard Arnold一时间没办法面对，因此Richard Arnold试图（用手）掩饰自己的焦虑。故选B项。
3
For many of us, summertime means road trips to the beach or mountains, or at the very least some additional dust and bird poop on the exterior of our vehicles. The extra dirt leads us to do one of two things: wash our car in the driveway or head to the car wash. But which choice is better for the environment?
The main concerns with either choice are the amount of fresh water being used and the types of chemicals used to remove the dirt. Both of these concerns can be closely monitored when washing the car at home, says Katy Gresh, spokeswoman for the Southwest Region of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. She advises car owners to put aside a set amount of water for the entire wash. “It’s just like brushing your teeth, ”she says. “You don’t want to leave the water running or use more than you need for the job.” But even following this advice comes with an environmental risk: Washing your car in the driveway or street flushes the dirty water into storm drains.
John Schombert is executive director of 3 Rivers Wet Weather. His organization works to educate the public about storm sewers(下水道)and water runoff, keeping this untreated water from entering the Allegheny region’s waterways. “We ask people to consider washing their cars on lawns or other permeable(透水的)surfaces where the water gets absorbed, ” Schombert says. “Soil can break down and help filter(过滤)those things,” Schombert says. “Storm sewers are not made for waste disposal.” Even when car owners use natural soaps to wash their cars, which Schombert says are probably ineffective at breaking down grease anyway.
The commercial car wash down the street knows full well the rules regarding waste water in storm sewers. According to the International Carwash Association(ICA), professional car washes must use water reclamation systems. These mandated processes not only keep the dirty water out of storm sewers and regular water treatment systems, but they also work to reduce water usage at commercial facilities.
9. What does the underlined word probably mean in the first paragraph?
A. top B. bottom
C. inside D. outside
10. What worries people when they have their cars washed?
A. The dirt cannot be removed easily.
B. Large quantities of water are wasted.
C. The washing ways do no good to their cars.
D. D The used chemicals are harmless to the environment.
11. What’s the disadvantage of washing cars at home?
A. It is not easy to deal with.
B. It cannot clean the dirt completely.
C. It consumes a larger amount of water.
D. It does much damage to the environment.
12. What can be the best title of the text?
A. Do You Put Car washing at Risk?
B. Which Is Better: Car Wash or DIY?
C. Why Dishwashers Are Better than Hand Washing?
D. Do Americans Use Less Water than They Did Years Ago?
【答案】9. D 10. B 11. D 12. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哪一种洗车方法对环境更有益处：在家还是去洗车公司。
9. 词句猜测题。根据划线部分所在句子“For many of us, summertime means road trips to the beach or mountains, or at the very least some additional dust and bird poop on the exterior of our vehicles.”可知，对于我们中的许多人来说，夏天意味着去海滩或山上的公路旅行，或者至少意味着在我们车的exterior有一些灰尘和鸟粪。结合句意和常识可知，灰尘和鸟粪通常在车的外部，即划线词意为 “外部，外面”，与outside同义。故选D。
10. 细节理解题。根据第二段中““It’s just like brushing your teeth,” she says, “You don’t want to leave the water running of more than you need for the job.”（ “这就像刷牙一样，”她说，“你不想让水流得比所需的更多。”）”可知，人们在外边洗车时担心会浪费掉更多的水。故选B。
11. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But even following this advice comes with an environmental risk: Washing your car in the driveway or street flushes the dirty water into storm drains.（但即使遵循这一建议，也会带来环境风险：在车道或街道上洗车会将脏水冲进雨水沟）”可知，在家自己洗车的缺点是对环境有害处。故选D。
12. 主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“The extra dirt leads us to do one of two things: wash our car in the driveway or head to the car wash. But which choice is better for the environment?（这些额外的脏东西会让我们做以下两件事之一：在私人车道上洗车，还是去洗车处洗车。但是哪种选择对环境更好呢？） ”结合下文对两种方法优缺点的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了在专业洗车店里洗车和自己动手洗车，到底哪个对环境更有益处，故B选项“洗车处和自己动手洗车哪个更好?”符合文章标题。故选B。
4
We are not who we think we are.
The American self-image is spread with the golden glow of opportunity. We think of the United States as a land of unlimited possibility, not so much a classless society but as a place where class is mutable—a place where brains, energy and ambition are what count, not the circumstances of one’s birth.
The Economic Mobility Project, an ambitious research led by Pew Charitable Trusts, looked at the economic fortunes of a large group of families over time, comparing the income of parents in the late 1960s with the income of their children in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Here is the finding: The “rags to riches” story is much more common in Hollywood than on Main Street. Only 6 percent of children born to parents with family income at the very bottom move to the top.
That is right, just 6 percent of children born to parents who ranked in the bottom of the study sample, in terms of income, were able to bootstrap their way into the top. Meanwhile, an incredible 42 percent of children born into that lowest are still stuck at the bottom, having been unable to climb a single rung of the income ladder.
It is noted that even in Britain—a nation we think of as burdened with a hidebound (守旧的) class system—children who are born poor have a better chance of moving up. When the studies were released, most reporters focused on the finding that African-Americans born to middle-class or upper middle-class families are earning slightly less, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than did their parents.
One of the studies indicates, in fact, that most of the financial gains white families have made in the past three decades can be attributed to the entry of white women into the labor force. This is much less true for African-Americans.
The picture that emerges from all the correlations and percentages is of a nation in which, over all, “the current generation of adults is better off than the previous one”, as one of the studies notes.
The median income of the families in the sample group was $55,600 in the late 1960s; their children’s median family income was measured at $71,900. However, this rising ride has not lifted all boats equally. The rich have seen far greater income gains than the poor.
Even more troubling is that our nation of America as the land of opportunity gets little supper: from the data. Americans move fairly easily up and down the middle rungs of the ladder, but there is “stickiness at the end”—four out of ten children who are born poor will remain poor, and four out of ten who are born rich will stay rich.
13. What did the Economic Mobility Project find in its research?
A. Children from low-income families are unable to bootstrap their way to the top.
B. Hollywood actors and actresses are upwardly mobile from rags to riches.
C. The rags to riches story is more fiction than reality.
D. The rags to riches story is only true for a small minority of whites.
14. It can be inferred from the writer that America, as a classless society, should ________.
A. perfect its self-image as a land of opportunity
B. have a higher level of upward mobility than Britain
C. enable African-Americans to have exclusive access to well-paid employment
D. encourage the current generation to work as hard as the previous generation
15. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The US is a land where brains, energy and ambition are what count.
B. Inequality persists between whites and blacks in financial gains.
C. Middle-class families earn slightly less with inflation considered.
D. Children in lowest-income families manage to climb a single rung of the ladder.
16. What might be the best title for this passage?
A. Social Upward Mobility in America B. Incredible Income Gains in America
C. America: Land of Unequal Wealth D. America: Not Land of Opportunity for all
【答案】13. C 14. A 15. B 16. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了The Economic Mobility Project的研究发现，美国并不是一个到处充满机会的地方，白人和黑人之间还是存在不平等的，由穷到富的故事与其说是现实不如说是幻想。
13. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Here is the finding: The “rags to riches” story is much more common in Hollywood than on Main Street. Only 6 percent of children born to parents with family income at the very bottom move to the top.（研究发现:“白手起家”的故事在好莱坞比在普通民众中更为常见。在家庭收入最低的家庭中，只有6%的孩子能升到社会顶层。）”可知，白手起家的故事与其说是现实，不如说是虚构的。故选C。
14. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The American self-image is spread with the golden glow of opportunity. We think of the United States as a land of unlimited possibility, not so much a classless society but as a place where class is mutable—a place where brains, energy and ambition are what count, not the circumstances of one’s birth.（美国人的自我形象洋溢着机会的金光。我们认为美国是一块充满无限可能的土地，与其说它是一个没有阶级的社会，不如说它是一个阶级是可变的地方——在这里，智力、精力和雄心是最重要的，而不是一个人的出身。）”可推知，美国，作为一个无阶级社会，应该完善自己的自我形象，成为一个充满机遇的国家。故选A。
15. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段“When the studies were released, most reporters focused on the finding that African-Americans born to middle-class or upper middle-class families are earning slightly less, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than did their parents.（当这些研究公布时，大多数记者关注的是出生于中产阶级或中上层家庭的非裔美国人的收入(经通胀因素调整后)略低于他们的父母。）”和文章第六段“One of the studies indicates, in fact, that most of the financial gains white families have made in the past three decades can be attributed to the entry of white women into the labor force. This is much less true for African-Americans.（事实上，其中一项研究表明，白人家庭在过去三十年里取得的经济收益大部分可以归因于白人女性进入劳动力市场。这对非裔美国人来说就不那么真实了。）”可知，在经济收入方面，白人和黑人之间的不平等依然存在。故选B。
16. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Even more troubling is that our nation of America as the land of opportunity gets little supper: from the data. Americans move fairly easily up and down the middle rungs of the ladder, but there is “stickiness at the end”—four out of ten children who are born poor will remain poor, and four out of ten who are born rich will stay rich.（更令人不安的是，从数据来看，我们这个充满机遇的国家却得不到什么晚餐。美国人很容易就能爬上爬下梯子的中间梯级，但是有一个“最后的粘性”——10个出身贫困的孩子中有4个会继续贫穷，10个出身富裕的孩子中有4个会继续富有。）”可知，美国并不是所有人都有机会的土地。故选D。
5
One after another telecommunications giants have announced their latest fifth generation (5G) products. They have also claimed that 5G technology would be used on a massive scale by 2020. Yet, when reporting about 5G, many domestic media have described it as a"much faster" technology than 4G without mentioning any of its other advantages. As a result. the common public view about 5G is that they could "download a HD movie within one second". Beyond that, most people know nothing about 5G.
Actually, 5G technology has many more advantages than 4G apart from speed. According to the criteria of 3GPP, an international standardization organization, 5G technology can be used for at least three purposes—connecting everything, reliability of connections, and eliminating delays.
“Connecting everything” is an appropriate slogan for 5G technology, without which the Internet of Things would be impossible. 5G would enable one server to connect to multiple terminals, and thus establish high-speed coordination among them, and help the chips inside the terminals timely react to meet people’s needs. Take autonomous vehicles for example, they are mature technology products. Self-driving cars combine a variety of sensors, such as radar, computer vision, and GPS to identify navigation paths and obstacles. 5G technology will link all the elements of a transportation system, such as traffic lights, cameras and, of course, cars to establish perfect coordination so they can avoid obstacles and move on navigation paths, which will help strengthen self-driving technology.
Reliability of connections is another essential characteristic of 5G technology, whose use can be extended to other fields where high safety standards are required. For instance, in certain surgeries, surgeons insert nano-robots inside a patient’s body and have to maintain constant control over the robots to ensure they perform their functions and do not cause any harm to the patient. This is a technology that can be of great help, as it can establish reliable and continuous connections between the monitor and the nano-robots.
17. Which of the following can serve as an example of "connecting everything"?
A. Improvement of smart phone signals. B. Decrease in telecommunication cost.
C. High speed in playing computer games. D. Online tests for all members at the same time.
18. Why can 5G be used in the fields with high safety standards?
A. It can attract most eyeballs on a massive scale.
B. It can provide dependable and constant service.
C. It offers massive machine types of communication.
D. It employs 4G base stations and occupies less space.
19. What will the author most probably discuss in the following paragraph?
A. Eliminating delays. B. 5G network capacity
C. Disadvantages of 5G D. Building 5G base stations
20. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. 5G Technology: More than about High Speed
B. 5G Technology Will Shape the Future of Connectivity
C. Telecom Giants Work Together to Better 5G Technology
D. Advantages and Disadvantages of 5G Technology and Products
【答案】17. D 18. B 19. A 20. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍除了高速，5G技术还有连接一切、连接可靠性以及消除延迟等特点。
17. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“5G would enable one server to connect to multiple terminals and thus establish high-speed coordination among them, and help the chips inside the terminals to timely react to meet people’s needs.( 5G能让一个计算机服务器连接到多个终端，然后在它们之中建立高速协调，并且帮助在终端里面的芯片能够及时做出反应满足人们的需求)”结合选项可推知，选项D表达的是“同时对所有成员进行网络测试”，符合5G的连接一切的特征，可以作为5G连接一切这个特征的具体举例。故选D。
18. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“This is an technology can be of great help, as it can establish reliable and continuous connections between the monitor and the nano-robots.(这是一项非常有帮助的技术，因为它能在监控器和纳米机器人之间建立可靠而且持续的连接)”可知，5G技术能够在高安全标准的领域使用，是因为它能提供可靠而且持续的服务。故选B。
19. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“According to the criteria of 3GPP, an international standardization organization, 5G technology can be used for at least three purposes—for connecting everything, reliability of connections, and eliminating delays.(根据3GPP，一个国际标准化组织的标准，5G技术能够在至少3个方面使用，分别是：连接一切、连接的可靠性以及消除延迟)”；第三段中““Connecting everything” is an appropriate slogan for 5G technology, without which the Internet of things would be impossible.(连接一切对于5G技术来说是一个合适的口号，没有这个特征因特网的所有事情都将变成不可能)”以及第四段中“Reliability of connections is another essential characteristic of 5G technology, whose use can be extended to other fields where high safety standards are required.(连接可靠性是5G技术的另外一个基本特征，这一技术的使用可以延申到要求高安全标准的其他领域)”可推知，作者接下来可能会讨论的是5G技术的消除延迟这个特征。故选A。
20. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Actually, 5G technology has many more advantages than 4G apart from speed. According to the criteria of 3GPP, an international standardization organization, 5G technology can be used for at least three purposes—connecting everything, reliability of connections, and eliminating delays.(实际上，除了速度，5G技术比4G有更多的优势。根据国际标准化组织3GPP的标准，5G技术至少可以用于三个目的：连接所有东西、提高连接的可靠性和消除延迟)”结合文章主要介绍除了高速，5G技术还有连接一切、连接可靠性以及消除延迟等特点。可知A选项“5G技术：不仅仅是高速”最符合文章标题。故选A。
6
It looked just like another aircraft from the outside. The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 1964, a Boeing KC-135 refuelling tanker, based on the 707. But appearances were deceptive, and the 13 students from Europe and USA who boarded the aircraft were in for the flight of their lives.
For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions.
For the next two hours the Boeings flight resembled that of an enormous bird which had lost its reason, shooting upwards towards the heavens before moving down towards Earth. The intention was to achieve weightlessness for a few seconds.
The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless. Everything became confused, and left or right, up or down no longer had any meaning. After ten seconds of free-fall descent (下降) the pilot pulled aircraft out of its nosedive. The return of gravity was less immediate than its loss, but it was still sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump.
Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless, a new team conducted its experiment. First it was the Dutch, who wanted to discover why cats always land on their feet. Then it was the German team, who conducted a successful experiment on a traditional building method to see if it could be used for building a future space station. The Americans had an idea to create solar sails that could be used by satellites.
After two hours of going up and down in the plane doing experiments, the dominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one that would be keen to repeat.
21. What did the pilot do with the plane?
A. He climbed and then made the plane fall slowly.
B. He climbed and then made the plane turn over.
C. He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines.
D. He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds.
22. What was the point of being weightless?
A. To show the judges of the competition what they could do.
B. To prepare the young scientists for future work in space.
C. To see what conditions are like in space.
D. To allow the teams to try out their ideas.
23. The pronoun “it” (in the last paragraph) refers to ________.
A. the excitement B. the trip
C. the opportunity D. the plane
24. The passage is intended to ________.
A. report on a new scientific technique
B. encourage young people to take science
C. show scientists what young people can do
D. describe the outcome of a scientific competition
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. B 24. D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要描述富有想象力的实验是在失重的条件下进行的，旨在讲述一个科学竞赛的结果，让学生们产生新的想法。
21. 细节理解题。根据第四段“The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless.（飞机起飞得很平稳，但当飞行员让飞机进入持续约20秒的45度爬升时，我和这些年轻科学家们的任何感觉都很快消失了。然后引擎熄火，我们失重了。）”可知，飞行员快速上升然后停止发动机，故选C。
22. 细节理解题。根据第二段“For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions. （12个月来，来自各大洲的理科学生应欧洲航天局(European Space Agency)的邀请，为赢得这次飞行的机会而竞争。挑战是建议在失重条件下进行富有想象力的实验。）”富有想象力的实验是在失重的条件下进行的，故失重的目的是为了让学生们产生新的想法，故选D。
23. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段的第一句“After two hours of going up and down in the plane doing experiments, the dominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. （在飞机上做了两个小时的实验后，主要的感觉是兴奋而不是恶心。）”由此可推断下文意思为大多数学生都认为这是一次难忘的经历，是一个渴望重复的经历。所以it指代这两个小时的飞机旅程，故选B。
24. 推理判断题。根据第二段“For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency.（12个月来，来自各大洲的理科学生应欧洲航天局(European Space Agency)的邀请，为赢得这次飞行的机会而竞争。）和最后一段“Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one that would be keen to repeat. （大多数学生都认为这是一次难忘的经历，是一个渴望重复的经历。）”所以本文的目的就是要描述一个科学竞赛的结果，故选D。

真题演练
阅读理解说明文、议论文
2022年新高考I卷之B篇
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
26. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
【答案】24. B 25. B 26. D 27. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
25题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。
【26题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。

2022年新高考I卷之C篇
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
【答案】28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人健康状况的项目。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
【30题详解】
词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“one of the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。
2022年新高考I卷之D篇
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.（30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。

2022年新高考II卷之C篇
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. "
8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
11. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
【答案】8. A 9. B 10. D 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. ”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. ”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. ”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。
10题详解】
词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior. ”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. ”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more. ”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
2022年新高考II卷之D篇
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise. ” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all. ”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
12. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
13. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
14. What does Levine’s research find?
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
15. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?
A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段““Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. (“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. (第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. (第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. (莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. (但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。


2022年1月浙江卷之B篇
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy, electricity created the modem world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions." writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Modem America. Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the world". Klein writes, "America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords they put it to more uses than anyone else. "
Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon became the major forms of power delivery.
To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
4. What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity?
A. It is closely linked to the steam age.
B. It began earlier than proper thought.
C. It is a little-studied period of history.
D. It will come to an end sooner or later.
5. What can be inferred about Ned?
A. He was born in New York City. B. He wrote many increasing stories,
C. He created an electricity company. D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.
6. What is the text?
A. A biography. B. A book review. C. A short story. D. A science report.
【答案】4. A 5. D 6. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions.”（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看来，电力时代和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。
【5题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime.”（为了编织他的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned，它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的见证。）和第四段“Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.”（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所以他应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.”（为了构建他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个角色，一个虚构的人物，在一个人的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。
2022年1月浙江卷之C篇
The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said: "These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. "
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.
7. What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?
A. Positive effects of doing exercises.
B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.
C. Experimental studies on diseases.
D. Advantages of sporty woman over man
8. Why did the researchers ask the woman to do bicycle exercise?
A. To predict their maximum heart rate.
B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity
C. To change their habits of working out
D. To detect their potential health problems
9. What do we know about Dr Horder's study?
A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia.
B. Data collection was a lengthy process.
C. Some participants withdrew from it.
D. The results were far from satisfactory.
10. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D. Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
【答案】7. A 8. B 9. B 10. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）可知，第一段提到了健身锻炼的好处。故选A项。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据上文“These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”（这些发现令人兴奋，因为在中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak cardiovascular capacity.”（在这项研究中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，直到她们精疲力竭，以测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了测试女性的心血管峰值能力。故选B项。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第五段“These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.”（这些女性在随后的四十年里测试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个长期的过程。故选B项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。故选C项。

2021年新高考I卷之C篇
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。
【28题】细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。
【29题】词义猜测题。根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A. Acquire获得；B. Export出口；C. Destroy破坏；D. Distribute分配。故选C。
【30题】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。
【31题】主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。
2021年新高考I卷之D篇
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
【32题】细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
【33题】推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。
【34题】推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
【35题】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。
2021年新高考II卷之D篇
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers.
C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?
A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?
A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.
15. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor.
C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass.（通过监测草形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。
【15题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。

2021年1月浙江卷之B篇
At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2, 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent.
The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.
The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities（机会）for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their young scholar about their day.
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a “good”, quickly followed by "I'm hungry". This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes（路线）, with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning-running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones-but it's certainly worth trying.
41．Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph?
A．To make comparisons. B．To introduce the topic.
C．To support her argument. D．To provide examples.
42．What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?
A．Plain laziness. B．Health problems.
C．Lack of time. D．Security concerns.
43．Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile?
A．She can get relaxed after work. B．She can keep physically fit.
C．She can help with her son's study. D．She can know her son better.

【答案】
41．B
42．C
43．D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章通过否定沃特金斯的预言，进而提出现在人们时间的紧缺和陪伴的重要性。
41．推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Today: in Australia: most children on average fall 2: 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 percent of children walked to school while in 2010, it was as low as15 percent.(今天：在澳大利亚：大多数孩子平均比避免超重所需的体力活动少了2000步。在上世纪70年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010年，这一比例降至15%)”说明作者根据沃特金斯的预言做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，是为了介绍文章主题。故选B项。
42．细节理解题。通过文章第三段中“Families are pressed for time: many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.(家庭时间紧迫：许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，他们住在公共交通有限的依赖汽车的社区)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童体育活动的减少的原因是时间不够。故选C项。
43．细节理解题。通过文章倒数第二段中“But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son’s day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.(但是，在每天散步的某个地方，更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在理解友谊及其局限性。这是一个意想不到的难得的机会，家长听到更多)”说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能让她更了解她的儿子。故选D项。
2021年1月浙江卷之C篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures," she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect. ”
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling:" Climb on me. " The youngster immediately jumps on to its mothers back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there. that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans," said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions," she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animal convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains. "
44．What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?
A．Memorizing specific words. B．Understanding complex information.
C．Using voices to communicate. D．Communicating messages on purpose.
45．What did Dr Shultz think of the study?
A．It was well designed but poorly conducted.
B．It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D．It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
46．What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?
A．Difference. B．Conflict. C．Balance. D．Connection.
47．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B．Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D．Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated

【答案】
44．D
45．B
46．A
47．D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，翻译出了黑猩猩用来交流的手势含义。
44．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.（她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，他们故意向其他成员发送信息）”可知，根据Dr Hobaiter，黑猩猩和人类的共同点在于故意传递信息，故选D。
45．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were“a little disappointing”（曼彻斯特大学的进化生物学家苏珊娜·舒尔茨博士说，这项研究是值得称赞的，它试图丰富我们对人类语言进化的知识。但是，她补充说，结果“有点令人失望”）”可知，这项研究是一个好的尝试，但是发现的结果是有限的。故选B。
46．词义猜测题。首先根据第三段中的“They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.（在这方面，它们是唯一看起来像人类语言的东西）”可知，黑猩猩的手势交流很像我们人类语言的交流方式。但是根据最后一段中的“Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communications.（此外，这些含义似乎并不超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息）”可知，黑猩猩手势的交流方式还是和我们语言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“So, it seems the gulf remains.（所以，看来差异依然存在）”，故gulf的意思是difference，故选A。
47．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees use to communicate.（研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义）”以及文章对这方面的讨论可知，文章主要讲科学家们对黑猩猩手势的研究及一些成果，所以D项：黑猩猩语言：翻译出来的交流手势，这一题目涵盖文章的内容。故选D。
2021年6月浙江卷之C篇
If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images(图像)of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face on images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth," said study author Corsin Muller. "Instead, our results suggest that the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions," Muller told Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans. "To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions," and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
8. The new study focused on whether dogs can_________.
A. distinguish shapes B. make sense of human faces
C. feel happy or angry D. communicate with each other
9. What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A. Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B. Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C. Pictures used in the two stages were different
D. The dogs were photographed before the lest.
10. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A possible reason for the study findings.
C. A major limitation of the study D. An explanation of the research method.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别人类面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活。
【8题】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images of the same person making either a happy or an angry face.(研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还是愤怒)”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。
【9题】细节理解题。根据第二段的“During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person’s face. The researchers then tested the dogs’ ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person’s face or images totally different from the ones used in training.(在训练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像)”可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗看的照片是不一样的。故选C。
【10题】主旨大意题。根据最后一段的““To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them” Muller said.(Muller说：“对我们来说，最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情，而这种接触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情的可能原因。故选B。
2020年新课标Ⅰ卷之B篇
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity - but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24. Why does the author like rereading?
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B. It’s a window to a whole new world.
C. It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding of oneself.
25. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feas!?
A. It’s a brief account of a trip.
B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C. It’s a record of a historic event.
D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What does the underlined word ＂currency＂ in paragraph 4 refer to?
A. Debt
B. Reward.
C Allowance.
D. Face value.
27. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He loves poetry.
B. He’s an editor.
C. He’s very ambitious.
D. He teaches reading.
【答案】24. D 25. B 26. B 27. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
24.推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.(但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富于变化之处)”和第二段“The beauty of rereading lies in that our bond with the work is based on our present register. It is true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings.(重新阅读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系是基于我们现在的心理状态。真的，我年纪越大，就越觉得时光飞逝。)”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D项。
25.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Movable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B项。
26.词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。故选B项。
27.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The third book is Julio Cortázar’s Save Twilight: selected poems, because poetry.(第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A项。
2020年新课标Ⅰ卷之C篇
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building.
D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach.
D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective.
C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
28.细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。
29.细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。
30.细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。
31.推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。
2020年新课标Ⅰ卷之D篇
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. To detect plants’ lack of water
B. To change compositions of plants
C. To make the life of plants longer.
D. To test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
【答案】32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
32.主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。
35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
2020年新课标ⅠI卷之B篇
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often.
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist D. A teaching program.
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D 27. B
【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
24.细节理解题。根据第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。B. Developing spatial skills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B项。
25.细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after controlling for difference in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.( Levine说，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C. Parents' education.(父母的教育)符合以上说法，故选C项。
26.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D项。
27.主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。
2020年新课标ⅠI卷之C篇
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species(物种).It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A. To promote guilt-free fur.
B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand.
D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer abouf wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky. C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
【答案】28. A 29. A 30. D 31. B
【解析】本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示了担忧。
28.推理判断题。根据第二段Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.得知，美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监Cree McCree说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。
29.推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail.得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5美元，可以推断出科学家们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡，。故选A。
30.词义猜测题。根据第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed 是和D.crashed倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。
31.推理判断题。根据第二段Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt –free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least in New York. ” 得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。
2020年新课标ⅠI卷之D篇
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
32. Which word best describes the author’s relationship with books as a child?
A. Cooperative. B. Uneasy. C. Inseparable. D. Casual.
33. What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Pleasure from working in the library.
B. Joy of reading passed on in the family.
C. Wonderment from acting out the stories.
D. A closer bond developed with the readers.
34. What does the author call on other writers to do?
A. Sponsor book fairs. B. Write for social media.
C. Support libraries. D. Purchase her novels.
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B. My Idea about writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young
D. My Love of the Library
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. C 35. D
【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者是一个热情的读者，孩提时热衷读书，第一份工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去。作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。
32.推理判断题。根据第一段的 I was always an enthusiastic reader，sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties. I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.(我一直是一个热情的读者，孩提时，有时候每天读多达三本书。故事对我来说就像空气，而其他孩子则打球或参加聚会。我通过从图书馆借阅来的书籍经历冒险)可推断，作者小时候与书是密不可分的。故选C。
33.词句猜测题。根据上文As I grew older and became a mother可知，我长大了成了一位母亲，结合下文I had several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them(我有几个孩子，书是我们娱乐的主要来源。对于我们来说，坐上车去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可以挑选要阅读的书或者想让我给他们读的书)可推断，作者成了母亲以后，带着孩子去图书馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读的乐趣在家庭中代代相传”。故选B。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段的I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.( 我认为所有的作家都应该在他们可以的时候以有意义的方式支持图书馆。鼓励读者使用图书馆。在社交媒体上分享图书馆公告。可以的时候常去图书馆，谈论图书馆)可推断，作者呼吁其他的作家们支持图书馆。故选C。
35.主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情地读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故D项“我对图书馆的爱”为最佳标题。故选D。
2020年新课标ⅠII卷之D篇
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin. D. Significance of food selection.
33. Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.
34. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A. They could walk on stilts all day. B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater. D. They lived on both land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The World’s Best Divers
【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32.推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knowledge of human evolution.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these people are known, number in hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally live on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts in coastal waters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D. Off the coast.(沿海)符合以上说法，故选D项。
34.细节理解题。根据第三段的we were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C. They could stay long underwater. (他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说法，故选C项。
35.主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaption-not to air or to food, but to the ocean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A项。
2020年山东卷之D篇
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly about?
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
15. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C
【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。
12.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。
13.词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
2020年6月浙江卷之A篇
I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others. To do this I have searched through dozens of plays to find the ones that I think best show the power and purpose of the short play.
Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright(剧作家) hopes to get across through dialogue and action. A few characters are used to create a single impression growing out of the theme. It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright. However, a variety of types is represented here. These include comedy, satire, poignant drama, historical and regional drama. To show the versatility(多面性) of the short play, I have included a guidance play, a radio play and a television play.
Among the writers of the plays in this collection, Paul Green, Susan Glaspell, Maxwell Anderson, Thornton Wilder, William Saroyan, and Tennessee Williams have all received Pulitzer Prizes for their contributions to the theater. More information about the playwrights will be found at the end of this book.
To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience. The houselights dim(变暗). The curtains are about to open, and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell you the story.
21. What do we know about the author from the first paragraph?
A. He has written dozens of plays. B. He has a deep love for the theater.
C. He is a professional stage actor. D. He likes reading short plays to others.
22. What does the author avoid doing in his work?
A. Stating the plays’ central ideas. B. Selecting works by famous playwrights.
C Including various types of plays. D. Offering information on the playwrights.
23. What does the author suggest readers do while reading the plays?
A. Control their feelings. B. Apply their acting skills.
C. Use their imagination. D. Keep their audience in mind.
24. What is this text?
A. A short story. B. An introduction to a book.
C A play review. D. An advertisement for a theater.
【答案】21. B 22. A 23. C 24. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者的书籍的序言部分，包括其编写目的，书籍内容主体，以及如何实现有乐趣的阅读本书的建议。
21.细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“…and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others”可知，作者编辑这本书的最好的原因是希望与他人分享对戏剧的热情，因此可知作者对于戏剧饱含热情。故选B项。
22.细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright.”可知，作者并不想指出这本书中每一部戏剧的中心主题，因为那样确实会破坏阅读、讨论和思考戏剧以及剧作家的有效性的乐趣。A项“Stating the plays”central ideas(陈述戏剧的中心思想)”与原文表达信息一致。故选A项。
23.细节理解题。根据文章末尾段内容“To get the most out of the reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience.”可知，作者建议读者试着想象戏剧在舞台上上演，不再是读者而是成为观众，才能实现最佳的阅读乐趣。C项“Use their imagination”与原文“try to picture the play on the stage”表达信息一致。故选C项。
24.推理判断题。根据文章首段内容“I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others”可知，该句内容应是书籍的“自序”内容，且结合末尾“To get the most out of the reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience.”可知，在讲述如何更好地实现阅读乐趣，再结合全文内容可推知，作者通过该文章介绍自己的一本书。故选B项。
2020年6月浙江卷之B篇
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.
25. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Increased length of green lights. B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing of traffic signals. D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.
26. What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals?
A. They work better on broad roads.
B. They should be used in other cities.
C. They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D. They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
27. What can we learn from Bellevue’s success?
A. It is rewarding to try new things. B. The old methods still work today.
C. I pays to put theory into practice. D. The simplest way is the best way.
【答案】25. C 26. D 27. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。美国华盛顿州的Bellevue采用了能随交通状况而调节交通灯时间的适应性信号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。
25.指代猜测题。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。根据第一段内容尤其是第一段最后一句“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.(就像交通本身一样，信号灯的时间也会变化)”可知，第一段主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C项。
26.推理判断题。根据第四段第一句中“adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways(但自适应信号并不是解决拥堵道路的万能药)”及第二句中“others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference(其他城市交通堵塞如此严重，只有减少道路上的车辆才能起有意义的作用) ”可推知，Kevin Balke认为适应性信号灯对于交通堵塞很严重的城市没有太大帮助。故选D项。
27.推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.(这些灯，被称为适应性信号灯，已经大大减少了通勤的麻烦和花费)”最后一段第一句“In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches.(在Bellevue，对适应性信号灯的转变是一个在欢迎新方法的价值方面的榜样)”可推知，从Bellevue的成功中可以得出，尝试新事物是值得的。故选A项。
2020年6月浙江卷之C篇
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
28. Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests?
A. To assess their health status. B. To evaluate their work habits.
C. To analyze their personality. D. To measure their mental ability.
29. How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?
A. By using an expert’s words. B. By making a comparison.
C. By referring to another study. D. By introducing a concept.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
【答案】28. D 29. B 30. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。
28.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.(来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1000多名75岁以上的退休老人，并通过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。)”可知，科学家让志愿者做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。故选D项。
29.推理判断题。根据第四段中Francisca Then说的话“This works just like physical exercise,( 这就像体育锻炼一样有效。)”及接下来进一步的解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。故选B项。
30.主旨大意题。第一段“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age(需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。)”是本文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。故选C项。
2020年1月浙江卷之B篇
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free – by spreading on them cheese brine, the salty liquid used to make soft cheese, like mozzarella.
Wisconsin, also called "America's Dairyland," is famous for its cheese. The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year! a result, there was a lot of leftover cheese brine. Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive. So what should cheese makers do with the waste?
Normally, towns use rock salt to de-ice streets. The salt lowers waters' freezing point, causing ice to melt(融化). But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money, while keeping roads safe. Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.
In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option. Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment.
Rock salt is made of sodium chloride, the sane con-pound (化合物)in ordinary table salt. Sounds harmless, right? But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food, road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U.S. Roads every year!
The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground. There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away soil. By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent.
Cheese brine has a downside too – a shell similar to that of bad milk. "I don't really mind it," Emil Norby told Modern Farmer magazine. He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the idea of using cheese brine. "Our roads smell like Wisconsin!" he said.
24. Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice-free?
A. It is soft. B. It contains salt. C. It is warm. D. It has milk in it.
25. What is a benefit of using cheese urine on roads?
A. Improving air quality. B. Increasing sales of rock salt.
C. Reducing water pollution. D. Saving the cheese industry.
26. Milwaukee's new way to de-ice streets may be an example of_______________.
A. barking up the wrong tree B. putting the cart before the horse
C. robbing Peter to pay Paul D. killing two birds with one stone
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。主要说明了威斯康辛州的密尔沃基市正在试验一种新的路面防冻方法——在路面上涂上奶酪盐水。文章说明了这种新方法的好处是，相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）可知因为奶酪盐水含有盐，所以能帮助冬季道路不结冰。故选B。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away soil. By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent.（在那里它可以污染饮用水，伤害植物，侵蚀土壤。通过在街道上撒上奶酪盐水，然后再撒上一层岩盐，密尔沃基或许可以将岩盐的使用量减少30%）可知岩盐会污染饮用水，而在道路上使用奶酪盐水可以减少水污染。故选C。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）以及第四段第一句In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option.（除了省钱，奶酪盐水也是一个更环保的选择）可知相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保，可知密尔沃基市的街道除冰新方法是一个“一石二鸟”的成功例子。故选D。
2020年1月浙江卷之C篇
Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. Key skill set for success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years. And over time，the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers，"Padilla-Walker said. "This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key to a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need to practice an "authoritative" parenting style. Authoritative parenting is not authoritarian:rigid，demanding or controlling. Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics:children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy(自主权).
In the study，about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.
27. What is special about the BYU professors' study?
A. It centered on fathers' role in parenting.
B. It was based on a number of large families.
C. It analyzed different kinds of parenting styles.
D. It aimed to improve kids' achievement in school.
28. What would an authoritative father do when raising his children?
A. Ignore their demands. B. Make decisions for them.
C. Control their behaviors. D. Explain the rules to them.
29. Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers?
A. Single parents.
B. Children aged from 11 to 14.
C. Authoritarian fathers.
D. Mothers in two-parent homes.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers.
B. Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future.
C. Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father.
D. Family Relationship Influences School Performance.
【答案】27. A 28. D 29. A 30. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位。研究人员认为，父亲们需要采用一种“权威”的养育方式，且一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.（杨百翰大学的研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位）可知杨百翰大学研究的特别之处在于，它关注的是父亲在养育子女中的角色。故选A。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics: children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy.（相反，权威的养育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子们感受到来自父亲的温暖和爱；强调责任和规则背后的原因；孩子们被给予适当的自主权）可知一个有权威的父亲在抚养孩子时会向他们解释规则。故选D。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.（然而，研究人员认为，单亲父母仍然可能在教授坚持不懈的好处方面发挥作用，这是未来研究的一个方向）可知根据研究人员的说法，单亲父母是未来研究的重点。故选A。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章倒数第二段中A key finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.（一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩）和文章主要内容为说明父亲在养育子女中的角色，故选C选项“孩子们倾向于向父亲学习决心”最符合文章标题。故选C。




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