初中语法专题-句子成分和句子结构导学案(无答案)
展开这是一份初中语法专题-句子成分和句子结构导学案(无答案),共12页。学案主要包含了五种基本句型,课堂练习,课后作业等内容,欢迎下载使用。
句子成分&句子结构
一、 考点分析
1. 了解句子成分的分类,并掌握该成分在句子的功能作用。
2. 根据句子成分判断词性,如谓语/非谓语/宾语等对应的动词/名词/形容词/副词等。
二、 句子成分
在英文中句子成分包括:主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。
一个句子=一部电影
十大词类=十种演员
句子成分=电影中的角色
(一) 主语:主语是句子的主体,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如:
(1) Lucy is a beautiful nurse. ( 名词 作主语)
(2) He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主语)
(3) Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语)
(4) To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.(不定式作主语)
(5) What we should do is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语)
练习题:指出下列句中的主语
1. The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
2. There is an old man coming here.
3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
4. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二) 谓语
说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。
1.动词分为及物动词和不及物动词
(1)及物动词(vt.):不能单独使用。必须接宾语。
(2)不及物动词(vi.):可以单独使用。但如果要接宾语或补语,必须要介词连接。
2.很多词既可以是及物动词也可以是不及物动词。
(1)一般情况下,来往型动词(go ,come, arrive, move等)、存在型动词(be、exist)、发生型动词(happen等)都是不及物动词
(2)marry(和……结婚),reach(到达……),enter(进入……),attend(参加……),discuss(讨论……)这些词都是及物动词
3.谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。
如:His parents are teachers. (系动词和表语一起作谓语)
We study hard. (行为动词作谓语)
We don’t finish reading the book(助动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
He can speak English. (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
______________+ _______________
总结:复合谓语 ______________+ _______________
______________+ _______________
练习题:选出句中谓语的中心词
( )1.I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
( ) 2.The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
( )3. Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
( )4. There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
( )5.Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
(三) 宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。
She is doing her homework now.(名词作宾语)
She says(that)she is ill.(宾语从句作动词宾语)
We often help him.(代词作宾语)
He likes to play basketball.(不定式作宾语)
We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语)
说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。
说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。
可以接双宾语的动词:give(给), show(给„„看),bring(带来), pass(传递), buy(买)等。
E.g.: Our teacher tells us a story.
The sun gives us light.
(1)间接宾语前加“to”的有:
give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise(答应), refuse(拒绝)等。
(2)间接宾语加“for”的有: make, buy, do, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等
练习题:
1.将下列句子的直接宾语提前。
(1)I give him a book.
改成:__________________________________________
(2)He passes me the book.
改成: __________________________________________
(3)He writes me a letter.
改成:__________________________________________
(4)He will buy me some books.
改成:__________________________________________
(5)She is making me a cake.
改成:__________________________________________
2.找出下列句中的宾语
(1)My brother hasn't done his homework.
(2)People all over the world speak English.
(3)You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
(4) How many new words did you learn last class?
(5)Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
3.划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
(1)Please tell us a story.
(2)My father bought a new bike for me last week.
(3)Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
(4)Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
(5)Did he leave any message for me?
(四)宾语补足语
在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。
如: We’ll help you to make the Olympics a success.(名词作宾补)
We will make them happy. (形容词作宾补)
Please make yourself at home. (介词短语作宾补)
We found nobody in. ( 副词作宾补 )
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式作宾补)
Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式作宾补)
Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词作宾补)
I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去分词作宾补)
We heard her singing a song.(现在分词短语作宾补)
I see her dance.(省to不定式作宾补)
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. (名词作宾补)
Please let him in.(副词作宾补)
We elected him monitor. (名词作宾补)
练习题:找出下列句中的宾语补足语
(1)She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
(2) He asked her to take the boy out of school.
(3)She found it difficult to do the work.
(4) They call me Lily sometimes.
(5)I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
(6)Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
(五)表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词及其短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。
如:It sounds interesting.(形容词作表语)
He is a teacher. (名词作表语)
The picture is on the wall. (介词短语作表语)
The question is whether they will come. (表语从句作表语)
Five and five is ten. (数词作表语)
His father is in.(副词作表语)
Seventy-four! You don’t look it. (代词作表语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. (现在分词/过去分词作表语)
We should all remain careful. (形容词作表语)
He is asleep. (形容词作表语)
I am a teacher.(名词)
He is always happy.(形容词)
They are on the playground now.(介词短语)
It gets cold.(形容词)
系动词:
Be动词(am,is,are, was, were)
表保持(keep, stay, remain)
表改变(get, become, turn)
感官动词(feel(摸起来),sound(听起来),look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来))
练习题:找出下面的表语
(1)It sounds a good idea.
(2)The sound sounds strange.
(3)Her voice sounds sweet.
(4)Tom looks thin.
(5)The food smells delicious.
(6)The food tastes good.
(7)The door remains open.
(8)Now I feel tired.
(六)定语
定语:修饰、限定名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。
1. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词作定语)
I have an idea to do it well.(不定式作定语)
You should do everything that I do. (定语从句作定语)
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名词作定语)
He is our friend. (代词作定语)
We belong to the third world.(数词作定语)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词作定语)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词作定语)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词作定语)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词作定语)
2.单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。
如:The black bike is mine.(形容词作定语)
What’s your name?(代词作定语)
They make paper flowers.(名词作定语)
3.当定语修饰不定代词:nothing, anything, everything, something等时,定语在不定代词后面。
如:I tell him something interesting.
He has something to do.
4.短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。
如:The boys in the room are in Class Four.
练习题:找出下列句中的定语
(1)They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.
(2) What is your given name?
(3) On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
(4)The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
(七) 状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。表时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末。
如:He did it carefully.(副词作状语)
When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.(从句作时间状语)
He gets up early to catch the bus.(不定式作目的状语)
Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语作状语)
He sits there.(副词作地点状语)
练习题:找出下列句中的状语
(1) There was a big smile on her face.
(2)Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
(3) He began to learn English when he was eleven.
(4)The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
(5)With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
三、五种基本句型
英语五种基本句型:
一: S V (主+谓)
二: S V P (主+系+表)
三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
四: S V O1 O2 (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
基本句型一:S V (主+谓)
主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:We come.
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
S │ V (不及物动词)
1. The sun │was shining.
2. The moon │rose.
3. The universe │remains.
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink.
5. Who │cares?
6. What he said │does not matter.
7. They │talked for half an hour.
8. The pen │writes smoothly
太阳在照耀着。
月亮升起了。
宇宙长存。
我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
管它呢?
他所讲的没有什么关系。
他们谈了半个小时。
这支笔书写流利。
基本句型二: S V P (主+系+表)
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作连系动词:look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻。
S │V(是系动词)│ P
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner │smells │good.
3. He │fell │in love.
4. Everything │looks │different.
5. He │is growing │tall and strong.
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money.
7. Our well │has gone │dry.
8. His face │turned │red.
这是本英汉辞典。
午餐的气味很好。
他堕入了情网。
一切看来都不同了。
他长得又高又壮
麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
我们井干枯了。
他的脸红了。
基本句型三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等
S │V(及物动词)│ O
1. Who │knows │the answer?
2. He │has refused │to help them.
3. He │enjoys │reading.
4. They │ate │what was left over.
5. He │said │"Good morning."
6. I │want │to have a cup of tea.
谁知道答案?
他拒绝帮他们。
他喜欢看书。
他们吃了剩饭。
他说:"早上好!"
我想喝杯茶。
基本句型四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
S │V(及物)│ o(多指人) │ O(多指物)
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress.
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal.
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary.
4. He │denies │her │nothing.
5. I │showed │him │my pictures.
6. I │gave │my car │a wash.
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late.
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine.
她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
他给你带来了一本字典。
他对她什么都不拒绝。
我给他看我的照片
我洗了我的汽车。
我告诉他汽车晚点了。
他教我开机器。
练习题:划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。
1.Please tell us a story.
2.My father bought a new bike for me last week.
3.Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
4.Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
5.Did he leave any message for me?
基本句型五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier. 战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy. 新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work. 我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher asked the students to close the windows. 老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road. 我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
S │V(及物)│ O(宾语) │ C(宾补)
1. They │appointed │him │manager.
2. They │painted │the door │green.
3. This │set │them │thinking.
4. They │found │the house │deserted.
5. What │makes │him │think so?
6. We │saw │him │out.
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon.
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus.
他们任命他当经理。
他们把门漆成绿色
这使得他们要细想一想。
他们发现那房子无人居住。
他怎么会这样想?
我们送他出去
他要我早点回来。
我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
四、课堂练习
(一)写出划线部分的句子成分。
1. Lily is cleaning the desk now.
2. Her garden is the best in our town.
3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old.
4. I like this book very much.
5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister.
6. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill.
7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully.
8. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week.
9. They are in the classroom.
10. It sounds good.
11. His name is Paul.
12. We always go to school early.
(二)判断下面各句分别属于简单句的哪种基本句型。
1. Your sister dances beautifully.
( )
2.Doing that would be playing with fire.
( )
3. I will tell my friends to protect the environment.
( )
4. They kept their marriage a secret.
( )
5. She gave me her telephone number.
( )
6. Good food keeps you healthy.
( )
7. I advise waiting till the right time.
( )
8. Did you sleep well?
( )
9. Horse-riding and shooting are some of the more unusual events.
( )
10. Pop music makes people feel easy and forget about the real world. ( )
五、课后作业
(一)指出下列句中的主语。
1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
2. We often speak English in class.
3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.
4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
5. Smoking does harm to the health.
6. The rich should help the poor.
7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.
(二)指出下列句中的谓语。
1. The bike went wrong again.
2. Most of my classmates work hard.
3. They told me his experiences in America.
4. Some students are making much noise in the classroom now.
5. We will stay at the school at the weekend.
6. Many flowers will have been planted by the end of the year.
7. The old lady keeps healthy by taking exercise every day.
8. Our old books have been sold out already.
9. Does he go to work at eight?
10. Are you watching football games now?
11. You shall be bought a new MP4 player next month.
(三)挑出下列句中的表语。
1. Our teacher of English is an American.
2. Is it yours?
3. The weather has turned cold.
4. The speech is exciting.
5. Three times seven is twenty one.
6. His job is to teach English.
7. His hobby(爱好)is playing football.
8. The machine must be out of order.
9. Time is up. The class is over.
10. The truth is that he has never been abroad.
(四)挑出下列句中的宾语。
1. They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday.
2. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.
3. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.
4. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
5. He pretended not to see me.
6. I enjoy listening to popular music.
7. I think(that) he is fit for his office.
(五)挑出下列句中的定语。
1. Guilin is a beautiful city.
2. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.
3. There are thirty women teachers in our school.
4. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.
5. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
6. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.
7. He is reading an article about how to learn English.
(六)挑出下列句中的状语。
1. Light travels most quickly.
2. He has lived in the city for ten years.
3. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.
4. He is in the room making a model plane.
5. Wait a minute.
6. Once you begin, you must continue.
7. How about meeting again at six?
8. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
9. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.
10. Mr Smith lives on the third floor.
11. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
12. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
13. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
14. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
15. She works very hard though she is old.
16. I am taller than he is.
(七)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语。
1. They painted their boat white.
2. Let the fresh air in.
3. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
4. We saw her entering the room.
5. We found everything in the lab in good order.
6. We will soon make our city what your city is now.
7. He found his new job boring.
8. The called their daughter Mary.
9. This placed her in a very difficult position.
10. We went to her house but found her out.
11. What do you advise me to do?
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