专题05 阅读理解之议论文10篇（第二期）-高考英语名校模拟真题速递（全国卷专用）

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高考英语名校模拟真题速递（全国卷专用）
第二期
专题05 阅读理解之议论文10篇
（2022春·广西南宁·高三南宁二中校考一模）The confidence people place in science is frequently based not on what it really is, but on what people would like it to be. When I asked my students how they would define science, many of them replied that it’s an objective way of discovering certainties about the world. But science cannot provide certainties.
Actually, doubt and science often go hand in hand. Science, when properly functioning, questions accepted understandings and brings both new knowledge and new questions —not certainty. Doubt does not create trust, nor does it help public understanding. So why should people trust a process that seems to require a troublesome state of uncertainty without always providing solid solutions?
As a historian of science, I would argue that it’s the responsibility of scientists and historians of science to show that the real power of science lies precisely in what is often regarded as its weakness: its drive to question and challenge accepted understandings. Indeed, the scientific approach requires changing our understanding of the natural world whenever new evidence arises from either experimentation or observation. Scientific findings are temporary understandings that involve the state of knowledge at a given moment. In the long run, many of them are challenged and even overturned. Doubt might be troubling, but it pushes us towards a better understanding. Certainties, reassuring as they may seem, prevent the scientific process.
Scientists understand this, but in the dynamic between the public and science, there are two opposite misconceptions (误解). The first is a form of blind scientism — a belief that science is unquestionable and has the capacity to solve all problems. Such an idealized representation actually ignores the universal existence of controversy, conflict and error at the very heart of the scientific world.
1．What’s the real power of science according to the author?
A．It provides solid solutions. B．It defends accepted understandings.
C．It discovers certainties about the world. D．It keeps bringing questions and challenges.
2．What does the underlined word “reassuring” probably mean?
A．Disappointing. B．Surprising. C．Comforting. D．Challenging.
3．What may be the belief of the second misconception?
A．Science is unchallengeable and a cure-all. B．Science is unreliable and of little use.
C．Science is objective but impractical. D．Science is doubtful but useful.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Why Is Doubt Vital to Science? B．Why Should We Trust Scientists?
C．What Is the Weakness of Science? D．What Is Scientists’ Responsibility?

（2023·云南·云南师大附中校考模拟预测）A company in Yancheng, Jiangsu province, reportedly introduced an internal document requiring all employees to stop using iPhones. Those who continue using iPhones could lose their jobs while those who switch to Huawei would get subsidies, the document said.
Asked why, a senior company executive said the move was to ensure the security of information and commercial secrets, and to encourage all to support domestic brands. Some enterprises and agencies might have security concerns, but for the company involved that seems unlikely, and it seems to be more of a publicity ploy.
There have been instances in the past, too, of other private companies forbidding employees from using iPhones and insisting they support Chinese brands.
At a time when the United States government is forcing US companies to stop doing business with Huawei, it is good to see Chinese compatriots (同胞) supporting Chinese brands. However, it isn’t Apple that is stopping supplying chips and other high-tech parts to Huawei. It is US politicians. The president has also issued executive orders to shut down Tik Tok so as to force it to sell its US businesses to an American company.
The best way to support Chinese companies is to speak out against those US politicians. It is advisable, for example, to create awareness among friends in the US about the ways in which these politicians are harming both Chinese and US interests.
Boycotting US brands such as Apple is not at all advisable. It not only violates (侵犯) an individual’s personal right to choose what he or she likes, it also creates a lot of misunderstanding. Of course, organizations that deal with critical information can ask their employees to use domestic brands. But that must be done legally.
Even Huawei founder Ren Zhengfei said that patriotism should not decide whether one wants an iPhone or a Huawei. He said that he had bought Apple computers for his family and that his company must learn from its competitors.
5．The underlined word “subsidies” in Paragraph 1 probably means .
A．jobs
B．bonus
C．punishment
D．compliment
6．Why did the company require its employees to stop using iPhones according to its leadership?
A．They thought the company’s secret information might be stolen by iPhones.
B．They felt guilt and shame at using iPhones.
C．They had to obey the order of the local government.
D．They thought using iPhones was an act of showing off.
7．According to the passage all the following statements are true EXCEPT that________.
A．some enterprises and individuals don’t use iPhones to take their patriotic stand
B．Apple is stopping supplying chips to Huawei
C．boycotting US brands is not at all wise and appropriate
D．Ren Zhengfei and his family also use Apple products
8．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A．We Need to Unite Against Using iPhones
B．One Company Ploy Matters to One Country’s Future
C．Can’t Force Huawei to Be Apple of One’s Eye
D．Chinese Compatriots - Let’s Switch to Huawei

（2022秋·西藏拉萨·高三拉萨中学校考一模）Attitude actually is mental energy and from the moment you awake in the morning until you fall asleep at night, you are continuously producing this mental energy, or attitude. There is never a time when you can have a neutral attitude. Your attitude right now is either positive or negative.
Your attitude determines your altitude. For example, as a plane is in the air, it has an altitude indicator. The indicator tells the pilot in which direction the plane is going, up or down. Just like the plane, you too have an altitude indicator and you’re the pilot of your plane. The feeling that you gain when something is wrong or what you are doing is not right serves as your altitude indicator. We all have an attitude to our thinking which determines our destiny.
In fact, attitude is a matter of choice. It determines the size of our dreams and influences our determination when we face new challenges and the thing is, no one can control your attitude but you. No one can make us angry. We make ourselves angry when we give in to that control of our attitude and when people do things to anger us. All it does is put our attitude to the tests. We have that choice every morning of what kind of attitude we are going to have for the rest of the day.
Attitude is everything. To begin with every problem is an adventure. To fall, rise and try again is what we call adventure and that’s the real fun of life. Failure is not a bad thing but another chance for success. Dreaming of becoming successful is not enough. There’ ll be a lot of things you hate doing, but you have to do them all and that’s a success.
With a positive attitude, you’ll have the ability to be happier every day, make others around you happier, and live a good life.
9．What does the author want to stress with the example in Paragraph 2?
A．Attitude’s role in people’s future development.
B．The importance of pilots ‘ feelings in flight.
C．People’s correct judgement of their life direction.
D．The application of altitude indicators in various fields.
10．What are people doing when they try to anger us according to the author?
A．They’re trying to control our feeling. B．They’re testing our attitude.
C．They’ re challenging our bottom line. D．They’ re reminding us of possible failure.
11．What does the author think of the adventure in life?
A．Dangerous and tiring. B．Annoying and understandable.
C．Difficult but meaningful. D．Exciting and necessary.
12．What would be the best title for the text?
A．How to achieve a positive attitude? B．How is attitude formed?
C．What is attitude? D．What’s the power of a positive attitude?

（2023春·四川绵阳·高三四川省绵阳南山中学校考一模）Albert Einstein’s 1915 masterpiece The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity is the first and still the best introduction to the subject, but it probably wouldn’t be publishable in a scientific journal today.
Why not? After all, it undoubtedly would pass the tests of correctness and significance. And while it’s believed that the paper was incomprehensible to its first readers, in fact many other papers in theoretical physics are much more difficult. As the physicist Richard Feynman wrote, “There was a time when the newspapers said that only 12 men understood the theory of relativity, which is not true. After reading the paper, a lot of people understood the theory of relativity in some way or other, certainly more than 12. ”
No, the problem is its style. It starts with a leisurely philosophical discussion of space and time and then continues with an explanation of known mathematics. Those two sections, which would be considered extraneous today, take up half the paper. Worse, there are zero citations of previous scientists’ work, nor are there any graphs. Those features might make a paper not even get past the first editors.
A similar process of professionalization has transformed other parts of the scientific landscape. Requests for research time at major laboratories are more strictly structured. And anything involving work with human objects involves piles of paperwork.
We see it also in the Regeneron Science Talent Search, the Nobel Prize of high school science competitions. In the early decades of its history, the winning projects were usually the sort of clever but naive, amateurish (业余的) efforts one might expect of talented beginners working on their own. Today, polished work coming out of internships (实习期) at established laboratories is the norm.
These professionalising tendencies are a natural consequence of the explosive growth of modern science. Standardisation and system make it easier to manage the rapid flow of papers, applications and people. But there are serious downsides. A lot of unproductive effort goes into jumping through bureaucratic hoops (繁文缛节).
Of course, Einstein would have found his way to meeting modern standards and publishing his results. Its scientific core wouldn’t have changed, but the paper might not be the same taste to read.
13．According to Richard Feynman, which statement about Einstein’s 1915 paper is true?
A．It attracted few professionals.
B．It turned out to be comprehensible.
C．It needed further improvement.
D．It was a classic in theoretical physics.
14．What does the underlined word “extraneous” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Unrealistic.
B．Inaccurate.
C．Unattractive.
D．Irrelevant.
15．According to the author, what is affected as modern science develops?
A．The selection of young talents.
B．The evaluation of laboratories.
C．The principle of scientific research.
D．The application of research findings.
16．Which would be the best title for this passage?
A．How to write quality papers?
B．Will science be professionalised?
C．Could Einstein get published today?
D．How will modern science make advances?
（2022秋·四川内江·高三四川省内江市第六中学校考一模）As restaurants, malls and movie theaters fill back up with people, the workplace has remained nearly empty. This is partly driven by how common remote work has become in society. People have invested in creating workspaces in their homes, relocated to smaller towns and even taken their work to vacation resorts. Now, with an easing pandemic and slowing economy, companies are increasingly trying to draw employees back into the office. But many just don’t want to go.
Though seen as a necessity during the pandemic, some business leaders doubt whether the current level of remote work is sustainable. And they’re right. A fully virtual workplace misses some of the key drivers for performance and productivity, which are top of mind right now for businesses facing the prospect of a potential recession(衰退). Understandably, they want workers back in the office because they’re preparing for a more competitive environment, which calls for maximizing efficiency. Fully remote work doesn’t cultivate the level of interpersonal relationships that business leaders see as vital to workplace innovation.
When companies are responding to market shifts and economic stresses, new ideas, problem solving and brainstorming all become essential. And brainstorming sessions are much easier to conduct in person, where workers can exchange their ideas in conference rooms or shared work spaces. Remote workers, meanwhile, are more prone to distractions at home that can disrupt their concentration and participation.
It’s not just what happens in formal meetings that adds value. It’s also the organic connections and culture-building that occurs when workers run into each other in the hallways or after a company gathering. It’s these spontaneous (自发的) opportunities to inquire into the details that are missed when one is working remotely.
Undoubtedly, there will be workers who don’t agree. But leaders owe it to all share holders, including workers, to make the best policy decisions. Policy can’t just make sense for workers. It must also make business sense in order to preserve opportunities for workers to work; it must make financial sense in order to protect opportunities for workers to earn a living.
17．What do we know about remote work?
A．It was popular in smaller towns.
B．It slowed down the economy.
C．It was necessary during the pandemic.
D．It brought people to public places.
18．Why do leaders want workers back in the office?
A．To improve workers’ efficiency.
B．To create a relaxed atmosphere.
C．To cultivate friendlier relationships.
D．To explore workers’ potential.
19．According to the author, what must be prioritized when the best policy decisions are made?
A．The ambitions of the leaders.
B．The comfort of the employees.
C．The interests of the businesses.
D．The ability of the shareholders.
20．What is the best title for the text?
A．Fully Remote Work Likely to Disappear
B．Remote Workers Losing Their Jobs
C．Policymakers Caught in a Dilemma
D．Companies Struggling with Slowing Economy

（2023秋·宁夏石嘴山·高三石嘴山市第三中学校考一模）What would you look like when you are 80 years old? It seems too far away to imagine, but an app named FaceApp tries to show you.
The app creates transformations of users’ faces using various filters(滤镜) and features. The FaceApp aging challenge went viral last month. Even many celebrities like Taylor Swift and Justin Bieber shared their wrinkly, grey-haired selfies on social media.
FaceApp helps us stop thinking of things that don’t matter and focus on the present. “We view these images as inferred fiction, not realized and therefore unreal,” US author Nicci Gerrard told The New York Times. “We think of our younger selves, because in one sense that’s who we are. Our younger stories are all still part of us, while our older selves don’t yet exist.” However, not everyone can laugh at their older selves. For some, aging is terrifying and it’s hard to accept what the future holds in terms of looks and feelings. As MetroUK noted, “FaceApp is making people into a painful crisis.”
In addition, FaceApp is facing a number of accusations regarding user privacy. When a user makes changes to a photo, it needs to be uploaded to the servers in Russia, where the company is located, then AI filters your image and sends it back to you. By using the app, you grant FaceApp the license to use, reproduce, change, adapt, and publish your image, as stated in its service agreement.
Despite the concerns over privacy, however, FaceApp does light up the Internet. It gives us the chance to take a look at our futures and perhaps let us consider how to prepare for it.
21．What can FaceApp do?
A．Tell how old users are. B．Show users’ images in old age.
C．Test users’ imagination. D．Help users contact celebrities.
22．Which of the following can replace the underlined words in Paragraph 2?
A．Caused trouble. B．Got updated.
C．Led to doubts. D．Became popular.
23．Which opinion may Nicci Gerrard agree with?
A．We should make full preparations for old age.
B．It’s unnecessary now for us to consider old age.
C．Our young stories deserve to be remembered.
D．It’s a good idea for us to stop using FaceApp.
24．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A．How FaceApp gets users’ privacy involved.
B．What punishment FaceApp is faced with.
C．How well FaceApp company serves users.
D．What FaceApp service agreement contains.

（2022·宁夏银川·银川一中校考一模）I have frequently taught Research Methods and Design to college students at several institutions. I love teaching this course. One reason, of course, is that I enjoy thinking about research methodology (方法学) and sharing it with others. The other reason, however, is the obvious impact that it has on students. Every term, one (if not more) student tells me how taking this course has affected him/her: “I used to just read articles and believe what they said, but now I find myself asking ‘Is this true? How do they know? Is this a well designed study?” That is what I want the students to achieve in this course.
This brings to mind something written by Dorothy L. Sayers in 1948. One of her books, The Lost Tools of Learning speaks to Sayers’ thoughts on education. “By teaching our young men and women to read, we have left them at the mercy of the printed words. By the invention of the film and the radio,we have made certain that no dislike for reading shall protect them from the constant battery of words, words, words. They do not know what the words mean: they are victims to words in their emotions instead of being the masters of them in their intelligence.”
We are well past the 1940s, but her observation is still relevant. Sayers’ point is well taken. In the world of 24-hour news and social media that often resembles (类似) the Wild West, the ability to carry out evaluations has never been more important. In order to resist the distortions with which we are constantly bombed in the media, as well as be able to present a persuasive argument, we must be able to reason well, and think and give a judgement carefully.
When my students begin the Research Methods and Design course, they are generally not content to read all those research article I give. However, by the end of the course, they are excited about their newly obtained abilities.
25．What is the author’s course goal for her students?
A．Thinking critically. B．Reading deeply.
C．Designing studies well. D．Questioning themselves.
26．What did Sayers imply about education?
A．It was boring. B．It was worrying.
C．It was conventional. D．It was useless.
27．What does the underlined word “distortions” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Popular news. B．Various evaluations.
C．Persuasive arguments. D．Misleading information.
28．Why does the author write the text?
A．To review a book. B．To introduce a writer.
C．To suggest a practical skill. D．To criticize social media.

（2023春·河南·高三校联考一模）A worrying rise in social media posts, suggesting that people leave their Halloween pumpkins in the woods to feed wildlife after October 31, has made wildlife experts concerned. Thousands of pumpkins are discarded in woods across Britain. While well-meaning pumpkin carvers might think they are doing the local animals groups a kindness, leaving your leftover jack-o’-lantern in the woodland is actually doing more harm than good.
“A myth seems to have built up that leaving pumpkins in woods helps wildlife, but behind it are many hidden issues.” said Paul Bunton, engagement and communication officer at The Woodland Trust, according to The Telegraph.
One of the main issues is that the leftover of the Halloween pumpkins are often eaten by already struggling hedgehogs(刺猬). In early November, hedgehogs are looking to gain as much weight as possible to survive their winter hibernation. However, eating pumpkin is harmful to their little hedgehog stomachs, leading to diarrhea and dehydration. This means they may struggle to put on weight, and in some cases can even be fatal.
Moreover, leftover Halloween pumpkins can contain candles and plastic decorations which can also be fatal to wildlife if mistakenly eaten. The rotting leftover can also attract less popular wildlife, such as rats, to an area. According to The Woodland Trust, the additional nutrients in the pumpkins can negatively affect the soil balance as well. “Pumpkin flesh can have a really harmful effect on woodland soils,plants, and fungi(真菌),” Bunton pointed out.
So what should you do with your beautifully carved pumpkin creation after October 31? Most experts recommend composting (堆肥) it yourself at home if you can, or asking if a local farm will accept it as a donation. You could even try some scientific experiments to produce more energy from the throw-away wasted. Either way, the hedgehogs will thank vou.
29．What does the underlined word “discarded” mean in paragraph 1?
A．Processed. B．Recycled. C．Deserted. D．Preserved.
30．Why do hedgehogs try to eat so many pumpkins in early November?
A．To enjoy the sweet food. B．To fill their stomachs.
C．To prepare for the winter. D．To improve their health.
31．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．The additional nutrients in the leftover pumpkins.
B．The damages of candles and plastic in the pumpkins.
C．The attraction of the rotting leftovers to some wildlife.
D．Further explanation of the effect of leftover pumpkins.
32．What are people advised to do with the leftover pumpkins after Halloween?.
A．Stop leaving your pumpkins in the woods.
B．Keep your beautiful pumpkin creations at home.
C．Feed the hedgehogs with the leftover pumpkins.
D．Bury the pumpkins leftover deep under the ground.

（2022秋·河南郑州·高三郑州四中校考一模）“Girls are weak, and boys are strong. This is what is being subconsciously communicated to hundreds of millions of young boys and girls all over the world, just like it was with me,” said American actor Justin Baldoni. As a boy, all he wanted was to be accepted by other people. That acceptance meant he had to pretend to be strong when he was weak, confident when he felt insecure, and tough when he was actually hurting.
Is that a healthy lifestyle? A member of the CPPCC Standing Committee might say “yes”. In his proposal, he spoke of a need to “prevent the feminization of male youths”. In response to his call, China’s Ministry of Education has recently demanded that schools should hire more physical education teachers and improve teaching methods to cultivate masculinity in students.
The response has been widely debated online, with many people saying that it reinforces gender stereotypes. The state broadcaster CCTV wrote on its Weibo account, “Education is not simply about cultivating men and women. It’s more important to develop a willingness to take responsibility.” You might be wondering now: What is masculinity, and why is this so controversial?
Well, by itself, “masculinity” refers to the qualities traditionally considered to be typical of men. While there is not really a single “correct” set of qualities, the term is often associated with strength, courage, assertiveness, and emotional control. Sometimes, however, these seemingly admirable qualities can be extended in unrealistic ways. But boys are also human. Blindly asking them to control their feelings “like a man” can only increase their stress when they grow up.
As an educator who has spent years teaching in China, I agree that attaching more importance to physical education would definitely benefit students. Sports provide opportunities for physical fitness. More importantly, they can help develop lifelong skills, such as leadership and communication skills. However, putting the emphasis on masculinity is far from a sound reason for which to do so.
It is unnecessary for all boys to build up their muscles, but it is essential that they all learn how to be strong inside. It is also fine for boys to cry and to show their weakness. Schools should work on equipping students with the skills and values they will need to be successful in life, not reinforcing stereotypes of masculinity borrowed from a bygone age.
33．The underlined expression “masculinity” in Paragraph 2 most probably means “________”
A．manly qualities B．potential abilities
C．self-centredness D．steady strength
34．What is the argument against the demand of China’s Ministry of Education?
A．It is necessary to prevent the feminization of male youths.
B．Physical education should be paid more attention to.
C．We should teach students according to their individual qualities.
D．Importance should be attached to developing students’ sense of responsibility.
35．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Masculinity is out of date.
B．Masculinity is overstated.
C．Masculinity shows physical strength.
D．Masculinity only focuses on physical fitness.
36．What does the author want to say in the article?
A．We should do everything we can to guarantee students’ health.
B．Schools should differentiate between boys and girls while educating them.
C．It is important to prepare students with necessary skills and right values.
D．It is time to weaken stereotypes of masculinity.

（2022秋·青海西宁·高三校联考一模）Studies have shown a direct link between goals and improved performance in both sports and business. Earl Nightingale put it this way, “People with goals succeed because they know where they are going. It’s  as simple as that.”
Dr. Maxwell Maltz, author of the classic Psycho-Cybernetics, said that human beings have a built-in goal seeking “success mechanism (机制)” that is part of the subconscious (潜意识的) mind. This success mechanism is constantly searching for ways to help us reach our targets and find answers to our problems. According to Maltz, we feel better when our success mechanism keeps going after clear targets. All we have to do to use this mechanism is give it a target.
One important reason goal setters achieve such outstanding results is that they have learned how to focus and concentrate their time, energy and resources (资源)  on a single goal, even though it is just for a few hours at a time. One major time management challenge we are facing today is that there are more things available for us to do than anyone could possibly attempt, let alone accomplish, in an entire lifetime. If we are not careful, it is very easy to waste our time on unimportant things.
Most significant accomplishments are accompanied with difficulties, struggles and failures. Thomas Edison failed over one thousand times before he finally discovered a way to make the light bulb work. It is very rare for something important to be accomplished successfully on the very first try. If you want to achieve anything significant, it is likely that you will struggle and fail many times before you finally reach your target. One of the main reasons why people give up so easily in the face of failure is that they lose sight of their “why”. Goals can help you remember your “big why” when you need to pick yourself up and keep going in the face of difficult situations.
37．What can we learn from Earl Nightingale’s and Dr. Maxwell Maltz’s words?
A．It’s important to succeed in life.
B．It’s extremely easy to achieve aims.
C．It’s greatly significant to set goals.
D．It’s common to make accomplishments.
38．What’s important in achieving success according to Paragraph 3?
A．Setting a realistic target.
B．Concentrating on your aim.
C．Managing your time properly.
D．Making the most of your resources.
39．What can we conclude from the last paragraph?
A．Goals can prevent us giving up easily.
B．Goals mean achieving more than others.
C．Goals get rid of doubts about what we do.
D．Goals lead to more difficulties or failures.
40．What is the best title for the text?
A．How to set goals? B．How can we succeed?
C．Why should we set goals? D．Why should we keep going?


参考答案：
1．D    2．C    3．B    4．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是怀疑和科学的密切关系。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段的“As a historian of science, I would argue that it’s the responsibility of scientists and historians of science to show that the real power of science lies precisely in what is often regarded as its weakness: its drive to question and challenge accepted understandings.(作为一名科学历史学家，我认为，科学家和科学历史学家有责任证明，科学的真正力量恰恰在于通常被认为是它的弱点的东西：它对已被接受的认识提出质疑和挑战的动力。)”可知，作者认为科学的真正力量是它不断带来问题和挑战。故选D。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段的“Doubt might be troubling, but it pushes us towards a better understanding.(怀疑可能令人不安，但它推动我们更好地理解。)”可知，怀疑令人不安，那么确定性就让人放心，划线词reassuring的意思是“令人安心的”，和comforting意思相近，故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Scientists understand this, but in the dynamic between the public and science, there are two opposite misconceptions (误解). The first is a form of blind scientism—a belief that science is unquestionable and has the capacity to solve all problems.(科学家们理解这一点，但在公众和科学之间的动态中，存在两种相反的误解。第一种是一种盲目的科学家主义——相信科学是不容置疑的，并且有能力解决所有问题。)”可知，第一种误解是科学能解决所有问题，那么第二种和第一种完全相反，因此第二种是认为科学完全没有用，不可靠，即Science is unreliable and of little use。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“Actually, doubt and science often go hand in hand.(事实上，怀疑和科学经常结伴而行。)”可知，本文主要讲的是怀疑对科学很关键，A选项“Why Is Doubt Vital to Science?(为什么怀疑对科学至关重要？)”概括了本文内容，是最好的标题，故选A。
5．B    6．A    7．B    8．C

【导语】本文是议论文。文章报道国内有些企业因为美国政府迫使美国的一些公司停止和华为的贸易往来而禁止员工使用苹果手机，作者对这一观点进行了驳斥，提出抵制苹果等美国品牌根本不可取。这不仅侵犯了个人选择的权利，也造成了很多误解。当然，处理关键信息的机构可以要求员工使用国产品牌。但这必须是合法的。
5．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Those who continue using iPhones could lose their jobs while those who switch to Huawei would get subsidies.(那些继续使用苹果手机的人可能会失去工作，而那些转而使用华为的人将获得subsidies)”中while可知，前后句是对比关系，“lose their jobs”与“get subsidies”相对，结合选项可知，使用苹果手机的人可能会失去工作，而使用华为的人将获得“奖金”，划线词与bonus同义。故选B。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段“a senior company executive said the move was to ensure the security of information and commercial secrets，and to encourage all to support domestic brands．Some enterprises and agencies might have security concerns (该公司一位高管表示，此举是为了确保信息和商业秘密的安全，并鼓励所有人支持国产品牌。部分企业和机构可能存在安全顾虑)”可知，领导层要求员工停止使用苹果手机是因为他们认为公司的机密信息可能会被苹果手机窃取。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据第四段“However, it isn’t Apple that is stopping supplying chips and other high-tech parts to Huawei. It is US politicians.(然而，停止向华为供应芯片和其他高科技零部件的并不是苹果公司。而是美国政客)”可知，停止向华为供应芯片和其他高科技零部的并不是苹果公司，而是美国政客们的行为，所以B项错误。故选B。
8．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合选项最后两段中“Boycotting US brands such as Apple is not at all advisable. It not only violates (侵犯) an individual’s personal right to choose what he or she likes, it also creates a lot of misunderstanding.(抵制苹果等美国品牌根本不可取。这不仅侵犯了个人选择他或她喜欢的东西的权利，也造成了很多误解)”和“Even Huawei founder Ren Zhengfei said that patriotism should not decide whether one wants an iPhone or a Huawei.(就连华为创始人任正非也表示，爱国主义不应该决定一个人是想要苹果还是华为)”可知，本文驳斥了有些企业禁止员工使用苹果手机的作法，提出抵制苹果等美国品牌根本不可取，任何人无论使用苹果手机还是华为手机都是个人的喜好和权利，不能用“爱国主义”来绑架。由此推知C项“Can’t Force Huawei to Be Apple of One’s Eye (不能强迫华为成为掌上明珠)”是本文要表达的观点，即不能通过抵制的手段来迫使人们选择使用华为手机。故选C。
9．A    10．B    11．D    12．C

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要阐述了什么是“态度”以及态度对我们的影响。
9．推理判断题。根据第二段“Your attitude determines your altitude. For example, as a plane is in the air, it has an altitude indicator. The indicator tells the pilot in which direction the plane is going, up or down. Just like the plane, you too have an altitude indicator and you’re the pilot of your plane. The feeling that you gain when something is wrong or what you are doing is not right serves as your altitude indicator. We all have an attitude to our thinking which determines our destiny.(你的态度决定你的高度。例如，当一架飞机在空中时，它有一个高度指示器。指示灯告诉飞行员飞机的飞行方向，是上升还是下降。就像飞机一样，你也有一个高度指示器，你是飞机的飞行员。当你做错了事情时，你会有一种感觉，这种感觉就是你的高度指示器。我们都有一种态度来决定我们的命运)”可推知，作者想用第二段中的例子强调态度在人们未来发展中的作用。故选A。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It determines the size of our dreams and influences our determination when we face new challenges and the thing is, no one can control your attitude but you. No one can make us angry. We make ourselves angry when we give in to that control of our attitude and when people do things to anger us. All it does is put our attitude to the tests.(它决定了我们梦想的大小，影响了我们面对新挑战时的决心，问题是，没有人能控制你的态度，除了你自己。没有人能让我们生气。当我们屈服于对自己态度的控制时，当别人做了让我们生气的事情时，我们会让自己生气。它所做的只是让我们的态度接受考验)”可知，根据作者的说法，当人们试图激怒我们时，他们在考验我们的态度。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Attitude is everything. To begin with every problem is an adventure. To fall, rise and try again is what we call adventure and that’s the real fun of life. Failure is not a bad thing but another chance for success. Dreaming of becoming successful is not enough. There’ll be a lot of things you hate doing, but you have to do them all and that’s a success.(态度就是一切。每一个问题的开始都是一次冒险。跌倒，爬起来，再试一次，这就是我们所说的冒险，这才是生活的真正乐趣。失败不是坏事，而是成功的另一个机会。梦想成功是不够的。你会有很多讨厌做的事情，但你必须把它们都做完，这就是成功)”可推知，作者认为生活中的冒险是令人兴奋和必要的。故选D。
12．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Attitude actually is mental energy and from the moment you awake in the morning until you fall asleep at night, you are continuously producing this mental energy, or attitude. There is never a time when you can have a neutral attitude. Your attitude right now is either positive or negative.(态度实际上是一种精神能量，从你早上醒来的那一刻直到你晚上入睡，你都在不断地产生这种精神能量或态度。你永远不可能保持中立的态度。你现在的态度不是积极就是消极)”结合文章主要解释了什么是“态度”以及态度对我们的影响。可知，C选项“态度是什么？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
13．B    14．D    15．A    16．C

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过引用物理学家的话以及现代科学爆炸式发展带来的专业化趋势来介绍爱因斯坦1915年的名著《广义相对论的基础》，这篇论文读起来不一样的地方以及它可能不会在今天的科学期刊上发表的原因。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段的“As the physicist Richard Feynman wrote, “There was a time when the newspapers said that only 12 men understood the theory of relativity. I do believe there might have been a time when only one man did, because he was the only guy who caught on, before he wrote his paper. But after people read the paper a lot understood the theory of relativity in some way or other, certainly more than 12.””（正如物理学家理查德·费曼所写：“曾经有一段时间，报纸上说只有12个人理解相对论。我相信或许确实有过只有一个人懂相对论的时候——因为在这篇论文之前，只有爱因斯坦理解这个问题。但当人们读了这篇论文，会有很多人，绝对超过12个，或多或少都对相对论有了一定理解。”）可知，爱因斯坦1915年的论文证明是可以理解的。故选B项。
14．词义猜测题。根据第三段划线词后句“Worse, there are zero citations of previous scientists’ work, nor are there any graphics. Those features might make a paper not even get past the first editors.”（更糟的是，文章没有对前人科学研究进行任何引用，也没有任何图表。这些缺失对如今的科学论文来说是致命的。这样的文章甚至都不会被编辑送审。）可知，爱因斯坦的论文没有引用，也没有图表，在如今看来是很糟糕的，因此此处是说他在论文中花大量篇幅进行的哲学讨论和张量微积分的阐述在今天被认为是无关紧要的，所以画线词词义为“无关紧要的”。故选D项。
15．推理判断题。根据第六段“These professionalising tendencies are a natural consequence of the explosive growth of modern science. Standardisation and system make it easier to manage the rapid flow of papers, applications and people. But there are serious downsides. A lot of unproductive effort goes into jumping through bureaucratic hoops(繁文缛节).”（ 这些专业化倾向是现代科学爆炸式发展的自然结果。标准化和系统使得管理文件、应用程序和人员的快速流动变得更加容易。但也有严重的缺点。大量无用功都耗费在了突破官僚形式的层层桎梏上。）可推断，在作者看来，随着现代科学的发展，年轻人才的选拔受到了影响。故选A项。
16．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Albert Einstein’s 1915 masterpiece The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity is the first and still the best introduction to the subject, but it probably wouldn’t be publishable in a scientific journal today.”（阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦1915年的杰作《广义相对论的基础》是对广义相对论的第一篇也是最好的介绍，但这篇文章可能不会在今天的科学期刊上发表。）”可知，第一段是总起，文章围绕着这个问题展开论述，所以这篇文章最好的题目是——“Could Einstein get published today?”（爱因斯坦的《相对论》今天能出版吗？）。故选C项。
17．C    18．A    19．C    20．A

【导语】本文是议论文。分析了人们为什么不想回到办公室上班以及远程工作的问题。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“Though seen as a necessity during the pandemic(尽管在疫情期间似乎是必要的)”可知，在疫情严重的时期，远程办公是有必要的。故选C。
18．细节理解题。根据第二段的“A fully virtual workplace misses some of the key drivers for performance and productivity, which are top of mind right now for businesses facing the prospect of a potential recession(衰退). Understandably, they want workers back in the office because they’re preparing for a more competitive environment, which calls for maximizing efficiency. (完全虚拟的工作环境忽略了一些影响绩效和生产力的关键因素，而这些因素正是当前面临潜在衰退前景的企业最关心的问题。可以理解的是，他们希望员工回到办公室，因为他们正在为一个更激烈的竞争环境做准备，这要求效率最大化)”可知，公司想让员工回到公司上班是为了提高效率。故选A。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Undoubtedly, there will be workers who don’t agree. But leaders owe it to all share holders, including workers, to make the best policy decisions. Policy can’t just make sense for workers. It must also make business sense in order to preserve opportunities for workers to work; it must make financial sense in order to protect opportunities for workers to earn a living.(毫无疑问，会有员工不同意。但领导人有责任为包括工人在内的所有股东做出最佳的政策决策。政策不能只对工人有意义。它还必须具有商业意义，以便为工人保留工作机会；它必须具有财务意义，以保护工人的谋生机会)”推知，作者认为在作决策的时候，还是应该优先考虑公司的利益。故选C。
20．主旨大意题。全文介绍了当前人们远程上班的一些问题以及公司对提高效率的希望，结合最后一段“Undoubtedly, there will be workers who don’t agree. But leaders owe it to all share holders, including workers, to make the best policy decisions. Policy can’t just make sense for workers. It must also make business sense in order to preserve opportunities for workers to work; it must make financial sense in order to protect opportunities for workers to earn a living.(毫无疑问，会有员工不同意。但领导人有责任为包括工人在内的所有股东做出最佳的政策决策。政策不能只对工人有意义。它还必须具有商业意义，以便为工人保留工作机会；它必须具有财务意义，以保护工人的谋生机会)”可知，A项“完全在家办公的日子可能要结束”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。
21．B    22．D    23．B    24．A

【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要介绍了一款受欢迎的 FaceApp软件。该软件可以让用户看到变老的样子。但对它的评价褒贬不一。
21．细节理解题。根据首段“What would you look like when you are 80 years old? It seems too far away to imagine, but an app named FaceApp tries to show you. (当你80岁时你会是什么样子？这似乎太遥远了，无法想象，但一个名为FaceApp的应用程序试图向你展示)”可知，FaceApp可以向用户展示他们80岁的样子。故答案为B。
22．短语猜测题。第二段“Even many celebrities like Taylor Swift and Justin Bieber shared their wrinkly, grey-haired selfies on social media. (就连泰勒·斯威夫特和贾斯汀·比伯等许多名人也在社交媒体上分享了他们满脸皱纹、满头白发的自拍)”中的Even表示前后呈递进关系，由此可推测出划线部分表示 FaceApp“变得受欢迎”的含义，甚至很多名人也使用了该软件。故答案为D。
23．推理判断题。根据第三段“We think of our younger selves, because in one sense that’s who we are. Our younger stories are all still part of us, while our older selves don’t yet exist.”(我们会想到年轻时的自己，因为在某种意义上，那就是我们。我们年轻时的故事仍然是我们的一部分，而年老时的自己还不存在)”可推知，Nicci Gerrard认为我们要活在当下，现在我们没有必要考虑老龄问题。故答案为B。
24．主旨大意题。第四段的主旨句是首句“In addition, FaceApp is facing a number of accusations regarding user privacy. (此外，FaceApp还面临着许多关于用户隐私的指控)”，后文具体描述了FaceApp如何涉及个人隐私，所以本段主要描述了“FaceApp如何涉及个人隐私”。故答案为A。
25．A    26．B    27．D    28．C

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了人们应该学会批判性思考。
25．推理判断题。由第一段中的“Every term, one (if not more) student tells me how taking this course has affected him/her: “I used to just read articles and believe what they said, but now I find myself asking ‘Is this true? How do they know? Is this a well designed study?’”(每学期，一名（如果不是更多的话）学生都会告诉我这门课程对他/她有何影响：“我过去只是读文章，相信他们说的话，但现在我发现自己在问‘这是真的吗？他们怎么知道的？这是一项精心设计的研究吗？’)”和第三段中的“In order to resist the distortions with which we are constantly bombed in the media, as well as be able to present a persuasive argument, we must be able to reason well, and think and give a judgement carefully. (为了抵制媒体不断用歪曲的事实轰炸我们，并且能够提出一个有说服力的论点，我们必须能够很好地推理，仔细地思考和作出判断)”可知，第一段学生说的话表明，学生听完老师的课，学会对所读文章进行反思，质疑文章的真实性等，结合第三段作者建议人们仔细地思考再作出判断，说明批判性思考正是作者想让学生在她的课上学到的。故选A项。
26．推理判断题。由第二段中的“By teaching our young men and women to read, we have left them at the mercy of the printed words. By the invention of the film and the radio, we have made certain that no dislike for reading shall protect them from the constant battery of words, words, words. They do not know what the words mean: they are victims to words in their emotions instead of being the masters of them in their intelligence.(通过教我们的年轻男女阅读，我们让他们听任印刷文字的摆布。通过电影和收音机的发明，我们已经确定，对阅读的厌恶不会保护他们免受文字、文字、文字的不断冲击。他们不知道文字的含义：他们情感上是文字的受害者，而不是在智力上是文字的主人)”可知，Sayers认为教育让年轻男女听任印刷文字的摆布，他们情感上是文字的受害者，在智力上未成为文字的主人，说明当时的教育状况是令人担忧的。故选B项。
27．词句猜测题。由第二段中的“By the invention of the film and the radio, we have made certain that no dislike for reading shall protect them from the constant battery of words, words, words. They do not know what the words mean: they are victims to words in their emotions instead of being the masters of them in their intelligence. (通过电影和收音机的发明，我们已经确定，对阅读的厌恶不会保护他们免受文字、文字、文字的不断冲击。他们不知道文字的含义：他们情感上是文字的受害者，而不是在智力上是文字的主人)”和第三段中的“In order to resist the distortions with which we are constantly bombed in the media, as well as be able to present a persuasive argument, we must be able to reason well, and think and give a judgement carefully. (为了抵制媒体不断用distortions轰炸我们，并且能够提出一个有说服力的论点，我们必须能够很好地推理，仔细地思考和作出判断)”可知，在媒体信息下，不知道文字含义的人们容易成为文字的受害者，作者建议人们仔细地思考再作出判断，才能提出一个有说服力的论点，说明媒体给人们提供了“误导性信息（Misleading information）”，因此人们需要批判性思考信息是对是错，distortions意为“Misleading information”。故选D项。
28．推理判断题。由第一段中的“Every term, one (if not more) student tells me how taking this course has affected him/her: “I used to just read articles and believe what they said, but now I find myself asking ‘Is this true? How do they know? Is this a well designed study?’”(每学期，一名（如果不是更多的话）学生都会告诉我这门课程对他/她有何影响：“我过去只是读文章，相信他们说的话，但现在我发现自己在问‘这是真的吗？他们怎么知道的？这是一项精心设计的研究吗？’)”和第三段中的“In order to resist the distortions with which we are constantly bombed in the media, as well as be able to present a persuasive argument, we must be able to reason well, and think and give a judgement carefully. (为了抵制媒体不断用歪曲的事实轰炸我们，并且能够提出一个有说服力的论点，我们必须能够很好地推理，仔细地思考和作出判断)”可知，第一段学生说的话表明，学生听完老师的课，学会对所读文章进行反思，质疑文章的真实性等，结合第三段作者建议人们仔细地思考再作出判断，说明作者想让学生在她的课上学到批判性思考，再结合最后一段中的“However, by the end of the course, they are excited about their newly obtained abilities. (然而，在课程结束时，他们对新获得的能力感到兴奋)”呼应第一段的内容可知，作者的写作目的在于建议读者掌握一项实用的技能——批判性思考。故选C项。
29．C    30．C    31．D    32．A

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章谈论了万圣节后剩下的南瓜丢弃到树林里所产生的不良影响，建议人们不要把南瓜丢弃到树林里。
29．词句猜测题。划线词句前文“A worrying rise in social media posts, suggesting that people leave their Halloween pumpkins in the woods to feed wildlife after October 31, has made wildlife experts concerned. (社交媒体上有越来越多的帖子建议人们在10月31日之后把万圣节南瓜丢到树林里喂野生动物，这让野生动物专家感到担忧。)”说明有很多万圣节南瓜丢弃在了树林里，从而推知划线词句“Thousands of pumpkins are discarded in woods across Britain. (成千上万的南瓜被discarded在英国各地的树林里。)”中划线词汇意思应为“丢弃”。故选C项。
30．细节理解题。根据第三段中“One of the main issues is that the leftover of the Halloween pumpkins are often eaten by already struggling hedgehogs(刺猬). In early November, hedgehogs are looking to gain as much weight as possible to survive their winter hibernation. (其中一个主要问题是，万圣节南瓜的剩余部分经常被已经在挣扎的刺猬吃掉。在11月初，刺猬会尽可能地增重以度过冬眠期。)”可知，刺猬在11月初吃那么多南瓜是为冬天做准备。故选C项。
31．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Moreover, leftover Halloween pumpkins can contain candles and plastic decorations which can also be fatal to wildlife if mistakenly eaten. The rotting leftover can also attract less popular wildlife, such as rats, to an area. According to The Woodland Trust, the additional nutrients in the pumpkins can negatively affect the soil balance as well. (此外，万圣节剩下的南瓜可能含有蜡烛和塑料装饰品，如果被误食，对野生动物也是致命的。腐烂的剩菜还会吸引不太受欢迎的野生动物，如老鼠，来到一个区域。林地信托基金会表示，南瓜中额外的营养物质也会对土壤平衡产生负面影响。)”可知，本段主要对剩余南瓜的不良影响作进一步解释。故选D项。
32．推理判断题。根据第一段中“While well-meaning pumpkin carvers might think they are doing the local animals groups a kindness, leaving your leftover jack-o’-lantern in the woodland is actually doing more harm than good. (虽然好心的南瓜雕刻者可能认为他们是在为当地的动物群体做一件好事，但把你剩下的南瓜灯丢弃到森林里实际上是弊大于利。)”和最后一段“So what should you do with your beautifully carved pumpkin creation after October 31? Most experts recommend composting (堆肥) it yourself at home if you can, or asking if a local farm will accept it as a donation. You could even try some scientific experiments to produce more energy from the throw-away wasted.(那么，在10月31日之后，你应该如何处理雕刻精美的南瓜呢？大多数专家建议，如果可以的话，可以自己在家里堆肥，或者询问当地农场是否接受捐赠。你甚至可以尝试一些科学实验，从浪费的垃圾中产生更多的能量)”推知，文章建议人们不要把万圣节后剩下的南瓜丢弃到树林里。故选A项。
33．A    34．D    35．B    36．C

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。一位中国政协常委在他的提案中，他提到了“防止男性青年女性化”的必要性。为了响应他的号召，中国教育部最近要求学校应该聘请更多的体育教师，改进教学方法，培养学生的男子气概。文章论述了人们对此回应的各种看法。
33．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“In his proposal, he spoke of a need to “prevent the feminization of male youths”. In response to his call, China’s Ministry of Education has recently demanded that schools should hire more physical education teachers and improve teaching methods to cultivate masculinity in students.(在他的提案中，他提到了“防止男性青年女性化”的必要性。为了响应他的号召，中国教育部最近要求学校应该聘请更多的体育教师，改进教学方法，培养学生的masculinity)”可推知，学校聘请更多的体育老师是为了预防男性青年女性化，培养学生的男子汉气概，故划线词masculinity指的是 “男子气概；阳刚之气”。故选A。
34．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The response has been widely debated online, with many people saying that it reinforces gender stereotypes. The state broadcaster CCTV wrote on its Weibo account, “Education is not simply about cultivating men and women. It’s more important to develop a willingness to take responsibility.”(这一回应在网上引起了广泛的讨论，许多人说这强化了性别刻板印象。中央电视台在其微博上写道：“教育不仅仅是培养男性和女性。更重要的是培养承担责任的意愿。”)”可知，反对中国教育部要求的理由是应该重视培养学生的责任感。故选D。
35．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“But boys are also human. Blindly asking them to control their feelings “like a man” can only increase their stress when they grow up. (但男孩也是人。盲目地要求他们“像男人一样”控制自己的感情只会增加他们长大后的压力)”和最后一段中的“Schools should work on equipping students with the skills and values they will need to be successful in life, not reinforcing stereotypes of masculinity borrowed from a bygone age.(学校应该致力于培养学生在生活中取得成功所需的技能和价值观，而不是强化从过去时代借鉴来的男子气概的刻板印象。)”可推断，目前男子气概被夸大了。故选B。
36．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Schools should work on equipping students with the skills and values they will need to be successful in life, not reinforcing stereotypes of masculinity borrowed from a bygone age.(学校应该致力于培养学生在生活中取得成功所需的技能和价值观，而不是强化从过去时代借鉴来的男子气概的刻板印象)”以及上文内容可推知，作者在文章中想要讲述的是让学生具备必要的技能和正确的价值观是很重要的。故选C。
37．C    38．B    39．A    40．C

【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章认为设置目标有助于防止人们面对困难时中途放弃，可以帮助人们取得成功。
37．细节理解题。根据第一段倒第二句“People with goals succeed because they know where they are going.(有目标的人会成功，因为他们知道自己要去哪里)”和第二段最后两句“According to Maltz, we feel better when our success mechanism keeps going after clear targets. All we have to do to use this mechanism is give it a target.(根据马尔茨的说法，当我们的成功机制持续追求明确的目标时，我们会感觉更好。我们所要做的就是给它一个目标)”可知，从厄尔·南丁格尔和麦克斯韦尔·马尔茨博士的话中我们可以了解到设定目标是非常重要的。故选C。
38．细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“One important reason goal setters achieve such outstanding results is that they have learned how to focus and concentrate their time, energy and resources (资源) on a single goal, even though it is just for a few hours at a time.(制定目标的人能取得如此卓越的成绩的一个重要原因是，他们学会了如何集中他们的时间、精力和资源在一个目标上，即使一次只有几个小时)”可知，要取得成功，集中精力于你的目标是很重要的。故选B。
39．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Goals can help you remember your “big why” when you need to pick yourself up and keep going in the face of difficult situations.(当你需要振作起来，在困难的情况下继续前进时，目标可以帮助你记住你的“大原因”)”可知，目标可以防止我们轻易放弃。故选A。
40．主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“Studies have shown a direct link between goals and improved performance in both sports and business.(研究表明，在体育和商业领域，目标与改善表现之间存在直接联系)”及下文论述可知，文章主要论述了目标与改善表现之间的关系。由此可知，Why should we set goals?(我们为什么应该设置目标)适合作本文最佳标题。故选C。