英语选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists单元测试随堂练习题

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选择性必修Book 2 Unit 1 Science and ScientistsB卷·综合能力提升练(时间：90分钟　满分：120分)第一部分　阅读理解(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AInventions change how we live, work, play and think about what’s possible. Every year, Time magazine lists the 100 best inventions based on their creativity and impact on our lives. What did the magazine choose this year? Let’s take a look.Easier to readOrCam Read is a lightweight, handheld device with a smart camera that can read text from any digital screen or printed surface. If you constantly read large blocks of text or suffer from reading fatigue or even dyslexia(阅读困难), OrCam Read can help. It’s been described as an exceptional on demand tool to access print in work, education and community settings.Users simply point the device at a book page, an ad, a menu or anything else containing text and press a button. The device will instantly vocalize (发声) text in a natural-sounding voice, either through its tiny speaker or a connected Bluetooth device. OrCam Read also supports text in multiple languages and can even operate without any internet connection.Easier for beesHoney is produced by bees. But today’s beekeeping business is not good for these hard-working insects. Bee farmers may kill them after harvesting honey because it’s cheaper than feeding the bees through the winter. To save bees, US company MeliBio has found a way to make the word’s first bee-free honey. They used synthetic biology to create honey directly from plants. This kind of honey tastes just like the real thing, and it is healthy, too.Easier to eatPasta is a popular food around the world. But sometimes you may find it hard to get pasta onto your fork. It’s also difficult to keep the sauce on your pasta. Dan Pashman is a foodie from the US. To solve these problems, he created his dream pasta, called Cascatelli. It's a pasta with a half-tube (半筒型) shape and big ruffles (褶皱). It looks like the letter “J”. How does this special shape help you eat? Bigger ruffles help it catch sauce. And you can easily get it onto your fork because it’s longer. “There are very few pasta shapes that have right angles. It provides resistance to the bite at all angles. It creates kind of like an I-beam (工字钢)，and that makes for a very satisfying bite,” Pashman told NPR.1．What should people do when using OrCam Read?A．Use it to scan the text. B．Set the target language.C．Link it to a small camera. D．Connect to the internet.2．What do we know about the new kind of honey?A．It consists largely of real honey.B．It makes feeding bees cheaper.C．It is produced without any bees.D．It is better for human health.3．What is special about Cascatelli?A．Its creation was inspired by a dream.B．It comes in the shapes of the letters J and U.C．Its shape means it can be eaten without a fork.D．It can hold sauce better than other types of pasta.BAt the age of 43, while working a full-time job and raising my family, I decided to pursue a doctorate(博士学位), studying the most successful physician-scientists of our generation to investigate whether there was anything special about their habits, mindsets(思维模式)or lifestyles: something that could be later replicated (复制) in researchers’ training programmes. My research focused on Nobel Prize winners, National Institutes of Health directors, Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators, and winners of top awards such as the Breakthrough Prizes and Lasker Awards. After graduation, I continued my research on success, branching out into studying other extreme high achievers. It is evident in the course of the research that the mindset of a Nobel Prize-winning scientist is analogous to that of an Olympic champion or an astronaut. On this basis, it indicates that if their mindsets are shared across fields in this way, then success becomes a skill that can be learned, going far beyond potential talent.What defines(下定义)success is a mixed bag, and its definition varies among different people. With multiple rounds of research conducted, I consider that successful people are those who have created a shift(转变) in their field, who are recognized for their achievements, and who give back and help others to succeed as well. Generally, they are widely praised in their field, having won notable awards and honors. In my latest book, The Success Factor, I outlined the four mindsets found in extreme high achievers and offered ideas, underlined(强调)by adult-learning theory, on how others can develop the skills required to succeed in a way that fits in with their careers and lives. Of course, simply copying the habits of an award-winning scientist doesn’t mean you’ll become a Nobel Prize winner, but, by imitating their mindsets, you can set yourself on the path to success.No one aims to be average in life. People want to succeed but often lack the understanding of how to achieve more. By learning from some of the most successful scientists of this generation, we can apply great lessons to our careers.4．What can we know about the author when he was 43?A．He started a training program.B．He lost his job due to his poor performance.C．He faced great challenges in raising his family.D．He was determined to take up advanced studies.5．What does the underlined part “ is analogous to ” in Paragraph 2 mean most probably?A．is similar to. B．is useful for. C．is contrary to. D．is fit for.6．What did the author stress in his book The Success Factor?A．We’d better investigate adult-learning theory.B．We’d better master more professional skills.C．We should learn to maintain good mindsets.D．We should attach importance to our careers and lives.7．Which of the following would the author agree with?A．Failure is not an option.B．Success can be learned.C．People should try to achieve more.D．It’s essential to identify our potential talent.CIt is a great, big, wide-open sky over our heads, but when you are flying in a jet airliner at 600 miles an hour, the sky is not so big. That’s part of the reason why, in the first four months of this year, the government said only 72 percent of all flights arrived on time, the lowest number since the recent system of reporting began in 1995.The runways are full, the planes are jammed, and air traffic controllers complain they’re stressed out. And the radar systems that keep things going are, in large part, technology of the 1960s. “It’s like driving down the road with a paper bag over your head, and you’re trying to stay out of the way of other cars,” says Captain Karen Lee, a 747 pilot who heads operations for UPS, the delivery service.At its center in Louisville, UPS is experimenting with the next generation in air traffic control: planes guided by the satellites of the Global Positioning System, instead of radar.Though it has advanced greatly over the years, radar is a technology that dates back to the second World War . It scans the sky, looking for signals from planes in the air. Typically, air traffic radar only updates a plane’s position once every 12 seconds or so—and in 12 seconds, a jet can move two miles or make a turn. What’s more, radar signals can be blocked by storms or mountains. But with GPS signals, pilots can see in real time exactly where they are, and where other planes are, too. A readout screen in the cockpit (驾驶舱) tells the pilots what’s around them.“What we end up with is a very exact location for each aircraft in the system,” said Basil Barimo of the Air Transport Association, which represents airlines.8．According to the passage, we know that__________.A．the sky over our heads is becoming smaller B．the condition of air traffic is terrible nowC．the service of air companies is quite bad D．fewer and fewer planes are in the sky9．The planes are jammed, mainly because__________.A．the number of planes is increasing too fastB．the control system hasn’t kept up with the development of air trafficC．there is not enough room for so many planes in the skyD．the weather has become worse these years10．What kind of air control system will be used instead of radar?A．The Global Positioning System. B．A more advanced radar system.C．A new unusual satellite. D．A readout screen in the cockpit.11．Which of the following is a disadvantage of the radar system? A．It can only update a plane’s position once every 12 minutes.B．Its signals may not be received because of certain reasons.C．The cost of radar is higher than the cost of the Global Positioning System.D．Nothing can be done to improve the air traffic conditionDHave you ever wondered why you might be a little taller than your friends or family? Well, scientists believe the mystery of why humans are growing taller and reaching puberty(青春期)earlier is due to something in the brain.We already know that better nutrition leads to greater height as humans have been growing taller on the whole in recent centuries. Better nutrition also causes people to reach maturity (成 熟)faster. Genes also play a role in how tall we become and we all grow and look according to the codes in our DNA．A lack of nutrition makes it harder for us to reach the full potential of our own genes.According to the University of Maryland, our body requires a certain amount of energy to make us grow. But a new study suggests that a brain receptor (感受器)could be responsible for our growth. The study showed that the brain receptor MC3R is responsible for signals from food reaching a part of the brain called the hypothalamus(下丘脑).The hypothalamus is responsible for keeping things in check like body temperature and adjusting appetite and weight.MC3R’s not working properly tends to mean that people are shorter and start puberty much later. Professor Sir Stephen O’ Rahilly, one of the authors of the study, said, “lt tells the body we’re great here and that we’ve got lots of food, so grow quickly and have puberty soon.”There is a lot about the brain we still don’t know. But this research could lead to further development of drugs for children with delayed growth and puberty starting much later. More understanding of the receptor won’t mean that we can make ourselves taller. That all still depends on genes, but it could help people with chronic (慢性的)illnesses who need to build up muscle.12．What can we learn from the second paragraph?A．Genes lead to faster maturity.B．Nutrition determines a person’s height.C．Better nutrition is important to growing taller.D．Bad nutrition will change a person’s genes.13．How does MC3R work to get you taller according to the new study?A．By taking in a large amount of nutrition itself.B．By having us check body temperatures regularly.C．By sending signals to inspire us to have more nutrition.D．By helping us control our appetite to lose weight.14．The new finding will most probably help toA．find ways to put off kid’s pubertyB．treat patients with chronic illnessC．find scientific exercise to get our muscle strongerD．develop medicine for kids with delayed growth15．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．Why Are Some People Shorter? Genes Are to BlameB．Why Are Some People Shorter? Nutrition Is to BlameC．Why Are Some People Taller? The Key Is in Our AppetiteD．Why Are Some People Taller? The Key Is in Our Brains 第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on 14 March, 1879. ___16___ Einstein was so smart that at age 16 he wrote his first paper. However, Einstein did badly at school. ___17___ He ended up at college in Switzerland. His grades meant it was difficult to get a job after college, but a friend found him work finally. Albert had a great year in 1905, publishing (发表) four scientific papers! ____18____ One of the things he researched was that energy and mass (质量) are different forms of the same thing. This was explained by his famous equation E=mc². In 1909 Albert was finally made a professor at the University of Zurich. He continued improving his work, and in 1915 he published his theory of general relativity (广义相对论) . In 1919, one of Albert’s theories was proved, making him the most famous scientist alive! _____19_____His work changed the way we think about time and space, and also helped with developments like the television. _____20_____ And in 1933, Albert decided to stay in the USA forever. He became an American in 1940. Sadly, Einstein’s work with atoms (原子) led to the invention of the atomic bomb. Albert spent the rest of his life taking part in activities for world peace. He died in 1955.A．Albert spent lots of time in America.B．Einstein loved to use his imagination.C．His work turned modern physics on its head.D．Even as an adult, Einstein was disorganized.E．As a child, he enjoyed solving math problems.F．And he won the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics.G．One teacher even said he’d never achieve anything! 第二部分　语言运用(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)阅读下面短文， 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。No two snowflakes are alike?Wilson A．Bentley, a farmer and amateur meteorologist, sought to answer that question, dedicating himself to____21____flakes of snow for 50 years.Bentley was born in 1865 and____22____on a farm.On his 15th birthday,Bentley’s mother gave him an old___23___.It was snowing that day, and the boy____24____getting a glimpse of a six-sided snowflake with the___25___. When he was 17, Bentley asked his parents to buy him a new, better microscope and a camera.His father argued that it was a waste of time. Finally, his father gave in. Bentley built a wooden frame to____26____the new equipment and then spent 2 years figuring out how to take a picture of a snowflake____27____a microscope. On January 15,1885,he did it,creating the world’s first photo of snowflake. Every winter for the rest of his life, Bentley studied snowflakes in a(n)___28___room in the back of the house. The process was difficult and cold. (Outdoors, he collected snowflakes on a wooden tray that was painted___29___to observe it. Whenever it snowed, Bentley caught and captured flakes, sometimes working all night. He found that most snowflakes had six sides, ___30___others looked like triangles, or columns—no two were alike.Bentley___31___his snowflakes with anyone who was interested. He wrote articles for scientists and for___32___such as National Geographic. Occasionally, he felt____33____that few people seemed to care about his work.Still,he____34____stopped.In 1920,Bentley was elected as one of the first members of the American Meteorological Society, which later____35____him its first research grant in 1924.21．A．creating B．producing C．observing D．cleaning22．A．worked B．raised C．ran D．helped23．A．bag B．camera C．microscope D．tray24．A．succeeded in B．turned in C．gave up D．gave in25．A．time B．frame C．instruction D．instrument26．A．hold B．fix C．adjust D．buy27．A．without B．along C．under D．above28．A．old B．unheated C．small D．cozy29．A．black B．white C．new D．odd30．A．or B．and C．so D．but31．A．sold B．shared C．carried D．presented32．A．magazines B．newspaper C．colleges D．companies33．A．amazed B．excited C．discouraged D．encouraged34．A．always B．once C．ever D．never35．A．owed B．awarded C．praised D．considered第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “four great new ____36____ (invent)” — high-speed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycles, and online shopping.China’s new-generation high-speed train, the Fuxing Hao, ____37____ can travel at a speed of 350km/h, is now one of the ____38____ (fast) trains in the world. Besides high-speed rail, China ____39____ (improve) people’s lives in many other innovative (创新的) ways over the last ten years.Bike sharing, for example, is not new itself. But China has made ____40____ much more convenient and popular both in China and overseas. The leading Chinese biking-sharing companies Mobike and Ofo are now operating in foreign countries such as Singapore and Britain.And back in China, ____41____ (ride) a shared bike, you can stop to buy and eat whatever you want ____42____ (simple) with a tap on your phone. You could easily pay with your smart phone by ____43____ (scan) the seller’s QR code. Cashless payment has grown into ____44____ choice for Chinese people — even a pancake seller is using Alipay.Besides, the four innovative ways of life are most appealing to youths from 20 countries taking part _____45_____ the Belt and Road Initiative, and they wish their countries would emulate (效仿) China in terms of technological achievements. 第三部分　写作(共两节，满分40分)第一节　应用文写作(满分15分)46．假设你是李华，要参加学校的英语征文活动。这次征文要求大家给一位历史人物写感谢信，感谢他(她)为人类的进步所做出的贡献。内容请包括：1. 历史人物的名字(称呼里体现)及其贡献；2. 该人物对你的影响和启发；3. 你对他(她)表达感谢。注意：词数100词左右。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第二节　读后续写(满分25分)47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。Back in the early 1980s, the idea of home computers was catching on. I wasn't keen on getting one. Somehow, I evolved and have owned several computers over the years. Some days, I loved my computer, but more often than not, I hated it. I didn't grow up with them, and they were a challenge to my mental health. Dealing with modern technology was my introduction to stress, and I know who to blame: my children.They weren't satisfied that their dad and I finally bought a computer and learned to send e-mails. We were quite happy with that, but next came a cellphone. Then just talking on the phone was not acceptable; they insisted we learn to text as well. We couldn't get a break.I remember well the night that Facebook became a household word around here. Those kids of ours were determined to set up a joint account for us. It took some convincing. We felt no guilt for grating on (激怒) their nerves considering the drama they'd sometimes created for us during their teenage years. A little payback wouldn't hurt those two.More recently, my husband and I were forced into getting rid of our flip phones and getting smartphones. I will admit that I progressed into appreciating mine. I liked speaking to Siri and finding out what I needed to know in an instant. I enjoyed having Internet access everywhere I went. I felt a sense of accomplishment; my husband-not so much. To this day, he would happily take back his flip phone.Last Christmas, our children surprised us with yet another popular form of technology-Alexa. The girls took our smartphones in hand and got us programmed. Before we fully understood what was happening, we could tell Alexa to turn our lamp on or off, and she would. To be honest, we were a bit annoyed at having to learn how to use yet another device, but we decided to keep it. We mastered turning the lamp on and off, and once again I got the hang of it sooner than my husband did. I became his Alexa coach.注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。One night, Alexa did not turn on the lamp when I gave the command._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________We should thank our children and grandchildren._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________