高考英语阅读精品套装（一讲双练） 考点4--主旨要义之段落大意（练模拟）

这是一份高考英语阅读精品套装（一讲双练） 考点4--主旨要义之段落大意（练模拟），文件包含考点4--主旨要义之段落大意教师版docx、考点4--主旨要义之段落大意学生版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共55页， 欢迎下载使用。

高考英语二轮复习策略建议
一轮复习在紧张的学习与考试中度过，如何有效地进二轮复习，如何在高考最关键时刻，梳理重点知识，如何回归课本、回归基础，是摆在我们面前很值得深思与探讨的问题给大家整理了高考英语二轮复习方法，供大家参阅!
一、在复习语言点的时候，要依据语言的横向组合和纵向聚合，按照“点—线—面”顺序，构建知识网络环境。
二、多做高考题，少扣模拟题
要想熟悉高考的思路，最重要的一环就是做题。近五年的高考试题，特别是有些地区新课标执行起来题型发生了变化，就更需要我们适应它。在做高考题的时候，应该注意以下几个方面：
1、时间的把控。
2、总结一下各部分的得分情况，了解自己的强弱项。
3、留意出题点，揣摩不同内容出题人的着眼点在哪里，做到知己知彼。
三、多攻词汇表，少记课外词
词汇背诵是高考备考非常重要的一环，同学们要及早动手。在第一轮复习的时候，至少要过词意关。
四、写作。研究高考写作命题话题范围，根据测试的频度和交际场景的生活化程度进行分类。

考点4--主旨要义之段落大意--练模拟--熟能生巧
1.【2022届辽宁省实验中学高考考前模拟训练】
Could J. K. Rowling please leave Harry Potter in peace? 2010 was a good time to move on. We all know that Harry Potter’s last adventures hit the bookstore in 2007, and three years later the Warner Bros adaptations ran their course in cinema, too. For many fans, the young wizard had worked his magic through most of their childhood. But in 2018, a new Harry Potter extended universe film, Fantastic Beasts: The Crime of Grindelwald, was out.
I love Harry Potter series and I always will. It’s all there in my memory: I remember the first delight at reading “Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal”. The wizarding treasure hunt, thrown by my parents for my ninth birthday with my dad dressed as Hagrid in the garden, was so clear in my mind. I remember deciphering (破译) my copy of the Deathly Hallows, the first book I read in English, and having to check the French for “wand”. The 2001 trip to the cinema to see Philosopher’s Stone, and all the ones that followed are kept clearly.
However, someone needs to call a halt to the endless afterlife of Potter’s fictional universe. It was enough in the seven books and eight films. We didn’t and don’t need a community website, a theatre play, the printed script of said movie, and even more movies.
Rowling has created 21st-century modern literary classic. I always look up to her as the textbook classy writer: respectfully drawing attention from readers, successful but wise enough to withdraw. She also cares much about the causes she holds dear. In 2011 alone, she donated 16% of her net worth to charities. Of all contemporary authors who hit gold, Rowling remains one of the very most inspirational.
The saddest thing is that Rowling helped with the writing of the Cursed Child. She regularly “revealed” new details about Potter’s magical world on Twitter. Today, I decided to give up: I don’t follow Rowling on Twitter. I don’t want to see the new film. Thank you, Joanne Kathleen Rowling. I have enough valued stories—I don’t need new ones any more.
4．The last book of Harry Potter series was published in ______ .
A．2007 B．2010 C．2011 D．2017
5．We can learn from Paragraph 2 that the author ______ .
A．felt rather easy to understand Harry Potter series
B．was quiet fond of Harry Potter series and its films
C．read Harry Potter series with the help of his parents
D．missed the time of watching Harry Potter movies with his parents
6．What does the underlined phrase “all a halt to” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Share. B．Appreciate. C．Stop. D．Change.
7．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A．The talent J. K. Rowling has.
B．The author’s praise for J. K. Rowling.
C．The influence of J. K. Rowling’s works.
D．The author’s expectations of J. K. Rowling.
【答案】4．A5．B6．C7．B
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在文章中表达了自己对《哈利·波特》系列书籍和电影的喜爱，但同时希望停止对这部经典作品的继续编写和拍摄。
4．细节理解题。根据第一段关键句“We all know that Harry Potter’s last adventures hit the bookstore in 2007, and three years later the Warner Bros adaptations ran their course in cinema, too.”（我们都知道，哈利·波特最后的冒险于2007年在书店发售，三年后，华纳兄弟改编的电影也在电影院上映。）可知，《哈利·波特》系列的最后一本书于2007年在书店发售，由此可知，《哈利·波特》系列的最后一本书出版于2007年。故选A项。
5．推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“I love Harry Potter series and I always will.”（我喜欢《哈利·波特》系列，我永远都会喜欢。）和“The 2001 trip to the cinema to see Philosopher’s Stone, and all the ones that followed are kept clearly.”（2001年去电影院看《哈利·波特与魔法石》以及随后的所有该系列电影的经过都被清楚地保存了下来。）可知，作者喜欢《哈利·波特》系列的书籍，也喜欢看书籍改编成的电影，由此可知，从第二段可以看出，作者非常喜欢《哈利·波特》系列书籍及其电影。故选B项。
6．词义猜测题。根据画线短语下句“It was enough in the seven books and eight films. We didn’t and don’t need a community website, a theatre play, the printed script of said movie, and even more movies.”（七本书和八部电影已经足够了。我们过去和现在都不需要一个社区网站，一部戏剧，上述电影的印刷剧本，甚至更多的电影。）可知，作者认为《哈利·波特》系列的七本书和八部电影已经足够了，不再需要其他的改编，甚至更多的电影了，由此可知，画线短语所在句指的是有人需要叫停波特虚构宇宙的无尽来世，“Stop”意为“（使）停下，停止”，能够表达画线短语在句中所要表达的意思。故选C项。
7．主旨大意题。根据第四段关键句“Rowling has created 21st-century modern literary classic.”（罗琳创造了21世纪的现代文学经典。）和“In 2011 alone, she donated 16% of her net worth to charities. Of all contemporary authors who hit gold, Rowling remains one of the very most inspirational.”
（仅在2011年，她就将自己净资产的16%捐给了慈善机构。在所有获得金奖的当代作家中，罗琳仍然是最鼓舞人心的作家之一。）可知，作者在第四段中介绍罗琳创造了21世纪的现代文学经典，并且她热衷慈善，是最鼓舞人心的作家之一，由此可知，第四段主要介绍的是作者对J.K.罗琳的赞扬。故选B项。
2.【2022届吉林省长春市普通高等学校招生全国统一考试临考押题卷（B）】
Landslides of ash, gas and rock that flow out downhill during volcanic eruptions may be even more dangerous than scientists had realized.
Laboratory and field measurements show pulses of high pressure form within these slides, known as pyroclastic (火山碎屑的) flows. Those pressures can be far stronger, and more destructive, than disaster evaluations typically assume. “It’s not a small difference,” says Cert Lube, a volcanologist at Massey University in Palmerston North, New Zealand. Conventional disaster evaluations might suggest a certain flow will only burst windows, but he says, “When actually, the pressures are so strong, they knock down the walls of the building.”
Pyroclastic flows are the deadliest volcanic disaster, in part because of the pressures they cause. Due to their violent nature, researchers often have to evaluate average pressures in the flows using computer simulations (模拟) based on measurements of geologic deposits left by past flows.
At Massey University in Palmerston North, New Zealand, researchers freed mixtures of hot rock, ash and gas down a channel to copy volcanic landslides known as pyroclastic flows. These pyroclastic flows have an inner rhythm (节奏) that makes them especially destructive. To directly study the inner workings of these forces of nature, Lube and colleagues reproduced smaller versions of the flows in experiments, measuring the destructive power. That let the team calculate the pressures inside the flows. The researchers also analyzed the first measurements of pressures in natural flows, collected in 2019, when pyroclastic flows burst from the Whakaari volcano and swallowed a set of sensors.
To the researchers’ surprise, pressures in the flows shook rhythmically. These pressure pulses would successively damage barriers like blows from an electric drill, Lube says. The pulses sometimes smashed more than three times as hard as the average pressure evaluates typically suggested by conventional simulations.
8．Why do researchers use computers to simulate pyroclastic flows?
A．To find out their inner rhythm. B．To evaluate their violent nature.
C．To figure out their average pressures. D．To copy the scene of volcanic landslides.
9．What does the fourth paragraph focus on?
A．How to prepare simulation experiment.
B．How to carry out the simulation experiment.
C．Why to conduct the simulation experiment.
D．Why to measure the inner rhythm of pyroclastic flows.
10．What docs the underlined word “smashed” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A．Crashed. B．Bombed. C．Conflicted. D．Increased.
11．What’s the most suitable title for the text?
A．A Well-known Landslide B．The Deadliest Volcanic Disaster
C．More Destructive Pyroclastic Flows D．A Pyroclastic Flows Simulation Experiment
【答案】8．C9．B10．A11．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章说明了火山碎屑流的实际破坏性可能比科学家以前认为的更严重，并且通过模拟实验证明了这一点。
8．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Due to their violent nature, researchers often have to evaluate average pressures in the flows using computer simulations (模拟) based on measurements of geologic deposits left by past flows.(由于其剧烈的性质，研究人员经常不得不使用计算机模拟来评估流体中的平均压力，该模拟是基于过去流体留下的地质沉积物的测量结果)”可知，研究人员要用计算机来模拟火山碎屑流是为了计算他们的平均压力。故选C。
9．主旨大意题。根据第四段“At Massey University in Palmerston North, New Zealand, researchers freed mixtures of hot rock, ash and gas down a channel to copy volcanic landslides known as pyroclastic flows. These pyroclastic flows have an inner rhythm (节奏) that makes them especially destructive. To directly study the inner workings of these forces of nature, Lube and colleagues reproduced smaller versions of the flows in experiments, measuring the destructive power. That let the team calculate the pressures inside the flows. The researchers also analyzed the first measurements of pressures in natural flows, collected in 2019, when pyroclastic flows burst from the Whakaari volcano and swallowed a set of sensors.(在新西兰北帕默斯顿的梅西大学，研究人员将热岩石、火山灰和气体的混合物释放到一条通道中，复制火山滑坡，即火山碎屑流。这些火山碎屑流有一种内在的节奏，使它们特别具有破坏性。为了直接研究这些自然力量的内部运作，Lube和同事们在实验中重现了更小版本的流动，测量其破坏力。这样团队就可以计算出气流内部的压力。研究人员还分析了2019年收集的自然流动压力的首次测量数据，当时火山碎屑流从瓦卡瑞火山爆发，吞没了一组传感器)”可知，第四段的主旨是如何进行模拟实验。故选B。
10．词句猜测题。根据第五段中“These pressure pulses would successively damage barriers like blows from an
electric drill, Lube says.”可知，这些压力脉冲会像电钻一样不断地破坏障碍物，故画线词所在句表示脉冲有时碰撞的压力是常规模拟中估计的平均压力的三倍以上。故画线词意思是“撞击”。故选A。
11．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Laboratory and field measurements show pulses of high pressure form within these slides, known as pyroclastic (火山碎屑的) flows. Those pressures can be far stronger, and more destructive, than disaster evaluations typically assume.(实验室和现场测量显示，这些滑梯中形成了高压脉冲，称为火山碎屑流。这些压力可能比灾难评估通常认为的更强，更具破坏性)”结合文章说明了火山碎屑流的实际破坏性可能比科学家以前认为的更严重，并且通过模拟实验证明了这一点。可知，C选项“更具破坏性的火山碎屑流”最符合文章标题。故选C。
3.【2022届吉林省长春市普通高等学校招生全国统一考试临考押题卷（A）】
New York-based Ecovative has been creating environmentally friendly packaging made from mushrooms and agricultural waste since 2009. Now, the company wants to bring their amazing material into homes and offices with a new line of compostable (可堆肥的) furnishings that are grown using just three materials: mycelium (the vegetative part of mushrooms), hemp (麻类植物), and salt.
While creating hard material from mushrooms might sound magical, the company’s CEO Eben Bayer says it is a relatively low-tech process and compares it to “making bread”. The company begins by adding a few mycelium cells to damp hemp or other agricultural waste.
The mycelium that grows like little hairs is allowed to twist with the waste until everything is ”glued“ together. The combination is then mixed again and placed into the desired mold (模具) where it continues to grow and harden. The resulting material is then baked in the oven. In addition to making it as strong as wood, the heat also kills the mycelium, thus giving the compostable material a similar shelf life to wood.
Also, though the table tops of the stylish Tafl and King’s tables released at the recently held Biofabricate 2016 conference in New York City resemble marble, they are far from it. The perfectly carved blocks are made of a material grown by a North Carolina-based company named bioMASON using grains of sands and bacteria.
As you have probably guessed, this waste-free furniture does not come cheap. Customers can expect to pay anywhere from $249 USD for the Tafl to $699 USD for the King’s table, both of which are only available in limited quantities. Those that cannot afford those prices can choose cheaper GIY (grow it yourself) ones made of various products ranging from Christmas tree decorations to lamp shades.
12．Why did Eben compare making hard materials to making bread?
A．Their raw materials are the same. B．Their product appearances are alike.
C．Their production processes are simple. D．Their production costs are relatively low.
13．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The method of making mushrooms hard. B．How to make mushroom furniture materials.
C．What are needed to make mushroom furniture. D．The difficulties of making mushroom furniture.
14．What can we learn about Tafl and King’s tables?
A．They are in limited supply. B．They are offered in GIY forms.
C．They consist mainly of marble. D．They are designed by bioMASON.
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．The Invention of New Kinds of Furniture
B．The First Sale of Furniture Made of Mushrooms
C．Scientists Found New Material to Make Furniture
D．Future Furniture May Be Grown from Mushrooms
【答案】12．C13．B14．A15．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Ecovative公司用蘑菇研发制造了一种未来新型环保家具。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“While creating hard material from mushrooms might sound magical, the company’s CEO Eben Bayer says it is a relatively low-tech process and compares it to “making bread”.(虽然用蘑菇制造硬材料听起来很神奇，但该公司首席执行官Eben Bayer表示，这是一种技术含量相对较低的过程，并将其比作“制作面包”)”可知，Eben将制作硬质材料比作制作面包因为他们的生产过程很简单。故选C。
13．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The mycelium that grows like little hairs is allowed to twist with the waste until everything is ”glued“ together. The combination is then mixed again and placed into the desired mold (模具) where it continues to grow and harden. The resulting material is then baked in the oven. In addition to making it as strong as wood, the heat also kills the mycelium, thus giving the compostable material a similar shelf life to wood. (菌丝体长得像小茸毛，可以和废料一起扭动，直到所有东西都“粘”在一起。然后将混合物再次混合，放入想要的模具中，继续生长和硬化。然后将得到的材料放入烤箱烘烤。除了使其像木材一样坚固外，高温还会杀死菌丝，从而使这种可降解材料的保质期与木材相似)”可知，第三段主要讲的是如何制作蘑菇家具材料。故选B。
14．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Customers can expect to pay anywhere from $249 USD for the Tafl to $699 USD for the King’s table, both of which are only available in limited quantities.(顾客可以支付249美元的Tafl到699美元的King’s tables，这两种都是限量供应的)”可知，Tafl和King’s tables供应有限。故选A。
15．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Now, the company wants to bring their amazing material into homes and offices with a new line of compostable (可堆肥的) furnishings that are grown using just three materials: mycelium (the vegetative part of mushrooms), hemp (麻类植物), and salt.(现在，该公司希望将他们的神奇材料带入家庭和办公室，他们推出了一种新的可堆肥家具系列，这种家具只使用三种材料生长：菌丝（蘑菇的营养部分）、麻类植物和盐)”结合文章主要介绍了Ecovative公司用蘑菇研发制造了一种未来新型环保家具。可知，D选项“未来的家具可能是从蘑菇中生长出来的”最符合文章标题。故选D。
4.【2022届湖北省武汉市高三五月模拟试题（二）】
The city of Venice, Italy, has finally made a long-awaited decision. Starting on August 1, 2021,cruise ships(游轮)will no longer be allowed to enter the city’s waters.
Contrary to popular opinion, these cruise ship visitors contribute relatively little to the local tourism economy. The New York Times reported cruise ship passengers amount to 73% of visitors, but contribute a mere 18% of tourism dollars. ”The percentage is inverted for people who spend at least one night at a hotel; they represent 14%of visitors, but 48% of the business.”
Many people are overjoyed by the news, especially environmental activists. Firstly, he cruise ships would disturb the waterways and erode(侵蚀)the foundations of already weak buildings. A 2019 study published in Nature found the waves created by large ships could “redistribute industrial pollutants already present in the waters.” Others have said these same waves carve huge holes in the underwater bottoms of buildings, making them unstable. Furthermore, when canals are deepened in order to allow larger boats, it destroys coastal habitats and makes floods worse. This is part of the reason why, in recent years, Venice has experienced terrible flooding that completely flooded St. Mark’s Square and other landmarks.
The announcement came as a surprise as many did not expect the regional government to act so swiftly. In April a projected ban was issued, but it depended on finding an alternative port for the ships-a requirement that local people complained could take years to achieve. The announcement made last week, however, did away with that condition, allowing the city to move forward quickly with the ban.
Hopefully, more travelers are also realizing industrial-style tourism is a terrible way to travel for many reasons. It’s not unlike industrial agriculture and fast fashion in that its goal is to force as many sights, landmarks, and countries into as tight a schedule as possible, for as little money as possible. Its concentration on convenience erodes human connections, preservation of meaningful spots that make travel so valuable in the first place.
8．What does the underlined word “inverted” mean in Paragraph 2?
A．Increased slightly. B．Looked down upon. C．Adjusted accordingly. D．Turned upside down.
9．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．Reasons for Venice’s terrible floods. B．Dangers cruise ships brought about.
C．Reaction to the long-awaited decision. D．Damage erosion waves did to buildings.
10．What is Venetians’ attitude toward the April ban?
A．Unclear. B．Hopeful. C．Doubtful. D．Unfavorable.
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．Venice Says “No” to Cruise Ships. B．The Long-awaited Decision is Made.
C．Cruise Ships Erodes Ancient Venice. D．Venice Tries to Preserve Its Waterway.
【答案】8．D9．B10．C11．A
【解析】这是一篇应用文。主要报道了意大利威尼斯市终于做出了一个期待已久的决定。2021年8月1日开始，游船将不再被允许进入城市的水域。
8．词义猜测题。根据“The New York Times reported cruise ship passengers amount to 73% of visitors, but contribute a mere 18% of tourism dollars. ””（据《纽约时报》报道，邮轮乘客占游客的73%，但对旅游收入的贡献仅为18%。）以及“who spend at least one night at a hotel; they represent 14%of visitors, but 48% of the business.””（对于至少在酒店住一晚的人来说，他们只占14%的访客，却占48%的业务。”）故可猜测，对于至少在酒店住一晚的人来说，这一比例是“反向的”，结合选项D Turned upside down“颠倒”意思一致。故选D项。
9．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Firstly, he cruise ships would disturb the waterways and erode the foundations of already weak buildings. A 2019 study published in Nature found the waves created by large ships could “redistribute industrial pollutants already present in the waters.” Others have said these same waves carve huge holes in the underwater bottoms of buildings, making them unstable. Furthermore, when canals are deepened in order to allow larger boats, it destroys coastal habitats and makes floods worse.”（首先，游轮会扰乱水道，侵蚀本已脆弱的建筑的地基。2019年发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究发现，大型船舶产生的波浪可能“重新分配已经存在于水域的工业污染物”。还有人说，同样的海浪在建筑物的水下底部凿出了巨大的洞，使它们变得不稳定。此外，当运河为容纳更大的船只而加深时，它破坏了沿海的栖息地，使洪水更加严重。）可知，第三段主要讲的是游轮带来的危险。故选B项。
10．推理判断题。根据第四段中“In April a projected ban was issued, but it depended on finding an alternative port for the ships-a requirement that local people complained could take years to achieve.”
（今年4月，一项计划中的禁令发布了，但它取决于为船只找到一个替代港口——当地人抱怨说，这一要求可能需要数年才能实现。）故可推知，威尼斯人对4月禁令的态度是怀疑的。故选C项。
11．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The city of Venice, Italy, has finally made a long-awaited decision. Starting on August 1, 2021,cruise ships(游轮)will no longer be allowed to enter the city’s waters.”（意大利威尼斯市终于做出了一个期待已久的决定。从2021年8月1日起，游轮将不再允许进入城市水域。）可知，文章最好的标题是“威尼斯拒绝游轮”。故选A项。
5.【2022届湖北省荆州中学等四校高三模拟联考（三）】
If you’re a parent, you’re well aware of just how many challenges virtual schooling presents. It’s incredibly stressful to get your kids to pay attention in their “classrooms”. Well, now there’s another thing you need to worry about: hackers. As more school districts rely on remote learning, they’re increasingly becoming targets for cybercriminals.
Believe it or not, your email address is actually a hacker’s primary method of attaining your families’ personal information. That’s why you need to be on the lookout for phishing emails. These emails appear to be from a legal company you’re familiar with—like your bank, credit card company, an online store, or, yes, a school—but are actually from a hacker.
However, there are a few tricks to decode if an email is fake or not. According to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), these emails often “tell a story to trick you into clicking on a link or opening an attachment.” If you receive an email asking you to update your account, change your password, or make a payment, do a little digging first and contact the company directly to ensure that it is indeed legal.
There are indeed some alarming things a hacker can do when they steal your children’s information. According to FTC, “a child’s Social Security number can be used by identity thieves to apply for government benefits, open bank and credit card accounts or apply for a loan, which may go unnoticed for years—usually until they’re adults and attempt to open a credit card.” To make matters worse, a criminal doesn’t even need the child’s complete information to cook up a new identity. “Known as ‘synthetic identity theft’, the thief grabs a Social Security number and combines it with a fake name, address, phone number, and more,” explains the Identity Theft Resource Center, “That makes it a little harder for victims and law enforcement to notice the problem in the first place or take action after the fact.”
8．Why do we need to watch out for phishing emails?
A．They make our emails too crowded to operate.
B．They are from a legal organization that is familiar to you.
C．It is impossible to tell whether an email is authentic or not.
D．It may be quite easy for hackers to steal personal information.
9．Which method is effective to distinguish a phishing email from a legal one?
A．To put it into the trash with little digging.
B．To click on the link and open the attached files.
C．To update your account and change the password.
D．To check its validity with the sender of the email.
10．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The definition of “synthetic identify theft”.
B．The approaches to protecting children’s information.
C．The consequences of children’s information being stolen.
D．The suggestions on preventing children from internet addiction.
11．What can be the best title of the passage?
A．Email hack: a disastrous threat
B．Email hack: an unavoidable issue
C．School hack: an unnoticeable but terrible threat
D．School hack: an invisible hand affecting children’s study
【答案】8．D9．D10．C11．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是网课期间，出现一种新的网络犯罪形式——黑客们入侵学校网站，给学生家里发送钓鱼邮件来盗取孩子们的个人身份信息，利用这些信息从事非法活动获利，这一犯罪形式虽不易察觉但破坏性较大。
8．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Believe it or not, your email address is actually a hacker’s primary method of attaining your families’ personal information. That’s why you need to be on the lookout for phishing emails.(信不信由你，你的电子邮件地址实际上是黑客获取你家人个人信息的主要方法。这就是为什么你需要警惕网络钓鱼邮件。)”可知，我们需要提防钓鱼邮件的原因在于，黑客很容易通过钓鱼邮件来获得家庭成员的个人信息。故选D。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段的“If you receive an email asking you to update your account, change your password, or make a payment, do a little digging first and contact the company directly to ensure that it is indeed
legal.(如果你收到一封要求你更新账户、修改密码或付款的电子邮件，先做一点调查，并直接联系该公司，以确保它确实合法。)”可知，区分钓鱼邮件的有效方法是做调查，与发送邮件方取得联系来确保邮件的合法性。故选D。
10．主旨大意题。根据最后一段的“There are indeed some alarming things a hacker can do when they steal your children’s information.(当黑客窃取你孩子的信息时，他们确实可以做一些令人担忧的事情。)”以及下文具体介绍了后果可知，最后一段主要讲的是儿童信息被盗的后果。故选C。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Well, now there’s another thing you need to worry about: hackers. As more school districts rely on remote learning, they’re increasingly becoming targets for cybercriminals.(好吧，现在你需要担心另一件事：黑客。随着越来越多的学区依赖远程教育，他们越来越多地成为网络犯罪分子的目标。)”及最后一段的“There are indeed some alarming things a hacker can do when they steal your children’s information.(当黑客窃取你孩子的信息时，他们确实可以做一些令人担忧的事情。)”可知，文章整体介绍的黑客通过入侵学校网站，给学生家里发送钓鱼邮件来盗取孩子们的个人身份信息的犯罪形式。文章内容主要涵盖其出现的背景、方式和危害, 主要谈论的是危害，因此最好的题目是C选项“School hack: an unnoticeable but terrible threat(校园黑客：一个不引人注意但可怕的威胁)”，故选C。
6.【2022届河南省豫南省级示范高中联盟高三下学期考前模拟三】
A cozy environment fostering focused thinking and concentration on books is what study lounges are all about. Ideal for students with limited options as after-school study spaces. And relatively cheap.
The demand for study lounges rose in China because students can hardly find a peaceful place to study after finishing classes. Before 2018, there were few study lounges in China, and the few that existed were mainly in first- and second-tier cities such as Guangzhou, Suzhou and Tianjin. Yet by 2019, they had become popular nationwide.
But the pandemic (流行病) has dealt a blow to the industry. Since personal contact in a closed environment is unavoidable, the pandemic forced all study lounges to shut down for several months. Lou Qingxiao, founder of Xinliuzaowu, one of Beijing’s earliest study lounge brands that opened in 2018, said their first study lounge near Renmin University of China had made ends meet before the pandemic. Li Hang and Zhang Yang, co-founders of Sishiloushi, a Beijing-based independent study lounge, said that even before COVID-19 broke out, the industry’s profit was neither promising nor clear, let alone in such a particular period.
“Rent is a major fixed cost for study lounges, especially in first-tier cities,” Lou said. In a first-tier city such as Beijing, rentals comprise more than a half of a study lounge’s monthly operation cost. But Lou sounds optimistic about the industry commercial prospects, “because it’s a blue ocean with less competition.”
Study lounges provide a better learning experience that people cannot get in free public libraries. “Privately operated study lounges like ours actually make up for the shortage of public infrastructure (基础设施) and public services and we are willing to cooperate with the government to better serve the public.” Li said.
8．What contributes to the rise of study lounges in China?
A．The rapid development of cities.
B．The shrinking number of libraries.
C．The need for a peaceful study environment.
D．The lack of alternative after-school activities.
9．What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．The earliest study lounge brands in China.
B．A guideline on finding famous study lounges.
C．An introduction to the founders of study lounges.
D．The influence of the pandemic on study lounges.
10．What does Lou Qingxiao think of the future of the study lounge?
A．It is promising. B．It is unclear.
C．It will be full of competition. D．It will be free of rent.
11．What can we infer about the operation of study lounges from the last paragraph?
A．Government involvement is welcome.
B．The infrastructure construction is needed.
C．Study lounges should be privately operated.
D．Cooperation with public libraries has been achieved.
【答案】8．C9．D10．A11．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了自习室给大家提供了更好的学习体验，但新冠疫情对中国的自习室行业造成了极大的影响。
8．细节理解题。由上文第二段“The demand for study lounges rose in China because students can hardly find a peaceful place to study after finishing classes.”可知，在中国，对自习室的需求增加了，因为学生在上完课后几乎找不到一个安静的学习场所。所以自习室的快速发展是因为大家对安静场所的需求。故选C项。
9．推理判断题。由第三段第一句话“But the pandemic (流行病) has dealt a blow to the industry.”可知，流行病对整个自习室行业造成了打击。下文具体介绍了相关的影响。故选D项。
10．细节理解题。由第四段“But Lou sounds optimistic about the industry commercial prospects, “because it’s a blue ocean with less competition.”可知，但娄对行业的商业前景感到乐观，“因为这是一片竞争较少的蓝色海洋。”文中optimistic表示他是乐观的，认为该行业有好的前景。A项“有希望的”。故选A项。
11．推理判断题。由最后一段“Privately operated study lounges like ours actually make up for the shortage of public infrastructure (基础设施) and public services and we are willing to cooperate with the government to better serve the public.”可知，“像我们这样的私人经营的自习室实际上弥补了公共基础设施和公共服务的不足，我们愿意与政府合作，以更好地为公众服务。”李说。由此可知，自习室行业也希望与政府合作，所以政府的参与是受欢迎的，故选A项。
7.【2022届河南省大联考高三考前最后一卷】
The US space agency NASA has revealed an astonishing picture revealing new secrets of the Earth’s home galaxy (星系), the Milky Way. The sun is just one of hundreds of billions of stars that form the huge shape of our galaxy. Our solar system sits in an outlying region but the new image focuses on the centre of the Milky Way, a “noisy” area because of all the crowded stars. Light from this region takes about 26,000 years to reach Earth. For comparison, light takes just eight minutes to reach us from the sun.
The researchers use the data collected by two telescopes that see the sky in ways that are very different from the visible light our eyes can see to form the new image. Most of the data comes from 370 different pictures taken over the past 20 years by NASA’s Chandra X Observatory. This satellite telescope detects X-rays out in space. X-rays are a from of radiation that is sent out when violent events heat matter to temperatures of millions of degrees. Other data comes from the MeerKAT telescope in South Africa, which can detect radio waves from space. These waves have much less energy than X-rays. They are usually produced by cooler material, such as huge clouds of gas between the stars.
The brightest sources include neutron stars which are the cores of huge stars that ran out of fuel and collapsed to city-sized balls of super hot matter. Many neutron stars and black holes jet out gases that appear in the picture as purple streaks (斑纹). Powerful magnetic fields in the area cause the jets to bend as they get further from their source. Astronomer Dr Daniel Wang, who has worked on the image over the past year, said the new picture described “a violent or energetic ecosystem”.
12．What can be learned about the Milky Way?
A．The center of it remains unknown.
B．The sun isn’t located in the center of it.
C．Its center is very peaceful.
D．Its center features fewer stars.
13．What’s paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The collection of space data.
B．The function of the MeerKAT telescope.
C．The differences of space waves.
D．The formation of the new image.
14．What can we know about the gases jetted out by the black hole?
A．They will absorb surrounding materials.
B．They will form super big matter.
C．They get bent if away from their source.
D．They are likely to explode when superheated.
15．What may be the best title for the text?
A．Our galaxy’s violent heart B．An attempt to travel in outer space
C．Radio waves from outer space D．Stars’ purple streaks
【答案】12．B13．D14．C15．A
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了关于银河系中心不为人知的一些情况。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段“The sun is just one of hundreds of billions of stars that form the huge shape of our galaxy. Our solar system sits in an outlying region but the new image focuses on the centre of the Milky Way, a noisy area because of all the crowded stars.(太阳只是构成银河系巨大形状的数千亿颗恒星中的一颗。我们的太阳系位于一个偏远的区域，但新图像聚焦在银河系的中心，一个嘈杂的区域，因为所有的恒星都很拥挤)”可知，整个太阳系都不在银河系中心，即太阳也不在银河系中心。故选B项。
13．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The researchers use the data collected by two telescopes that see the sky in ways that are very different from the visible light our eyes can see to form the new image. (研究人员使用了两台望远镜收集的数据，它们观察天空的方式与我们肉眼看到的可见光非常不同，从而形成了新的图像)”及过程描述可知，第二段主要讲述了银河系的新照片的形成。故选D项。
14．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Powerful magnetic fields in the area cause the jets to bend as they get further from their source.(该区域的强大磁场会导致射流在远离源头时发生弯曲)” 可知，黑洞喷出的气体如果远离其源头就会发生弯曲。故选C项。
15．主旨大意题。由文章最后一段“Astronomer Dr Daniel Wang, who has worked on the image over the past year, said the new picture described a violent or energetic ecosystem.(天文学家丹尼尔·王博士过去一年一直在研究这幅图像，他说，这幅新图像描述了一个激烈或充满活力的生态系统)”可知，整篇文章围绕这幅新图像展开，描述了银河系的中心是激烈或充满活力的。由此可知，Our galaxy’s violent heart(我们星系狂暴的心脏)适合作本文最佳标题。故选A项。
8.【2022届海南省海口市高三学生学科能力诊断（二）】
People who suffer from motion sickness have a long list of activities they are afraid of, and often avoid altogether. This includes long-distance airplane travel, road-trips, and even certain movies and video games. However, if the French company Boarding Ring has its way, motion sickness sufferers will soon have nothing to worry about, provided they are willing to wear the strange-looking Boarding Glasses!
Also called seasickness or carsickness, motion sickness is believed to be the result of the brain receiving mixed signals from the sensory systems, which include the eyes, inner ear, muscles, and joints. For example, when you are looking at your phone on a moving bus, your inner ear notices the motion but your eyes, focused on the screen, thinks you are not moving.
Boarding Glasses try to reduce motion sickness symptoms by “recreating the horizon” so that all the user’s senses send the same message. Though that sounds complex, the science behind the eyewear is surprisingly simple. The frames, made of two round lenses on the front and two on the side, are hollow and partially filled with a blue liquid. Any movement in the vehicle causes the liquid to run around the eyes. This allows the eyes to sense the motion and send the correct signal to the brain. Antoine Jeannin, CEO of Boarding Ring, says, “Your eyes always get the reality of the movement and get a signal that is consistent with the balance system perception.”
According to the company, Boarding Glasses, invented by Jeannin’s father, have been tested by French Navy personnel. The CEO says that over 95 percent of the users reported feeling better after wearing them. People who don’t like the glasses’ appearance will be excited to know that they are only required to be worn for a short period of time. According to Jeannin, “You put the glasses on at the first sign of sickness, leave them on for 10 or 12 minutes, and then take them off. Usually, this cures you of the sickness for the rest of the journey.” The best part is that since Boarding Glasses have no lenses, a single pair can be shared among a group of friends, or even an entire family!
12．What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A．Motion sickness causes much inconvenience to its sufferers.
B．Motion sickness sufferers should avoid working out together.
C．Certain movies and video games provide the feeling of flying.
D．The French company Boarding Ring can cure motion sickness.
13．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The theory behind motion sickness. B．The mixed signals the brain receives.
C．Organs belonging to the sensory systems. D．The result of screen watching on a moving bus.
14．Why are the lenses filled with a blue liquid?
A．To make the Boarding Glasses a little attractive.
B．To ensure the brain receives the correct signal.
C．To strengthen the function of the balance system.
D．To make the movement in the vehicle less boring.
15．What is good news for those who care much for the glasses’ appearance?
A．The price is very low. B．The glasses are widely effective.
C．The lenses are suitable for all people. D．The necessary time for use is not long.
【答案】12．A13．A14．B15．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了法国一家公司研制出的一款可以缓解晕车的眼镜。
12．推理判断题。根据第一段中“People who suffer from motion sickness have a long list of activities they are afraid of, and often avoid altogether.(患有晕动症的人有一长串他们害怕的活动，并且经常避免所有的活动。这包括长途飞机旅行，公路旅行，甚至某些电影和电子游戏)”可推知，晕动症给患者带来很多不便。故选A。
13．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Also called seasickness or carsickness, motion sickness is believed to be the result of the brain receiving mixed signals from the sensory systems, which include the eyes, inner ear, muscles, and joints. For example, when you are looking at your phone on a moving bus, your inner ear notices the motion but your eyes, focused on the screen, thinks you are not moving.(晕动症也被称为晕船或晕车，晕车被认为是大脑接收到来自感觉系统的混合信号的结果，这些感觉系统包括眼睛、内耳、肌肉和关节。例如，当你在行驶的公共汽车上看手机时，你的内耳会注意到手机的移动，但你的眼睛会盯着屏幕，认为你没有移动)”可知，第二段主要介绍了诱发晕动症的机理：大脑收到不同的的感觉器官传来的信息是互相矛盾的。故选A。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Any movement in the vehicle causes the liquid to run around the eyes. This allows the eyes to sense the motion and send the correct signal to the brain.(车内的任何运动都会导致液体在眼睛周围流动。这使得眼睛能够感知运动，并向大脑发送正确的信号)”
可知，中空的眼镜片里装的蓝色液体是为了让眼睛及时感受到运动，以便给大脑传递正确的信号。故选B。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“People who don’t like the glasses’ appearance will be excited to know that they are only required to be worn for a short period of time.(不喜欢眼镜外观的人会很兴奋地知道，他们只需要戴很短的一段时间)”可知，新发明的眼镜只需要戴一小段时间就可以了，因此对那些不喜欢这种眼镜的式样的人来说是好消息。故选D。
9.【2022届福建省福州第一中学高三5月校模拟】
All sounds that are louder than 85 decibels are a threat to your hearing, especially if your exposure is long or repeated. That’s because loud sounds can injure or destroy hair cells in your inner ear that are involved in sending sound signals to your brain.
Since most of us don’t carry decibel meters around, you can rely instead on this rule of thumb: if you are required to raise your voice to be heard by someone standing at arm’s length away then there’s potential for harm.
Deafeningly loud noise is not to blame for all hearing loss, though. Occasionally, the root of the problem is an underlying condition such as a ruptured (破裂的) eardrum. In addition, the inner ear can also simply become worse as you get older, and unfortunately, there’s no real way to prevent this.
If you suspect you’ve lost some hearing, see a GP or audiologist. A hearing aid could improve your abilities noticeably, particularly when it’s a question of picking up people’s speech. The technology itself “can take a while to get used to because your brain needs to readjust, “says audiologist Dr Gemma Twitchen. “Research shows this is much easier if you take action on getting your hearing assessed early on, when you first notice it reducing”
Another possible consequence of noise exposure or ageing is tinnitus. This phantom (幽灵似的) ringing, buzzing, hissing or roaring is often caused by the brain compensating for missing sound input or by damaged ear hair cells sending random signals to it. Although the condition affects each sufferer differently, sleep loss, stress and trouble concentrating are among the potential consequences. If your tinnitus comes with hearing loss—and they do often show up together—then a hearing aid could ease it by giving your brain external sounds to focus on. Other potentially helpful devices include sound generators that send out gentle white noise that prevents the tinnitus from developing.
8．In most cases, how do we know that noise is harmful?
A．By carrying a decibel meter on us.
B．By keeping others at arm’s length.
C．By having to talk loudly at short range.
D．By sensing concentration trouble.
9．What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．Consequences of loud noise.
B．Sources of deafening noise.
C．Ways to prevent hearing loss.
D．Reasons for hearing loss.
10．What can we infer from Paragraph 4?
A．Most GPs use hearing aids as a cure.
B．This technology has been around for a while.
C．Early hearing loss assessment is advisable
D．Hearing loss takes some time to readjust.
11．What do we know about tinnitus?
A．It impacts the quality of life.
B．It is a direct result of hearing loss.
C．It can be cured by a hearing aid
D．It leads to missing sound input.
【答案】8．C9．D10．C11．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了听力受损的原因及解决办法。
8．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Since most of us don’t carry decibel meters around, you can rely instead on this rule of thumb: if you are required to raise your voice to be heard by someone standing at arm’s length away then there’s potential for harm.”（因为我们大多数人都没有携带分贝计，所以你可以依靠这条经验法则：如果你被要求提高音量，让站在一臂远的人听到，那么就有潜在的伤害。）可知，近距离内需要提供音量让对方听到你的声音，这种环境中的声音就是噪音。故选C项。
9．主旨大意题。根据第三段第一句“Deafeningly loud noise is not to blame for all hearing loss, though.”（然而，震耳欲聋的噪音并不是所有听力丧失的原因。）以及后文列举了另外两个造成听力损伤的原因，可知该段落主要在介绍听力损伤的原因。故选D项。
10．推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句““Research shows this is much easier if you take action on getting your hearing assessed early on, when you first notice it reducing””（“研究表明，当你第一次注意到听力下降时，如果你尽早采取行动进行听力评估，这就会容易得多。”）可知，应该尽早去评估听力受损情况。故选C项。
11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Although the condition affects each sufferer differently, sleep loss, stress and trouble concentrating are among the potential consequences.”（尽管这种情况对每个患者的影响不同，但睡眠不足、压力和注意力难以集中都是潜在的后果。）可知，耳鸣会影响到生活质量。故选A项。
10.【2022届青海省西宁市高考一模】
Recently, Facebook has changed its corporate name to Meta. The company said it would better include what it does, as it broadens its reach beyond social media into areas like virtual reality (VR). The CEO Mark Zuckerberg said the existing brand could not possibly represent everything that they’re doing today, let alone in the future. He also revealed the company’s plans to build a “metaverse (元宇宙)” — an online world where people can game, work and communicate in a virtual environment.
The term “metaverse” was invented by author Neal Stephenson in Snow Crash, a science fiction published in 1992. In the work, the metaverse is a sort of 3D virtual world. It’s not simply a virtual reality game but is a persistent and shared virtual world. Or rather, the metaverse is a whole universe of shared virtual spaces seemingly linked together — you could, essentially, teleport (瞬移) between them.
Metaverse combined at the very least five technologies — they are social media, online game, Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR) and cryptocurrency (加密货币). Those technologies will bring users to an interactive world. AR and VR are vital for Metaverse. VR serves to present the virtual world visually and then AR will provide the audio and sensors for people to be able to interact. With Metaverse, Facebook will offer not only a texting service but also a multi-perspective virtual touch that feels like a real thing.
Facebook said that it plans to create 10,000 jobs in Europe over the next five years to work on metaverse-related endeavours (活动). The company also has introduced Oculus-branded virtual-reality headsets, and it joined with Ray-Ban to develop smart sunglasses that went on sale for $299. “Over time, I hope that we are seen as a metaverse company and I want to anchor our work and our identity on what we’re building towards,” Mark Zuckerberg said. “I view this work as critical to our mission because delivering a sense of presence — like you’re right there with another person — that’s the highest goal of online social experiences,” he said.
12．Why has Facebook changed its corporate name?
A．To lead the gaming industry.
B．To cover its extended business.
C．To improve its corporate image.
D．To attract investment for its new plans.
13．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The introduction to the VR game.
B．The future with 3D virtual world.
C．The origin of the word “metaverse”.
D．The importance of the novel Snow Crash.
14．What do we know about Metaverse?
A．It has a wide range of applications.
B．It offers people deeply interactive experiences.
C．It enables people to enjoy a free texting service.
D．It uses the five technologies to explore the universe.
15．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．There will be fierce competition in the metaverse market.
B．Facebook will focus on designing virtual devices.
C．Metaverse will be the center of online experience studies.
D．Facebook will be devoted to developing the metaverse.
【答案】12．B13．C14．B15．D
【解析】本文是新闻报道。文章主要讲述Facebook将把公司更名为Meta（元），并希望人们将其视为“元宇宙公司”，Facebook将致力于元宇宙的发展。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段的“The company said it would better include what it does, as it broadens its reach beyond social media into areas like virtual reality (VR).(该公司表示，随着公司将业务范围从社交媒体扩大到虚拟现实（VR）等领域，它将更好地涵盖自己的业务)”可知，脸书改变公司名字是因为这个名字能够覆盖其扩大的业务。故选B。
13．主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“The term “metaverse” was invented by author Neal Stephenson in Snow Crash, a science fiction published in 1992. In the work, the metaverse is a sort of 3D virtual world. It’s not simply a virtual reality game but is a persistent and shared virtual world. Or rather, the metaverse is a whole universe of shared virtual spaces seemingly linked together — you could, essentially, teleport (瞬移) between them.(“元宇宙”一词是由作家尼尔·斯蒂芬森在1992年出版的科幻小说《雪崩》中发明的。在这部作品中，元宇宙是一种3D虚拟世界。这不仅仅是一款虚拟现实游戏，而是一个持久和共享的虚拟世界。或者更确切地说，元宇宙是一个共享的虚拟空间的整个宇宙，似乎联系在一起——本质上，你可以在它们之间瞬移)”
可推断，本段主要介绍了“元宇宙”一词的来源。故选C。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Those technologies will bring users to an interactive world. AR and VR are vital for Metaverse. VR serves to present the virtual world visually and then AR will provide the audio and sensors for people to be able to interact.(这些技术将把用户带入一个互动世界。AR和VR对“元宇宙”至关重要。VR是为了将虚拟世界视觉化呈现出来，而AR则为人们提供音频和传感器使人们能够互动)”可知，“元宇宙”为人们提供了深刻的互动体验。故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Facebook said that it plans to create 10,000 jobs in Europe over the next five years to work on metaverse-related endeavours (活动).(脸书说，它计划在欧洲创造10000个就业机会在未来五年致力于与元宇宙有关的活动)”和“Over time, I hope that we are seen as a metaverse company and I want to anchor our work and our identity on what we’re building towards(随着时间推移，我希望我们被视为一家元宇宙公司，并打算将我们的工作和身份定位于我们正在构建的目标)”可推断，脸书将致力于发展元宇宙。故选D。
11.【2022届江西省萍乡市高三第一次质量检测】
One of the astronomy's most well-known telescopes-the 305-metre-wide radio telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico-is closing forever. Engineers cannot find a safe way to repair it after two cables supporting the structure suddenly and catastrophically broke, one in August and one in early November.
The Arecibo telescope, which was built in 1963, was the world's largest radio telescope for decades and has historical and modern importance in astronomy. It was the site from which astronomers sent an interstellar radio message in 1974, in case any extraterrestrial might hear it, and where the first known extrasolar planet was discovered, in 1992. It has also done groundbreaking work in detecting near-Earth planets, observing the puzzling celestial blasts known as fast radio bursts, and studying many other phenomena.
The cables that broke helped support a 900-tonne platform of scientific instruments, which hangs above the main telescope dish. The first cable broke panels at the edge of the dish, but the second tore huge gashes in a central portion of it. If any more cables fail-which could happen at any time-the entire platform could crash into the dish below. The US National Science Foundation(NSF), which owns the Arecibo Observatory, is working on plans to safely lower the platform down in a controlled fashion.
NSF's officials insist that the cable failures came as a surprise. After the first, engineering teams spotted a handful of broken wires on the second cable, which was more crucial to holding up the structure, but they did not see it as a major problem because the weight it was carrying was well within its design capacity.
Some of the observatory's scientific projects may be able to be transferred to other facilities, said Ralph Gaume, the NSF's head of astronomy. And he expects scientists to suggest where to shift their research. Science does continue at other portions of the Arecibo Observatory, which includes more than the 305-metre-dish. They include two lidar facilities that shoot lasers into the atmosphere to study atmospheric phenomena.
12．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The history of building the telescope. B．The key role of the telescope in astronomy.
C．The benefit of learning astronomical events. D．The process of locating near-Earth planets.
13．According to Paragraph 3, we know that________.
A．NSF's officials tried to repair the platform
B．the second cable failure destroyed the platform
C．the scientific instruments broke down due to the cables
D．the platform would not break down if no more cables should fail
14．Why were NSF's officials careless about the broken wires on the second cable?
A．The cable was not very old.
B．The wires were specially designed.
C．The weight the cable bore did not go beyond its limit.
D．The cable was not as important as the first one.
15．What will happen to the ongoing scientific projects at the observatory?
A．All of them will be shut down. B．Some of them will be moved to other facilities.
C．They will be distributed to different scientists. D．Some of them will be put off.
【答案】12．B13．D14．C15．B
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。天文学中最著名的望远镜之一——位于波多黎各阿雷西博的305米宽的射电望远镜——将永远关闭。一根在8月，另一根在11月初，支撑这座建筑的两根钢索突然发生灾难性的断裂，工程师们找不到安全的修复方法。文章主要介绍了这一望远镜的一些背景知识以及人们对此的看法。
12．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The Arecibo telescope, which was built in 1963, was the world's largest radio telescope for decades and has historical and modern importance in astronomy. It was the site from which astronomers sent an interstellar radio message in 1974, in case any extraterrestrial might hear it, and where the first known extrasolar planet was discovered, in 1992. It has also done groundbreaking work in detecting near-Earth planets, observing the puzzling celestial blasts known as fast radio bursts, and studying many other
phenomena.(阿雷西博望远镜建于1963年，是几十年来世界上最大的射电望远镜，在天文学上具有历史和现代意义。1974年，天文学家就是在这里发送了一条星际无线电信息，以防任何天外来客听到。1992年，人们在这里发现了第一颗已知的太阳系外行星。它还在探测近地行星、观测被称为快速射电暴的令人困惑的天体爆炸以及研究许多其他现象方面做了开创性的工作)”可知，第二段主要讲了望远镜在天文学中的关键作用。故选B。
13．推理判断题。根据第三段中“If any more cables fail-which could happen at any time-the entire platform could crash into the dish below. The US National Science Foundation(NSF), which owns the Arecibo Observatory, is working on plans to safely lower the platform down in a controlled fashion.(如果再有任何电缆断裂——这随时都有可能发生——整个平台可能会坠入下面的盘子。拥有阿雷西博天文台的美国国家科学基金会正在制定计划，以一种可控的方式安全降低平台)”可推知，如果没有更多的电缆发生故障，平台就不会崩溃。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“After the first, engineering teams spotted a handful of broken wires on the second cable, which was more crucial to holding up the structure, but they did not see it as a major problem because the weight it was carrying was well within its design capacity.(在第一次断裂后，工程团队在第二根电缆上发现了几根断裂的电线，这对支撑结构来说更为关键，但他们不认为这是一个大问题，因为它所承载的重量完全在设计能力范围内)”可知，科学家们一开始并没有把第二根电缆线的断裂当做重大问题，是因为它所承载的重量还是在它的能力范围内的。故选C。
15．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Some of the observatory's scientific projects may be able to be transferred to other facilities, said Ralph Gaume, the NSF's head of astronomy.(美国国家科学基金会天文学主管Ralph Gaume说，该天文台的一些科学项目可能会被转移到其他设施)”可知，有些项目将被转移到其他的设备上。故选B。
12.【2022届吉林省东北师范大学附属中学高三五模】
Researchers at MIT and in China developed a simple, solar-powered water desalination (脱盐) system. They have made a breakthrough in getting fresh drinking water from sea water by using sunlight.
As the research paper published in Energy & Environmental Science explains, equipment applied in this system includes several layers of flat evaporators (蒸发器) that turn water sources into fresh water through solar energy, as well as condensers (冷凝器) that cool the gas into the liquid. The authors of the paper are MIT students Lenan Zhang and Lin Zhao, Professor Evelyn Wang, and nine other researchers at MIT and at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China.
How the system uses each of the multiple stages to remove salt from the water is critical to its efficiency. The heat released per stage will be used by the next stage. In this way, the team’s device can convert (转换) the energy
of sunlight into the energy of water evaporation with an efficiency of 385 percent.
The device can be considered as a multilayer solar still. The heat is absorbed by its flat panels and then transferred to make water evaporate. The vapor then cools down and turns into liquid water on the next panel. As the water is collected, the released heat is transferred to the next layer.
The team’s 10-stage system produces pure water. Its quality is above the city drinking water standards. It also has the highest yield compared to other similar systems, at a rate of nearly six cubic decimeter per hour for every square meter of the solar collecting area. The system is distinguished from some others by the fact that there is no accumulated salt to be got rid of. Most materials of the demonstration unit don’t cost much and are easy to get.
Further experiments will be carried out on the device to optimize (优化) the choices of materials and test its durability under realistic conditions. Researchers will also work on the design of the device to make it more consumer-friendly. It is expected that the system could finally help developing regions that are short of electricity supplies but rich in sea water and sunlight handle water crises.
12．What contributes most to the high efficiency of the device?
A．The recycling of released heat. B．The choice of materials.
C．The use of multilayer equipment. D．The simplicity of the structure.
13．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4?
A．What the device is for. B．How solar energy is collected.
C．How the device works. D．What makes the device.
14．What makes the device different from other systems?
A．The quality of water it produces. B．Its zero accumulation of salt.
C．Its stable and high production level. D．The low cost of its condensers.
15．Why will researchers carry out further experiments on the device?
A．To make it suitable for use by consumers. B．To make it environment-friendly.
C．To check its performance in labs. D．To reduce its cost.
【答案】12．A13．C14．B15．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院和中国的研究人员开发了一种简单的太阳能海水淡化系统。他们在利用阳光从海水获取新鲜饮用水方面取得了突破性进展。
12．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The heat released per stage will be used by the next stage. In this way, the team’s device can convert (转换) the energy of sunlight into the energy of water evaporation with an efficiency of
385 percent.(每一级释放的热量将被下一级使用。通过这种方式，该团队的设备可以以385%的效率将太阳光的能量转化为水蒸发的能量。)”可知，释放的热量的循环使用对该设备的高效率贡献最大。故选A。
13．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The device can be considered as a multilayer solar still. The heat is absorbed by its flat panels and then transferred to make water evaporate. The vapor then cools down and turns into liquid water on the next panel. As the water is collected, the released heat is transferred to the next layer.(该装置可以被认为是一个多层太阳能蒸馏器。它的平板吸收热量，然后将热量传递，使水蒸发。然后蒸汽冷却下来，在下一个面板上变成液态水。当水被收集起来时，释放的热量被转移到下一层。)”可知，第四段讲述了该装置的工作流程。故选C。
14．细节理解题。根据第五段“The system is distinguished from some others by the fact that there is no accumulated salt to be got rid of. Most materials of the demonstration unit don’t cost much and are easy to get.(该系统与其他一些系统的区别在于它没有堆积的盐需要去除。演示装置的大部分材料成本不高，很容易获得。)”可知，该装置的零盐积累使它与其他系统不同。故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Researchers will also work on the design of the device to make it more consumer-friendly.(研究人员还将研究该设备的设计，使其更方便消费者使用。)”可推断，研究人员将对该设备进行进一步实验，使其更适合消费者使用。故选A。
13.【2022届山东省枣庄市高考二模】
Space tourism is the term used to describe space travel for recreational or leisure purposes. What was once only a dream, as described in A Space Odyssey by Arthur C．Clarke, is now becoming a reality.
Futurologists attempt to make predictions of what life will be like in the future. After the first man landed on the moon, they thought that hotels would be built on the moon by the year 2000. They also considered the possibility that, in the 21st century, families might go for a holiday on the moon. Neither of these predictions have come true yet-but the rapid development of technology may mean these predictions are possible in the years to come.
Space Adventures is currently the only company to have succeeded in sending paying passengers into space. It worked with the Federal Space Agency of Russia and Rocket and Space Corporation Energia to provide flights for the world’s first private space explorers. Each paid over $20 million for their 10-day trip to the International Space Station.
Following successful explorations into space, other companies are now considering the possibility of enabling tourists to visit space. To make it affordable, suborbital space travel is being considered by some companies, like
Virgin Galactic. Passengers would be transported to a height of between 100 and 160 km above earth, experience 3—6 minutes of weightlessness and a view of the stars before back to earth. This is expected to cost around $200, 000 per person.
Whilst it could be an enriching experience, there are some disadvantages. Many critics say that a huge growth in the spaceflight industry could drastically speed up the process of global warming. The ozone layer would be damaged further and the polar regions would suffer. In addition, space travel is only really affordable for the super-rich, though Virgin Galactic claims to be ‘opening space to the rest of us’.
8．What do you know about space tourism?
A．It is nothing but a dream. B．It’s only in some fairy tales.
C．It’s a sightseeing tour in space. D．It’s a scientific expedition.
9．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The future life on the moon. B．Landing on the moon in 1969.
C．Predictions about trips to the moon. D．The history of the moon exploration.
10．Why is suborbital space travel considered possible?
A．It’s cheaper. B．It’s safer. C．It’s greener. D．It’s convenient.
11．What is some critics’ major concern about space tourism?
A．Its safety. B．Environmental effect.
C．Social equality. D．Its expense.
【答案】8．C9．C10．A11．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了太空旅行发展的可能性及其可能会带来的问题。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Space tourism is the term used to describe space travel for recreational or leisure purposes. (太空旅游是用来描述出于娱乐或休闲目的的太空旅行的术语)”可知，太空旅行是一次太空观光之旅。故选C。
9．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Futurologists attempt to make predictions of what life will be like in the future. After the first man landed on the moon, they thought that hotels would be built on the moon by the year 2000. They also considered the possibility that, in the 21st century, families might go for a holiday on the moon. Neither of these predictions have come true yet-but the rapid development of technology may mean these predictions are possible in the years to
come.(未来学家试图预测未来的生活。第一个人登上月球后，他们认为到2000年月球上会建旅馆。他们还考虑了在21世纪，家庭可能去月球度假的可能性。这两种预测都还没有实现，但技术的快速发展可能意味着这些预测在未来几年内是可能的)”可知，本段主要内容是关于到月球旅行的预测。故选C。
10．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Following successful explorations into space, other companies are now considering the possibility of enabling tourists to visit space. To make it affordable, suborbital space travel is being considered by some companies, like Virgin Galactic. (随着太空探索的成功，其他公司现在正在考虑让游客参观太空的可能性。为了让人们负担得起，维珍银河(Virgin Galactic)等公司正在考虑进行亚轨道太空旅行)”可知，一些公司正在考虑亚轨道太空旅行是因为这样人们才能负担得起，由此可知，亚轨道太空旅行的费用更便宜，是亚轨道太空旅行成为可能的原因，故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Whilst it could be an enriching experience, there are some disadvantages. Many critics say that a huge growth in the spaceflight industry could drastically speed up the process of global warming. The ozone layer would be damaged further and the polar regions would suffer. (虽然这可能是一次丰富的经历，但也有一些缺点。许多批评人士说，航天工业的巨大发展可能会大大加快全球变暖的进程。臭氧层将被进一步破坏，极地地区将遭受损失)”可知，航天工业发展会大大加快全球变暖，破坏臭氧层，使极地地区受损，所以批评家们主要担心太空旅行对环境造成的影响，故选B。
14.【湖南省常德市2021-2022学年高三3月模拟】
It was December 25, 1914, only 5 months into World War Ⅰ. German, British, and French soldiers already sick and tired of the senseless killing, disobeyed their superiors and fraternized (打得火热) with “the enemy” along two-thirds of the Western Front. German troops held Christmas trees up out of the trenches (战壕) with signs, “Merry Christmas.”
“You no shoot, we no shoot.” Thousands of troops streamed across a no-man’s land filled with dead bodies. They sang Christmas carols, exchanged photographs of loved ones back home, shared rations, played football, and even roasted some pigs. Soldiers embraced (拥抱) men they had been trying to kill a few short hours before. They agreed to warn each other if the Generals (将军) forced them to fire their weapons, and to aim high.
It shocked the high command on either side. Here was disaster in the making: soldiers declaring their brotherhood with each other and refusing to fight. Generals on both sides declared this peacemaking to be wrong. Fifteen million would be killed.
Not many people have heard the story of the Christmas Truce. On Christmas Day, 1988, a story in the Boston Globe mentioned that a local FM radio host played “Christmas in the Trenches” several times and was surprised by the effect. The song became the most requested recording during the holidays in Boston on several FM stations. “Some callers even telephone the host deeply moved, sometimes in tears, asking, ‘What the hell did I just hear?’”
You can probably guess why the callers were in tears. The Christmas Truce story goes against most of what we have been taught about people. It gives us a glimpse of the world as we wish it could be and says, “This really happened once.” It reminds us of those thoughts we keep hidden away, ou of range of the TV and newspaper stories that tell us how trivial (微不足道的) and mean human life is. It is like hearing that our deepest wishes really are true: the world really could be different.
8．What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A．Troops celebrated their victories. B．Generals forced their army to fight back.
C．Soldiers made peace with their enemies. D．Soldiers decided to give in to their enemies.
9．What would the soldiers’ actions result in according to the passage?
A．A fierce war. B．Many deaths. C．A peaceful world. D．Many heroes.
10．Why were the callers in tears?
A．They experienced the war. B．They lost loved ones in the war.
C．They valued the life in peace. D．They desired to protect their motherland.
11．What do the TV and newspaper stories probably convey?
A．Being against wars. B．Cherishing today’s happiness.
C．Remembering heroes. D．Showing no respect for life.
【答案】8．C9．B10．C11．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过对战争中士兵们放下武器圣诞休战的事件，告诉我们人类的本性中的友善和关心。
8．主旨大意题。根据第二段“They sang Christmas carols, exchanged photographs of loved ones back home, shared rations, played football, and even roasted some pigs. Soldiers embraced (拥抱) men they had been trying to kill a few short hours before. They agreed to warn each other if the Generals (将军) forced them to fire their weapons, and to aim high. (他们唱圣诞颂歌，交换家乡亲人的照片，分享口粮，踢足球，甚至烤猪。士兵们拥抱了几小时前还试图杀死的人。他们同意，如果将军们强迫他们开枪，并把目标定得很高，他们就互相警告。)”可知，本段主要介绍了士兵们与敌人讲和、休战。故选C。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段“Generals on both sides declared this peacemaking to be wrong. Fifteen million would be killed.(双方的将军们都宣称这种和平斡旋是错误的。1500万人将会死亡。)”可知，士兵的行动会导致许多人死亡。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据第五段“You can probably guess why the callers were in tears. The Christmas Truce story
goes against most of what we have been taught about people. It gives us a glimpse of the world as we wish it could be and says, “This really happened once.”(你大概可以猜到为什么打电话的人哭了。圣诞节休战的故事与我们所接受的关于人的大部分教育相违背。它让我们看到了我们希望的世界，并说，“这真的发生过一次。”)”可知，打电话的人都哭了是因为他们珍惜和平生活。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It reminds us of those thoughts we keep hidden away, ou of range of the TV and newspaper stories that tell us how trivial (微不足道的) and mean human life is. It is like hearing that our deepest wishes really are true: the world really could be different. (它让我们想起那些被我们隐藏起来的想法，以及那些告诉我们人类生活是多么琐碎和卑鄙的电视和报纸故事的范围。这就像听到我们内心深处的愿望真的是真的：世界真的可以改变。)”可推断，电视和报纸的故事可能传达的是反对战争的信息。故选A。
15.【2022届重庆市育才中学高三下学期二诊模拟考试（二）】
Fritillaria plants can be easily spotted. The usually bright green plants often stand alone amid the rocks at the top of the Himalayan and Hengduan mountains in southwestern China — easy pickings for traditional Chinese medicine herbalists, who’ve ground the bulbs (鳞茎) of Fritillaria into a cough-treating powder for more than 2, 000 years. The demand for the bulbs is intense, since about 3,500 of them are needed to produce one kilogram of the powder, worth about $480.
But some Fritillaria are remarkably difficult to find, with leaves and stems that are barely distinguishable from the gray or brown rocky background. Surprisingly, the plants’ camouflage (伪装) seems to have evolved in response to people.
In wide open areas with little cover, like mountaintops, blending in can help the plants avoid hungry herbivores, says Yang Niu, a botanist at the Kunming Institute of Botany in China. But after five years of studying camouflage in Fritillaria, he did not spot any animals feeding on the plants. So Niu, his colleague Hang Sun and sensory ecologist Martin Stevens of the University of Exeter in England decided to see if humans might be driving the evolution of the plants’ camouflage.
During their research, local herbalists noted the total weight of the bulbs harvested each year from 2014 to 2019 at seven study sites. These records indicated contemporary harvesting pressure on the plants. In the meantime, the researchers assessed the ease of harvesting by recording how long it took to dig up bulbs at six of those sites. On some slopes, bulbs are easily dug up, but in others they can be buried under rocks. Both measures have revealed a striking pattern: The more harvested a site is, the better the color of a plant matches its background.
However, camouflage can present some challenges. Pollinators (花粉传播者) might have a harder time
finding the camouflaged plants, and the gray and brown coloration could impair photosynthetic (光合) activity. Still, these Fritillaria show how adaptable the plants can be. The plants can better change their appearance than we might have expected.
12．What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The living environment of Fritillaria.
B．The appearance of Fritillaria.
C．The reasons for picking Fritillaria.
D．The history of traditional Chinese medicine.
13．What do the researchers find during their research?
A．Fritillaria usually exist under rocks.
B．Animals drive Fritillaria to hide themselves better.
C．Frequent human activities make it easier to spot Fritillaria.
D．Fritillaria camouflage themselves better where harvested more often.
14．Which of the following statements is true according to the last paragraph?
A．All plants are poor at camouflaging.
B．Fritillaria are constantly changing how they look.
C．Camouflage can bring some side-effects to Fritillaria.
D．Fritillaria camouflaged to be gray which can promote growth.
15．What’s the main idea of this passage?
A．The demand for the Fritillaria is intense.
B．Fritillaria are remarkably difficult to find.
C．Camouflage can present some challenges to the Fritillaria.
D．Human activities drive the evolution of the Fritillaria’s camouflage.
【答案】12．C13．D14．C15．D
【解析】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了Fritillaria此类植物的相关信息和特点，以及研究者通过实验研究了解了人类活动对Fritillaria伪装的影响，以及伪装对Fritillaria自身的影响。
12．主旨大意题。通读第一段“Fritillaria plants can be easily spotted. The usually bright green plants often stand alone amid the rocks at the top of the Himalayan and Hengduan mountains in southwestern China — easy pickings for traditional Chinese medicine herbalists, who’ve ground the bulbs (鳞茎) of Fritillaria into a cough-treating
powder for more than 2, 000 years. The demand for the bulbs is intense, since about 3,500 of them are needed to produce one kilogram of the powder, worth about $480.(贝母属植物很容易被发现。通常明亮的绿色植物常常独自伫立在中国西南地区喜马拉雅和横断山脉的岩石顶端——中草药师很容易找到，2000年前贝母的鳞茎粉是治疗咳嗽的药粉。对这种鳞茎的需求非常大，因为生产一公斤这种粉末需要大约3500个鳞茎，价值约480美元)”可知，第一自然段主要陈述了自古以来人们采摘Fritillaria plants是为了药用，以及其带来的经济利润价值，所以这一段的主旨大意是讲述人们采摘Fritillaria plants的原因。故选C项。
13．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Both measures have revealed a striking pattern: The more harvested a site is, the better the color of a plant matches its background.(两项措施都揭示了一个惊人的模式：人们对Fritillaria收获采摘的频次越高，Fritillaria越能更好的调节自身颜色以更好的适应环境进行自我伪装)”可推知，贝母在收获较多的地方能更好地伪装自己。故选D项。
14．细节理解题。根据最后一个自然段“camouflage can present some challenges. Pollinators (花粉传播者) might have a harder time finding the camouflaged plants, and the gray and brown coloration could impair photosynthetic (光合) activity.(伪装可能会带来一些挑战。花粉传播者可能更难找到伪装的植物，灰色和棕色的颜色可能损害光合作用)”可知，植物的自我伪装，可能会影响植物的光合作用，不利于自身生长。由此可知，伪装可能会带给Fritillaria一些负面的作用和影响。故选C项。
15．主旨大意题。根据第四段的“Both measures have revealed a striking pattern: The more harvested a site is, the better the color of a plant matches its background.(两项措施都揭示了一个惊人的模式：人们对Fritillaria收获采摘的频次越高，Fritillaria越能更好的调节自身颜色以更好的适应环境进行自我伪装)”和整篇文章可知，文章主要通过介绍研究者对Fritillaria伪装的实验研究，得出了人类的采摘活动会驱使Fritillaria为了更好地适应环境，进行进一步地伪装。由此可知，本篇文章的主旨大意为贝母的伪装进化是人类活动的结果。故选D项。