Unit 3 Environmental Protection【过语法写作】（教师版+学生版）

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Unit 3 Environmental Protection【过语法写作】 直接引语和间接引语【观察例句】1．“I don't know the address of my new home，” said Anne.→Anne said that she didn't know the address of her new home.2．Mother said to Tom，“I will come back home this evening.”→Mother told Tom that she would go back home that evening.3．“I have never been to Beijing with my parents，” said Jack to his friend.→Jack told his friend that he had never been to Beijing with his parents.4．“Does a friend always have to be with each other？” Mary asked Lily.→Mary asked Lily if/whether a friend always has to be with each other.【归纳用法】直接引语如果改为间接引语，须在连接词、人称、时态、状语、个别指示代词和动词等方面做相应的变化。1．连接词的选择(1)直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。The little boy said，“I was playing with my toys when someone knocked at the door.”小男孩说：“我在玩我的玩具，这时有人敲门。”(直接引语为陈述句)→The little boy said(that)he was playing with his toys when someone knocked at the door.小男孩说，他在玩他的玩具，那时有人敲门。(间接引语为that引导的宾语从句)(2)直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(...or...或...or not)或if引导。Mother said to her daughter，“Are you satisfied with your new room？”妈妈对她的女儿说：“你对你的新房间满意吗？”(直接引语为一般疑问句)→Mother asked her daughter whether/if she was satisfied with her new room.妈妈问她女儿是否对她的新房间满意。(间接引语改为whether/if引导的宾语从句)(3)直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。“When will the sports meet be held？”he said.他说：“什么时候举行运动会？”(直接引语为特殊疑问句)→He asked when the sports meet would be held.他问什么时候举行运动会。(间接引语改为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句)【注意】(1)直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词“said to sb.”常改为told sb.。(2)直接引语是疑问句时，如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。(3)疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。[即学即练1]　将直接引语变换为间接引语①The patient asked，“Is Dr.Li at the hospital？”→The patient asked                 Dr.Li was at the hospital.②“Who lost the key to the room？”asked Miss Green.→Miss Green asked            had lost the key to the room.2．人称的变化(记忆口诀)一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词要根据转述人立场的变化作相应的改变。(1)“一随主”。指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”玛丽说，“我想拥有一台我自己的电脑。”→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.玛丽说她想拥有一台自己的电脑。(2)“二随宾”。指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。Her colleague said to her，“Who did you ask for a leave？”她的同事对她说，“你向谁请了假？”→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.她的同事问她向谁请了假。(3)“第三人称不更新”。指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。The workers said，“The leaders often make the workers work extra hours.”工人们说：“领导经常让工人们加班。”→The workers said that the leaders often made the workers work extra hours.工人们说领导经常让工人们加班。[即学即练2]　将直接引语变换为间接引语①John said，“Tomorrow I'm going to attend this party.”→John said (that) the next day                        attend this party.②She said，“I worked in Shanghai three years ago.”→She said (that)                                   three years before.3．时态的变化直接引语变间接引语时句子时态变化如下表： 直接引语间接引语句子时态一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时不变一般将来时过去将来时His friend said to him，“We are planning to have a picnic.”他的朋友对他说：“我们计划去野餐。”(直接引语为现在进行时)→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。(间接引语为过去进行时)The organizer said，“We have begun our plan.”组织者说：“我们已开始了我们的计划。”(直接引语为现在完成时)→The organizer said that they had begun their plan.组织者说，他们已开始了他们的计划。(间接引语为过去完成时)【注意】　直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不发生变化的情况：(1)直接引语是客观真理、谚语和格言时；(2)直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变；(3)主句的谓语时态为现在进行时态。[即学即练3]　将直接引语变换为间接引语①My mother said，“The door isn't locked.”→My mother said that the door            ．②The patient said，“The doctors have discussed the mysterious disease.”→The patient said (that) the doctors            the mysterious disease.③Tom said，“I am reading in my room.”→Tom said that he             in his room.4．指示词、状语及动词的变化指示代词this these 时间状语now today tonight yesterday tomorrow last month(week) next month(week) the day beforeyesterday 地点状语here 动词come bring 5.当祈使句作直接引语表示要求和命令时，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb.to do sth.的形式。“Follow his instructions，”she said to me.→She told me to follow his instructions.她告诉我要听他的指令。6．若直接引语中祈使句是否定形式，变间接引语时，不定式符号to前要加not或never。She said，“Don't make so much noise，children！”→She told the children not to make so much noise.她告诉孩子们不要制造这么多噪音。7．当直接引语为表示建议、提议的祈使句或表示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句时，多采用“suggest＋doing/that从句(如suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should也可省略)，offer to do和ask/advise/want sb.＋to do”等结构。Jack said，“Let's go to the cinema tonight.”→Jack suggested that we should go to the cinema that night.→Jack suggested our going to the cinema that night.那天晚上杰克建议我们去看电影。8．如果直接引语部分是感叹句，改为间接引语时，引导词可以用该感叹句的感叹词(即what或how)引导，也可以用that引导。She said，“What a lovely day it is！”→She said what a lovely day it was.她说天气不错。9．若直接引语中的一般疑问句是由表示委婉语气的would，could等构成的疑问句，转换为间接引语时句子的谓语动词常用asked。“Can you lend me two yuan？”he asked me.→He asked me if I could lend him two yuan.他问我是否能借给他两元钱。[即学即练4]　将直接引语变换为间接引语①She cried，“What a crazy idea you have！”→She cried            a crazy idea I had.②I asked my roommate，“Would you mind turning the music down？”→I asked my roommate            the music down.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．She said that their train             (arrive) in five minutes.2．My mother asked me             I had finished the homework.3．Tom told me that he would help me with my English            next day.4．The teacher told the boys and girls that the sun            (rise) in the east.5．The old man asked my brother what he            (do) there the day before.6．The little girl told him that she            (watch) the wonderful football match the month before.7．She said that she            (write) a letter when he knocked at the door.8．She told me that she            (break) my CD player because of carelessness. 9．This morning he said that he            leave for Beijing tomorrow.10．He asked us how many car factories            (build) in our country by the end of last year.Ⅱ.短文语法填空Li Hua told me 1.           he 2.           (have) a talk with his father two days before. His father asked him 3.            he wanted to be and 4.           he'd like to be a lawyer. Li Hua told his father that there 5.           be an exam 6.           next week and he didn't know how many times he 7.            (fail) and 8.           he could catch up with others. His father told him that failure 9.           (be) the mother of success. At last，Li Hua hoped that his father 10.           (will) not give him too much pressure from then on.单元写作环保解决方案本单元写作项目是写一份环保解决方案，符合倡议书的写作范畴。[基本框架]1．开头(beginning)——需要解决的问题2．主体(body)——详细介绍解决问题的方法3．结尾(ending)——提出倡议[常用词块]1．turn off the lights关上灯2．face the challenge of the global warming面对全球变暖的挑战3．raise the awareness of environmental protect提高环保意识4．get worse and worse/get from bad to worse变得越来越糟5．the destruction of our environment环境的破坏6．bear the responsibility to protect our environment承担保护环境的责任[常用语句]★精彩开头1．Our schoolmates are highly concerned about the increasing lack of energy and provide their own suggestions. 我们的同学们高度关注日益缺乏活力的问题，并提出了自己的建议。2．Now more and more people have come to realize how serious this problem is. 现在越来越多的人意识到这个问题有多严重。3．Environmental protection has caused global concern recently.近来环保已经引起了全球的关注。★正文佳句1．Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.我们的政府正努力采取措施与污染作斗争。2．Keep our mountains green，the water clean，and the sky blue.使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。3．To protect the environment，the government has passed laws to prevent people from throwing rubbish everything.为了保护环境，政府已经通过一些法规来阻止人们乱扔垃圾。★余味结尾1．We are sure that we'll win the battle.我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。2．I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation.我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。3．It's high time that we should protect our environment from being polluted.现在是我们保护环境不受污染的时候了。 根据要点提示写一篇80词左右的文章。要点：1.节约能源和资源的好处。(减少空气、水源的污染；节约钱；环保)2．学生节约能源和资源的具体做法。(洗澡时间缩短；刷牙时关掉水龙头；离开房间时关掉电灯；购物时用自己的袋子；纸用双面；看到地面上的垃圾捡起扔进垃圾桶；多锻炼少看电视；在家里种花……)How to Go Green         随堂练习阅读理解ALooking for a fun Earth Day activity？You may want to try plogging，or picking up litter while jogging.Strange as it may sound，the new“sport”is becoming popular with runners worldwide，many of whom are posting photos of themselves and friends holding bags of trash on social media.Plogging is the idea of Erik Alstrom.In 2016，after moving to Stockholm in northern Sweden，Alstrom showed concern over the amount of trash on the road during his daily bike ride to work.Thus，he began plogging during his daily runs.Other joggers soon joined Alstrom，and the activity became so popular that official“plogging”events started all across Sweden.As plogging became popular on social media，the new“sport”began to spread beyond Sweden，first to other European countries and then worldwide.The official online“Plogga”group now includes members from over 40 countries，all the way from United States cities like Ohio to Thailand and Ecuador.Many school running clubs are also getting in on the action to encourage people，staging competitions that reward the runners with the heaviest trash bags.As it turns out，plogging is not only good for the environment but also a healthy way to exercise.According to Swedish fitness app Lifesun，an average person burns about 288 calories while plogging for half an hour.This is about 50 calories more than he/she would burn when just jogging.Additionally，the constant squatting(蹲)to pick up litter increases the plogger's flexibility，while lugging(费力地拖)around the increasingly heavy garbage bags helps strengthen his/her arm muscles.On this Earth Day，be sure to put on your running shoes，carry a trash bag or two，and go plogging.Or better still，start a plogging team at school，or around your neighborhood，and make every day Earth Day!1．Why did Erik Alstrom decide to pick up litter while running?A．He wanted to clear out a path to ride his bike.B．He was concerned about the trash on the road.C．He was fond of exercising on his way to work.D．He dreamed to become popular across Sweden.2．How do school running clubs support the new“sport”？A．They post photos of official events online.B．They explain what plogging means on stage.C．They compete with one another for members.D．They hold competitions to attract people to plog.3．Why is Swedish fitness app Lifesun mentioned in Paragraph 5?A．To show that plogging is of benefit to health.B．To say that plogging is environment­friendly.C．To offer the approaches to exercising properly.D．To tell joggers to carry heavy bags to work out.4．What is the best title for the text?A．Plogging：A Strange but New “Sport” for RunnersB．What We Should Do to Reduce the Amount of LitterC．Running Is Really Helpful to Environmental ProtectionD．Plogging：A Fun Activity for Earth Day and Every DayBIn the past，most people would just throw away their worn­out appliances(家用电器)，but due to the many environmental issues that this has caused over the years，it is highly suggested to consider recycling or other ways.Donate Your Appliances to an OrganizationThe first thing that most people think about when they hear about donating is giving old things to a charity or an organization.However，you should ensure that your appliances still work.Not only do you put repair costs on the charity，but you are also using the organization as a way to get rid of your junk.Find a New OwnerThere are many people that could greatly benefit from your used appliances，including new couples，students，poverty­stricken families，and many others.Similar to donating to a charity，it is important to ensure that your appliances are in good working order，and if they are not，you can put up an ad.definitely stating that you are giving away the broken appliances for free.Contact a Recycling CompanyBefore you do recycle your old items，there are several things that you should be aware of.First of all，you need to know about how refrigerator freezers，and air conditioners are recycled，as often these must be covered.According to your city，you may be required to take off the doors of your appliances to protect children or animals from getting trapped inside and getting hurt.Donate Your Appliances as Scrap(废品)MetalIf your old appliances are completely broken，it might be best to just give them away as scrap metal.Fortunately，there are many different organizations and companies that need as much metal as they can get.Additionally，you won't have to do any of the scrapping or tearing apart by yourselves，as professionals take care and effort in removing harmful elements.5．What's the similarity between the first two ways?A．The appliances are given away for free.B．The appliances should be better in good condition.C．The appliances will be sent to organizations.D．The harmful parts of appliances must be got rid of.6．If we want to recycle our old appliances，what should we consider?A．What kind of appliances can be recycled?B．Who can really benefit much from them?C．Whether they will cause some danger or harm.D．Which is the most suitable recycling company?7．What can you do if you want to donate your completely broken appliances?A．Tear them apart on your own.B．Give them to companies that need metal.C．Remove the harmful elements of them yourself.D．Make sure companies that want the metal pay the delivery fee.二.阅读七选五It takes self­discipline to solve water pollution，air pollution and soil pollution caused by plastic bags.  1  ．It starts within yourself just at your own backyard and inside house.Here are very simple and effortless things you can do to help resolve plastic bag pollution.Ban the use of plastic bagsIt may be difficult to do that because plastic bags are normally easy and light to carry.  2  ，then you are helping the advocacy against plastic bag pollution.Use eco­friendly or biodegradable(可生物降解的)bagsYou do not have to worry about banning plastic bags.There are environmentally friendly bags that you can use as an alternative.When you go out to the grocery store or supermarket to buy things，have eco­friendly bags with you.In fact，there are now new plastic bags that are biodegradable.  3  ．Reuse plastic bagsIt is also possible to recycle the use of plastic bags.Instead of throwing them，have them usable for your next usage.  4  ．This is actually the first start on how you can totally ban the use of plastic bags.If you think your plastic bags have been reused for many times，then that's the time you can throw them in the non­biodegradable can.  5  From stores to industrial companies，there are places where you can give your plastic bags for recycling.You can even find in your place some recycling centers where you can give away the plastic bags you have.Just give them to these places to help prevent pollution.A．Do not throw plastic bagsB．Donate plastic bags to recycling centersC．It helps you to reduce getting more plastic bags in this case tooD．As plastic bags won't be easy to stop in giving threats to pollutionE．The answer is not only about government campaigns or organizationsF．If you can limit your use until you are able to 100% stay away from itG．They can also be good options to use without having to worry about pollution