专题02 阅读理解记叙文——【备考2023】高考英语大题精练 （新高考专用）（原卷版+解析版）

专题03  阅读理解说明文

说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的CD篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。

Teenagers around the world are familiar with the great pain of boredom. And every parent is familiar with the sounds of groaning (咕哝的) kids, sulking (生闷气) in their room or pacing aimlessly around the house. But sometimes, it’s this very sense of boredom that can inspire creativity and create fast-growing trends.

This is true for pickleball (匹克球), now a popular sport in the West. According to the Mental Floss website, the sport was invented in the summer of 1965. At that time, Frank Pritchard, 13, had nothing to do in his family’s summer home in Washington, US. After complaining loudly, his father, Joel, suggested he make up a game. When Frank replied “Why don’t you?” his father gladly took up the challenge. Thus, pickleball was born.

Certain parts of tennis, badminton and ping-pong can be seen from pickleball. It’s a bat game played on a badminton-sized court with what looks like a wiffle ball (威浮球) over a low net. Only the serving team can score points, and all serves must be made with an underhand stroke (击球).

The popularity of pickleball has grown steadily over the last decade. According to Mental Floss, the number of pickleball courts has grown by an estimated 385 percent worldwide since 2010. One reason for its popularity is that it’s “a sport for everyone”. Anyone can play pickleball because it’s relatively easy to pick up. There are simple rules, and all people need is a couple of bats and a ball, which is affordable and accessible to all. Plus, pickleball is a sport centered around fun and friendship. The game lasts as short as 15 minutes, which means less running and stress for players.

Pritchard said that the game’s rapid rise in popularity was amazing, especially considering that a bad-tempered kid “inspired a sports craze by making a stink (吵闹) about being bored one afternoon 56 years ago”.

1．What do we know about pickleball, according to the passage?

A．It was invented accidentally by a young boy.

B．It is a game suitable for family gatherings.

C．It combines elements from several ball games.

D．The game’s judges come from a serving team.

2．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?

A．Why pickleball has become so well received.

B．What equipment pickleball players need.

C．How significant pickleball is to the world.

D．What rules must be obeyed in pickleball.

3．What did Pritchard think of the popularity of pickleball?

A．Unexpected. B．Reasonable. C．Natural. D．Awkward.

4．Why does the author write the passage?

A．To advise us to join in sports games.

B．To teach us how to play pickleball.

C．To tell us the birth of a sports game.

D．To motivate us to follow new trends.

说明文阅读理解主要考查以下题型：

一、主旨大意题

主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料或所读材料片断）中心思想的概括，做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句，第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中间（通常是第一段或最后一段的中间）也是完全可能的，主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。

二、事实细节题

顾名思义，事实细节题即对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题，事实细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查，也可能是将文章中的几个细节放在一起要求考生判断是非（选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项）或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比校从而确定答案（此时要特别注意一些常见的同义装换或简单换算）。

三、代词指代题

这类题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义，它主要考查考生在一定语境中对上下文逻辑关系的正确理解。做这类题时，考生不仅要读懂相关句子的句意，理顺相关句子的逻辑关系，而且还要学会合理变通，尤其要学会变通理解其中的同义表达。

四、词义猜测题

即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义，它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点，同学们应引起充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多，常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法，基本构词法，语境理解法，举例说明法，常识背景法、类属分析法等。

（一）、In the endless sky, the unaided human eye should be able to perceive several thousand stars on a clear, dark night. Unfortunately, growing light pollution has disabled people from the nightly view.

New citizen-science-based research throws alarming light on the problem of “sky glow”—the diffuse illumination(漫射照明) of the night sky that is a form of light pollution. The data came from crowd-sourced observations collected from around the world as part of Globe at Night, a program developed by astronomer Connie Walker.

Light pollution has harmful effects on the practice of astronomy but also on human health and wildlife, since it disturbs the cycle from sunlight to starlight that biological systems have evolved alongside. Furthermore, the loss of visible stars is a great loss of human cultural heritage. Until relatively recently, humans throughout history had an impressive view of the starry night sky, and the effect of this nightly spectacle(壮观) is evident in ancient cultures.

Globe at Night has been gathering data on star visibility since 2006. Anyone can submit observations through the Globe at Night web application. Participants record which one best matches what they can see in the sky without any telescopes or other instruments.

Researchers find that the loss of visible stars indicates an increase in sky brightness of 9. 6% per year while roughly 2% is measured by satellites. Existing satellites are not well suited to measuring sky glow as it appears to humans, because they can not detect wavelengths shorter than 500 nanometers(纳米). White LEDs, with shorter wavelengths under 500 nanometers, now are increasingly commonly used in outdoor lighting. But human eyes are more sensitive to these shorter wavelengths at nighttime. Space-based instruments do not measure light from windows, either. But these sources are significant contributors to sky glow us seen from the ground.

“The increase in sky glow over the past decade underlines the importance of redoubling our efforts and developing new strategies to protect dark skies,” said Walker. “The Globe at Night dataset is necessary in our ongoing evaluation of changes in sky glow, and we encourage whoever can to get involved to help protect the starry night sky.”

1．What is a purpose of Globe at Night?

A．To develop new light sources. B．To collect data on star visibility.

C．To help astronomers explore space. D．To popularize science among citizens.

2．What does the loss of visible stars lead to?

A．Poorer human health. B．Fewer wildlife species.

C．More delicate biological systems. D．Less nightly culture elements of the sky.

3．What does the author stress in paragraph 5?

A．Satellites play a vital role. B．White LEDs are widely used.

C．Crowd-sourced data are invaluable. D．Shorter wavelengths are hard to detect.

4．What can be inferred from Walker’s words?

A．Their consistent efforts pay off. B．The dataset needs to be updated.

C．More participants are expected to join in. D．The sky glow has been over—emphasized.

（二）、There’ve been plenty of Tokyo 2020 headlines about Hend Zaza, the Syrian table tennis genius who, at 12 years old, is one of the youngest Olympians of all time.

But there are some striking personal stories on the other side of the age spectrum (年龄谱), too.

Oksana Chusovitina, a 46-year-old gymnast from Uzbekistan, impressively competed in her eighth Olympic Games this summer. Chusovitina, who competed in a sport dominated by teenage athletes, received a standing ovation (鼓掌欢呼) after performing in what she said would be her last Olympics. “I feel very good to be here. But this will for sure be my last Olympics, she told reporters. “I’m 46 years old. Nothing is going to change that. I’m alive, I’m happy, I’m here without any injuries, and I can stand on my own,” she added with a laugh.

Then there’s Australian equestrian (马术师) Mary Hanna, who at age 66 is the second-oldest female athlete in Olympic history and the oldest Olympian competing in Tokyo.

“Through their efforts, Hanna and Chusovitina are changing the conversation around age and agility. They’re proof that you can compete or put yourself up to a physical challenge way past what is considered your peak,” said Michael Stones, a professor at Lakehead University in Ontario, Canada, who researches healthy aging and physical performance. “It’s great that this year’s Olympics include so many younger and older athletes,” he told HuffPost. “They show that age alone is not an insurmountable (不可克服的) barrier to excellence in physical activities.”

These Olympians also lend the games some experience and maturity, especially in team sports, said Sandra Hunter, a professor of exercise science at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. “These older athletes can help guide the younger ones, particularly with all the mental and psychological challenges that we’ve seen,” she said. “They bring a level of maturity to the teams and surrounding athletes that allows the younger athletes to learn.”

“If you limit your choices only to what seems possible or reasonable, you disconnect yourself from what you truly want, and all that is left is compromise.” The quote from American writer Robert Fritz is highly consistent with the Olympic spirit as well as enlightening us on our way to success.

5．Who is Oksana Chusovitina?

A．A 12-year-old table tennis player.

B．A 46-year-old gymnast from Syria.

C．A 66-year-old Australian equestrian.

D．An eight-time Olympian from Uzbekistan.

6．The first paragraph is intended to________.

A．lead in the topic of the passage

B．stress the importance of being a genius

C．tell the difference between younger and older athletes

D．introduce a research on performances of younger athletes

7．What’s professor Michael Stones’s attitude to those younger and older Olympians?

A．Doubtful. B．Uncaring.

C．Supportive. D．Indifferent.

8．What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Olympic athletes should try their best to be uninjured.

B．Olympic athletes prove success is not related to age.

C．Olympians show that age alone is not an insurmountable barrier.

D．Older athletes are changing the conversation around age and agility.

一、

（2023·广东广州·统考二模）This paragraph is not ordinary. Look at it. At first, it won’t look too odd. Just a normal paragraph — you may think. But look at it again and you might find it a bit unusual. Can you spot it? Is anything...missing?

What you’ve just read is a lipogram - a text without a particular letter. It is the hardest kind as it doesn’t contain the letter E - the most common letter in the English language. Try writing one yourself and you’ll imagine the task faced by the French writer Georges Perec, when a friend challenged him to write a whole novel without using E - a letter which is even more common in French.

Perec was a frighteningly clever writer, a lover of word games and puzzles and also a master of the Chinese board game Go. As well as writing crossword puzzles for Paris magazines, he had already written a 5,000-word palindrome, a text that reads the same forwards and backwards, like the well-known “A man, a plan, a canal - Panama.” But his friends thought this task would be beyond him.

Perec took up the challenge. He was unable to use more than 70% of the French words, including those most commonly used. Surprisingly, he discovered this “impossible” rule unlocked his imagination. He later claimed he wrote this novel faster than any of his other books. He was forced to think and fight for every sentence. He had no choice but to be original.

The result was La Disparition, a detective story about the mysterious disappearance of a character named A．Vowl. The only Es were the four in his name on the cover. Despite the dozens of clues about the fantastically difficult rule, many original reviewers failed to spot what was staring them in the faces — the missing letter. Embarrassing for the critics, but hilarious for the writer and his friends.

Fortunately, the game Perec was playing did not destroy the book itself. Every sentence seems twisted slightly out of shape, and the resulting style is unique.

1．Why does the writer start with a lipogram?

A．To prove Perec’s work is hard.

B．To introduce Perec’s tough task.

C．To demonstrate what a lipogram is.

D．To challenge readers to write one.

2．Which of the following is NOT a palindrome?

A．Madam. B．Nurses ran.

C．No X in Nixon. D．No lemons, no melon.

3．What did Perec think of the challenge he took up?

A．It forced him to write faster. B．It enriched his writing styles.

C．No writer but he could make it. D．It freed his creativity in writing.

4．What does the underline word “hilarious” mean in paragraph 5?

A．Confusing. B．Surprising. C．Very lucky. D．Extremely funny.

二、

（2023·河北·校联考模拟预测）A robotic game of cat and mouse playing out in a lab provides a sight at future possibilities of robots carrying out search-and-rescue missions without much human guidance.

The Tianjicat robot developed by researchers at Tsinghua University in China uses a brain-inspired computing chip called TianjicX. The so-called neuromorphic chip (神经形态芯片) can run multiple artificial intelligence techniques at the same time in an energy-efficient manner. It is one example of experiments with neuromorphic systems that could allow small robots to make decisions using limited computing resources and power.

The researchers challenged the Tianjicat robot to chase (追逐) another robot that was set to move randomly in a room filled with obstacles. This required Tianjicat to track the mouse robot by using both visual recognition and sound detection, and to figure out the best path to chase down its pretend prey (假想猎物) without knocking on anything. The team says that the TianjicX chip reduced the amount of power required for the robot cat to make decisions during the chase by about. half compared with an NVIDIA chip designed for AI computing.

Performing a cat-and-mouse chase would be a step up in difficulty for most commercialized robots, which usually follow very predictable routines in warehouses or factories. Many robots that interact with more complex and unpredictable environments rely on remote control by human operators, or else must maintain wireless connections with distant data centres that have the computing power necessary for more intensive decision-making. Neuromorphic systems haven’t yet been commercialized in a big way, but their relatively low size, weight and power requirements could provide practical advantages or robotic deployment (部署).

The Tianjicat robot is worldwide acknowledged. “For robotics, this is very important because it allows the system to operate for longer durations in hard-to-reach environments with greater autonomy,” says Jeffrey Krichmar at the University of California, Irvine.

5．What do the researchers want the robot to do by testing it?

A．Do rescue-work.

B．Assist in research.

C．Help get rid of rats.

D．Save power.

6．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us?

A．Why the robot chases another robot.

B．What the robot’s pretend prey is like.

C．How researchers test the robot.

D．How much power the robot uses in an action.

7．What makes a TianJicat robot have advantages over others?

A．Its small size.

B．Its mouse-like shape.

C．Its business value.

D．Its date center.

8．What’s Jeffrey Krichmar’s attitude towards the invention of the Tianjicat robot?

A．Negative.

B．Doubtful.

C．Unconcerned.

D．Favorable.

三、

（2023·湖南株洲·统考一模）Sitting at the top of a mountain on La Gomera Islad, Antonio issued an invitation to three visiting hikers in the distance—“Come over here”. We’re going to treat you to lunch“- without speaking word: He whistled (吹口哨) it. Antonio, 71, said in his youth, when natives rather than tourists walked the rocky footpaths of his island, his news would have been greeted right away by a responding whistle, loud and clear. But his message was lost on these hikers, and they continued their journey.

Antonio is a proud guardian of La Gomera’s whistling language, which he called the poetry of my island.” He added. Like poetry, whistling does not need to be useful in order to be special and beautiful.“The language, officially known as Silbo Gomero, replaces written letters with whistled sounds that vary by pitch (高音) and length. Unfortunately, there are fewer whistles than Spanish letters, so a sound can have multiple meanings, causing misunderstandings.

With its distinct geography, it’s easy to see why whistling came into existence on La Gomera. On most of the island, deep valleys run from high peaks down to the ocean, and plenty of time and effort are required to travel even a short distance overland. Whistling developed as a good alternative way to deliver a message, with its sound carrying farther than shouting- -as much as two miles across some valleys with favorable wind conditions.

In 2009, the island’s language was added by UNESCO to its list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. But with whistling no longer essential for communication, Silbo Gomero’s survival mostly relies on a 1999 law that has made teaching it a necessary part of La Gomera s school courses. Erin Gerhards, a local girl keen to improve her whistling, said, “Whistling is a way to honor the people that lived here in the past and to remember we didn’t start with technology but simple beginnings.”

9．How did the hikers react to Antonio’s invitation?

A．They ignored it. B．They waved their hands,

C．They whistled back. D．They stopped suddenly.

10．Why is La Gomera’s whistling language likely to be misinterpreted?

A．Because it is a form of poetry. B．Because the same sound carries different meanings.

C．Because it isn’t useful in life. D．Because its sounds include various pitches and lengths.

11．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?

A．The tourist attractions of La Gomera.

B．The geographic features of La Gomera.

C．The reason for whistling’s use on La Gomera.

D．The comparison between whistling and shouting.

12．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?

A．Erin figures out how islanders lived before.

B．Silbo Gomero is taught in La Gomera’s schools.

C．Technology outweighs traditions on La Gomera.

D．Silbo Gomero is important in daily conversations.

四、

（2023·江苏南京·校联考一模）Your emotion helps you make sense of the world. At the core of an emotion is a subjective experience of the valence of it — what emotion scientists call “affect” (情感). Generally speaking, affect is what we are most focused on. Do you have chocolate cake in front of you? That’s good! Do you see a spider on the table! That’s bad!

Your affective reactions tell you which experiences are desirable, and which aren’t, but the total emotional experience includes all you do and think. You can learn a lot by observing and describing them. You can also learn a lot by appreciating their secret life.

The problem is: the affective features of emotions tend to dominate. Our subjective valence of emotion is almost all we can see. When emotions are only about what is pleasant or unpleasant in subjective experience right now, the more important features of emotion disappear.

If you can slow down and expand; if you stop running or clinging (沉浸其中) and adopt a sense of curiosity, emotions become more subtle and different. When fear comes up, don’t walk away so that fear dissipates. Instead, stay. Allow yourself to feel the nervousness, the sweating, and everything else that comes along with it. It is one of the hardest things to do in life, but it’s also one of the most rewarding. If you run, you are telling basic parts of your brain, “I guess this threat really was real. I better stay away from it.” You are training yourself to fear, regardless of that situation. If you cling, you are saying, “Escape from this emotion is a threat”, and since it is not a happy experience, happiness slips through your hands like sand.

Note that you can not fool yourself. Just allow the full emotion. You will never enter into their secret life until you stop running or clinging. To control your life, you need to actively train your emotions to be your ally (同盟). Observe. Describe. Appreciate. Do that and you may find you have allies for healthy living that were there all along.

13．Why does the author mention “chocolate cake” and “spider” in paragraph 1?

A．To explain the complex response of emotions.

B．To show the subjective experience of emotions.

C．To indicate the goodness and badness of the world.

D．To emphasize the significance of emotions in life.

14．What is the consequence if you just focus on your present feelings?

A．The present feelings are less obvious.

B．The subjective emotions are less powerful.

C．The overall picture of emotions is easier to ignore.

D．The observation and description of emotions are easier.

15．What does the underlined word “dissipates” in Paragraph 4 probably refer to?

A．Deepens. B．Spreads. C．Disappears. D．Sticks.

16．What is the text mainly about?

A．The secret of emotions. B．The subjective experience.

C．The importance of allies in life. D．Magical functions of emotions.

五、

（2023·重庆·统考模拟预测）Last April, Elon Musk, the world’s richest man, attempted a takeover of Twitter, for $ 44 billion, which quickly turned into public controversy and court battles. But the most interesting part of the story is the more fundamental question: Why would Musk want to buy Twitter in the first place?

If you look at the size of Twitter, its appeal isn’t obvious. The company makes a relatively small profit each year, and in terms of the number of users, Twitter has around 436 million users every month, which is still a long way behind the likes of Facebook (near three billion), Instagram (two billion), and TikTok (one billion). So why does Musk want to spend a considerable amount of money on Twitter?

The answer might be what makes Twitter so interesting: it carries enormous cultural power and has an unmatched ability to shift the course of news and culture. Twitter’s cultural power is easy to see. Click on any random news article, and there’s a good chance that somewhere in the text, it’s quoting what someone said on Twitter.

What makes the platform important is essentially its clients. Twitter is the place where the most powerful and influential people like to hang out. Because Twitter is mostly based on short, text-based posts, it is perfect for conveying information, an argument, or a joke, at enormous speed, making it extremely useful for the likes of politicians, journalists, executives and celebrities.

What Twitter is really good at is acting as a global watercooler-a persistent backchannel for gossip (流言蜚语), jokes and informal connections. It’s a place where new ideas emerge, or arguments happen, and because the people doing the gossiping are important, influential types, what happens on Twitter can actually affect the rest of the world. I think this explains why Elon Musk might want to pay big money for it. If you own Twitter, you suddenly have a say in the world’s most important watercooler conversation.

17．What can we know about Twitter?

A．Elon Musk’s purchase of it went smoothly.

B．It has significant power to shape culture.

C．What people say on Twitter comes from random articles.

D．Its influence can’t compare with those of its competitors.

18．What makes Twitter valuable for its users?

A．The volume of information. B．The potential clients it attracts.

C．The profit it generates. D．The efficiency of spreading ideas.

19．According to the author, why might Elon Musk want to buy Twitter?

A．To promote new ideas. B．To improve its products.

C．To have a greater voice. D．To control powerful people.

20．What is the best title for the text?

A．Why Is Twitter so Valuable?

B．Who Are Twitter’s Target Users?

C．What Did Elon Musk Do to Twitter?

D．How Does Twitter Dominate the World?

一、

（2022·全国·统考高考真题）As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.

“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.

Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.

“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.

“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.”

Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.

1．What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?

A．The right way of exercising. B．The causes of a heart attack.

C．The difficulty of keeping fit. D．The aging process of the heart.

2．In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?

A．Diet plan. B．Professional background.

C．Exercise type. D．Previous physical condition.

3．What does Levine’s research find?

A．Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.

B．High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.

C．It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.

D．The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.

4．What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?

A．Making use of the findings. B．Interviewing the study participants.

C．Conducting further research. D．Clarifying the purpose of the study.

二、

（2022·全国·统考高考真题）Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.

Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.

That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."

"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.

An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.

"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."

5．Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?

A．Ineffective. B．Unnecessary.

C．Inconsistent. D．Unfair.

6．What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?

A．Where a driver came from. B．Whether a driver used their phone.

C．How fast a driver was going. D．When a driver arrived at the scene.

7．What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?

A．Advice. B．Data. C．Tests. D．Laws.

8．What is a suitable title for the text?

A．To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start

B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer

C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.

D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-

三、

（2022·全国·高考真题）Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.

More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.

They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.

The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.

This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.

9．Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?

A．Its variety. B．Its distribution. C．Its quantity. D．Its development.

10．Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?

A．They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.

B．They could not open and close their lips easily.

C．Their jaws were not conveniently structured.

D．Their lower front teeth were not large enough.

11．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?

A．Supporting evidence for the research results.

B．Potential application of the research findings.

C．A further explanation of the research methods.

D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.

12．What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?

A．It is key to effective communication. B．It contributes much to cultural diversity.

C．It is a complex and dynamic system. D．It drives the evolution of human beings.

四、

（2022·全国·高考真题）Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.

In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.

Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”

If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D．C．, which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.

Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.

13．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?

A．We pay little attention to food waste. B．We waste food unintentionally at times.

C．We waste more vegetables than meat. D．We have good reasons for wasting food.

14．What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?

A．Moral decline. B．Environmental harm.

C．Energy shortage. D．Worldwide starvation.

15．What does Curtin’s company do?

A．It produces kitchen equipment. B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.

C．It helps local farmers grow fruits. D．It makes meals out of unwanted food.

16．What does Curtin suggest people do?

A．Buy only what is needed. B．Reduce food consumption.

C．Go shopping once a week. D．Eat in restaurants less often.

五、

（2022·全国·高考真题）The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.

The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.

Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”

“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”

“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”

There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.

Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”

Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”

17．What is the purpose of the project?

A．To ensure harmony in care homes. B．To provide part-time jobs for the aged.

C．To raise money for medical research. D．To promote the elderly people’s welfare.

18．How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?

A．She has learned new life skills. B．She has gained a sense of achievement.

C．She has recovered her memory. D．She has developed a strong personality.

19．What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?

A．Improve. B．Oppose. C．Begin. D．Evaluate.

20．What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?

A．It is well received. B．It needs to be more creative.

C．It is highly profitable. D．It takes ages to see the results.