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高考英语阅读精品套装（一讲双练） 考点4--主旨要义之段落大意（技巧梳理）
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这是一份高考英语阅读精品套装（一讲双练） 考点4--主旨要义之段落大意（技巧梳理），文件包含考点4--主旨要义之段落大意技巧梳理教师版docx、考点4--主旨要义之段落大意技巧梳理学生版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共20页， 欢迎下载使用。
一、在复习语言点的时候，要依据语言的横向组合和纵向聚合，按照“点—线—面”顺序，构建知识网络环境。
二、多做高考题，少扣模拟题
要想熟悉高考的思路，最重要的一环就是做题。近五年的高考试题，特别是有些地区新课标执行起来题型发生了变化，就更需要我们适应它。在做高考题的时候，应该注意以下几个方面：
1、时间的把控。
2、总结一下各部分的得分情况，了解自己的强弱项。
3、留意出题点，揣摩不同内容出题人的着眼点在哪里，做到知己知彼。
三、多攻词汇表，少记课外词
词汇背诵是高考备考非常重要的一环，同学们要及早动手。在第一轮复习的时候，至少要过词意关。
四、写作。研究高考写作命题话题范围，根据测试的频度和交际场景的生活化程度进行分类。
考点4--主旨大意之段落大意--讲考点--胸有成竹
【2022年段落大意考点归纳】
【2023年高考命题预测】
主旨大意之段落大意考点是高考中的必考点。一篇文章有多个段落，为什么把题出在其中的某个段落？因为这个段落在文章中起着至关重要的作用，这些段落或引出话题或承上启下或总结全文。命题者的意图是明确的，他们着眼于文章中起重要作用的段落进而设题。预测在2023高考中，段落大意题会继续在高考阅读理解中呈现。
【主旨大意之段落大意考点指南】
段落大意题常考问题：
The main pint /idea f the passage is…
The passage is mainly abut…
The passage mainly discusses…考点
题型
段落大意
阅读理解
2022
试卷类型
设问
考点
2022·新高考I卷
阅读D14. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
段落大意
2022·全国甲卷 D
阅读D32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
段落大意
2021
2021年全国乙卷
B篇24. What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
段落大意
2021年6月浙江卷
C篇10. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
段落大意
2020
2020年新课标Ⅰ卷
D篇32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
段落大意
The last but ne paragraph is chiefly cncerned with…?
Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea f the passage?
近几年高考段落大意考查的特点：
考查的段落一般没有主题句，这需要考生对整段进行归纳，找出段落的重点，总结段落大意。
总结段落大意
考例分析：
D【2020·全国I】
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants grw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn tree int self-pwered street lamps.
in the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输).
Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.316
32．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．A new study f different plants.B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D．Benefits frm green plants.
B【2020·全国新课标III】
When "Rise f the Planet f the Apes" was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren’t there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks fr nt using real apes (猿)!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used mtin-capture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that I recrds an actr’s perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet "Apes" is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2,000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including "Water fr Elephants," "The Hangver Part Ⅱ" and "Zkeeper," have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the Sates.241
25. What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?
A. The cst f making "Apes."
B. The creatin f digitalized apes.
C. The publicity abut “Apes."
D. The perfrmance f real apes.
规律方法：如何总结段落大意？
段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。【试题精练】
1.D【2022届福建省泉州市高中毕业班质量检测（三）】
Reading bks can bviusly make yu a better, smarter entrepreneur. Accrding t a 2018 study f ver 160,000 adults in 31 cuntries, the mre bks that were present in participants’ childhd hmes, the mre cmpetent they nw were as adults with skills in literacy, mathematics, and technlgical prblem-slving. Researchers nte that bk-riented scializatin, indicated by hme library size, equips yuth with lifelng tastes, skill and knwledge.
Grwing up with hme libraries bsts adult skills in literacy, numeracy and technlgical prblem-slving beynd the benefits acquired frm parental educatin r yur wn educatinal r ccupatinal attainment. Kids wh grw up in a hme where reading is valued and mdeled are mre likely t be gd readers. Strangely enugh, thugh, advanced educatin desn’t necessarily ffset the “lts f bks in the hme” advantage. Adults wh grew up with relatively few bks in their hmes and later earned a cllege degree had literacy levels apprximately equal t adults wh grew up in hmes with large libraries but nly attended schl fr nine years.
Jessica Stillman [f Inc.] writes, surrunding yurself with mre bks than yu culd ever read says gd things abut yur mind. Thse bks serve as a cnstant reminder f all the things yu dn’t knw—which helps keep yu intellectually hungry and curius. And pssibly, this will keep yu a little mre mdest, since research shws the quicker yu are t admit yu dn’t knw smething, the faster yu can then learn it. As Jeff Bezs says, a key sign f intelligence is the willingness t change yur mind, smething that nly happens if yu’re willing t admit that yur current thinking may nt be the best thinking. Mdesty, learning and the willingness t change yur mind when new data presents itself: That’s anther three bnus every entrepreneur can benefit frm.
12．What des paragraph 1 mainly talk abut the research?
A．Tugh prcess.B．Inspiring discvery.
C．Numerus data.D．Advanced technlgy.
2.C【2022届福建省厦门市高三毕业班第二次质量检测】
Time znes were created by railrad fficials t deal with a majr headache. It was becming impssible t knw what time it was. At that time each twn r city in the US kept its wn slar time. “Fifty-six standards f time are nw emplyed by the varius railrads in preparing their schedules f running time,” reprted The New Yrk Times n April 19, 1883.
In 1883, railrad representatives attended the General Railrad Time Cnventin. On April 11, railrad fficials agreed t create five time znes in Nrth America. And the new standard tk effect n Nvember 18, 1883.
Thugh the new time standard was nt sanctined by the federal gvernment, the Naval Observatry in Washingtn ffered t send, by telegraph, a new time signal s peple culd synchrnize (同步) their watches. Mst peple had n bjectin t the new time standard. An article in The New Yrk Times n Nvember 16, 1883 nted, “The passenger frm Chicag t New Orleans, can make the entire run withut changing his watch.”
As the time change was instituted by the railrads, and vluntarily accepted by many twns and cities, sme incidents f cnfusin appeared. A reprt in The Philadelphia Inquirer n Nvember 21, 1883, described an incident where a debtr had been rdered t reprt t a Bstn curtrm befre 10:00. He appeared at 9:48, standard time, but was ruled that it was after 10:00.
Incidents like that demnstrated the need fr everyne t adpt the new standard time. Hwever, there were bjectins. An item in The New Yrk Times n June 28, 1884, detailed hw the city f Luisville had given up n standard time. Luisville set all its clcks ahead 18 minutes t return t slar time.
By the 1890s, standard time and time znes were accepted as rdinary. The successful adptin in the US in 1883 set an example f hw time znes culd spread acrss the glbe. The fllwing year, a cnference in Paris created the time znes wrldwide and eventually they came int use.
11．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A．The US simplified time znes.B．Paris created its time zne.
C．Time znes went wrldwide.D．Time znes prved effective.
3.C【2022届广东省高三六校第四次联考】
A study f 8 different experiments shwed that ur brains tend t prefer additin rather than subtractin when it cmes t finding slutins—in many cases, it seems we just dn’t cnsider the strategy f taking smething away at all.
The researchers fund that this preference fr adding was nticeable in three situatins in particular: when peple were under higher cgnitive (认知的) lad, when there was less time t cnsider the ther ptins, and when vlunteers didn’t get a specific reminder that subtracting was an ptin. In ne f the experiments, participants were asked t imprve a Leg structure s that it was able t take mre weight. Half the vlunteers were reminded that they culd take away bricks as well as add them, and half weren’t. In the grup that gt the reminder, 61 percent slved the prblem by taking away a brick—which was a much faster and mre efficient way f making the structure stable. In the grup that didn’t get the reminder, nly 41 percent went fr the remving bricks apprach.
“Additive ideas cme t mind quickly and easily, but subtractive ideas require mre cgnitive effrt,” says psychlgist Benjamin Cnverse, frm the University f Virginia. “Because peple are ften mving fast and wrking with the first ideas that cme t mind, they end up accepting additive slutins withut cnsidering subtractin at all.”
The researchers have a few ideas abut what might be ging n. Our brains might find additive changes easier t prcess perhaps, r we might be assciating adding with ideas f smething that's bigger and therefre better in ur subcnscius. There might als be assciatins in ur minds with the current status being smething that needs t be maintained as much as pssible—and taking smething away is arguably mre destructive t the current status than adding smething new.
The researchers say their wrk is imprtant in a much brader sense: fr institutins lking t streamline (简化), fr example, and even fr the human race lking fr ways t better manage the planet’s resurces.
11．What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The ways t make additive changes.
B．The effects f taking smething away.
C．The reasns fr brains preferring additin.
D．The imprtance f maintaining current status.
4.D【2022届山东省菏泽市高三第一次模拟考试（一模）】
Arund ne heart attack in 50 in rich Eurpean cuntries is caused by lng expsure t lud traffic, accrding t the Wrld Health Organizatin. The ill-effects f nise pllutin in such cuntries are secnd nly t thse frm dirty air. Lng-term expsure can cause hrmnal (荷尔蒙的) imbalances as well as mental-health prblems.
Radside barriers can help decrease the nise, but they are expensive—up t $600,000 per kilmeter. Besides, they wrk less well n windy days and are impractical alng city streets.
Happily, there is anther ptin. By adding rubber pwders, recycled frm used tyres, t the bitumen (沥青) and brken stnes used t make asphalt (柏油路), engineers are designing quieter streets. First used experimentally in the 1960s, this rubberized, sfter asphalt cuts traffic nise by arund 25%. Even better, it als lasts lnger than the nrmal srt. Nt surprisingly, rubberized asphalt is catching n.
Rubberized asphalt keeps the nise dwn in a cuple f ways. Gaps between the stnes in standard asphalt must be small, because if they are t big the bitumen binding (粘合剂) cannt d its jb prperly. Adding rubber thickens the bitumen. That allws bigger gaps, which help t trap and spread sund waves. The rubberized bitumen itself is flexible, which enables it t absrb mre unwanted sund energy.
Bitumen is made frm il, which means its price has risen ver the past decade alngside that f the il. Thrwn-away tyres, by cntrast, are cheap and are likely t get cheaper. Nwadays enugh tyres are recycled in America each year t prduce 20,000 miles f the stuff, enugh t rebuild abut 0.5% f America's rads.
Rubber rads are als ppular in China, Brazil, Spain and Germany. Their ppularity culd spread further, since it is nw pssible t make rubberized asphalt less expensively than the traditinal srt.
12．What d the first tw paragraphs mainly talk abut cncerning nise pllutin?
A．It des mre harm than air pllutin.
B．It becmes the main cause f heart attack.
C．It may cause health prblems in the lng run.
D．It can be gt rid f by putting up radside barriers.
一、在复习语言点的时候，要依据语言的横向组合和纵向聚合，按照“点—线—面”顺序，构建知识网络环境。
二、多做高考题，少扣模拟题
要想熟悉高考的思路，最重要的一环就是做题。近五年的高考试题，特别是有些地区新课标执行起来题型发生了变化，就更需要我们适应它。在做高考题的时候，应该注意以下几个方面：
1、时间的把控。
2、总结一下各部分的得分情况，了解自己的强弱项。
3、留意出题点，揣摩不同内容出题人的着眼点在哪里，做到知己知彼。
三、多攻词汇表，少记课外词
词汇背诵是高考备考非常重要的一环，同学们要及早动手。在第一轮复习的时候，至少要过词意关。
四、写作。研究高考写作命题话题范围，根据测试的频度和交际场景的生活化程度进行分类。
考点4--主旨大意之段落大意--讲考点--胸有成竹
【2022年段落大意考点归纳】
【2023年高考命题预测】
主旨大意之段落大意考点是高考中的必考点。一篇文章有多个段落，为什么把题出在其中的某个段落？因为这个段落在文章中起着至关重要的作用，这些段落或引出话题或承上启下或总结全文。命题者的意图是明确的，他们着眼于文章中起重要作用的段落进而设题。预测在2023高考中，段落大意题会继续在高考阅读理解中呈现。
【主旨大意之段落大意考点指南】
段落大意题常考问题：
The main pint /idea f the passage is…
The passage is mainly abut…
The passage mainly discusses…考点
题型
段落大意
阅读理解
2022
试卷类型
设问
考点
2022·新高考I卷
阅读D14. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
段落大意
2022·全国甲卷 D
阅读D32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
段落大意
2021
2021年全国乙卷
B篇24. What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
段落大意
2021年6月浙江卷
C篇10. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
段落大意
2020
2020年新课标Ⅰ卷
D篇32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
段落大意
The last but ne paragraph is chiefly cncerned with…?
Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea f the passage?
近几年高考段落大意考查的特点：
考查的段落一般没有主题句，这需要考生对整段进行归纳，找出段落的重点，总结段落大意。
总结段落大意
考例分析：
D【2020·全国I】
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants grw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn tree int self-pwered street lamps.
in the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输).
Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.316
32．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．A new study f different plants.B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D．Benefits frm green plants.
B【2020·全国新课标III】
When "Rise f the Planet f the Apes" was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren’t there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks fr nt using real apes (猿)!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used mtin-capture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that I recrds an actr’s perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet "Apes" is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2,000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including "Water fr Elephants," "The Hangver Part Ⅱ" and "Zkeeper," have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the Sates.241
25. What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?
A. The cst f making "Apes."
B. The creatin f digitalized apes.
C. The publicity abut “Apes."
D. The perfrmance f real apes.
规律方法：如何总结段落大意？
段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。【试题精练】
1.D【2022届福建省泉州市高中毕业班质量检测（三）】
Reading bks can bviusly make yu a better, smarter entrepreneur. Accrding t a 2018 study f ver 160,000 adults in 31 cuntries, the mre bks that were present in participants’ childhd hmes, the mre cmpetent they nw were as adults with skills in literacy, mathematics, and technlgical prblem-slving. Researchers nte that bk-riented scializatin, indicated by hme library size, equips yuth with lifelng tastes, skill and knwledge.
Grwing up with hme libraries bsts adult skills in literacy, numeracy and technlgical prblem-slving beynd the benefits acquired frm parental educatin r yur wn educatinal r ccupatinal attainment. Kids wh grw up in a hme where reading is valued and mdeled are mre likely t be gd readers. Strangely enugh, thugh, advanced educatin desn’t necessarily ffset the “lts f bks in the hme” advantage. Adults wh grew up with relatively few bks in their hmes and later earned a cllege degree had literacy levels apprximately equal t adults wh grew up in hmes with large libraries but nly attended schl fr nine years.
Jessica Stillman [f Inc.] writes, surrunding yurself with mre bks than yu culd ever read says gd things abut yur mind. Thse bks serve as a cnstant reminder f all the things yu dn’t knw—which helps keep yu intellectually hungry and curius. And pssibly, this will keep yu a little mre mdest, since research shws the quicker yu are t admit yu dn’t knw smething, the faster yu can then learn it. As Jeff Bezs says, a key sign f intelligence is the willingness t change yur mind, smething that nly happens if yu’re willing t admit that yur current thinking may nt be the best thinking. Mdesty, learning and the willingness t change yur mind when new data presents itself: That’s anther three bnus every entrepreneur can benefit frm.
12．What des paragraph 1 mainly talk abut the research?
A．Tugh prcess.B．Inspiring discvery.
C．Numerus data.D．Advanced technlgy.
2.C【2022届福建省厦门市高三毕业班第二次质量检测】
Time znes were created by railrad fficials t deal with a majr headache. It was becming impssible t knw what time it was. At that time each twn r city in the US kept its wn slar time. “Fifty-six standards f time are nw emplyed by the varius railrads in preparing their schedules f running time,” reprted The New Yrk Times n April 19, 1883.
In 1883, railrad representatives attended the General Railrad Time Cnventin. On April 11, railrad fficials agreed t create five time znes in Nrth America. And the new standard tk effect n Nvember 18, 1883.
Thugh the new time standard was nt sanctined by the federal gvernment, the Naval Observatry in Washingtn ffered t send, by telegraph, a new time signal s peple culd synchrnize (同步) their watches. Mst peple had n bjectin t the new time standard. An article in The New Yrk Times n Nvember 16, 1883 nted, “The passenger frm Chicag t New Orleans, can make the entire run withut changing his watch.”
As the time change was instituted by the railrads, and vluntarily accepted by many twns and cities, sme incidents f cnfusin appeared. A reprt in The Philadelphia Inquirer n Nvember 21, 1883, described an incident where a debtr had been rdered t reprt t a Bstn curtrm befre 10:00. He appeared at 9:48, standard time, but was ruled that it was after 10:00.
Incidents like that demnstrated the need fr everyne t adpt the new standard time. Hwever, there were bjectins. An item in The New Yrk Times n June 28, 1884, detailed hw the city f Luisville had given up n standard time. Luisville set all its clcks ahead 18 minutes t return t slar time.
By the 1890s, standard time and time znes were accepted as rdinary. The successful adptin in the US in 1883 set an example f hw time znes culd spread acrss the glbe. The fllwing year, a cnference in Paris created the time znes wrldwide and eventually they came int use.
11．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A．The US simplified time znes.B．Paris created its time zne.
C．Time znes went wrldwide.D．Time znes prved effective.
3.C【2022届广东省高三六校第四次联考】
A study f 8 different experiments shwed that ur brains tend t prefer additin rather than subtractin when it cmes t finding slutins—in many cases, it seems we just dn’t cnsider the strategy f taking smething away at all.
The researchers fund that this preference fr adding was nticeable in three situatins in particular: when peple were under higher cgnitive (认知的) lad, when there was less time t cnsider the ther ptins, and when vlunteers didn’t get a specific reminder that subtracting was an ptin. In ne f the experiments, participants were asked t imprve a Leg structure s that it was able t take mre weight. Half the vlunteers were reminded that they culd take away bricks as well as add them, and half weren’t. In the grup that gt the reminder, 61 percent slved the prblem by taking away a brick—which was a much faster and mre efficient way f making the structure stable. In the grup that didn’t get the reminder, nly 41 percent went fr the remving bricks apprach.
“Additive ideas cme t mind quickly and easily, but subtractive ideas require mre cgnitive effrt,” says psychlgist Benjamin Cnverse, frm the University f Virginia. “Because peple are ften mving fast and wrking with the first ideas that cme t mind, they end up accepting additive slutins withut cnsidering subtractin at all.”
The researchers have a few ideas abut what might be ging n. Our brains might find additive changes easier t prcess perhaps, r we might be assciating adding with ideas f smething that's bigger and therefre better in ur subcnscius. There might als be assciatins in ur minds with the current status being smething that needs t be maintained as much as pssible—and taking smething away is arguably mre destructive t the current status than adding smething new.
The researchers say their wrk is imprtant in a much brader sense: fr institutins lking t streamline (简化), fr example, and even fr the human race lking fr ways t better manage the planet’s resurces.
11．What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The ways t make additive changes.
B．The effects f taking smething away.
C．The reasns fr brains preferring additin.
D．The imprtance f maintaining current status.
4.D【2022届山东省菏泽市高三第一次模拟考试（一模）】
Arund ne heart attack in 50 in rich Eurpean cuntries is caused by lng expsure t lud traffic, accrding t the Wrld Health Organizatin. The ill-effects f nise pllutin in such cuntries are secnd nly t thse frm dirty air. Lng-term expsure can cause hrmnal (荷尔蒙的) imbalances as well as mental-health prblems.
Radside barriers can help decrease the nise, but they are expensive—up t $600,000 per kilmeter. Besides, they wrk less well n windy days and are impractical alng city streets.
Happily, there is anther ptin. By adding rubber pwders, recycled frm used tyres, t the bitumen (沥青) and brken stnes used t make asphalt (柏油路), engineers are designing quieter streets. First used experimentally in the 1960s, this rubberized, sfter asphalt cuts traffic nise by arund 25%. Even better, it als lasts lnger than the nrmal srt. Nt surprisingly, rubberized asphalt is catching n.
Rubberized asphalt keeps the nise dwn in a cuple f ways. Gaps between the stnes in standard asphalt must be small, because if they are t big the bitumen binding (粘合剂) cannt d its jb prperly. Adding rubber thickens the bitumen. That allws bigger gaps, which help t trap and spread sund waves. The rubberized bitumen itself is flexible, which enables it t absrb mre unwanted sund energy.
Bitumen is made frm il, which means its price has risen ver the past decade alngside that f the il. Thrwn-away tyres, by cntrast, are cheap and are likely t get cheaper. Nwadays enugh tyres are recycled in America each year t prduce 20,000 miles f the stuff, enugh t rebuild abut 0.5% f America's rads.
Rubber rads are als ppular in China, Brazil, Spain and Germany. Their ppularity culd spread further, since it is nw pssible t make rubberized asphalt less expensively than the traditinal srt.
12．What d the first tw paragraphs mainly talk abut cncerning nise pllutin?
A．It des mre harm than air pllutin.
B．It becmes the main cause f heart attack.
C．It may cause health prblems in the lng run.
D．It can be gt rid f by putting up radside barriers.
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