中考英语一轮复习【讲通练透】考点02 名词
展开中考英语总复习方法指导
中考英语考点一遍过为了帮助考生更好的冲刺中考英语,从命题趋势、易错警示、方法技巧、跟踪训练、真题再现等几个方面帮孩子更准、更快、更有效的复习。
中考总复习一般分为三轮:
1、第一轮复习为基础知识的单元、章节复习。
通过第一轮的复习,使学生系统掌握基础知识、基本技能和方法,形成明晰的知识网络和稳定的知识框架。我们从双基入手,紧扣中考知识点来组织单元过关。
2、第二轮复习打破章节界限实行大单元、小综合、专题式复习。
第二轮复习绝不是第一轮复习的压缩文档,而是一个知识点综合、巩固、完善、提高的过程。复习的主要任务及目标是:完成各部分知识的条 理,归纳,糅合,使各部分知识成为一个有机的整体,力求实现基础知识重点化,重点知识网络化,网络知识题型化,题型设计生活化。
3、第三轮复习是知识、能力深化巩固的阶段。
复习资料的组织以中考题及模拟题为主,回扣教材,查缺补漏,进行强化训练。同时,要教给学生一些必备的应试技巧和方法,使学生有足够的自信从容地面对中考。
【讲通练透】考点02 名词
命题趋势:
名词属于十大词类中的一种,主要包括普通名词和专有名词两种。纵观近几年中考对于名词的考查,主要以选择题和填空题为主,考查内容以词义理解、名词所有格及词形转换居多。在备考2020年中考时,注意掌握名词变复数的变化规则,掌握不可数名词向可数名词转化的规律,名词所有格的用法,名词的句法功能等,并做到灵活运用,以便提高综合运用能力。
中考考查重点:
一、名词词义辨析;
二、名词的数;
三、名词所有格。
考向一:名词的分类
分类 | 说明 | 例句 | ||
普通名词 | 可数名词 | 个体名词 | 表示人或事物的个体名称 | city城市,panda熊猫,chair椅子,hospital医院,nurse护士 |
集体名词 | 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 | public公众,people人们,class班级,family家庭,police警察 | ||
不可数名词 | 物质名词 | 表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称 | rice大米,snow雪,steel钢铁,cotton棉花,corn玉米,air空气 | |
抽象名词 | 表示行为、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的名词 | courage勇气,determination决心,satisfaction满意,happiness幸福,success成功,love热爱 | ||
专有名词 | 表示人名、地名、国名 | London伦敦,Tom汤姆,the Great Wall长城,Asia亚洲 | ||
表示书名、电影名、各种标语 | Spider Man 《蜘蛛侠》 | |||
表示机构、组织、团体 | UNESCO联合国教科文组织 Beijing University北京大学 | |||
表示月份、星期、节日 | Monday星期一,National day国庆节 |
【知识拓展】
集体名词的分类
1. 本身是复数,如,cattle牛群,people人们,police警察。
2. 本身单复数均可表示,如audience观众,class班级,club俱乐部,committee委员会,company公司,crew船员,enemy敌人,family家庭,government政府,group组,team队(当这一类词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其表示的具体含义,如果作为一个整体看待时,谓语动词用单数形式;如果指的是具体成员,则谓语动词用复数形式)
►The family is the basic unit of society. 家庭是构成社会的基本单位。
►My family are going on a trip this summer. 我们全家今年夏天要外出旅游。
(2021·浙江温州市·中考真题)Mike, a 7-year-old boy, has a great talent for ______. He can draw nice pictures though he has never learned it.
A.art B.sport C.music D.science
考向二:名词的句法功能
序号 | 功能 | 例句 |
1 | 作主语 | Newspapers are useful. 报纸有用。 |
2 | 作宾语 | Have you received my letter? 你收到我的信了吗?(作动词的宾语) The books are on the desk. 书在桌子上。(作介词的宾语) |
3 | 作表语 | Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 |
4 | 作补足语 | We made him manager of the company. 我们选他当公司的经理。 This kind of flower is called carnation. 这种花叫康乃馨。(作主语) |
5 | 作同位语 | You students go first. 你们学生先走。 |
6 | 作状语 | We’ll meet next Sunday. 我们下周日见。 |
7 | 作定语 | I am an English teacher. 我是一位英语老师。 |
【易错警示】
1. 名词作定语一般用其单数形式。
a paper bag纸袋,a shoe shop鞋店,a football fan球迷
2. 有些常以复数形式出现的名词作定语时用复数形式。
a clothes shop服装店,a glasses store眼镜店,a goods train货运列车
3. 数词加名词构成的形容词(中间有连字符)作定语时,名词常使用单数形式。
a five-year-old boy 一个三岁的男孩,a 500-metre-long rope 一条五百米的绳子
所有格作定语和名词直接作定语的区别:名词所有格作定语时,表示的是所有关系,即归谁所有。
Tom’s books 汤姆的书(汤姆和书之间是所属关系,即书是汤姆的)。
而名词直接作定语时,与被修饰的名词之间没有所属关系,如:shoe shop鞋店(鞋与商店之间没有所属关系)。再如woman driver女司机,the women’s driver 这些女士的司机;girl friend女朋友,the girl’s friend这个女孩的朋友。
(2021·重庆中考真题)There are many ______ teachers in this primary school.
A.woman B.woman’s C.women D.women’s
考向三:名词的数
可数名词有单、复数形式。
(一)名词复数形式的规则变化
1. 一般在名词的结尾加-s,在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音和元音后后读/z/。
exercise→exercises desk→desks
2. 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加-es,读/Iz/。
watch→watches box→boxes
3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的词,把y变i,再加-es。
factory→factories lady→ladies
4. 以f 或fe结尾的词,一般把f 或fe 改为v,加-es。
wolf→wolves knife→knives
5. 以o结尾的可数名词,有生命的加-es,无生命的加-s。
potato→potatoes piano→pianos
【易错警示】
1. 注意以下名词的复数形式是在词尾加-s。
American→Americans 美国人 Australian→Australians 澳大利亚人 Canadian→Canadians 加拿大人German→Germans 德国人 Greek→Greeks 希腊人 Indian→Indians 印度人
Russian→Russians 俄罗斯人
2. 有些名词表面为复数形式,实为单数。
math数学,news新闻,physics物理,politics政治,the United Nations 联合国,the United States美国
【知识拓展】
1. 以o结尾的名词,需加-es的名词有:negro(黑人),hero(英雄),tomato(西红柿),potato(土豆)。可结合顺口溜来记忆这些单词,即"黑人英雄 西红柿和土豆"。
2. 以f或fe结尾的名词,须把f或fe变为v,再加-es的名词有:calf(小牛,牛犊),half(一半),knife(小刀),leaf(叶子),life(生活,生命),loaf(长面包),self(自己),shelf(架子),thief(小偷),wife(妻子),wolf(狼)。可结合顺口溜来记忆,即"妻已架刀命牛郎(狼),半夜(叶)偷包要提防"(单词顺序为wife,self,shelf,knife,life,calf,wolf,half,leaf,thief,loaf)
3. 以ch结尾的名词:ch发音为/k/的名词,其复数形式直接在词尾加-s,如:stomach→stomachs胃
(二)名词复数的不规则变化
1. 单复数同形
Chinese→Chinese sheep→sheep Japanese→Japanese
2. 改变元音字母
man→men woman→women foot→feet tooth→teeth policewoman→policewomen
3. 只有复数形式的名词
trousers scissors pants glasses shoes
4. 其他变化
mouse→mice child→children
【易错警示】
1. fish表示鱼的种类时,复数形式为fishes,而fish表示鱼的条数时,复数形式仍为fish。如:
different fishes不同种类的鱼 five fish五条鱼
2. works意为"工厂"时,单复数形式一样,而work意为"著作,作品"时,复数形式是works。如:
a chemical works 一座化工厂 three chemical works 三座化工厂
a work by Mo Yan 一部莫言的作品 three works by Mo Yan 三部莫言的作品
(三)不可数名词
一般情况下,专有名词、物质名称、抽象名词为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,但有些名词在不同的语境下有不同的含义,从而也表现出可数与不可数性。
1. 常见的不可数名词
不能用具体的数字来表示。
cotton棉花,food食物,hair头发,health健康,ice冰,wind风
2. 可转化为可数名词的物资名称
(1)有些物质名词在表达个体概念时,是可数名词。
rain雨→a rain一场雨,wind风→a wind一阵风,beer啤酒→a beer一杯啤酒,paper纸→a paper一份论文
(2)有些物质名词的复数形式表示特殊含义。
Water水→waters海域,wood木头→woods森林,custom习惯→customs海关
3. 可转化为可数名词的抽象名词
抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时,被视为可数名词,可与不定冠词连用,也可有复数形式,表示"某种人或事"。
disappointment失望→a disappointment令人失望的事,experience经验→an experience 一次经历,
success成功→a success成功的人或事
4. 可转化为可数名词的专有名词
有的专有名词也可以用作可数名词,可以由不定冠词修饰,也可有复数形式。
►A Mr Black is waiting for you. 一个叫布莱克的先生在等你。
(2021·湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州·中考真题)My uncle works in a hospital, and he is a ______.
A.doctors B.nurses C.doctor
考向四: 名词所有格
名词所有格通常是用来表示一个名词和另一个名词之间的所属关系。
(一)构成
类别 | 构成方法 | 举例 |
单数名词 | 在词尾直接加’s | Jim’s room 吉姆的房间 |
词尾已有-s的复数名词 | 在词尾只加’ | Students’ rooms 学生们的房间 |
词尾不带-s的复数名词 | 在词尾直接加’s | Children’s Day 儿童节 |
表示两者或两者以上共有的所属关系 | 在最后一个词的词尾加’s | Jane and Mary’s room 简和玛丽的房间(指两个人共用一个房间) |
表示两者或两者以上各自的所属关系 | 在每个词的词尾加’s | Jane’s and Mary’s rooms 简和玛丽各自的房间(指分别所有) |
表示某人的家、店铺、办公室等 | 在词尾加’s,省略其后名词 | at my uncle’s 在我叔叔家 |
(2)of 所有格
无生命的名词的所属关系一般要用介词of短语来构成。如a map of China,at the end of this term。但表时间、距离、世界、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词直接在词尾加-’s或-’。
five minutes’ walk
(3)双重所有格
表示所属物的名词前有冠词(a/an),数词(one,two...),不定代词(some,all,any...),物主代词(my,your...),指示代词(this,that...时,常用"of +’s所有格"形式,即双重所有格来表示所属关系。
a photo of my sister’s 我妹妹的一张照片 this book of my classmate’s 我同学的这本书
1.—The science fiction film The Wandering Earth was a great________.
—Yes. Many people were shocked by it.
A.invention B.beauty C.decision D.success
2.The key isn’t ________. It belongs to ________.
A.her; Tom’s B.hers; Tom C.her; Tom
3.—Mary, I heard that you moved last month. What’s your new ________?
—I live at 205 Helping Street now. Come and have a coffee if you are free.
A.plan B.job C.hobby D.address
4.We can use “please” to make a ________friendly. For example, when we ask for help, we can say “Could you please help me...?”
A.request B.decision C.change D.point
5.—Are the visitors all from ________? — No, there are only 5 ________ in the group.
A.Germany; Germen B.Germany; Germans C.German; Germans D.German; Germany
6.I feel ________ necessary to accept his advice because it’s of great ________ to me.
A.it’s, important B.that, importance C.this, important D.it, importance
7.There are lots of ________ that students have to follow at school.
A.rules B.skills C.problems D.exercises
8.—What about having a picnic tomorrow morning?
—Well, it’s a piece of good ________.
A.advice B.suggestion C.idea D.way
9.A person’s name is Robert Thomas Brown. When we meet him for the first time we call him ________. When we are friends we call him ________.
A.Robert; Mr. Brown B.Mr. Brown; Robert
C.Mr. Robert; Brown D.Mr. Thomas; Robert
10.It’s only _______ walk from here.
A. ten-minute B. ten minute C.ten minutes D. ten minute’s
1.(2021·辽宁中考真题)______ can make people happy and want to make greater progress.
A.Fear B.Praise C.Doubt D.Regret
2.(2021·湖北鄂州市·中考真题)—What’s your favorite ______, John?
—History. It is very interesting.
A.food B.vegetable C.animal D.subject
3.(2021·辽宁丹东市·中考真题)—I think ______ is very important in life.
—I agree. A good friend can help to bring out the best in us.
A.beauty B.fame C.wealth D.friendship
4.(2021·辽宁丹东市·中考真题)—Thank you for the ______ you gave me.
—I’m glad they’re helpful.
A.suggestions B.advice C.news D.information
5.(2021·广西玉林市·中考真题)—Sam, you forgot to send me your photos last night.
—Sorry, my _______ didn’t work. I couldn’t get online.
A.radio B.MP3 C.computer D.music player
6.(2021·黑龙江大庆市·中考真题)—Can I help you?
—Please give me ______ about the trains to Daqing.
A.a few informations B.a little informations C.a little information D.a few information
7.(2021·四川广元市·中考真题)Three fifths of the teachers in our school are ______.
A.man teachers B.men teachers C.woman teachers D.women teacher
8.(2021·广西桂林市·中考真题)I’d like to drink some ______.
A.bananas B.water C.chicken
9.(2021·辽宁营口市·中考真题)Holding the ______, I managed to fix the new kind of machine.
A.introductions B.inventions C.invitations D.instructions
10.(2021·广西中考真题)— What’s your favourite sport?
— I like ______ .
A.maths B.spring C.tennis D.milk
11.(2021·广西贵港市·中考真题)—Would you like something to drink, Judy?
—Yes. Some ______ is OK.
A.bread B.ice-cream C.salad D.milk
12.(2021·山东滨州市·中考真题)On February 25, President Xi Jinping announced that China has made a “complete ______” in its fight against poverty(贫困).
A.victory B.progress C.difference D.improvement
13.(2021·江苏宿迁市·中考真题)Mr. Huang was born in Nanjing, but Suqian has become his second ______.
A.family B.house C.village D.hometown
14.(2021·四川凉山彝族自治州·中考真题)—What is the ______ of your beautiful English handwriting?
—Practice makes perfect!
A.secret B.influence C.choice D.purpose
15.(2021·湖北襄阳市·中考真题)—How do you improve your English ______?
—I often talk with the persons whose mother language is English.
A.population B.transportation C.pronunciation D.suggestion
1.(2021·河北邢台·二模)Everyone can be a useful person and make a _____ to our country.
A.instruction B.information C.contribution D.introduction
2.(2021·山东·青岛市崂山区教育教学研究室二模)—In China, we put lucky money in red envelopes because red means good luck.
—That’s interesting! I want to know more about Chinese ________.
A.notices B.articles C.traditions D.instructions
3.(2021·四川凉山·一模)— __________ French book is this?
—It must belong to ________. She’s the only one that is studying French.
A.Who’s; Li Ying B.Who’s; Li Ying's C.Whose; Li Ying D.Whose; Li Ying’s
4.(2021·吉林长春·二模)It’s about twenty ________ bus ride from my home to school.
A.minute B.minutes C.minutes’ D.minute’s
5.(2021·浙江·温州市第二中学一模)The journey to Egypt is a great ________ for me to enjoy the magic places I have known from books and pictures.
A.advantage B.success C.challenge D.chance
6.(2021·河北玉田·一模)This skirt feels soft. It’s made of ________.
A.glass B.paper C.silver D.cotton
7.(2021·山东·郓城县教学研究室一模)—It’s his new book, but I think it is more interesting than his other books.
—I agree with you. His latest book meets his highest ________.
A.choice B.standard C.method D.wealth
8.(2021·贵州铜仁·一模)—We can get all kinds of ________ on the Internet and share it with others.
—Yes. But some of it is not true.
A.information B.informations C.suggestion D.advices
9.(2021·湖南桃江·一模)The computer on the desk is _______. The brothers share it.
A.Bob’s and Tom B.Bob’s and Tom’s C.Bob and Tom’s
10.(2021·江苏溧阳·一模)Recently, he seemed to lose the ________ of his life and has given up many chances.
A.sense B.course C.direction D.purpose
11.(2021·山东·东营市垦利区教学研究室二模)—Samon always reads for half an hour before bedtime every day.
—That’s a good ________. Reading makes a full man.
A.habit B.dream C.sleep D.wish
12.(2021·浙江瓯海·一模)—I have never made a pizza before, so it is just an ________.
—But it tastes really good! I would like to have another piece.
A.experiment B.invention C.exhibition D.operation
13.(2021·云南镇雄·一模)When Trans-Asian High Speed Railway goes into service, it will make a big ________ to people’s life in Yunnan. It will take a shorter time for us to go to Southeast Asia than before.
A.choice B.surprise C.effort D.difference
14.(2021·山东·模拟预测)Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng are the ________ of our nation.
A.proud B.pride C.proudly D.price
15.(2021·浙江龙湾·一模)—Have you been to Harry’s ____________ yet ?
—Yes. I couldn’t help singing and dancing along with him.
A.report B.concert C.class D.speech
16.(2021·西藏·日喀则市教育局教育科学研究所二模)There are more than 100 ________ in our school.
A.woman teacher B.man teacher C.women teachers D.men teacher
17.(2021·黑龙江·模拟预测)—What’s in the fridge, Tom?
—Many ________, but little ________.
A.watermelon; juice B.pancakes; yogurt
C.milk; bananas D.oranges; vegetables
18.(2021·山东·模拟预测)This fruit store is so large and clean, but its ________ is so terrible.
A.screen B.service C.information D.prize
19.(2021·山东滨城·二模)Don't be afraid to ask for some ________ about ordering the meal.
A.suggestion B.method C.opinion D.advice
20.(2021·江西·模拟预测)—Jenny, here're some ________. Are they yours?
—No, mine ________ in my schoolbag.
A.photo, is B.photos, are C.photoes, are D.photoes, is
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