专题10+阅读理解——议论文类练习

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这是一份专题10+阅读理解——议论文类练习，共35页。试卷主要包含了主旨题，推理判断题，细节题， D　推理判断题， C　篇章结构题等内容，欢迎下载使用。

专题10 阅读理解——议论文类
方法与技巧
题型介绍：
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。相对于其它文体，议论文阅读要难一些，因此要多加重视。
议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。
命题形式：
从近几年观的高考英语试题来看，议论文类阅读理解的命题类型主要有：
1. 主旨题
考查考生对于议论文基本观点的理解，是主旨题设题的目的。做这种类型的题目要弄清作者想说什么，即作者写此文章的目的。
2. 推理判断题
这种题型的特点是以事实为依据，但其结果有绝不是事实本身。它主要测试考生的逻辑思维能力，侧重于推理。
3. 细节题
细节题也是议论文试题的主要题型。这种题要求考生理解文中的具体观点和具体事实。
三、议论文阅读理解题解题技巧
第一，抓论点、寻论据
阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把我了中心。
第二，注重文章结构，理清文章脉络。
把握文章结构，有利于对文章大意的理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：
1. Put forward a question →Analyze the question →Solve the question这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。
2. Argument/Idea → Evidence → Conclusion/Restating the idea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。
第三，体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度，准确进行推理判断。
能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。
解题技巧：
解答此类试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因——结果（Cause & Effect）型。还有一种比较常见的是问题——答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题（相当于一个现象），然后给出该问题的答案（相当于解释）。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点:答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案) ，然后从中心、态度或利用解的特征等其他角度对选项进行检验;如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑;次之从解的特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案
体验高考
1. [2017·江苏卷]
C
A new commodity brings about a highly profitable，fastgrowing industry，urging antitrust (反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants (巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google，Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.
Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants' success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.
But there is cause for concern. The Internet has made data abundant, allpresent and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies' control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a “God's eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.
This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.
The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger (兼并)，for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets (资产) when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a newborn threat. When this takes place, especially when a newborn company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.
The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data and give more to those who supply them. Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users' consent.
Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy. But if governments don't want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon.
61．Why is there a call to break up giants?
A．They have controlled the data market.
B．They collect enormous private data.
C．They no longer provide free services.
D．They dismissed some newborn giants.
62．What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?
A．Data giants' technology is very expensive.
B．Google's idea is popular among data firms.
C．Data can strengthen giants' controlling position.
D．Data can be turned into new services or products.
63．By paying attention to firms' data assets, antitrust regulators could ________．
A．kill a new threat
B．avoid the size trap
C．favour bigger firms
D．charge higher prices
64．What is the purpose of loosening the giants' control of data?
A．Big companies could relieve data security pressure.
B．Governments could relieve their financial pressure.
C．Consumers could better protect their privacy.
D．Small companies could get more opportunities.
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了数据信息垄断企业的发展导致的后果以及反垄断的措施、对反对数据垄断的未来展望。
61. A　细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants (巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age.”和第二段第一句“Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.”可知，人们呼吁打破垄断的原因是数据信息垄断机构控制了数据市场，故选A项。注意B项中的private data，文中并没有提到私人数据，此题易误选B项。
62. C　推理判断题。根据第三段第四、五句“But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies' control of data gives them enormous power.”可知，数据可以转化为新的服务和商品，被卖给其他公司；因特网公司对数据的控制给了它们巨大的权力。据此可以判断，数据可以增强垄断公司的控制地位，故选C项。
63. B　推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句“When considering a merger (兼并)，for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets (资产) when assessing the impact of deals.”可知，传统意义上的反垄断组织用公司的大小来决定何时介入，而现在评估时则要考虑公司的数据资产规模。据此可知，关注数据评估，旨在避免陷入传统的“以公司大小”评估的陷阱，故选B项。
64. D　推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a newborn threat. When this takes place, especially when a newborn company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.”以及对第六段的理解可知，反垄断部门应该采取行动，使几大因特网巨头放松对数据的控制，使新生的小公司得到更多的发展机会，故选D项。
2. [2017·天津卷]
D
I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let's take a look at three types of “waits”．
The very purest form of waiting is the WatchedPot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it's full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.
A cousin to the WatchedPot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. “Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.” I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience.
Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the LuckyBreak Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.
Turning one's life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the LuckyBreak Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn't come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.
We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you're standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you'll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don't be desperate. You're probably just as busy as the next guy.
51．While doing a WatchedPot Wait, we tend to ________．
A．keep ourselves busy
B．get absentminded
C．grow anxious
D．stay focused
52．What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the WatchedPot Wait?
A．The Forced Wait requires some selfcontrol.
B．The Forced Wait makes people passive.
C．The WatchedPot Wait needs directions.
D．The WatchedPot Wait engages body and brain.
53．What can we learn about the LuckyBreak Wait?
A．It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.
B．It doesn't always bring the desired result.
C．It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.
D．It doesn't give people faith and hope.
54．What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?
A．Take it seriously.
B．Don't rely on others.
C．Do something else.
D．Don't lose heart.
55．The author supports his view by ________．
A．exploring various causes of “waits”
B．describing detailed processes of “waits”
C．analysing different categories of “waits”
D．revealing frustrating consequences of “waits”
【文章大意】本文论述了我们人生中经常遇到的三种等待。
51. B　细节理解题。根据第二段中的第五句“During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks.”可知我们在进行WatchedPot Wait时很容易走神，心不在焉。
52. A　推理判断题。根据第三段中的第二句“This one requires a bit of discipline.”可知这种等待需要一点纪律，即需要自控。
53. B　推理判断题。根据第四段中的最后一句“…waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.”可知等待你的好运气未必就意味着它能发生，因此LuckyBreak Wait并不总是能带来预期的结果。
54. D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的倒数第二句“…don't be desperate.”可知作者建议我们下次等待时，不要失去信心。
55. C　篇章结构题。文章的结构是总—分。文章第一段提出有三种类型的等待，然后下面几段内容一直在分析这三种等待，因此作者是通过分析不同的类型的等待来支持他自己的观点的。
3.【2016·全国新课标I】B
Grandparents Answer a Call
As a third generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never pleased move away,. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused . Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Gaf finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move to a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.
No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study grandparents com. 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson ‘s decision will influence the grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.
“in the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher of grate magazine for grandparents .We now realize how important family is and how important”” to be near them, especially when you’re raining children.”
Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.
25. Why was Garza’s move a success?
A．It strengthened her family ties.
B．It improved her living conditions.
C．It enabled her make more friends.
D．It helped her know more new places.
26.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?
A．17% expressed their support for it.
B．Few people responded sympathetically.
C．83% believed it had a bad influence.
D．The majority thought it was a trend.
27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?
A．They were unsure of raise more children.
B．They were eager to raise more children.
C．They wanted to live away from their parents.
D．They bad little respect for their grandparent.
28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the lasr paragraph?
A. Make decisions in the best interests' of their own
B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them
C. Sacrifice for their struggling children
D. Get to know themselves better
【答案】
25-28. A D C A
【解析】
试题分析：本文是一篇议论文。主要讲述目前社会上很多老年人愿意搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势。同时作者也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择，不要仅仅为孩子考虑而牺牲了自己习惯了的生活方式。
25. A细节理解题。根据首段末句可知，Mildred Garza老人搬到离孩子近的地方居住让他们的关系更密切，一家人认为这是一个成功的事情。故选A 。
26.D细节理解题。根据第二段末句Two thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family可知，很多人会受Marian Robinson的影响，所以这回形成一种潮流。故选D 。
27.C细节理解题。根据第三段首句可知，在60年代人们都希望离开家，以此来证明自己的独立。故选 C。
28.A推理判断题。根据末段推知，作者建议人们要明智不要为了孩子而做出牺牲。故选A 。
考点：社会生活类短文阅读
【技巧点拨】推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。此类题要求通过文章中的文字信息，上下文逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者暗含的意思。解题关键要注意表明作者观点、立场的动词、名词、形容词和副词等。28题中则根据it is wiser to say no推断出作者的立场。
4.【2016·北京】D
Why College Is Not Home
The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.
For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.
To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.
Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.
Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.
It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.
Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.
67. What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?
A.Sympathetic B.Disapproving
C.Supportive D.Neutral
68. The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means .
A.change B.choice
C.text D.extension
69. According to the author, what role should college play?
A.to develop a shared identity among students
B.to define and regulate students’ social behavior
C.To provide a safe world without tension for students
D.To foster students’ intellectual and personal development
70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?

【答案】
67. B68. A69. D70. C
【解析】
试题分析：大学并不是温暖的家庭，也不能成为学生的家庭。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一性的重要时期。大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。
67. B细观点态度题。根据第一段“The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However...”可知，作者认为，大学不应该成为孩子们依赖的“家庭”，说明作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子，故选B。
68. A猜测词义题。根据“from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility”可知，从家庭的庇护到自主性和成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。
69. D推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段“If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing...”可知，作者不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除C；大学应该是学习知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。
70. C篇章结构题。根据第四段“Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.”中的“equally important”和第五段的“moreover”可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。
考点：教育类短文阅读
【名师点睛】
I. 三类篇章结构题的出题方式
1. 结构识辨: 此类组织结构题要求考生能够识别文章、段落的组织结构或行文方式。结构识辨类组织结构题常见的题干表述方式如下：
l How is the text organized?
l The author develops the passage mainly by________.
l The text is mainly developed in the order of________.
l Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
2. 组织结构功能: 此类组织结构题要求考生判断文章或段落组织结构的功能、作用，其常见的题干表述方式如下：
The author quoted …words in...paragraph in order to make the article________.
3. 结构推测: 此类组织结构题要求考生能够根据文章或段落的组织结构、行文方式或段落内容推测文章前后未呈现的写作内容。其常见的题干表述方式如下：
What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?[来源:学优]
Which of the following do you think has been discussed in the part before this selection?
II. 解题策略
考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此，具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。
1) 记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他, 最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。
2) 议论文总体上可以分为四类：
第一类，“提出论点——分论点一——分论点二——分论点三……——结论”；
第二类，“引入段——导出论点——分点论述——结论”；
第三类，“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”；
第四类，“提出反面观点——批驳反面观点——提出正面观点”。
3) 说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
5.【2016·四川】B
If you could have one superpower, what would it be?
Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life.
Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.
They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others.
We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams. But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue you are interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause. Whatever you do, don’t be a bystander. Get involved. You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older. But why not start now?
Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.
4. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Your life style.
B. Your life value.
C. Your trouble in life.
D. Your life experience.
5. Why does the author say they are inspired every day?
A. They possess different kinds of superpowers.
B. They have got the power to change the world.
C. Some people around them are making the world better.
D. There are many powerful people in their life and work.
6. What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?
A. Learning more and contributing more to a cause.
B. Rising above self and acting to help others.
C. Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.
D. Trying your best to help the poor.
7. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.
B. Much more progress will be made in the near future.
C. The work on health is the most valuable experience.
D. People’s efforts have been materially rewarded.
【答案】4.B 5.C 6.B 7.A
【解析】
试题分析：本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，最穷人的生活将会变得更好。
4. B 词义猜测题。根据文章开始提到的If you could have one superpower, what would it be?如果你有超能，它将会是什么呢？Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly,梦想着是否你想读懂心思，看穿墙，或有超能的力量，这些可能听起来是愚蠢的，but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life.但是它实际上是在你的生活中真正重要的核心，也就是你生活的价值。故选B。
5.C 细节理解题。根据第三段Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.每天在我们的工作中，我们会收到一些人的鼓舞，他们在做一些改善世界的事情。故选C。
6.B 推理判断题。根据第五段中we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself.。我们确实认为当你把你的一些时间和精力奉献给别人时，你就能过上一个更强大的生活。Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause.。自愿或者，如果你能的话，给一个事业贡献一点钱。可知第五段的意思是：行动起来帮助别人。故选B。
7.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.它已经改变了我们是谁，在以后的这些年里最穷人的生活将会得到改善。故选A。
【名师点睛】
推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中的某一句话，也可能是某几句话，所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合。推理判断题的题干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude indicate等标志性词语。这种题型主要包括细节判断题、态度观点推断题、写作意图推断题、文章出处判断题和猜测想象推断题。比如第7小题A 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.它已经改变了我们是谁，在以后的这些年里最穷人的生活将会得到改善。故选A。
考点：考查日常生活类阅读
:6. 【2016·浙江】 A
“Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?”Lindsey whipers to Tori.
With her eyes shining,tori brags，“You bet I did,Sean told me two days ago.”
Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about?It just happened to be yours truly,Adam Freedmam,I can tell you that what that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true.Still,Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton Higt School,including me.Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话)。I have noticed three effects of gossip:it can hurt people,it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction,and it can cause social pressures in a group.
An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.Usually,gossip spreads information about a topic-breakups,trouble at home,even dropping out-that a person would rather keep secret.The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is,the juicier the gossip it makes.Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie.People ofen think of gossipers as harmless,but cruel lies can cause pain.
If we know that gossip can be harmful,then why do so many of us do it?Tht answer lies in another effect of gossip:the satisfaction it gives us.Sharing the latest rumor(传言)can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t.Similarly,hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group.”In other words,gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感).
Gossip also can have a third effect:it strengthens unwritten,unspoken rules about how people should act.Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group.Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said,then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention.The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation.The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news,thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story”might have.
41.The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to .
A.introduce a topic
B.present an argument
C.describe the characters
D.clarify his writing purpose
42.An important negative effects of gossip is that it .
A.breaks up relationships
B.embarrasses the listener
C.spreads information around
D.causes unpleasant experiences
43.In the auther’s opinion,many people like to gossip because it .
A.gives them a feeling of pleasure
B.help them to make more friends
C.makes them better at telling stories
D.enables them to meet important people
44.Professor David Wilson think that gossip can .
A.provide students with written rules
B.help people watch their own behaviors
C.force school to impove student handbooks
D.attract the police’s attention to group behaviors
45.What advice does the author give in the passage?
A.Never become a gossiper
B.Stay away from gossipers
C.Don’t let gossip turn into lies
D.Think twice before you gossip.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。
41. A考查推理判断。根据文章第三段的Many of our conversations are gossip. （我们的话题很多都是闲话），可知开头的对话是为了介绍本文的主题，故选A。
42. D考查细节理解。根据文章第四段的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.，可知主要危害是他会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。
43. A考查细节理解。根据文章第五段的The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us,可知人们散播传言是因为它会带来满足感，故选A。
44. B考查细节理解。根据文章第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviours in a group.可知，他认为传言能帮助人们观察自身的行为，故选B。
45. D考查细节理解。根据文章最后一段的The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have. 可知，作者的建议是让人们在传言之前三思而后行。故选D。
【方法点拨】
这是一篇议论文，题目设置以细节理解题为主。学生可以带着题目回到原文，能够在短文中画出解题依据是正确解题的关键，各位考生要谨记，在做阅读理解时要做到“不见依据不做题”。理由充分，依据凿实，这是不仅“知其然”，而且“知其所以然”的超高境界，是阅读水平提高的最大见证。那么如何能快速准确回到原文找到依据呢?
1. 关键词定位法。
这里说的关键词并不一定是中心词，而是在理解题干所问之后，在题干中能帮助你迅速回到原文的“特征词”。如43题的信息句是The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us,可知人们散播传言是因为它会带来满足感，和选项A里面的a feeling of pleasure对应。还有44题，题干中的Professor David Wilson可以定位到第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviours in a group.可知，他认为传言能帮助人们观察自身的行为，所以答案是B。
2. 自然段定位法。
即命题者往往按照信息点在文中出现的先后来依次命制各个小题，也就是说，各题的答案信息常常在短文中依次出现，排在后面的小题，文中对应的信息点也在后面。例如，第1题往往位于一、二自然段，第2题会在第1题的答案信息之后且与第一题的位置最接近，第3题会在第2题的答案信息之后，往往在文中较为中间的地方，而第4题则位于文中较后的位置。最后一题(偶尔可能是第一题)一般是主旨题(包括给文章加标题、归纳写作目的)，这时，可能涉及全文内容。如41题，题目问文章的开头的作用，自然定位到第一段的内容，结合下文可以快速解答。
模拟新题精选
1.【北京市通州区2017届高三第一次模拟】D
Importance of College Education
During the high school career, students may begin to question the importance of a college education. They might find themselves asking, “Why is it important to go to college?” The answer is that, more than ever, college graduates enjoy much greater opportunities available to them than those who have not received a college education.
For many high school students, being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought. They may also be affected by the rising cost of tuition, and while it is true that a higher education may be one of the largest expenses you will ever face, the importance of a college education has become quite evident in terms of earning potential within today’s economy.
Why should you go to college? One important answer to this question is more opportunity. As opposed to generations of the past, high school graduates today are unable to obtain high-paying jobs that were once available. The U.S. has been transformed from a manufacturing-based economy to an economy based on knowledge, and the importance of a college education today can be compared to that of a high school education forty years ago. It serves as the gateway to better options and more opportunity.
There are additional reasons as to why it is important to go to college. When students experience a post secondary education, they have the opportunity to read books and listen to the lectures of top experts in their fields. This encourages students to think, ask questions, and explore new ideas, which allows for additional growth and development and provides college graduates with more opportunities in the job market over those who have not experienced a higher education.
The importance of a college education is also stressed because of the opportunity to gain valuable resources during the study. The more connections which are collected during your college career, the more options you will have when you begin your job search. Once you have ended your job search and have started your career, however, the importance of a college education has not been exhausted. Having a college degree often provides for greater promotion opportunity.
So, why should you go to college? The reasoning does not begin and end with the job aspect. A good education is beneficial from many different viewpoints, and though the importance of a college education is quite evident for many high school students, what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education.
67. Why do some high school graduates prefer working to college study?
A. To obtain high-paying jobs.
B. To earn money at an early age.
C. To spend less money on tuition.
D. To adapt to the knowledge-based society.
68. The author most likely agrees with the idea that ____.
A. too much time is spent on lectures in college study.
B. high school education is a gateway to more opportunity.
C. college graduates gain more chances over others in job market.
D. a college degree guarantees promotion in American companies.
69. What is most likely to be talked about in the paragraph after the last paragraph of the passage?
A. Affording college education.
B. Changing college education.
C. Receiving college education.
D. Refusing college education.
70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion
A. B.
C. D.
【答案】67. B 68. C 69. A 70. D
【解析】本文介绍大学教育的重要性。
67. B
细节理解题。根据第二段第一句For many high school students, being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought.可知一些高中生更愿意早点挣钱。故选B。
68. C
推理判断题。根据第三段中Why should you go to college? One important answer to this question is more opportunity. As opposed to generations of the past, high school graduates today are unable to obtain high-paying jobs that were once available.可知，作者认为大学毕业生在就业市场上比其他人获得更多的机会。故选C。
69. A
推理判断题。根据最后一段中A good education is beneficial from many different viewpoints, and though the importance of a college education is quite evident for many high school students, what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education. 良好的教育得益于许多不同的观点，虽然大学教育的重要性对于很多高中学生来说都很明显，人们通常不清楚的是他们将如何支付这种教育费用。可知下文最有可能要说的是A项，Affording college education.负担得起大学教育。
70. D
推理判断题。根据第一段“Why is it important to go to college?” The answer is that, more than ever, college graduates enjoy much greater opportunities available to them than those who have not received a college education.可知介绍上大学的重要情；根据For many high school students, being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought. They may also be affected by the rising cost of tuition,---可知第二、三段在介绍关于上大学的两个观点；根据Why should you go to college? One important answer to this question is more opportunity.There are additional reasons as to why it is important to go to college. 和The importance of a college education is also stressed because of the opportunity to gain valuable resources during the study.可知第三、四、五段在对第二个观点所阐述的次要点；最后一段得出why should you go to college?的结论。根据上面的分析D为正确选项。
2. 【浙江省温州市2017届高三第二次模拟】C
We love the sea. We swim into it, live near it, build beside it, and even imagine about living under the sea. But we’re terrified of it, too. For much of our history, we have turned to “hard engineering” to control the marine (海洋) environment and manage its influence on us. We build dams, sea walls and channels. But all these efforts seem to fail. The sea has a habit of taking back its own. And we suffer.
Johnston, a marine ecologist, is advocating for “blue engineering” — the marine version of the “green engineering” movement on land that has seen nations like Singapore building the walls and roofs of the concrete jungle with plant life.
We are expanding further into the marine environment. This practice docs harm lo marine ecosystems. We’re loving the sea to death, but we’ve not been thinking about design of structures (建筑物) with respect to ecology. Some coastal structures create shade, which reduces the growth of seaweed. Bright lights at night contuse species such as turtles. That’s why blue engineering comes in.
Throughout the world people are starting to turn things around. Researchers with the World Harbour Project are creating tiles (瓦片) similar to the natural structures found on rocky shores with 3D printing technology. These make more attractive homes for marine creatures. Researchers are also actively seeding these tiles with local seaweeds and creatures such as the Sydney rock oyster, which is particularly good at improving water quality. Twelve harbours around the world are taking part in this marine tile experiment, each working with their own unique marine life.
It’s a far cry from, he days when huge number, of old tyres were thrown, into the sea to build “artificial reef” (礁石). Those clumsy early attempts are now costing millions to remove, showing just how far we have yet to go in understanding how best to co-habit with the underwater world.
27. What do we know about “hard engineering”?
A. It has improved sea environment.
B. It can control the influence of sea.
C. It has failed to achieve its purpose.
D. It makes living under sea impossible.
28. Para.3 is mainly about the to introduce the project of “blue engineering”.
A. drawbacks B. reasons C. procedures D. measures
29. Which of the following is a form of “blue engineering”?
A. Constructing buildings with plant life.
B. Expanding into marine environments.
C. Creating an artificial reef with old tyres.
D. Building structures benefiting sea creatures.
30. What is the writer’s feeling towards the present situation of marine environment?
A. Relieved B. Doubtful C. Satisfied D. Disappointed
【答案】27. C 28. B 29. D 30. A
【解析】本文主要讲了引进蓝色海洋工程的原因以及如何实施蓝色海洋工程。
27. 推理判断题。由We build dams, sea walls and channels. But all these efforts seem to fail. The sea has a habit of taking back its own. And we suffer.可知“hard engineering”的意思是未能达到它的目的，选C。
28. 推理判断题。由This practice docs harm to marine ecosystems.与可知That’s why blue engineering comes in.可知第三自然段主要讲了引进“蓝色工程”的原因，选B。
29. 推理判断题。由Researchers with the World Harbour Project are creating tiles (瓦片) similar to the natural structures found on rocky shores with 3D printing technology.可知建造对海洋生物有益的结构是“蓝色工程”的一种结构，选D。
30. 推理判断题。由最后一个自然段可推知作者对海洋环境的现状持放心态度。Relieved 放心，Doubtful 不确定的， Satisfied 满意的， Disappointed失望的，选A。
3. 【四川省绵阳南山中学2018届高三12月月考】A
The Things Successful People Do Differently
Why have you been so successful in reaching some of your goals, but not others? If you aren’t sure, you are far from alone in your confusion. It turns out that even brilliant, highly accomplished people are pretty lousy when it comes to understanding why they succeed or fail. The intuitive(直觉的) answer--that you are born with certain talents and lacking in others--is really just one small piece of the puzzle. In fact, decades of research on achievement suggests that successful people reach their goals not simply because of who they are, but more often because of what they do.
1. Get specific.
When you set yourself a goal, try to be as specific as possible. “Lose 5 pounds” is a better goal than “lose some weight,” because it gives you a clear idea of what success looks like. Knowing exactly what you want to achieve keeps you motivated until you get there. Also, think about the specific actions that need to be taken to reach your goal. Just promising you’ll “eat less” or “sleep more” is too vague--be clear and precise. “I’ll be in bed by 10pm on weeknights” leaves no room for doubt about what you need to do, and whether or not you’ve actually done it.
2. Seize the moment to act on your goals.
To seize the moment, decide in advance when and where you will take each action you want to take. Again, be as specific as possible (e.g., “If it’s Monday, Wednesday, or Friday, I’ll work out for 30 minutes before work.”) Studies show that this kind of planning will help your brain to detect and seize the opportunity when it arises, increasing your chances of success by roughly 300%.
3. Know exactly how far you have left to go.
Achieving any goal also requires honest and regular monitoring of your progress--if not by others, then by you yourself. If you don’t know how well you are doing, you can’t adjust your behavior or your strategies accordingly. Check your progress frequently--weekly, or even daily, depending on the goal.
1. Which of the following goals might the author agree on?
A. Try to do more assignments at night
B. Have fewer ice creams after lunch
C. Walk ten thousand steps every day
D. Communicate frequently with parents
2. Which of the following is true?
A. Most people know the reasons for their success
B. Success has nothing to do with talents
C. What people do might decide their possibility of success
D. Planning your action in advance reduces your chances of success
3. What is the purpose of this passage?
A. Report decades of research on achievement
B. Inform us of the actions of successful people
C. Present people’s thoughts on their success
D. Help us to check our progress strategically
【答案】1. C 2. C 3. B
【解析】本文讲述了成功的人能够实现他们的目标不仅仅是因为他们是谁而是因为他们做什么，具体说来成功的人所做的不同的事主要有：目标确定、抓住机遇、定时监督。

2. 细节理解题。由In fact, decades of research on achievement suggests that successful people reach their goals not simply because of who they are, but more often because of what they do.可知人们做了什么，决定了他们成功的可能性，选C。
3. 写作意图题。本文讲述了成功的人能够实现他们的目标不仅仅是因为他们是谁而是因为他们做什么，具体说来成功的人所做的不同的事主要有：目标确定、抓住机遇、定时监督。所以选B。
4. 【黑龙江省大庆中学2018届高三上学期期中】B
How Important Is Fashion?
Is looking fashionable more important than being comfortable? Many people seem to think so, judging by the things they wear. But fashion is not everything. It is more important to be a healthy and good person.
People go to great lengths to be fashionable. Some people think they have to have a certain body type, so they go on extreme, unhealthy diets in order to change their bodies. In addition, many women wear uncomfortable fashions, such as high-heeled shoes that create blisters(水泡), tight body shapers that limit blood flow, and sticky false eyelashes(假睫毛). Men and women alike spend time and money on produces that change their natural hair color and use hot irons and blow dryers to curl or straighten their hair. Some people spend several hours a day in front of a mirror. Is fashion important enough to spend so much time and effort on changing how you look like?
If the purpose of fashion is to make a person feel good, it does not make sense that he or she would go through so much discomfort to be fashionable. Fashion should not come first. People should prioritize(优先考虑)being healthy and positive. What people wear does not indicate anything about their personalities. Instead of going on strict diets and starving, why not eat some healthy foods and then exercise? By doing these things, you can keep a healthy lifestyle and truly grow as a person.
5. The author’s main purpose in writing the text is to .
A. show readers advantages and disadvantages of dieting
B. persuade readers to value health more than fashion
C. entertain readers to value health more than fashion
D. inform readers of the latest fashion trends
6. Which statement best represents the author’s viewpoint?
A. Fashion can make people do some unhealthy things.
B. Fashion increases famous people’s self-respect.
C. When you look good, you feel good.
D. People need to diet to lose weight.
7. Which of the following activities would the author most likely recommend?
A. Shopping for bargain clothes.
B. Starting a new diet with a friend.
C. Going skating with friends.
D. Changing the hairstyle every week.
8. Why does the author include questions in the text?
A. To enrich the content.
B. To introduce a new topic.
C. To reflect different attitudes.
D. To make readers think and give their opinions.
【答案】5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D
【解析】这篇文章主要讲了健康比时尚更重要。
5. 写作意图题。由全文主题句But fashion is not everything. It is more important to be a healthy and good person.可知这篇文章主要讲了健康比时尚更重要，选B。
6. 推理判断题。由People go to great lengths to be fashionable. Some people think they have to have a certain body type, so they go on extreme, unhealthy diets in order to change their bodies. In addition, many women wear uncomfortable fashions, such as high-heeled shoes that create blisters(水泡), tight body shapers that limit blood flow, and sticky false eyelashes(假睫毛). Men and women alike spend time and money on produces that change their natural hair color and use hot irons and blow dryers to curl or straighten their hair.可推断出追求时尚，可令人们做一些不健康的事情，选A。
7. 推理判断题。由Instead of going on strict diets and starving, why not eat some healthy foods and then exercise?可知作者最可能推荐的活动是和朋友一起滑冰，选C。
8. 推理判断题。在这篇文章中，作者通过提出问题的方式，让读者进行思考，然后作者再给出自己的观点，选D。
5. 【湖北省武汉市部分学校2018届高三9月起点调研】D
Americans recognize that there is a past on which the present rests. But they have not developed their sense of the depth of time as much as this has been done in the Middle East and South Asia. The Arab looks back two to six thousand years for his own origins. History is used as the basis for almost any modem action. The chances are that an Arab won’ start a talk or a speech or analyze a problem without first developing the historical aspects of his subject. The American assumes that time has depths but he seldom stresses its importance of it.
The American never questions the fact that time should be planned and future events should be fitted into a schedule. He thinks that people should look forward to the future and not talk too much on the past. His future is not very far ahead of him. Results must be obtained in the foreseeable future — one or two years or, at the most, five or ten. Promises to meet deadlines and appointments are taken very seriously. There is real punishment for being late and for not keeping commitments in time. The American thinks it is natural to calculate the value of time. To fail to do so is unthinkable. The American calculates how much time is required to do everything. “I’ll be there in ten minutes.” “It will take six months to finish that job.” “I was in the Army for four and a half years.”
The Americans, like so many other people, also use time as a link that chains events together. If one event occurs on the heels of another, we will certainly try to find a causal relationship between them. If A is seen around the area of B's murder shortly after the crime has been committed we automatically form a connection between A and B. However, events which are separated by too much time are difficult for us to connect in our minds. This makes it almost impossible for us as a nation to engage (从事) in long-range planning.
32. How do Americans see past time according to the first paragraph?
A. It’s valueless. B. It’s limited. C. It reflects today. D. It helps start a talk.
33. What does the underlined phrase “to do so” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. To calculate the value of the past.
B. To plan a schedule for future events.
C. To figure out the importance of time.
D. To meet deadlines and appointments.
34. When will Americans chain two events together?
A. When common evidence is found.
B. When the two events happen one by one.
C. When A is found near the scene of B’s crime.
D. When one event happens long after another.
35. What does the author mainly want to tell Americans to do?
A. See time further. B. Make a long-range plan.
C. Remember the past time. D. Keep their commitments.
【答案】32. C 33. C 34. B 35. A
【解析】本文是篇议论文。文章阐述了美国人关注事情发生的因果，但更强调未来事情发生的计划性。
32. 细节理解题。文章第一段第一句中提到美国人承认现在和过去是有关联的，从而说明美国人认为今天的某些事情是过去的一种折射（reflect）。故选C.
33. 细节理解题。前一句有“The American thinks it is natural to calculate the value of time”，讲的是美国人认为“考虑时间的价值”是“自然的”，也就是美国人看重时间的重要性。而这正是后面to do so的内容。故选C。
34. 第三段第二句中“If one event occurs on the heels of another（如果一件事情紧随着另一件事情发生）”就是后半句所说的两件有因果关系事情发生的时间。B项里“the two events happen one by one”就是“一件事接着发生另一件事”的意思。故选B。
35. 主旨大意题。第二段第一句和第二句提到美国人注重时间的计划性和未来事情的合理安排，第三句提到，未来计划的时间不能太久，一般一至两年，最多五至十年。文章的最后一句提到，对美国人来说“long-range planning”也是不可能的。综上所述A项“See time further”符合题意。故选A。
6. 【东北三省三校2017届高三第二次联合模拟】C
For generations, students were taught to stretch before playing games. Then the practice fell out of favor. Studies seemed to show that such stretching temporarily reduces muscular power, weakens athletic performance and increases the risk of injury. So most fitness experts currently advise against stretches before exercise. But now a new research indicates that they might not be such a bad idea after all.
This month, the journal, Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism (APNM), published a study by four distinguished exercise scientists who analyzed more than 200 studies of how stretching affects the following exercise. In broad terms, they found that stretching can briefly prevent the ability to generate power. So if you reach for your toes and hold that position, tightening your hamstrings (腿筋), you might not then be able to leap as high or start a dash as forcefully as you don’t stretch.
Those undesirable effects were generally found, however, only if each stretch was held for more than 60 seconds and the subject then immediately became fully active, with no further warm-up. “Outside the lab, most people are unlikely to hold a warm-up stretch for longer than about 30 seconds.” Dr. McHugh, the co-author of the study says. The review found few lasting negative impacts from these short stretches, especially if the volunteers followed that stretching with several minutes of jogging or other basic warm-up movements. In fact, these short stretches turned out to have a positive effect.
Do these findings mean that all the athletes should stretch in advance before a match? “Not necessarily,” Dr. McHugh says, “Runners and cyclists don’t have much risk for acute muscle injuries.” Stretching before these activities is unlikely to protect against injury. Runners and cyclists can adequately warm up by jogging or pedaling lightly. But he suggests that people who play basketball and other ball sports should stretch in advance. Those who haven’t stretched since childhood gym class might want to consider consulting an athletic trainer about the best upper and lower body stretches, particularly for the shoulders and hamstrings.
28. Which of the following statements agrees with most fitness experts?
A. Before playing a game you should stretch your legs and arms.
B. After attending a match you should stretch your legs and arms.
C. It’s harmful to stretch your legs and arms before playing games.
D. It doesn’t matter whether you stretch or not before playing games.
29. According to the new research, people may suffer negative impacts when _______.
A. they do stretches after attending a game
B. they reach for toes and hold that position
C. following a stretch with several minutes’ jogging
D. dashing immediately after one 60-second plus stretch
30. We can learn from the passage that _______.
A. all athletes should not stretch in advance
B. the four scientists published the journal APNM
C. it’s unnecessary for a tennis player to do warm-up stretches
D. players ought to have done warm-up stretches since childhood
31. What’s Dr. McHugh’s attitude toward stretches?
A. Concerned. B. Doubtful. C. Disapproving. D. Objective.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. A 31. D
【解析】文章论述了比赛前热身运动正确与否的不同观点。
28. C
细节推理题。根据第一段Studies seemed to show that such stretching temporarily reduces muscular power, weakens athletic performance and increases the risk of injury. So most fitness experts currently advise against stretches before exercise.可知研究似乎表明，这种拉伸会暂时减少肌肉力量，削弱运动员的表现，增加受伤的风险。因此大多数健身专家目前都不建议在运动前进行伸展运动。故选C.
29. D
推理判断题。根据第二段they found that stretching can briefly prevent the ability to generate power. So if you reach for your toes and hold that position, tightening your hamstrings (腿筋), you might not then be able to leap as high or start a dash as forcefully as you don’t stretch.伸展运动可能会短暂地阻止产生能量的能力，如果运动前做伸展运动，可能无法像不拉伸以前一样，跳得高或冲劲猛。所以60秒拉伸后猛冲会有负面影响。故选D.
30. A
推理判断题。根据最后一段Do these findings mean that all the athletes should stretch in advance before a match? “Not necessarily,”可知发现表明并不是所有运动员都要比赛前热身，要区别对待。故选A.
31. D
推理判断题。根据最后一段Dr. McHugh对热身的观点Stretching before these activities is unlikely to protect against injury. Runners and cyclists can adequately warm up by jogging or pedaling lightly. But he suggests that people who play basketball and other ball sports should stretch in advance.可知不能千篇一律，要区别对待。可见他对此是比较客观的。故选D.
【名师点睛】
推理判断题的常见考查形式及解题方法：
推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了做出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，做出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含的意思和深层的意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息，上下逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。
本文考查推测文章的观点或结论。小题2考查人们什么时候会受拉伸运动的负面影响，根据第二段they found that stretching can briefly prevent the ability to generate power. So if you reach for your toes and hold that position, tightening your hamstrings (腿筋), you might not then be able to leap as high or start a dash as forcefully as you don’t stretch.伸展运动可能会短暂地阻止产生能量的能力，如果运动前做伸展运动，可能无法像不拉伸以前一样，跳得高或冲劲猛。所以60秒拉伸后猛冲会有负面影响。小题3考查从文中得出的观点，根据最后一段Do these findings mean that all the athletes should stretch in advance before a match? “Not necessarily,”可知发现表明并不是所有运动员都要比赛前热身，要区别对待。小题4考查Dr. McHugh对热身的观点，根据最后一段Dr. McHugh对热身的观点Stretching before these activities is unlikely to protect against injury. Runners and cyclists can adequately warm up by jogging or pedaling lightly. But he suggests that people who play basketball and other ball sports should stretch in advance.可知不能千篇一律，要区别对待。可见他对此是比较客观的。
7. 【山东省曲阜市2018届高三上学期期中】D
It’s true that quite a few most respected scientific authorities have confirmed that the world is becoming hotter and hotter. There’s also strong evidence that humans are contributing to the warming. Countless recent reports have proved the same thing. For instance, a 2010 summary about the climate science by the Royal Society noted that: The global warming over the last half - century has been caused mainly by human activity.”
You may not believe that humans could change the planet’s climate, but the basic science is well understood. Each year, billions of tons of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere because of human activity. As has been known for years, these gases hold heat that would otherwise escape to space, wrapping the planet in an invisible blanket.
Of course, the earth’s climate has always been changing due to “natural” factors such as volcanic eruption or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun. According to the scientific research, however, the warming observed by now matches the pattern of warming we would expect from a build - up of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere - not the warming we would expect from other possible causes.
Even if scientists did discover another reasonable explanation for the warming recorded so far, that would give birth to a difficult question. As Robert Henson puts it: “If some newly discovered factor is to blame for the climate change, then why aren’t carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases producing the warming that basic physics tells us they should be?”
The only way to prove with 100% certainty that humans are responsible for global warming would be to run an experiment with two identical Earths-one with human influence and one without. That obviously isn’t possible, and so most scientists are careful not to state human influence as an absolute certainty.
12. The text is developed by ________.
A. giving typical examples
B. following the order of space
C. comparing and finding differences
D. analyzing a theory and arguing it
13. Which of the following is not the cause of climate change?
A. volcanic eruption
B. floods arid droughts
C. changes in solar
D. cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun
14. The underline word ‘‘identical” in the last paragraph probably means ________.
A. exactly the same B. totally different
C. extremely important D. partly independent
15. Which of the following can be the best title?
A. Are Humans Definitely Causing Global Warming?
B. Are All the Scientists Really Scientific?
C. Where Is Global Warming Leading Us to?
D. What’s the Relation of Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases?
【答案】12. D 13. B 14. A 15. A
【解析】这篇文章对人类是否造成了全球变暖这一理论进行了论述，表明全球变暖是否是人类的影响尚且不能定论。
12. 推理判断题。文章首先对一个普遍存在的理论进行分析，再引用一些专家的观点对这一普遍的理论进行辩论，故选D。
13. 细节理解题。由Of course, the earth’s climate has always been changing due to “natural” factors such as volcanic eruption or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun.可知洪水和干旱不是造成气候变化的原因，选B。
14. 词义猜测题。由The only way to prove with 100% certainty that humans are responsible for global warming would be to run an experiment with two identical Earths-one with human influence and one without. That obviously isn’t possible，可知如果要分析是否是人类造成的影响需要有两个完全条件一致的实验，一个有人类活动的地球，一个是没有人类活动的地球，对两个实验进行参照性的比较，显然这是不可能的，所以‘‘identical”的意思是完全一样的，故选A。
15. 主旨大意题。这篇文章对人类是否造成了全球变暖这一理论进行了论述，表明全球变暖是否是人类的影响尚且不能定论，所以这篇文章最好的标题是人类一定会造成全球变暖吗？故选A。
名师点睛：说明文是高考必考的文章体裁，出题的范围很广泛，新型科技类文体是比较受青睐的。学生在解答此类题目时应对整个文章做个大概的了解，对每一段的第一句话迅速的阅读，进而读题，在读题的过程中找出关键词在文章中进行定位，逐一作答。
8. 【东北师大附中净月实验学校2017-2018学年高三第二次校内模拟】C
To a large degree,the measure of our peace of mind is determined by how much we are able to live in the present moment . In spite of what happened yesterday or last year,and what may or may not happen tomorrow,the present moment is where you are-always!
Without question,many of us have mastered the neurotic （神经兮兮的）art of spending much of our lives worrying about a variety of things-all at once.We allow past problems and future concerns to dominate our present moments,so much that we end up anxious,frustrated depressed,and hopeless.On the other hand,we also delay our happiness,often convincing ourselves that “someday” will be much better than today.Unfortunately,the same mental dynamics that tell us to look toward to the future will only repeat themselves so that “someday”never actually arrives.John Lennon once said,“Life is what is happening while we are busy making other plans.”When we are busy making“ other plans”, our children are busy growing up, the people we love are moving away and dying, our bodies are getting out of shape,and our dreams are slipping away.In short,we miss out on life.
Many people live as if life were dress rehearsal for some late date.It isn't.In fact,no one has a guarantee that he or she will be here tomorrow.Now is the only time we have,and the only time that we have any control over.When our attention is in the present moment,we push fear from our minds.Fear is the concern over events that might happen in the future-we won't have enough money,our children will
get into trouble,we will get old and die,whatever.
To combat fear,the best strategy is to learn to bring your attention back to the present.Mark Twain said,“I have been through some terrible things in my life,some of which actually happened.”I don't think I can say it any better.Practice keeping your attention on here and now.Your efforts will pay off .
8. In the first paragraph,the author tells us to focus on .
A. the past B. the future
C. every day D. the present
9. Why do we often have some negative feelings?
A. Because we often forget what happened in the past.
B. Because we are often disturbed by what happened in the past and what will happen in the future.
C. Because we often pay attention to what is happening at present.
D. Because we often ignore what will happen in the future and what happened in the past.
10. The underlined word in the last paragraph means .
A. depend B. deserve
C. determine D. defeat
11. The best title of this passage is .
A. Always live in the present moment B. Never forget the past
C. Never complain about life D. Always get prepared for the future
【答案】8. D 9. B 10. D 11. A
【解析】生活中我们总是让过去的问题和未来的忧虑支配我们现在的时刻，以至于最终焦虑、沮丧和绝望。我们要学会把注意力拉回到当下，活在现在。
8. D
细节推理题。根据第一段the measure of our peace of mind is determined by how much we are able to live in the present moment .和the present moment is where you are-always!可知我们内心是否平和在很大程度上是由我们是否能生活在现实之中所决定的. 现实才是你时时刻刻所在之处。我们应该注重现在，活在当下。故选D.
9. B
细节推理题。根据第二段We allow past problems and future concerns to dominate our present moments, so much that we end up anxious, frustrated depressed, and hopeless. 我们总是让过去的问题和未来的忧虑支配我们现在的时刻，以至于我们最终会焦虑、沮丧和绝望。这是我们经常有消极感情的原因，故选B.
10. D
猜测词义题。A. depend依靠；B. deserve应受，应得；C. determine决定；D. defeat战胜，打败。此处指要克服恐惧，最好的策略就是学会把注意力拉回到当下。combat指战胜，克服，与defeat同义，故选D.
11. A
主旨大意题。生活中我们总是让过去的问题和未来的忧虑支配我们现在的时刻，以至于最终焦虑、沮丧和绝望。我们要学会把注意力拉回到当下，活在现在。A项：永远活在当下，概括全文适合作为标题，故选A.
9.【云南省师范大学附属中学2017届高三上学期高考适应性考试月考（四）】D
Media both in America and the world seem to have “discovered” that so-called” reality” show are very profitable, resulting in a growing tendency of such shows in event years. Although not all are successful, many do achieve important popularity and cultural significance. That does not meant, however, that they are good for society or that they should be shown.
The primary basis for many of these shows (but not all) seems to put people in painful and embarrassing situations for the rest of us to watch-and, probably, laugh at and be entertained by . What we are looking at here is an extension of Schadenfrecude ,a German word used to describe people’s delight and entertainment at the failings and problems of others. So what causes us to obtain entertainment from the suffering of others? Perhaps we are simply happy that these things aren’t happening to us , and it seems more reasonable when we see something accidental rater than something deliberately staged for our amusement.
Speaking of “indeliberately staged plots”, one of the attractions of reality television is the supposed “reality” of it-unplanned situations and reactions. However, one of the moral problems of reality television is the fact that it isn’t as “real” as it pretends to be. Entertainment, of course, often comes from conflict, so conflict will be created where none exists. If the show cannot arouse conflict during the filming, it can be created by pieces of footage（电影胶片）put together. It is all in what the producer choose to show, or not show to you, as the fact often may be.
Any morality holder should refuse to neither underwrite(署名) nor watch any programming, no matter how popular it is. It is morally wrong to do such things for fun (especially on a regular basis) and to do it for money or to pay to have it done.
32. Which of the following is NOT an example of “Schadenfreude”?
A. You laugh at someone slipping on the ice.
B. You take pleasure in the failure of a company you dislike.
C. You are entertained by comedies shown in the cinema.
D. You feel pleased at your opponent’s hurting himself/herself in the competition.
33. According to Paragraph 3, why does the “reality show” fail to achieve the “reality” it should have?
A. The pieces of footage put together aren’t underwritten by morality holders.
B. Some of the editing and conflicts are created artificially and deliberately.
C. The unplanned situations and reactions aren’t profitable and eye-catching.
D. The painful and embarrassing situations are untenable for audiences to see.
34. According to the text, what is the author’s attitude towards “reality show”?
A. Doubtful. B. Supportive. C. Critical. D. Objective.
35. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

【语篇导读】本文是议论文。针对目前流行的“真人秀”节目，作者从心理和“真实性”两方面分别作了探讨，指出“真人秀”的弊端，呼吁人们不要观看。
32．C 细节理解题。第二段解释了Schadenfreude，即从他人的灾难、不幸中获得快感。C选项不符。
33．B 细节理解题。第三段对真人秀真实性提出质疑，通过人为制造冲突、剪辑等手法可干涉其真实性。B项符合题意。
34．C 观点态度题。从第一段最后一句及第四段最后一句可知，作者对“真人秀”持批评、不支持的态度。
35．B 文章结构题。第一段引出话题，第二段、第三段分别从心理层面和真实性层面对问题进行分析，第四段得出结论。故选B。
10.【河南省洛阳市2018届高三12月联考】B
It is quite apparent that competition surrounds every aspect of human life whether in the United States or the Amazon Rain Forest. Without it we would not have grown into primates (灵长类动物). Or we would probably still be struggling to sharpen a bronze tool while crawling around on four legs in search of meat. Without competition, Columbus wouldn’t have discovered America and Edison would never have invented the light bulb.
Friendship, like all relationship between two people, involves competition. It isn’t competition in a traditional sense because there are no goals to be scored and no prize. Perhaps the ecological definition — the simultaneous (同时的) demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources, such as nutrients, living space, or light — better explain it.
As in nature, high school life is governed by a set of laws, similar to a shortened version of Darwin’s theory of evolution, overpopulation, and competition. There is an abundance of high school students and to distinguish them, ranking and categorizing (分类) take place. In high school, friendships learn to co-exist with competition even though at times the relationship is rough. In fact, in some circumstances, competition is too much of a burden for a friendship to bear, causing it to fall apart. College admission is the final high school objective. Four years of hard work is to achieve good grades, and a student’s fate is determined not only by these achievements, but by the records of thousands of other seniors trying to achieve a similar recognition.
Nevertheless, by necessity, competition between students exists in all aspects of high school life. It sets and improves the standards in everything from sports to school work. A healthy, friendly competition can have only benefits, but when it becomes too fierce, jealousy (妒忌) can tear friendships apart. Yet, despite all this, without competition, we would be lost.
4. What does the ecological definition mainly explain?
A. How friends compete with each other.
B. How to win the competition.
C. What the result of competition is.
D. What competition exactly is.
5. According to the writer, what causes the high school students to compete?
A. The number of them is too large.
B. Friendship is a burden for them.
C. They know the laws of nature well.
D. They are divided into different groups.
6. Which best describes the relationship of friendship and competition?
A. Friendship is always based on competition.
B. The degree of competition is vital to friendship.
C. Competition is terribly harmful to friendship.
D. Competition is a result of lost friendship.
7. What does the author think of “competition”?
A. The results of competition are out of control.
B. Competition becomes fiercer in high school.
C. Competition is certain to happen at schools.
D. Friendship is not as important as competition at schools.
【答案】4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C
【解析】本文主要讲了竞争推动了人类社会的发展以及如何在竞争和友谊中寻找平衡。
4. 细节理解题。由Perhaps the ecological definition — the simultaneous (同时的) demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources, such as nutrients, living space, or light — better explain it.可知生态定义主要解释了竞争是什么，选D。
5. 细节理解题。由There is an abundance of high school students and to distinguish them, ranking and categorizing (分类) take place.可知造成高中生竞争的原因是高中生数量太庞大，选A。
6. 推理判断题。由A healthy, friendly competition can have only benefits, but when it becomes too fierce, jealousy (妒忌) can tear friendships apart. 可推断出竞争的程度对友谊至关重要，选B。
7. 细节理解题。由Nevertheless, by necessity, competition between students exists in all aspects of high school life.可知作者认为在学校，竞争一定会发生，选C。