专题 14 阅读理解：主旨大意题 --备考高考二轮英语复习讲练测

  专题 14  阅读理解：主旨大意题

备考2023年高考英语二轮复习讲练测--测

（原卷版）

时间：60分钟         

名校最新模拟试题主旨大意题  （共20小题）

1.(2022年8月浙江省“山水联盟”高三联考)

You really should ask the question: will my donation to this charity actually help the people or cause? Sometimes it makes matters worse. For example, many charities help African people install water pumps to deliver clean water to their communities. Money has been invested over the past 20 years to install a total of 60, 000 pumps across sub-Saharan Africa. However, today 40% of those have failed to work at some point. They have been left there, like expensive but useless decorations.

......

Ultimately, to whom and how much you give is your choice. It is important to provide highly specialized services instead of material goods. As a general rule of thumb, the more your donation matches the need of the receivers, the better it will be for the long-term prosperity of those you want to help.

15. Which is the best title for the passage?

A. Has your donation hit a dead end?

B. Why should you make a donation?

C. Where does my donation take its way?

D. Will my donation to charity really help?

2. (河南省名校联盟2022-2023学年高二上学期开学考英语试题)

A blind Chinese climber reached the summit (顶点) of Qomolangma, known in the West as Mount Everest, on Monday morning, becoming the first blind person from Asia ever to conquer the world’s highest summit.

Zhang Hong, 46, reached the top from the Nepali side, along with three high-altitude guides.

Zhang, who was born in Chongqing, lost his sight at the age of 21. He now works at Fukang Hospital Affiliated with Tibet University in Lhasa. As Zhang began his climb of Qomolangma, which is 8,848. 86 meters above sea level, his colleagues in Lhasa were excited to hear the news of his success.

“Many people may have doubted his attempt of climbing at first, but I was confident in him from the beginning,” said Kyila, the secretary of the Fukang Angel Foundation, who also is a blind person. “I knew before that he could make it, and he did make it. I am really happy for him. He is a model for blind people to encourage them to chase their dreams.”

Zhang’s passion for climbing was inspired by Lotse, a famous Tibetan climber who conquered all the world’s 14 summits above the altitude of 8,000 meters. Lotse had shared the story of the blind US mountaineer Erik Weihenmayer, who climbed Qomolangma in May 2001. Zhang was touched by the story, which ignited his dream of climbing.

As an amateur climber for years, Zhang had conquered three mountains above the altitude of 6,000 meters before climbing the world’s highest summit. He had begun preparing for the Qomolangma climb in 2019. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic (流行病), all mountaineering teams on Qomolangma were canceled in Nepal and China last year, and he had to wait until recently to finally make the attempt.

7.What’s the best title for the text?

A．Zhang Hong Sets an Example to Others

B．A Blind Climber Reaches Qomolangma Summit

C．Qomolangma Attracts More Chinese to Climb

D．A Chinese Climber Got Through the Pandemic

3.(云南省昆明市云南师范大学附属中学2022-2023学年高三上学期适应性月考)

Diana Nyad was a professional swimmer. She was in her twenties when she decided to swim around Manhattan. The first time she tried, she didn’t succeed. But she didn’t give up. She tried again and swam the twenty-eight miles in less than eight hours. Then she had another goal: to swim from Cuba to Florida, a distance of 110 miles. She didn’t stop to sleep. But she didn’t finish. Jellyfish attacked her, and the weather threw her off course. Did she try again? Yes, but not until thirty-three years later.

Nyad retired from competitive swimming in her twenties. For the next thirty years, she didn’t swim at all. She became a sportscaster (体育比赛解说员) and a journalist. But she didn’t stop all physical activities. She always kept in shape. Every Friday she took a one-hundred-mile bike ride.

In 2007, when Nyad was sixty years old, her mother died. She started to think about her own life. In the thirty years when she didn’t swim, she always thought about the possibility of trying again. She didn’t want to die without achieving her goal. She started to train again. By the summer of 2011, she tried again — and failed again — after twenty-nine hours in the water. She tried two more times and failed to reach Florida each time. What kinds of problems did she face? There were attacks by jellyfish, bad weather, and breathing problems from asthma (哮喘). How did she solve the problem of jellyfish? For her fifth attempt, she wore a bodysuit and mask to protect against jellyfish stings. On August 31, 2013, after fifty-three hours of swimming, she reached the Florida shore, thirty-five years after her first attempt. Nyad achieved what younger and stronger swimmers could not.

Nyad always tells people, “Never give up.”

27. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. If at First You Don’t Succeed

B. Swimming Cures Asthma

C. How to Swim around Manhattan

D. Getting Rid of Being Stung by Jellyfish

4.( 山东省东营市第一中学2022-2023学年10月月考 )

The work in senior high school is something freshmen are probably worried about. It builds on what you learned in junior high school, giving you a more advanced (高深的) knowledge of many subjects. So you may find you have more work to do or that it’s a bit more challenging. If you ever find your work too difficult, teachers can give you extra help.

Senior high school also has more after-school activities than junior high school, such as clubs, music and theater groups and sports teams. This is a good time to explore your interests and try new things.

Junior high school taught you the basics of time management and social skills while providing you with a little extra support and guidance. Senior high school gives you the chance to learn how to be more independent and responsible.

7．What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A．What you’ll learn in senior high school.

B．What you learned in junior high school.

C．The difference between junior high school and senior high school.

D．The importance of being more independent and responsible.

5. (湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2022-2023学年高三上学期月考)

Lisa Gautier receives nearly a dozen parcels of human hair every day. With her San-Francisco-based non-profit organization Matter of Trust,Gautier turns donated hair into mats used to soak up oil spills on land,and booms (long tubes)used for spills at sea.

A standard way to clean up oil from land is to use mats made from polypropylene(聚丙烯). But polypropylene is a non-biodegradable plastic,and producing it ultimately means more drilling for oil. Hair,by contrast, is an environmentally friendly resource that can soak up around five times its weight in oil,according to Matter of Trust,and it is abundant.

Oil spills can pollute drinking water, endanger public health,harm plants and wildlife,and damage the economy. According to Gautier,the spills that hit the headlines only make up 5% of global oil pollution.

Megan Murray,an environmental biologist at the University of Technology Sydney, develops sustainable technologies to tackle oil spills. Her research indicates that as well as being biodegradable,human hair is often just as effective as polypropylene,and in some circumstances even better. “The hair mats are very beneficial to land spills,”says Murray but adds that when raw oil is spilled on beach sand,it is very difficult to absorb it using any of the materials she has tested. Another advantage of hair is that it costs less than conventional materials and is “globally accessible as a recycled material,” she says.

However,Murray cautions that hair mats are not a perfect solution,because they are single-use,and can only be dealt with by burning or by burying into soil which then isn’t suitable for growing food. She is now researching methods to extract the oil from a used hair mat,meaning both can be reused.

As the hair mat designs aren’t under patent,other groups have begun producing their own mats and booms. Gautier is pleased to see the movement growing.“Anyone can make a hair mat,”she says. “It creates green jobs，it cleans water,it reduces waste in landfill, and it’s promoting renewable resources.”

15.What is the best title for the text?

A．How to Tackle Oil Spills

B．A Perfect Recycled Material—Human Hair

C．Take Action to Make Hair Mats And Booms

D．Human Hair Is Being Used to Clean Up Oil Spills

6. (江苏省苏州市2022-2023学年高三期初考试英语试题 )

Figure skating, speed skating, and ice hockey can all trace their beginnings to early civilizations that fastened animal bones to their feet to skate on ice, according to A Dictionary of British History. Bone runners found in Switzerland date as far back as 3000 B．C．and there is also evidence of ice skating in Scandinavia in the Middle Ages.

Modern skating likely got its start in the Netherlands, where it was considered a national recreation in the early 17th century, when nobles skated on frozen canals for fun. Wealthy Europeans picked up the sport while visiting the Netherlands, and British royals soon brought skating back to England in the late 1600s. When the Thames froze over in 1683, skating was among the many recreations at London’s famous winter fair on the ice, which King Charles II attended.

At the end of the 18th century, American ballet dancer Jackson Haines transformed the sport into what is now known as figure skating by introducing elements of ballet to the ice. According to the Dictionary of American History, Haines skated in bear and ballet costumes and toured with exhibitions across Europe, where he was most admired in Vienna, Austria.

......

Since the 1900s, different ice skating clubs have been founded around the Western world. As interest grew, the clubs’ membership increased over the next 50 years. By the end of 20thcentury, ice skating was so widespread that it was one of the few recreations enjoyed by almost every westerner.

7．What does the text mainly talk about?

A．How ice skating came into spotlight.

B．How ice skating became well-received.

C．Why ice skating is famous in the world.

D．Why ice skating enters Winter Olympics.

7.(河北省保定市2022-2023学年高三9月份考试英语试题)

A broken heart, a sad ending to a love affair—that’s something most of us have experienced, or probably will. After all, it’s part of human life, needed, at least one time, to become more fully adult. But no question, the experience can be damaging.

But research shows there are pathways through the heartache. Listening to sad music is a major one. It can help you begin to feel joy and hopefulness about your life again. It can activate empathy and the desire to connect with others—both avenues through the prison of heartache and despair.

Sad music can help heal and uplift you from your broken heart. A recent study from Germany shows the emotional impact of listening to sad music is an arousal of feelings of empathy, compassion, and a desire for positive connection with others. That, itself, is psychologically healing. It draws you away from being absorbed in yourself, and possibly towards helping others in need of comfort.

Another experiment, from the University of Kent, found that when people were experiencing sadness, listening to music that was “beautiful but sad” improved their mood. In fact, it did so when the person first consciously raised their awareness of the situation causing their sadness, and then began listening to the sad music. That is, when they intended that the sad music might help, they found that it did.

These findings link with other studies that show embracing your sad situation emotionally—accepting reality as it is—inspires healing and growth beyond it. In short, acknowledging your full experience arouses hope. For example, research from Cornell University, published in Psychological Science, found that embracing discomfort about a life experience or new situation, and viewing it as a step towards growth and change, generates motivation to find a pathway through it, beyond it. As Churchill famously said, “If you’re going through hell, keep going.” That discomfort points you towards creating a plan, a new action. It fuels hope.

31．What is the main idea of the text?

A．Sad music fuels hope. B．Heartbreak can be damaging.

C．Heartbreak is part of human life. D．Sad music may heal a broken heart.

8. (北京市北京师范大学附属实验中学2022-2023高三上学期开学摸底考试)

Removing gender bias

Tailors worked out long ago that men and women have different shapes. Yet this message has failed to enter many other areas of design. Car seat belts, for example, which date back to the 1880s, are often still more suitable for men, who tend to sit farther back than women when driving. And today the most forward-looking tech companies on Earth are still placing old-school bias (偏见；成见) into new products. Consider smart phones. Most are too big to fit comfortably into the average woman’s hand, as are many video-game controllers.

An obvious part of the explanation for their design problem is that men control most of its companies—male-run firms receive 82% of venture-capital (VC) funding. Male bosses may be unaware of the problems women face. They may not flag up obvious areas of concern, or ask the right questions when doing their research for a new product design. And once an idea gets the green light, it will then be handled by product-design and engineering teams, three-quarters of whose members are men. These teams often use data to make decisions, but mixing all users together means they may fail to spot trends based on sex differences. Dependence on historical data, and the lack of data on underrepresented groups, can also create bias in algorithms (算法).

Next comes testing. Naturally, designers test original models on their intended customers, but they may not get feedback from a broad enough group of people. There is also the risk of confirmation bias—designers may listen to what they want to hear, and ignore negative reactions from some groups of users.

Tech’s design bias needs fixing for moral, safety and business reasons. The ethical importance is obvious: it is wrong that women have to make do with a “one-size-fits-men” world, as Caroline Criado Perez, a writer, puts it. As for safety, regulators can tackle that by banning things that are dangerous to women—including seat belts—because they are no! designed properly.

But there is also a powerful business case for avoiding design bias, because huge opportunities are being missed. Women are 50% of the population, and make 70—80% of the world’s consumer-spending decisions.

28．What is discussed in Paragraphs 2 and 3?

A．Why tech’s design bias needs to be fixed.

B．How gender bias is affecting tech companies.

C．Where gender bias in product design is rooted.

D．Who is to blame for gender bias in tech companies.

9. (2023届河南省洛阳市洛阳创新发展联盟高三摸底考试英语试题)

New research has found that people with mild cognitive impairment(认知损坏)may not necessarily develop dementia(痴呆)and, in fact, having higher education and advanced language skills more than doubles their chances of returning to normal. The study, led by researchers at the University of Waterloo, may reassure those with mild cognitive impairment as it contradicts a common assumption that the condition is simply an early stage of dementia. People with mild cognitive impairment show signs of cognitive decline, but not enough to prevent them from performing typical daily tasks. They have been considered at higher risk of progressing to the more severe cognitive decline seen in dementia.

31．What is the main idea of the text?

A．Higher education and language skills may help stop dementia.

B．Age and genetics are established risk factors for dementia.

C．A study focuses on the consequence of cognitive impairment.

D．People with cognitive impairment show cognitive decline.

10.（浙江衢州二中2022届高三英语第一次模拟考试）

Many years ago when I first started to play tennis I was so crazy about the sport that I traveled to all four of the major grand slams–Wimbledon, the French Open, the Australian Open and the U.S.Open in New York City.I was so very impressed with the great champion Arthur Ashe and so admired him, not only as the number one tennis player in the world for a time but just as much for how dedicated he was to improving the lives of everyone, especially the unfortunate of the world. To me, he was an incredible double champion!

 What a great experience that had been and what a great man he was. He was so much more than a world champion tennis player. From a young age growing up in a segregated(种族隔离的)society, he set about to help change the world by helping people and thus making the world a better place for all of us.

 When we are young, most of us are pretty self-centered and almost everything we do is directed at just helping ourselves. But as we grow older and a little wiser, we see that helping others is not only very satisfying but it can make the world a better place for everyone for many years to come.

3. What did the author want to tell us in the story?

A. Two heads are better than one. 

B. Action speaks louder than words.

C. One good turn deserves another. 

D. Selflessness is a mark of an honorable man.

11.（北京101中学2022届上学期高三年级10月月考英语试卷）

“If I only had a little humility, I’d be perfect,” the media giant Ted Turner supposedly said sometime in the 1990s. Why be modest? Aristotle said: “All men by nature desire to know.” Intellectual humility is a particular instance of humility, since you can be down-to-earth about most things but still ignore your mental limitations.

Intellectual humility means recognising that we don’t know everything. Actually, it means we should acknowledge that we're probably biased in our belief about just how much we understand and seek out the sources of wisdom that we lack.

The Internet and digital media have created the impression of limitless knowledge at our fingertips. But, by making us lazy, they have opened up a space that ignorance can fill. The psychologist Tania Lombrozo of the University of California explained how technology enhances our illusions (错觉) of wisdom. She argues that the way we access information is critical to our understanding—and the more easily we can recall an image, word or statement, the more likely we’ll think we’ve successfully learned it, and so withdraw from effortful cognitive processing. Logical puzzles presented in an unfriendly font (字体), for example, can encourage someone to make extra effort to solve them. Yet this approach runs counter to the nice designs of the apps and sites that populate our screens, where our brain processes information in a “smooth” way. What about all the information that presents online? Well, your capacity to learn from it depends on your attitudes. Intellectually humble people don’t hide or ignore their weaknesses. In fact, they see them as sources of personal development, and use arguments as an opportunity to refine their views. People who are humble by nature tend to be more open-minded and quicker to resolve disputes, since they recognise that their own opinions might not be valid.

At the other end of the scale lies intellectual arrogance. Such arrogance almost always originates from the egocentric bias – the tendency to overestimate their own virtue or importance, ignoring the role of chance or the influence of other people’s actions on their lives. This is what makes these people credit success to themselves and failure to circumstance. From an evolutionary perspective, intellectual arrogance can also be seen as a way of achieving dominance through forcing one’s view on others. Intellectually arrogant people hardly invest mental resources in discussion or working towards group consensus, thus making it hard for groups to work successfully.

The Thrive Center for Human Development in California, which seeks to help young people turn into successful adults, is funding a series of major studies about intellectual humility. Their hypothesis is that humility, curiosity and openness are key to a fulfilling life. “Without humility, you are unable to learn,” Laszlo Bock, Google’s Head of People Operations, notes.

31. The passage is mainly about ______.

A. the harm arrogance does to us

B. the key elements to a fulfilling life

C. the significance of intellectual humility

D. the way people access information online

12.（2022学年第一学期浙江省七彩阳光新高考研究联盟返校联考）

I had passed the higher secondary examination when I had to give up further studies. I had to be earning something to help the family budget. One day a letter came to me from an office for an interview. I was both happy and nervous; I was the only teen.

......

It was my first interview, and I know it would not be the last. So I was not very much excited. On the contrary, I felt easy that I had gone through it and got some experience. But I did get the job all right. And here I am writing this essay on leave from office, sitting for my first university examination.

3. What can be the best title for this passage?

A. My first job. B. My poor family.

C. My work experiences. D. My first interview.

13. (2022-2023北京高考第零次英语模拟试题)

As 17-year-old Norwood drove through St. Petersburg, Florida, last February, the laughter and chatter from the four teenage girls inside her car quickly gave way to screams. As they approached a crossroad, another car T-boned them, sending their black car sailing into the yard of a nearby house, coming to a stop only when it crashed into a tree.

As smoke rose from the other car, a bystander shouted, “It’s about to blow up! Get out!” .The impact had caved in Norwood’s driver’s side door, jamming it shut. Shaken, but still OK, she crawled out through the window. Along with two of her friends, who’d also managed to free themselves, she ran for her life.

But halfway down the street, she realized that her best friend, Simmons, wasn’t with them. Norwood ran back to the seriously damaged car and found Simmons lying in the back seat. “She wasn’t moving,” Norwood told the reporter. She threw open the back door and pulled her friend out, avoiding the broken glass as best she could. She dragged Simmons a few feet to safety and laid her on the ground. “I checked her pulse.” Nothing. “I put my head against her chest.” No sign of life. “That’s when I started CPR.”

If the accident had happened a few weeks earlier, she might not have known what to do. But Norwood, who wants to pursue a career in medicine, had earned her CPR certificate just the day before. Kneeling on the lawn and looking down at her dying friend, Norwood knew she had precious little time to practice what she’d learned.

She started pressing Simmons’s chest with her crossed fingers and breathing into her friend’s mouth in hopes of filling her lungs with the kiss of life. No response. And then, after the 30th press, Simmons began coughing and gasping for air. The CPR had worked!

Soon, an ambulance arrived and rushed Simmons to the hospital, where she received stitches(缝合) for a wound in her forehead. And then she heard how her best friend had saved her life. “I wasn’t shocked,” said Simmons. “She will always help any way she can.”

26. What’s the best title of the passage?

A. Pursuit of dream B. Breath of life

C. Recovery from injury D. Loss of memory

14. (北京交通大学附中 2023 届高三开学英语诊断练习)

Alexis, 17, sat quietly in the passenger seat of her dad’s car. She let her eyes lazily scan the landscape for wildlife. Then a deer came into view about 200 yards in front of them. “Dad, there’s a deer there!” Alexis said. It was a male deer with sharp antlers (⻆) on each side of its head.

As the car moved closer, Alexis saw that the deer’s head was bent toward the ground. Then she heard a scream and saw an arm fly up near the deer’s head. Alexis realized the deer was attacking a woman. Sue, a 44-year-old mother, had been out for her morning run. The deer followed her and edged closer. “I knew I was in trouble,” Sue says. She went to pick up a stick for self-defense, and the deer charged. It lifted her with its antlers and threw her into the air. Sue could feel blood flew down her leg.

Within seconds, the deer had pushed her off the road. When Alexis and her father pulled up, the deer was throwing Sue like a doll. Alexis looked into the woman’s terrified eyes, and before her father had even stopped the car, the teenager jumped quickly out of the car and ran toward the deer.

“I was kicking it to get its attention,” she says. Then her father, who had followed his daughter, pushed the deer away from the women.

Alexis helped Sue into the car, and then applied a piece of cloth to Sue’s injured leg. “We’re going to get you to a hospital,” Alexis said. Then she heard her father shout loudly. He had been knocked to the ground. Alexis took hold of a hammer from the car and ran to where her father lay on his back. She beat the deer’s head and neck, but the blows didn’t scare it away. “I was losing faith,” she says. “A couple more strikes, Alexis,” said her father. “You can do it.” Turning the hammer around, Alexis closed her eyes and beat the deer’s neck with all her strength. When she opened her eyes, the deer was running away. Alexis got in the driver’s seat and sped toward the nearest hospital.

After Sue was treated, she tearfully thanked her rescuers. “You expect a teenage girl to get on the phone and call for help,” she says, “not to beat up a deer.”

26. What is the best title for the passage?

A A Woman Was Seriously Injured

B. A Girl Saved Her Father Successfully

C. A Dangerous Deer Attacked a Woman

D. A Teenager Rescued Others from a Deer Attack

15. (2022届东北三省四市教研联合体高考模拟)

Pianist Jean-Francois Maljean has released a piano piece to commemorate (纪念) the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, which kicked off with a grand opening ceremony held at the National Stadium on Feb 4. Titled for Beijing Olympics, the piano piece, which is about 3 minutes, was asked by the Chinese embassy in Belgium, with the aim of celebrating Chinese New Year and to welcome the Winter Olympics. He also wrote a song to support Wuhan in its fight against COVID (新冠)-19 in 2020 and another song for Xi’an in December.

4．What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A．Maljean’s works about China. B．Maljean’s experiences in China.

C．Maljean’s contribution to COVID． D．Maljean’s general introduction.

16.（2023届江苏省南京市第一中学高三第一次模拟考试英语试题）

The microrollers are round and made from glass microparticles. One half of the robot was coated with a thin magnetic nanofilm (磁性纳米膜) made from nickel and gold. The other half was coated with the cancer drug doxorubicin as well as molecules that recognize cancer cells.

29．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about the microrollers?

A．Their shape. B．Their advantage. C．Their design. D．Their application.

17.  (2023届粤湘鄂名校联盟高三上学期第一次联考英语试题)

However, Central California’s kelp ecosystems have done somewhat better than those in Northern California. A new study led by Joshua Smith, an ecologist at the University of California, examines the role sea otter (海獭) populations — a natural predator for urchins — play in preserving existing kelp forests in the Monterey Bay.

7．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A．Sea Otters to the Rescue

B．Marine Species in Danger

C．Urchins Are Destroying Kelp Forests

D．Otters Increase Kelp Forests’ Carbon Storage

18. (2023届浙江省杭州第二中学新高三上学期适应性测试英语试题)

1．This passage mainly aims at ________ .A．introducing the exhibits at the Louvre

B．providing ticketing information of the Louvre

C．listing restrictions on admission to the Louvre

D．clarifying the history of the Louvre

19.（北京市第八十中学2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题）

Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable.

The public can do that by accusing businesses of harming them. The public may also make their opinion felt by choosing to buy sustainably harvested products; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices.

27．The main idea of Paragraph 3 is that environmental damage__________.

A．is the result of ignorance of the public

B．requires political action if it is to be stopped

C．can be prevented by the action of ordinary people

D．can only be stopped by educating business leaders

20. (甘肃省武威市凉州区部分校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次诊断)

Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some countries, such as Kenya and Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephants and sell their ivory. Yet these laws have been hard to put into effect, and elephant populations have continued to dwindle. By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia, have made elephants private goods and allowed people to kill elephants, but only those on their own property.

10．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?

A．Bans on killing elephants for ivory

B．Effective laws for elephant protection.

C．Methods of making elephants private goods

D．Government policies on the elephant’s problem.