Unit 2 SUCCESS【过知识】（教师版+学生版）-2022-2023学年高二英语单元复习（北师大版2019选择性必修第一册）

这是一份Unit 2 SUCCESS【过知识】（教师版+学生版）-2022-2023学年高二英语单元复习（北师大版2019选择性必修第一册），文件包含Unit3CONSERVATION过知识学生版-2022-2023学年高二英语单元复习过过过北师大版2019选择性必修第一册docx、Unit3CONSERVATION过知识教师版-2022-2023学年高二英语单元复习过过过北师大版2019选择性必修第一册docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共74页， 欢迎下载使用。
北师大版2019选择性必修第一册
UNIT 3　Conservation 【过知识】
Step 1 考点必备
【过单词】
重点单词
►核心词汇——写其形
1．________________ adj. 紧急的，急迫的
2．________________ adv. 非常地，极端地
3．________________ adj. 灭绝的，绝种的
4．________________ vi. & vt. 猎取，猎杀
5．________________ adv. 非法地，违法地
6．________________ vi. & vt. 转换，改变
7．________________ n. 威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能
8．________________ vi. & vt. 再利用，回收利用
9．________________ n. 一项，一条
10．________________ vt. 破坏；毁掉
11．________________ adj. 塑料制的
12．________________ n. 保护

►阅读词汇——知其意
1．cutlery n. ________________
2．swallow vi. & vt. ________________
3．innovative adj. ________________
4．coconut n. ________________
5．solar adj. ________________
6．packaging n. ________________
7．chopsticks n. ________________
8．carton n. ________________
9．council n. ________________
10．hatch vi. & vt. ________________
11．packet n. ________________


重点词转
1. conserve v. 保护→________ n. 保护
2．increase v. 增加→________ vi. & vt. 减少 n. 减少；减少的量
3．oppose vt. 反对→________ adj. 对面的；另一边的；相反的 n. 对立面；对立的人/物→________ n. 反对者；对手，敌手
4．collect v. 收集；收藏→________ n. 收集；收藏品；专辑
5．consume v. 消费→________ n. 消费者→________ n．消费
6．instance n. 例子，实例→________ (adj. 立即的)→________ adv.立刻，马上
7．destroy vt. 破坏，毁坏→________ n. 破坏，毁坏
8．store v. 贮存→________ vt. (使)恢复
9．chemistry n. 化学→________ n. 化学品 adj. 化学的
10．danger n. 危险→________ adj. 危险的→________ vt. 使遭危险；危害；危及→________ adj. 濒危的




【过短语】
1．________________ 起某种作用
2．________________ 彻底毁灭
3．________________ 开始做某事，着手进行
4．________________ 与……有关联
5．________________ 尽自己的职责
6．________________ 把……归咎于
7．traffic jam ________________
8．for instance ________________
9．die out ________________
10．be at risk ________________
11．stressed out ________________
12．sum up ________________





【过句式】
1．it作形式主语替代that引导的主语从句
________________________________ human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.
显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
2．as引导各类状语从句
Traffic is one of the major causes of global warming and climate change, ________________________________________．
交通是全球变暖和气候变化的主要原因之一，因为汽车发动机会产生各类温室气体。
3．while引导并列句，表对比
Up to 90 people can travel in one bus, ________________________________________ will need at least 18 cars.
一辆公共汽车最多可以乘坐90人，而乘坐小汽车这些人至少需要18辆车。




















【过语法】
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
定语从句体系构建图


语法精讲
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
在复合句中用来限制、描绘或说明主句中某一名词或代词而起定语作用的从句叫定语从句；定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。按照关系词在定语从句中所作的成分，可将关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的密切程度，定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。
一、定语从句的关系词
1．关系词在定语从句中的作用：①连接主句和从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
2．关系词的分类：①关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；②关系副词when, where, why等。
3．引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有which, who, whom, whose, as；关系副词有where, when。

[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
①They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring for these animals.
②If you look at all sides of the situation, you'll find probably a solution ________ suits everyone.
③We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
④By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world ________ I am now a new character.
⑤There are several reasons ________ school uniforms are a good idea. First of all, uniforms help the school look smart.
⑥Dr. Rowan, ________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.


二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1．作用不同
限制性定语从句用于修饰先行词，具有限制作用，使先行词的含义更具体、更明确，因此不可缺少，否则主句的意思就不完整或将失去意义。非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词作附加或补充性的说明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整、清楚。
❶People who take physical exercise regularly live longer.经常进行体育锻炼的人更长寿。(若把定语从句去掉，句子意义不完整)(限制性定语从句)
❷His daughter, who is in Shenzhen now, is coming home next week.他女儿现在在深圳，下星期回家。(若把定语从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)(非限制性定语从句)

[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
①Later, he worked in Africa, ________ many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment.
②Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food ________ is provided by Mom with appreciation.

2．形式不同
限制性定语从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号和主句隔开。
❶The book that/which you borrowed last week is really moving.上周你借的那本书真令人感动。
❷This is an important present, which I received yesterday.这是一件重要的礼物，我是昨天收到它的。

3．先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词，也可为整个主句或其中一部分。
❶This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句，先行词是the best novel)
❷He changed his mind，which made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(非限制性定语从句，which指整个主句)

[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
①You can be the one ________ directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor.
②She and her family bicycle to work, ________ helps them keep fit.
③Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, ________ he gave it to his grandson.

4．关系词的使用情况不同
(1)that，why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，而要用which代替that, for which代替why。
❶他通过了考试，这使他的老师感到欣慰。
【误】He passed the exam, that made his teacher relieved.
【正】He passed the exam, which made his teacher relieved.
❷I have told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the party.我已经告诉他们我没参加聚会的原因了。
(2)关系代词替代情况不同
①关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who/that代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who/that代替。
❶This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句)
❷The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.那个年轻人新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的好印象。(非限制性定语从句)
②在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词可用who，that或whom；但在非限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。
她有一个弟弟，是一名医生。
【误】She has a younger brother，that is a doctor.
【正】She has a younger brother, who is a doctor.

[即学即练4]　单句语法填空
①When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team. That meant beating out Miller King, ________ was the best player at our school.
②When walking down the street, I came across David, ________ I hadn't seen for years.
(3)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句中的所有关系代词均不可省略。
❶This is a good film (which/that) I saw a few days ago.这是我几天前看过的一部好电影。(限制性定语从句)
❷The summer holiday, which we have been looking forward to, is drawing near.我们一直盼望着的暑假就要来了。(非限制性定语从句)

5．翻译顺序不同
含限制性定语从句的句子先译从句，后译先行词，即将从句放在先行词前译；而非限制性定语从句的句子一般先译先行词，后译从句，形成两个并列分句。
❶Lucy has an elder brother who works in a hospital.露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句)
❷Lucy has an elder brother, who works in a hospital.露西有一个哥哥，他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句)
►实践与练习

Ⅰ.单句语法填空(定语从句)
1．Is he the man ________ wants to see you?
2．They rushed over to help the man ________ car had broken down.
3．The package ________ you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
4．Finally, the thief handed everything ________ he had stolen to the police.
5．He is the very man ________ helped the girl out of the water.
6．He talked about the teachers and the school ________ he visited.
7．We don't know the reason ________ he didn't show up.
8．There comes a time ________ you have to make a choice.
9．This novel, ________ I have read three times, is very touching.
10．________ everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history.
11．They arrived at a farm house, in front of ________ sat a small boy.
12．There are a lot of students here, none of ________ like the film.

Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, ________ allowed me to keep my high social status.
2．Further up, the weather changes—low clouds envelope the mountainsides, ________ are covered with thick grass.
3．I have a good command of English and Chinese, ________ is beneficial for introducing Chinese paintings.
4．I'm Li Hua, an outgoing boy, ________ is studying in London.
5．Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les.
6．They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring for these animals.
7．“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demerit, ________ company provided the statistics for the report.
8．They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among ________ I soon found myself.
9．There was a time ________ people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over.
10．While I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations ________ can arise.

Ⅲ.单句写作
1．昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．我有一本封面是红色的故事书。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3．她永远忘不了她结婚的那一天。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4．那就是我迟到的原因。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5．我有两个姐妹，她们都是老师。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6．众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________










Step 2 考点突破
►第一版块|重点单词
1．threat n．[C]构成威胁的人，形成威胁的事物；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能；[C，U]威胁，恐吓
pose a threat to... 对……构成威胁
under threat 受到威胁
threat vt. 威胁到，危及；威胁，恐吓
threatened adj. 受到威胁的
threatening adj. 带有威胁的
◎单句语法填空
①Wildlife has been greatly ________ (threat) in the modern age.
②Floating ice around Iceland was becoming a threat ________ navigation.
③Some cultures see direct eye contact as impolite or ________ (threaten) behavior, while Americans see it as a sign of honesty.
④Bats are ________ threat in many areas of the world. The number of them has gone down to such a level that the remaining members may not be enough to keep the species.

2．switch vt.& vi.(使)改变；vt.交换，转换，对调　n．[C](电路的)开关，闸，转换器；改变，转变
switch (from A) to B (由A)转变成B
switch off/on 关/开(电灯、机器等)
switch off 不再关注，不再理睬
switch over 换台，换频道
a light switch 电灯开关
a policy switch 政策的转变
◎单句语法填空
①After dinner, we often switch ________ the TV to watch the news, then switch __________
football games. At 10 o'clock we switch ________ the TV and go to bed.
②Not only is biking good exercise, but switching ________ a car to a bike also reduces the amount of pollution in the air.
◎翻译句子
③我妈妈让我在离开房间前记得关灯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3．urgent adj.紧急的，紧迫的，迫切的
It is urgent that... 急需……(从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略)
urge sb.to do sth. 敦促/力劝某人做某事
urge that... 主张……(从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略)
◎单句语法填空
①Researchers have found that red can bring a sense of ________ (urge) into our minds.
②It is urgent that we ________ (carry) out the alternative plan.
③Parents should actively urge their children ________ (take) advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams.

4.hunt vi. & vt.打猎；猎杀；搜寻；搜索；追踪；追捕　n．搜寻；寻找；打猎
hunt for sth. 搜寻某物
hunt for sb./sth. 搜寻/寻找某人/某物
hunter n. [C]猎人；搜集某种东西的人
◎单句语法填空
①The kids were ________ (hunt) for shells on the beach while I was reading a newspaper.
②The fox ran away before the ________ (hunt) shot it.
③John set out that day ________ (hunt) for work.
④Police have launched a nationwide hunt ________ the killer.

5．mass adj.大批的，数量极多的，广泛的。仅用于名词前。　n．[C]堆，团，块；[C，usually sing.]大量，许多；[pl.]大量的东西　n．[U](物理学中的)质量　the masses [pl.]群众
mass production 批量生产
a mass of 一堆……；大量的……
masses of 成堆的……；大量的……
a land mass 陆块，地块
◎判断下列句子中mass的词性及含义
①The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.____________
②Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale.____________
③Pluto (冥王星) and Triton (海王卫一) have nearly the same size, mass, and density (密度).____________
④The government cares much about the interests and well­being of the masses.____________
◎单句语法填空
⑤A mass of work ________ (do) to prevent the river from being polluted up to now.
⑥The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ________ (mass) of pictures of them.

6．decrease n．[C，U]减少，降低　vi. & vt.(使大小、数量等)减少，减小，降低
a decrease in... 在……方面减少
on the decrease 在减少
decrease by... 减少了……(表示减少的量)
decrease (from...) to... (从……)减少到……(表示减少后的量)
decrease in... 在……方面减少
◎单句语法填空
①In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases ________ bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
②The accidents have decreased ________ 20% since the measures were taken.
③The crime rate in this area has decreased ________ the lowest level nowadays.
④Tea is still a large part of daily life in the UK today, but it seems to be ________ the decrease.
⑤Food prices increased ________ 10% in less than a year.

7．blame vt.责怪，指责，把……归咎于　n．[U]责任，责备
blame...for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事责备……
blame sth. on sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事
be to blame for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事应受责备；对(做)某事负有责任(不定式用主动形式表示被动意义)
take/bear the blame for sth. 承担某事的责任
lay/put the blame (for sth.) on... 把(某事的)责任归咎于……
◎单句语法填空
①Some people blame the smartphone ________ the tragedy, yet in fact people's weakening self­control and self­discipline are ________ (blame).
②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame ________the alarm clock.
◎翻译句子
③不要总是把自己的失败归咎于他人。你自己应该对其负责。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
④科学家认为该疾病的暴发应归咎于被污染的水。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

8．varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的
vary v. 存在不同之处；使多样化
vary from... to... 在……到……的范围内变化
various adj. 各种各样的
variety n. 品种；种类；多样化；变种
a variety of sth. 各种各样的某事/物
◎单句语法填空
①The quality of their products never ________ (vary); it is always excellent.
②These opinions change with time, and vary ________ place to place.
③The supermarket offers ________ (vary) goods to choose from, so more and more people prefer to shop there.
◎翻译句子
④人们对这部新剧发表了各种各样的意见。(varied)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑤大学所学的课程往往与当今工作所需要的各种知识和技能不相匹配。(varied)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

9．quantity n．[C，U]数量，数额，数目；大量；[U]量

◎单句语法填空
①In the picture we can see that there ________ quantities of apples in the basket and there ________ a large quantity of milk in the bucket. (be)
◎完成句子
②若是你大量订购的话，我认为有可能会打折。
If you order it ________________________， I think a discount will be possible.

10．aware adj.意识到的，明白的 　
(1)be/become aware of...(＝be conscious of..)
知道……；察觉到……；意识到……
be aware that... 知道……；察觉到……
make sb. aware of/that... 使某人知道……
(2)unaware adj. 不知道的；未意识到的；未察觉到的
be/become unaware of... 不知道……；未意识到……
be unaware that... 不知道……；未察觉到……
(3)awareness n. 意识；认识
raise/increase awareness of... 提高对……的意识
◎单句语法填空
①He didn't realise he was in danger and was ________ (aware) of what was going on around him.
②The programme is aimed at raising public ________ (aware) of the danger of drug abuse.
③Though fully aware ________ his dilemma, Mary continued her relation with Clancy.
④Have you been aware ________ under the tree are a scholar and two assistants.

11.collection n．收集；收藏品；专辑　collector n．收藏家；收集者；收票员
(1)a collection of... 一批……
(2)collect v. 聚集；收集；搜集；收藏；领取；领走；征收；募集
collect one's thoughts 使集中思想
(3)collective adj. 集体的；共有的
◎单句语法填空
①We ________ (collect) for the flood victims now.
②He became a ticket ________ (collect) at Waterloo Station after graduation.
③He made arrangements for the ________ (collect) of his baggage from the airport.
④There was a collection ________ dust in the corner.
⑤The country's politicians are giving a ________ (collect) sigh of relief.

12．anxious adj.焦虑的，不安的
be anxious about sth./for sb. 为某事/某人担心
be anxious to do sth. 渴望做某事
be anxious for sth. 渴望得到某物
be anxious for sb. to do sth. 渴望某人做某事
◎单句语法填空
①Parents are anxious ________ our health and safety.
②There is growing public ________ (anxious) over levels of air pollution in our cities.
③He caused his parents great ________ (anxious) by coming back home late.
④It was a close match and she watched ________ (anxious) at the screen.
⑤We're anxious ________ (hear) from anyone who can help.
⑥I am anxious ________ her to do as little as possible.

13．stick vt. (stuck, stuck); n．棒，棍
(1)stick vt. 粘贴；刺，插；放置；伸出
stick sth. on sth. 把一物贴在另一物上
stick sth. in sth. 把一物刺入/插入/放进另一物里
(2)stuck adj. 卡住的，陷住的，无法移动的。常与in连用
陷(入)；困(于)
◎完成句子
①她在信封上贴了一张邮票。
She ________ a stamp on the letter.
②护士把针扎进他的胳膊里。
The nurse ________ (stick) a needle in his arm.
③她把书放入抽屉里。
She ________ (stick) her book in the drawer.
④他把头伸出公交车窗外。
He ________ his head out of the bus window.
⑤车陷入泥里了。
The car was ________ (stick) in the mud.
⑥别走开，我过一会儿需要你帮助。
________ around. I'll need you to help me later.

14．annoyed adj.生气的，烦恼的(表示人自身的感受)
(1)be annoyed with sb. 生某人的气
be annoyed at/about sth. 因某事生气
be annoyed to do/that... ……使人恼火
(2)annoy vt. 使生气，使恼怒；打扰
(3)annoyance n. [U]恼怒，烦恼；[C]使人烦恼的事
to sb.'s annoyance 让某人生气的是
(4)annoying adj. 使恼怒的，使生气的，使烦恼的(表示事或物的性质)
◎单句语法填空
①Being annoyed ________ other people easily is harmful to your health.
②She stayed awake till midnight because of her ________ (annoy) sleeping problem.
③Whenever the young animal is frightened or ________ (annoy), it always rushes to its mother.
④To our ________ (annoy), the air conditioner broke down on the hottest night of the year！

15.relate vt.把……联系起来　vi.相联系，有关联　vt.讲述，叙述
relate...to... 把……和……联系起来
be related to... 与……有关联
relate to 涉及，与……相关，谈到；能够理解并同情
relate sth.(to sb.) (向某人)讲述……
◎单句语法填空
①Not only is likability related ________ positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too.
◎完成句子
②他说的那些与我们现在讨论的有什么关系吗？
How do his remarks ________________？
◎一句多译
你应该写下与这个问题有关的所有信息。
③You should write down all the information ________________the problem.
④You should write down all the information ________________ the problem.


16．involve vt.包含，需要；涉及；使参与
involve sb. in (doing) sth. 使某人参与(做)某事
be/get involved in/with 参与；卷入；投入
involvement n. 参与；卷入；牵连
◎用involve的正确形式填空
①It is reported that there are many health problems ________ with smoking.
②Thanks to your ________， we succeed in completing the project.
◎翻译句子
③父母应当参与子女的教育。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
④不要把我牵扯到解决你的问题里。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

17.claim vt.声称；主张　vt. & vi.(根据权利)要求；索要　vt.认领；对……宣示所有权　n. [C]主张；声称；断言；所有权；索赔；索要
claim to do/be... 声称做/是……
claim to have done sth. 声称做过某事
claim (that)... 声称……
It is/was claimed that... 有人主张……
have a claim on sth. 拥有……的所有权
make a claim for sth. 对……提出要求/索赔
◎单句语法填空
①Two young girls claimed ________ (see) the fairies.
②The lawyer claimed ________ the defendant was not guilty.
③It ________ (claim) that some doctors were working 80 hours a week.
◎翻译句子
④The police said that if nobody came to claim the watch, you could keep it.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑤He should be able to claim back his money.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

18.memorial adj.纪念的　n．[C]纪念物；纪念碑



◎单句语法填空
①An actor must be able to ________ (memory) his lines.
②He had ________ good memory for faces, and he was sure he hadn't seen her before.
③The church was a ________ (memory) to the disaster victims.
④He founded the charity ________ memory of his late wife.


►第二版块|重点短语
1．cut down 削减，缩小(尺寸、数量或数目)，可作及物短语动词和不及物短语动词；(自根基部分)砍倒，为及物短语动词。
cut...down (to...) 减少……(至……)
cut down on... 减少……
cut in 插嘴
cut out 剪下
cut up 切碎
cut off 停止，中断(供给)
cut off 使……与外界隔绝
◎用cut的相关短语完成句子
①The company has ________________ the gas supply temporarily to repair the damaged gas pipe.
②It's rather impolite to ________________ when other people are talking.
③Evidence suggests that they kept the fire burning all winter and used sharpened stone tools to ________________ the meat.
④Experts think the amount of homework for the students should be ________________．

2．in danger意为“处于危险中”，其后接of可构成in danger of...“处于……的危险中”。
danger n. [U]危险
in danger 处于危险中
out of danger 脱离危险
dangerous adj. 危险的
endanger vt. 使处于险境，危及
endangered adj. 濒危的
◎选词填空：endanger/endangered/dangerous/结合danger的用法完成句子
①We should do what we can to save those ________ species, including tigers which are considered ________ because they can ________ people's lives.
②The old man is still ________________. He is no better than he was yesterday.
③I heard Jack had a car accident and was ________________ losing his life, but luckily, he is ________________ now.

3．die out 灭绝，消失
die off 相继死去
die from/of 死于
be dying for sth. 渴望某物，极想要某物
be dying to do sth. 渴望做某事
die down (to become gradually less strong, loud, noticeable, etc.) 逐渐变弱，逐渐平息
die away (to become gradually weaker or fainter and finally disappear) 逐渐减弱，逐渐消失
◎用die的相关短语完成句子
①With more and more birds ______________， some day some species will ______________. In addition, some of them have ________________ environmental pollution.
②Don't worry. The strong wind will ________________ soon and we can go out to have a baseball match as planned.
③Now I'm thirsty and ________________ a glass of water. I have walked for a long time.

4．at risk 意为“有危险，冒风险”
at the risk of doing sth. 冒着做某事的风险
take a risk/risks (to do sth.) 冒险(做某事)
run the risk (of sth./of doing sth.) 冒……的风险；冒险(做某事)
run risks 冒险
risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
◎结合risk的用法完成句子
①He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't ________________________ (冒险失去这次良好的机会).
②If you ________________________ (冒险不系安全带), you will be ________________ (处于危险中).
③In spite of great danger, the soldier jumped into the river and ________________________ (冒着生命危险救那个女孩).
④Though it is fun to play on the frozen river, ________________________ (这有危险).

5.set out (to do sth.)开始做某事，着手进行……
be set in... 以……为背景
set about (doing sth.) 开始(做某事)；着手(做某事)
set aside 留出(时间、钱等)；把……置于一旁
set down 写下；记下；制订；规定
set off 出发；引起；触响(警报等)；使(炸弹等)爆炸
set up 建立；创立；建起；竖起
◎完成句子
①她开始打扫屋子。
She ________________ cleaning the house.
②妈妈每个月都想存点钱。
Mother tries to ________________ every month.
③开门会引发警报。
Opening the door will ________________ the alarm.
④他们成功地完成了他们打算做的事。
They succeeded in what they have ________________ to do.
⑤警察在出城的路上设置了路障。
The police ________________ roadblocks on routes out of the city.
⑥标准由管理机构制定。
The standards were ________________ by the governing body.

6.end up
end up doing sth. 结果是做某事(表示伴随动作，强调结果)
end up in... 以……告终/结局(强调结果)
end up with... 以……方式结束(强调方式)
end up as... 最终成为……
end up＋adj. 以……状况而告终
end in... 以……收场/结束/告终(多指以不好的结局收场)
from beginning to end 从头到尾
in the end 最后；终于
at the end of... 在……末端/尽头；在……结尾
by the end of... 到……为止(常与完成时连用)
be at an end 结束
come to an end 结束
make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵；勉强维持生计
put/bring an end to sth.(＝put/bring sth. to an end) 结束某事
◎单句语法填空
①At the dinner we usually begin with soup and end up ________ fruit.
②At first they hated each other, but they ended up ________ (become) good friends.
③She has always wanted to be a writer but ended up ________ a teacher.
◎完成句子
④Her tried various jobs and ________________ (最后) became a musician.
⑤Everyone wishes that the war would ________________ (结束) soon.
⑥The final decision of the three important leaders of the country ________________ (结束) the war.
⑦I was worried she would walk out or ________ the interview ________________ (使……结束).
⑧We don't need to do extra work this evening. The day's work is almost ________________ (结束) now.
⑨________________ (到……为止) the holiday I had spent all my money.
⑩________________ (在……末) the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English.
________________ (最后), the headmaster rose to indicate that the conversation was ________________ (结束).

7.go up (价格、温度等)上涨，上升；近义词有rise和increase，反义词(组)有reduce, decrease, go down；被兴建，被建造，主语是事物。
go up by... 上升了……(表示上升的程度或幅度)
go up to... 上升到……(表示上升后的结果)
go by (时间)流逝
go ahead 先走；开始做，着手干
go in for 爱好；参加考试(或竞赛)
go through 仔细察看；检查；经历，遭受
go over 仔细检查
go into 开始做；(金钱、时间等)用于
go against 反抗；违反；不利于
go down (物价等)下跌；(船等)下沉；(日、月)落下
◎选出能替换画线部分的词语
①A cross­sea bridge is going up not away from my hometown. (being built/being designed)________
②It is predicted that food prices will continue to go up in the next few months. (raise/rise)________
◎用go的相关短语完成句子
③Tall buildings are ________ along the new road leading to the downtown area.
④I didn't ________ poetry before, but now I'm beginning to take an interest in it.
⑤As time ________，he finds it important to learn another foreign language.
⑥—The woman biologist had stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.
—She must have ________ a lot!

8．stressed out adj.因压力而累垮的
(1)under stress 在压力之下
under the stress of... 在……的压力下
lay/place/put stress on/upon... 强调……；给……压力
(2)stress
(3)stressful adj. (指物)压力重的；紧张的
(4)stressed adj. (指人)焦虑不安的；心力交瘁的
◎单句语法填空
①More stress should be placed ________ the cultivation of creativity.
②________ the stress of bad weather the ship had to return.
◎完成句子
③We must ________ (强调) on self­reliance.
④Worrying over his job and his wife's health ________________________ (使他处于极大的压力之下).
◎句型转换
⑤Our teacher often places stress on good education.
→Our teacher often ________________ good education.

9．opponent of...……的反对者/对手
opponent n. [C] 对手；反对者
the opponent of... ……的反对者
opponent at/in sth. ……方面的对方/对手
sb.'s opponent 某人的对手
a political opponent 政敌
◎完成句子
①我们星期六比赛对手很强大。
Our opponents ________ Saturday's game are very powerful.
②强烈反对核武器的人将在会上提出一个新法案。
A fierce opponent ________ nuclear arms will put forward a new bill at the conference.

10.result in导致
result in...(＝lead to或contribute to...) 导致……
result vi. 发生，由……导致
result n. [C，U]结果，成果
result from... 由……造成
result in... 导致……
as a result of...＝because of 作为……的结果；由于……
as a result 因此；所以；结果
◎完成句子
①他犯了错误。因此，他丢了工作。
He made one big mistake. ________________， he lost his job.
②由于这场雨，野餐被取消了。
________________ of the rain, the picnic was cancelled.
③他考试不及格是由于粗心大意。
His failure in the exam resulted ________ his carelessness.
④他的粗心大意导致了他考试不及格。
His carelessness resulted ________ his failure in the exam.

11．turn on sb.突然攻击某人
turn on sb. 突然攻击某人
turn on sth. 以某事为主要议题
turn on sth./doing sth.(＝depend on sth.) 依某事物而定
turn sb. on 使某人激动或兴奋(尤指异性方面)
turn sth. on 扭开(烤箱、收音机、电灯等)
turn out 结果是
turn up 把声音调大；露面，到场
turn down 把声音调小；拒绝
turn off 关掉
turn around 转身
turn to 转向……；求助于
turn over 把……翻过来
wait in turn 排队等候
wait one's turn 等待某人的顺序
It's sb.'s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了
turn to sb. for help 向某人求援
轮流做某事
◎完成句子
①有胡子的男子每每引起她的兴趣。
She's often ________________ by men with beards.
②打开煤气开关，点燃烤箱。
________________ the gas and light the oven.
③是否去郊游依天气而定。
Whether going for an outing or not ________________ the weather.
④由于人类对地球的非善意的行为，大自然已经开始惩罚我们了。
As a result of unkind behaviour humans to the earth, nature is beginning to ____________________________ us.
⑤今天的讲座主题是地球各种类型的污染。
Today's lecture is to ________________ the pollution of all kinds on the earth.


►第三版块|典型句式
1．reason后接定语从句的用法
[教材原句]There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing.导致这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化养殖和过度捕捞。
[句式分析]reason作先行词，后接定语从句时：
(1)若关系词在从句中作状语，要用why或for which引导定语从句。
(2)若关系词在从句中作主语、宾语，要用which或that引导定语从句，其中作宾语时关系词可省略。
There's a reason why/for which people don't read this stuff: it's not funny.
人们不读这种东西是有原因的：它并不逗趣。
The reason why/for which he was late was that he got up late.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。
He gave us a reason that/which sounded reasonable.
他给了我们一个理由，这个理由听起来合情合理。(关系词在从句中作主语)
The reason (which/that) he has given sounds reasonable.他给出的理由听起来合情合理。(关系词在从句中作宾语，可省略)
[基础练习]单句语法填空
①The reason ________ I admire him is ________ his positive attitude to life has a great influence on me.
②Is this the reason ________ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
③Another reason ________ corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ________ (improve) water quality.

2．“without＋名词”引导含蓄条件句
[教材原句]Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
[句式分析]虚拟条件句的条件有时不通过条件从句来表示，而是通过介词短语、上下文或其他方式表现出来，这种虚拟条件句叫作含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句的具体用法如下：
(1)含蓄条件的常见表现方式
a.将条件隐含在介词短语中。常见的(短语)介词有without，but for等。
b.将条件隐含在某些连词中。常见的此类连词有or，but，but that等。
c.将条件隐含在某些副词中。常见的副词是otherwise。
d.将条件隐含在特定的上下文中。
(2)谓语的形式
would/might/could/should＋动词原形(与现在或将来事实相反的假设)
would/might/could/should＋have＋过去分词(与过去事实相反的假设)
They wouldn't have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground.
没有共同的立场，他们是不会那么容易达成协议的。
But for your help, we couldn't have succeeded.
要不是你帮忙，我们不可能成功。
I got up very early yesterday morning, or I could not have caught the early bus.
昨天早上我起床很早，否则就赶不上早班车了。
I was too busy at that time. Otherwise, I would have called you.
我那时太忙了，否则我就给你打电话了。
[基础练习]单句语法填空
①Without his support, we wouldn't ________ (be) where we are now.
②—Do you have Betty's phone number?
—Yes. Otherwise, I wouldn't ________ (be) able to reach her yesterday.
[能力提升]完成句子
③飞机晚点一个多小时才起飞，否则我就不会让你等这么久了。
There was a delay of over an hour before the plane took off; otherwise I ________ (keep) you waiting for such a long time.

3．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句
[教材原句]Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.
尽管物种自然灭绝并不罕见，但它目前的发生速度令人担忧。
[句式分析]
(1)引导定语从句的关系代词不仅可以作动词的宾语，还可以作介词的宾语。若将介词提至关系代词之前，便形成了“介词＋关系代词”结构，该结构可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句；此结构中的关系代词可为which(先行词指物)，whom(先行词指人)。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定
在“介词＋which(先行词是物)/whom(先行词是人)/whose(所有格，既可指人又可指物)”引导的定语从句中，介词的选用有以下三种方式：
①根据定语从句中谓语动词或形容词的搭配确定
②根据与先行词的搭配确定
③根据主从句的逻辑关系而定(通常是with/without)
The official to whom we applied for a permit was very kind.
给我们申请许可证的那位官员非常友好。
Have you found the book on which I spent ￡10?
你找到那本我花了10英镑买的书了吗？
He was the man by whom Master of the Game was translated.他就是翻译《谋略大师》的那个人。(be translated by)
The two things of which they felt proud were Jim's gold watch and Della's hair.
他们感到骄傲的两样东西是吉姆的金表和德拉的头发。 (be proud of)
I will never forget the day on which I first met him.我永远也忘不了第一次见他的那一天。(on the day)
Rose helped me a lot, without whose help I would not have passed the exam.罗丝帮助了我很多，没有她的帮助我不会通过考试。
[基础练习]单句语法填空
①The fellow, ________ whom I spoke made no answer at first.
②The West Lake, ________ which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
③In his room, I saw a big desk ________ which there were all kinds of books.
④Yesterday we had a meeting ________ which we discussed many problems.
⑤Air, ________ which man couldn't live, is really important.
⑥This book has opened a window, ________ which we can see a wonderful world.
⑦Yesterday we paid a visit to the house ________ which Lu Xun once lived.
⑧Who is the person with ________ you shook hands just now?
⑨Mr Li has two sons, both of ________ are college students.

4．it作形式主语
[教材原句]It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.很明显，人类活动已经对地球上其他所有物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
[句式分析]
主语从句充当主语时，为使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置，主语从句可用that，what，who，whether，why等词引导。常见的此类句式有：
(1)It＋be＋名词＋从句
It＋be＋a pity/shame that...遗憾的是……
It＋ be＋ no wonder that...难怪……
It＋be＋no surprise that...……不足为奇
(2)It＋be＋形容词＋从句
It＋be likely that...可能……
It＋be clear/obvious that...显而易见的是……
(3)It＋动词的被动语态＋从句
It＋be said that...据说……
It＋be reported that...据报道……
It＋be believed that...人们相信……
It＋be suggested/ordered/demanded that...(should) do...
建议/命令/要求……(从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用should do, should可以省略)
(4)It＋特殊动词＋从句
It occurs to sb. that...某人突然想到……
It happens that...碰巧的是……
It doesn't matter＋who/why/what...
……无所谓/没关系
It is a pity/shame that you have missed such a wonderful lecture.
你错过了这么精彩的演讲，真遗憾。
She is hard­working, so it is no surprise that she has won first prize.
她学习努力，所以她获得一等奖不足为奇。
It is obvious that the way coffee is grown affects many aspects of life.
很明显，咖啡的种植方式影响了生活的很多方面。
It is said that about 20% of 25­34­year­olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.据说在25到34岁的人群中大约有20%和父母住在一起，而在1991年这一比例是16%。
It is generally believed that a balanced diet is a key to people's health.
人们普遍认为均衡的饮食是健康的关键。
It is demanded by my violin teacher that I (should) practise playing the violin every day.
我的小提琴老师要求我每天练习拉琴。
It occurred to him that his farm had much potential.
他突然想到他的农场还是很有潜力的。
[基础练习]单句语法填空
①It doesn't matter ________ he says.
②It is not clear ________ will attend to this matter.
③It doesn't interest me ________ or not you succeed.
[能力提升]根据括号内提示，用it作形式主语单句写作
④很显然，地球是圆的。(obvious)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑤我很荣幸被邀请参加你的生日聚会。(an honour)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑥许多学生认为英语是一门有趣的学科。(consider)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑦他在这次坠机事件中幸免于难真是奇迹。(wonder)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑧人们常常建议生病时要多喝水。(suggest)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑨我们已经决定将会议推迟到下周一。(decide)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

5．It/That sounds like...听起来好像……
[归纳拓展]
(1)后可以接名词、代词或从句
(2)
That sounds like a good idea.
那听起来像是一个好主意。
The stone looks like a monkey.
这石头看上去好像是只猴子。
Jack seems like an honest boy.
杰克似乎像个诚实的男孩儿。
The story sounds exciting.
这故事听起来很刺激。
It sounds as if/though you had a great time in Paris.听起来好像你在巴黎玩得很开心。
[基础练习]翻译句子
①听起来是个好主意。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
②它看起来就像一个飞机模型。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
③他的话听起来是真的。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
④听起来好像他去过美国。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

6．It feels good doing...做……感觉真棒/真好
It feels good knowing that there are so many other people who are committed to contributing to a better future for our planet.
知道还有那么多人在为地球的美好未来做出贡献，感觉真好。
[句式分析]句型中It为形式主语，真正主语是动名词短语doing...。另外，It feels good to do sth.(做某事感觉真好)是不定式短语作真正主语，而it是形式主语。如：It feels good to be back home.回到家感觉真好。
[基础练习]翻译句子
①在乡村小路上散步感觉真棒。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
②跟你在一起感觉真好。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
③有机会帮别人的忙感觉真棒。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

7.“keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构
[教材原句]Plastic packaging keeps the product fresh.塑料包装使产品保持新鲜。
[句式分析]“keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构中，宾语补足语可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、分词等，用法如下：
(1)keep＋宾语＋形容词/副词
(2)keep＋宾语＋介词短语
(3)keep＋宾语＋现在分词(短语)
Everybody must keep your clothes clean.
每个人都必须保持衣服干净。
Please keep your hands behind your back.
请把你的双手放在背后。
Remember to keep the engine running, for it is difficult to start.记着让发动机不停地运转，因为把它发动起来很困难。
[基础练习]单句语法填空
①The question kept me ________ (wonder) for the rest of the night.
②It can prevent us from getting short­sighted and it can keep us physically ________ (health).
③Don't keep them ________ (work) day and night.
[能力提升]翻译句子
④请把门开着。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑤对不起让你久等了。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

8.It takes sb. some time to do sth. 某人花费……时间做某事
[教材原句]“This morning, it took me 40 minutes to go downtown. More roadworks on the A10！”“今天早上，我去市中心花了40 分钟。A10公路上的道路工程比之前更多了！”
[句式分析]It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.表示“某人花费多长时间做某事”。其中It为形式主语，后面的不定式结构为真正的主语。可与It takes/took some time for sb. to do sth. 互换。
It took him ten years to write the book.
写这本书花费了他十年时间。
It took a long time for her to change her attitude.她用了很长时间才改变了态度。
[知识归纳]表“花费”的几个句式
(1)sb. spends money on sth.
sb. spends money (on) doing
sb. spends time in some place
sb. spends time on sth.
sb. spends time (in) doing sth.
(2)sth. cost some money某物花了……钱
sth. cost sb. some money某物花了某人……钱
It cost (sb.) some money to buy sth.买某物花了(某人)……钱
(3)sb. pay some money for sth.
(4)It takes sb. some time to do sth.某人花费……时间去做某事
[基础练习]单句语法填空
①It took him only a few minutes ________ (draw) the picture.
②________ will take a long time for her to recover from the illness.
③How long does it take ________ (go) there on foot?

9．形容词(短语)作状语
[教材原句]How often do we arrive at work or school, stressed out, tired and angry？我们有多少次抵达工作地点或学校时感到焦虑、疲惫和愤怒？
[句式分析]在英语句子结构中，形容词(短语)可充当状语，用来描述谓语动作(或分词短语中的宾补动作)发生的时间、原因、条件、伴随状态等。当形容词(短语)作状语时，通常用逗号与主句分开，位置可在句首、句中或句末。
The survivors lay on the beach, shocked and exhausted.幸存者躺在海滩上，心有余悸，疲惫不堪。(表状态)
Hungry (＝Because he was hungry), he hurried to the kitchen.
因为太饿了，他匆忙跑到厨房。(表原因)
Eager for an immediate reply (＝Because he was eager for an immediate reply), he sent me another e­mail. 由于渴望立刻得到回复，他又给我发了一封电子邮件。(表原因)
He approached us，full of apologies.他向我们走来，并连声道歉。(表伴随状态)
Wet or fine (＝Whether it was wet or fine), he got up at six and took a walk in the park.
不管下雨天还是晴天，他总是六点钟起床到公园里散散步。(表让步)
[基础练习]完成句子
①________________ (既惊奇又高兴), Tom came to the front and accepted the prize.
②________________(沉浸在阅读中), he didn't notice someone slide into the room.
③His meal lay on the table, ________________ (没吃).
④________________ (无论生病与否), the young man always studied very hard.
⑤Every nation, ________________ (无论大小), should be equal.
⑥________________ (愿意做这件事), the girl nodded her agreement.

10．the number of...作主语时的主谓一致
[教材原句]In the last 20 years, the number of cars on the roads has gone up by 25%.在过去的20年里，道路上的汽车数量增加了25%。
[句式分析]the number of 的主谓一致
“the number of＋名词”作主语，中心词是the number，谓语动词用单数形式；a number of意为“若干；许多”，相当于many，和复数名词连用，“a number of＋复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
The number of undergraduates has increased over the years.
本科生的人数这几年已经增加了。
A number of women want to be language teachers.许多女性想成为语言教师。
[基础练习]单句语法填空
①With a rise in ________ number of cars, traffic has become increasingly heavier.
②________ good number of books in the market are examination­oriented.
③Nowadays the number of college graduates in a country ________ (reflect) its cultural standard.
④A number of highly qualified scholars ________ (work) in Singapore till now.



Step 3 考点过关
Ⅰ.短语汉译英
1．目前，现在 ________________
2．在危险中 ________________
3．过着……的生活 ________________
4．尽自己的职责 ________________
5．起某种作用 ________________
6．对……热情 ________________
7．削减，减少 ________________
8．采取措施 ________________
9．由于，幸亏 ________________
10．总之 ________________
11．处境危险，受到威胁 ________________
12．依赖，依靠 ________________
13．由于 ________________
14．负有责任 ________________
15．毁灭；抹去 ________________
16．消失；绝迹，灭绝 ________________
17．对某物有影响 ________________
18．扔掉 ________________
19．从今往后 ________________
20．废除；结束；去掉 ________________
21．同意；和……意见一致 ________________
22．以……告终 ________________
23．充满了 ________________
24．几个；一对 ________________
25．中途停留 ________________
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．When the whole area was cut ________ by the flood, the government sent food there by helicopter.
2．The class is discussing a newspaper article that urges citizens ________ (help) reduce the noise and air pollution in the city.
3．The chairman asked me to cut ________ the report, because he didn't want to speak for too long at that meeting.
4．One­fifth of the animals and plants in this region are ________ threat of ________ (extinct).
5．Noises, typically caused by ships or construction, do pose a threat ________ marine animals, disturbing their ability to locate food.
6．Without your help, I would not ________ (win) the first prize in the contest last term.
7．The reason ________ he resigned his post was ________ there was a more attractive and challenging job for him.
8．Biologists warned that changes caused by a warming planet were behind the bears' ________ (usual) behavior and could affect the entire ecosystem.
9．My brother lent me the money, otherwise I couldn't ________ (afford) the trip.
10．But for the soldiers who set up defence against the floods in time, the cities on the lower part would ________ (fall) into a bigger mess.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．我的建议是我们应该告诉他真相。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．虽然有雾，但是飞机还是照常起飞了。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3．这所大学建于1900年，是世界上最著名的大学之一。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4．他父母死了，给他留下了许多钱。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5．无论遇到什么困难，我们都能解决它们。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6．昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7．我有一本封面是红色的故事书。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8．她永远忘不了她结婚的那一天。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9．那就是我迟到的原因。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10．我有两个姐妹，她们都是老师。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11． 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。