高中英语高考1 第一课时　动词的时态和语态

这是一份高中英语高考1 第一课时　动词的时态和语态，共12页。

第一讲　谓语动词

第一课时　动词的时态和语态


【典题试做】　
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have__reported(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36­year­old business.
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I don’t see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have__made(make) over the years.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and recommended(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On the last day of our week­long stay, we were__invited(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China—and so too has its top crop.Since 2011, the country has__grown(grow) more corn than rice.
7．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started(start) a soil­testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
8．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find them alive.True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal meant(mean) me no real harm.
9．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines were__used(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success...
10．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers managed(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as the Tube.
11．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah has__been__told/was__told(tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
12．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment, school comes(come) first.”

1．考查的时态主要是一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时；
2．考查被动语态的用法；
3．考查主谓一致。　

【典题试做】　
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)And the other is that I wanted to help people in need. __is→was
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Though it may appear simple, it required a lot of ideas and efforts. required→requires
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there. find→found
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high school. are→were
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin. begin→begun
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank. goes→went
7．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables! came→comes
8．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I had grown not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years. had→have
9．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club. took→taken；become→became

1．上下文中时态不一致；
2．语态错用。　

要点一　各种时态的用法

一般时态
(一)一般现在时
1．表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。
(陕西卷)On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.　周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有20英里。
2．按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, close等动词。
The shop closes at 11：00 p．m.every day.
这家商店每天晚上11点关门。
3．如果主句用一般将来时，那么在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
(江苏卷)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.
这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。
■名师点津
动词第三人称的构成
一般情况直接加­s
work→works 　get→gets
say→says　　 read→reads
结尾为­s, ­x, ­sh, ­ch或­o，在词尾加­es
discuss→discusses
wash→washes　fix→fixes
teach→teaches　 go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加­es
carry→carries　study→studies
try→tries　fly→flies　cry→cries
(二)一般过去时
1．表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等过去的时间状语连用。
(2019·江苏卷) A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr.Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.　史密斯先生到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。
2. 有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词有know, think, expect, want等。
(全国卷Ⅰ)Edward, you play so well.But I didn’t know you played the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
■名师点津
动词过去式的构成
一般情况在动词后加­ed
work→worked
play→played
want→wanted
以不发音的­e结尾的动词后加­d
hope→hoped
like→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加­ed
study→studied
try→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加­ed
stop→stopped
prefer→preferred
admit→admitted
permit→permitted
(三)一般将来时
1．“shall/will＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in＋一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。
(北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.　学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。
(北京卷)—What time is it? 　——几点了？
—I have no idea.But just a minute, I will check it for you.　——我不知道。但是请稍等，我给您查查。
2．“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
(陕西卷)Dr.Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.　史密斯博士将在今年夏天与他的妻子和女儿们一起游览北京。
Look, dark clouds are gathering.It is going to rain soon, I think.　瞧，乌云正在聚集，我想快要下雨了。
3．“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock.
到10点你必须得上交试卷。
A meeting is to be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
会议将于今天下午3点举行。
4．“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可以和并列连词when(＝and at this/that time)引导的从句连用。
(全国卷Ⅱ)Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.
汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。

进行时态
(一)现在进行时
1．表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。
(江苏卷)We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们将要怎么对待它。
2．表示位置转移的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。
(重庆卷)Food supplies in the flood­stricken area are running out.We must act immediately before there’s none left.　洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前立刻行动。
(二)过去进行时
1．表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及时间状语at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。
(2018·北京卷) Susan had quit her well­paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.　苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。
2．表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
(北京卷)Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.　突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
(三)将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
(天津卷)Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.
简不能参加今天下午三点的会，因为那个时间段她有课。
■名师点津
动词进行时的构成
一般情况在词尾直接加­ing
work→working
study→studying
以不发音的­e结尾的动词，去e再加­ing
write→writing
take→taking
face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加­ing
cut→cutting
begin→beginning
swim→swimming
run→running
put→putting
plan→planning
sit→sitting
以­ie结尾的动词，变­ie为y再加­ing
lie→lying
die→dying

完成时态
(一)现在完成时
1．表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语有already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。
(2019·江苏卷)The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.　在过去的三个月里，这位音乐家和他的乐队成员们已经进行了十场演出。
2．表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常与since＋时间点， for＋时间段等表示一段时间的状语连用。
(湖南卷)—I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?
——我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？
—Sorry, I haven’t played the piano for years.
——抱歉，我已经好多年没有弹钢琴了。
(陕西卷)His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.　他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来就获得了很好的评价。
3．在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
Will you come to my office when you have finished your work? 　你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
■名师点津
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
一般过去时
用于叙述过去的动作，与现在无关
现在完成时
所叙述的动作发生在过去某个或某段时间，该动作与现在有关系，可能对现在产生影响，也可能一直持续下去
Mr.Smith has lived in Beijing for 5 years.(现在还在北京住着)
Mr.Smith lived in Beijing for 5 years.(现在已不在北京)
(二)过去完成时
1．表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。
(辽宁卷)By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time＋从句等。
(北京卷)It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
过了好久我才能够完全理解他们为我做那些事。
3．表示“愿望，打算”的动词(如hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。
(2019·天津卷)I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn’t manage it.
我本希望送给彼得一个礼物祝贺他结婚了，但我没能做到。
■名师点津
常使用完成时的句型
(1)This/It/That is the first/...time＋that sb.has/have done；This/It/That was the first/...time＋that sb.had done 这是某人第几次做某事。
(2)It/This is/was the＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。
(3)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb.did；It was/had been＋一段时间＋since sb.had done sth.自从某人做某事以来多久了。
(4)hardly/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than...
一……就……。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。

完成进行时
考纲对完成进行时的要求为考生须掌握现在完成进行时。
1．表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常见的时间状语有all this morning, this month, these few days, since和for引导的状语从句等。
(湖南卷)I’m tired out.I have been shopping all afternoon and I don’t seem to have finished anything.　我累坏了。我整个下午都在购物，我好像什么事也没完成。
(北京卷)Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.
在过去的三个月里，汤姆每天晚上都在图书馆工作。
2．所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
(北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.　学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。
要点二　被动语态

被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动语态，此结构比较口语化。

被动语态的基本用法
被动语态的使用场合：
1．不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者；
2．需要突出或强调动作的承受者。
(2019·江苏卷)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.　他们正在努力确保到2022年时为北京冬奥会安装5G信号终端。
(2018·北京卷) A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.　一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。
(2018·天津卷)My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
这周我的洗衣机正在维修，所以我不得不用手洗衣服。
■名师点津
(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。
(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。

主动表示被动意义
1．“系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软，卖得很好。
2．当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well，easily等)修饰，用来表示主语的属性、特征或功能时用主动形式表示被动意义。
Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers.　你买最近卖得很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。

准确确定动词时态的“四个依据”
依据一　时间状语
动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。
[例1]　Silk ____________(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 B．C.
[分析]　had become　句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 B．C.”，且当时间状语由介词by(不迟于，不晚于)引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。
[例2]　In the last few years, China ____________(make) great achievements in environmental protection.
[分析]　has made　题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。
依据二　参照动词
当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。
[例3]　The real reason why prices ____________(be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
[分析]　were　题干中没有时间状语，由参照动词“are”和“is”可以推断出所填动词陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例4]　Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he____________(be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
[分析]　was going to be　题干中虽然有时间状语“in 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以所填词应用过去将来时。
依据三　句意或语境
当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填动词的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。
[例5]　—Is Peter coming?
—No, he ____________(change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
[分析]　changed　题干中虽然有时间状语“at the last minute”和参照动词“is”，但它们都不能准确定位所填动词的动作发生的时间，因此所填词的时态由句意或语境来决定。句意：——彼得要来吗？——不，当接到一个电话后，他在最后时刻改变了主意。由此可知，所填词的动作发生在过去，陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例6]　(天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I ____________(not see) for years.
[分析]　hadn’t seen　句意：走在街上的时候，我偶然遇到了多年未见的戴维。分析句子结构可知，从句中缺少谓语动词；主语I与动词see之间是主动关系，故应使用主动语态，且“多年未见”这一动作发生在“偶然遇到”之前，即“过去的过去”，故使用过去完成时。
依据四　固定句式
英语中有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。
1．It is the first/second/...time that sb. has/have done...
2．It was the first/second/...time that sb. had done...
3．Sb. was/were doing sth. when...did...
4．Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when...did...
5．Sb. be about to do sth. when...did...
6．It’s (high) time that sb. did sth./should do sth.
[例7]　It is the first time that I ____________(be) to Beijing.
[分析]　have been　句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，考虑设空处在从句中作谓语，并考虑时态和语态；再根据固定句式“It is the first time that sb. has/have done...”确定使用现在完成时。

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·咸阳一模)A representative who had__seen(see) his performance before thought he could replace another star who intended to leave.
2．(2020·哈尔滨三中一模)Additionally, the kinds of facial make­up(脸谱) are(be) the most particular art in Peking Opera.
3．(2020·陕西汉中一模)That was the first time that I had__noticed(notice) the fresh taste of the meat and vegetables of Chinese food.
4．(2020·大连双基测试)Since the very beginning, the technological base needed for 5G has__been__considered(consider)．
5．(2020·海淀期中)—Mona is never happy.Look, she is__complaining(complain) about her lunch.
—I think she’d better change her way of thinking.
6．(2020·苏州调研)—We are looking for somebody who is fluent in Spanish.
—No problem.I studied(study) Spanish for four years at college.
7．(2020·南通一模)—Kevin, time for the next destination!
—No hurry! Another 15 minutes and we will__have__explored(explore) all the exhibition rooms of the museum.
8．(2020·通州期末)If we keep(keep) on doing this practice, gradually we’ll learn how to express ourselves in English.
9．(2020·海淀期中)—Will you be home before 7：00 pm tomorrow?
—Probably not, I will__be__picking(pick) up Johnny at the airport then.
10．(2020·海淀期中)—Allan, I have__asked(ask) you to come down several times.Why are you still here?
—Sorry, Mom.But I’m busy with my project.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2020·银川一中二模)So I suggest that you spent your holiday in a different way. spent→spend
2．(2020·呼和浩特一模)Aimed at encouraging us to learn traditional culture and attach great importance to handwriting, the Calligraphy Contest of our school enjoying a huge success. enjoying→enjoyed
3．(2020·包头二模)My brother and I went to the library every Saturday either to do our homework or pick out whatever we want to read. went→go
4．(2020·呼和浩特二模)To my joy, my effort was finally paid off. 删除was
5．(2020·哈尔滨三中一模)Recently, a hot mobile game has criticized by the media.在has后加been
6．(2020·哈尔滨六中二模)As is shown in the chart, 51.83% of people surveyed were voted yes while 36.52% of those voted no. 删除were
7．(2020·福州十三中期中)Today I’ve got wonderful news to tell you.I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance. had→have
8．(2020·邯郸一模)It has been a long time since we meet in China last time.meet→met
9．(2020·天津河东一模)—What do you do, Susan?
—I am a clerk in a foreign company now.But I have taught English in a high school for 8 years. 删除have
10．(2020·天津二模)By the time we graduated from our school, we’ll have been close friends for more than ten years.graduated→graduate