高中英语高考复习句子成分知识讲解

高考英语句子成分知识讲解1.主语（subject）句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或物，表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或主语从句等担任（请看下表）Professor Wang is a well－known scholar. （名词）I read newspaper every day. （代词）Three plus six is nine. （数词）To become a professor has been his ambition.（不定式）Smoking is harmful to health. （动名词）What we shall do next is not yet decided.（主语从句）2.谓语（predicate）说明主语的动作和状态通常由动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词+主要动词）担任，其位置在主语之后（请看下表）His mother is a doctor. （系动词）He smiled. （不及物动词）We played basketball yesterday. （及物动词）China has entered a great new era. （助动词+主要动词）You mustn't drive after drinking. （情态动词+主要动词）Tips：动词分类：实义动词（及物动词+不及物动词）、连系动词、助动词、情态动词划重点！！！正确的所有英文句子，永远一定有且只有一个主谓语成分，谓语一定永远存在。因此，当分析长难句时，一定先要找到句子的主要谓语动词部分，再划分其他句子结构。例：① She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on testes and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being “smart”.分析：句子主干：she found that...（found是谓语动词，that引导宾语从句：从句里面的谓语是did and were likely to...并列结构）翻译：她发现因为努力被表扬的孩子比因为聪明被表扬的孩子在考试中表现得更好，更愿意承担困难的任务。3.宾语（object）表示及物动词的对象或内容。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。宾语通常由名词、代词、数词或与之相当的结构担任，其位置在及物动词或介词之后。Brent bought a computer last year. （名词）We help each other and learn from each other.（代词）I asked for six. （数词）They began to quarrel among themselves. （不定式短语）Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? （动名词短语）We should heal the wounded and save the dying.（名词化的形容词或分词）I don t know where he has gone. （从句）4.表语（predicative）在连系动词之后表示主语的性质、特征、状态或身份的部分通常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语以及动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句担任His father is a lawyer. （名词）This dictionary is mine，not hers. （代词）Andy is always careless. （形容词）Is anybody in？/ My day's work is over. （副词）We are seven. （数词）She is in good health. （介词短语）All I could do was to wait. （不定式）Seeing is believing. （动名词）I'm really pleased with your work this term.（分词）The key question is how we should solve the problem. （从句）5.定语（attribute）用于限定或修饰名词或代词通常由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等担任前置定语：单词作定语通常放在被修饰语的前面后置定语：短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰语的后面She is a natural musician. （形容词） They are women pilots. （名词）His proposal is worth considering. （代词）There is only one way to do it. （数词）People there are quite friendly to us.（副词）She has a wish to travel round the world.（不定式）There is a swimming pool in their college. （分词）The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words.（介词短语）The car that is parked outside is mine. （从句）6.状语（adverbial）用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子通常由副词或与之相当的结构担任修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前；修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前，有的放在动词之后。① 副词做状语The girl is improving remarkably. （副词，修饰动词 is improving）The girl is remarkably beautiful. （副词，修饰形容词beautiful）The girl is improving remarkably fast. （副词，修饰副词fast）Unfortunately, the message never arrived. （副词，修饰全句）副词enough作状语时，须后置：He didn't run quickly enough to catch the bus.（副词，修饰quickly）Is the room big enough for a party? （副词，修饰big）② 名词作状语，多置于句末：wait a moment.The party teaches us to serve the people heart and soul. ③ 一些指示代词、不定代词做状语，多置于其修饰的词之前： I can't eat that much. We have walked this far without stopping. My coffee is none too hot. ④ 不定式作状语，多置于句末，强调时可置于句首： At the top we stopped to look at the view. You have only to ask to get it. ⑤ 分词作状语，多置于句首和句末，有时也可置于句中：Arriving at the station, we learned that the train had already gone. ⑥介词短语作状语，多置于句末和句首：I've been feeling slightly ill for a week. At the moment he's out of work.⑦ 从句作状语：We chatted as we walked along. I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 7.补语（complement）用于补充说明主语或宾语补语可分为宾语补足语和主语补足语① 主语补语：Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.（形容词）The man, cruel beyond belief, didn't listen to their pleadings.（形容词）He was called Oliver. （名词）He was seen to go upstairs. （不定式）Starting as a street vendor, he is now general manager of a trading corporation in Beijing. （现在分词）He came home quite changed.（过去分词）He came home out of humor. （介词短语）People are just born what color they are. （名词性从句）② 宾语补语：They named the child Jimmy.（名词）I saw the kite up and down.（副词）I found the book very interesting.（形容词）The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.（不定式）They saw her walking into the bookstore. （分词）You should put your books in order. （介词短语）若宾语是动词不定式、动名词或从句，可用it作形式宾语代替其位置，而将其放到宾语补足语后面。I found it difficult to finish the task in time. （不定式作宾语，difficult是宾补）Do you consider it any good sending more people there?（动名词）We have made it clear that we disagreed. （从句）含宾语补足语的句子改成被动语态时，原宾语和宾语补足语便分别成为主语和主语补足语：We found him working in the office. Bruce was found working in the office. 8.同位语（appositive）一个名词（或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语通常由名词、名词性短语或从句担任：The future belongs to you young people. （名词，young people是you的同位语）They each have a dictionary. （代词）Is there any room for us two? （数词）His ambition, conquering the whole world, was never fulfilled.  （动名词）Her task, to clean the house, is easy.（不定式）I had no idea that you were here.（从句）The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. （从句）9.独立成分（independent element）与全句没有语法关系的句子成分可以作独立成分，通常有三种词语：感叹语、呼语、插入语① 感叹语 Oh, John, will you come into my room, please? Aha!That is it.② 呼语 Come in and take a seat，Mr. Black. Boys，don't waste your time.③ 插入语 This man, as you know, is good for nothing. Incidentally, your proposal has been put to the discussion at the meeting.  Generally speaking, she’s not quite fit for this kind of work.