初中英语中考复习语法知识讲解（结构+重难点）

中考英语语法知识一、语法结构一、原始结构。主+谓+宾 ；主+系+表1.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。在原始的简单句中，主语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）2.谓语（动词）谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：a.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.b.复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caughta bad cold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.在英语中一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词（知道为什么吗），而且，我们平时学习的时态是针对谓语动词来说。如果以do为例，do, did ,have done, will do, had done, is/am/are doing, was/were doing, would do。在简单句中，谓语动词和主语是句子的核心，是不可以随意删掉的。3.宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）4.表语表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词。Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）二、新增成分在简单句中，只要满足上面两种结构，就可以把一件简单的事说清楚，但随着英语的逐渐演变，又演变出两种新的成分，可以对句子进行修饰和补充，我们称之为定语和状语。1.定语修饰名词或代词的词为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：（在汉语里，定语可以翻译成…的）Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）2.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。状语是一个相对抽象的概念，在简单句中状语一般由副词充当，修饰动词和形容词为主，除此之外，介词短语在简单句中也喜欢扮演状语的作用，这个语法点主要存在于我们的语法填空和短文改错中。三、非谓语动词短语随着英语的逐渐演变，在某些简单句中，相对应的句子成分不能用单词进行描述。主（多喝水）+ is great for your health.I love 宾（踢足球）.My hobby is 表（玩电脑游戏）. I has bought a book(王先生写的)等等。我们发现，在上面的模型里，没有办法用一个单词进行描述，所以在演变的过程中，出来一个新的语法成分，叫做非谓语动词短语（to do ,doing, done，注意done与did的区别）注：1.只加不定式作宾语的动词：plan, promise, help, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish/hope, expect, fail等。2.只加动名词作宾语的动词：admit, avoid, consider, escape, imagine, mind, miss, practice, suggest, advise, allow等3.下面这些短语只能加doing作宾语：lead to ,contribute to, devote oneself to , look forward to, owing to, become/get/be used to, pay attention to等等。4.既可以加to do, 也可以加doing的动词，且意思很相近的动词：continue, begin, start等。5.接to do 和doing 作宾语意义差别很大的动词：mean, forget, try, go on等。To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The boy playing football(动名词短语) is my brotherThe dog killed by a car(过去分词短语) is very fierce.注意：非谓语动词短语作定语时，要放在修饰词的后面，形容词做定语时，放在修饰词的前面。二、语法重难点1、 as…as…结构：你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.2、 (1)too…to与 so…that sb. can’t…的句型转换：前者为简单句，主语只有一个，而后者为复合句，主语有两个，试比较：The man was too angry to be able to speak.The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.(2) too…to…与 not enough to句型的转换：He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.The book is too difficult for me to read.=The book is not easy enough for me to read.3、 形容词原级表示比较级含义：约翰不象迈克那么苯。John is not so stupid as Mike.John is less stupid than Mike.John is cleverer than Mike.4、 用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。John is taller than any other boy in the class.John is the tallest boy in the class.5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.The more food you eat, the fatter you are.6、 more and more….表示“越来……越……”:More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.Our country is getting stronger and stronger.who、whom、whose、which的用法1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：The person who broke the window must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：This is the house where we lived last year.The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.注意下列问题：1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况：(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如：All that he said is true.(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如：He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：He talked about the people and the things he remembered.2. 只能用which，不用that 的情况：(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.