（新高考适用）2023版高考英语二轮总复习 第1部分 阅读能力突破篇 专题1 阅读理解 第3讲词句猜测题课件PPT

这是一份（新高考适用）2023版高考英语二轮总复习 第1部分 阅读能力突破篇 专题1 阅读理解 第3讲词句猜测题课件PPT，共40页。PPT课件主要包含了第3讲　词句猜测题，专题一　阅读理解，高频考点·研析透等内容，欢迎下载使用。

词句猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以考查对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解文章中，常常有一些单词或短语超出了考试大纲，但又没有附加注释，需要考生猜测词义才能准确理解文章。
考点1　词语猜测题辨明题类词语猜测题是基本上每年必考的阅读理解题型。词义判断是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速判断所指定的某一个生词或短语含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。词语猜测题的命题方式有：(1)The underlined wrd “...” in clsest in meaning t ________.
(2)What des the underlined wrd “...” prbably mean?(3)The underlined wrd “...” culd best be replaced by “________”．(4)Which f the fllwing wrds can take the place f the wrd “...”？(5)By saying “...”， the authr means ________.(6)“...” used in the passage can best be defined as ________.
技法点拨1．根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测(1)科技说明文等文章中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。(2)需要猜测的单词或短语后面有时会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。(3)文章下文中常以某种特定方式对前文进行解释，如利用r, that is (t say), in ther wrds, namely等词语。
(4)用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。例如：Taylrʼs swift actin helped her teammates calm dwn.One girl called 911.Tw mre ran t get the schl nurse，wh brught a defibrillatr，an electrnic device (器械) that can shck the heart back int wrk.Luck stayed with them：Parisʼs heartbeat returned.分析：所猜测单词defibrillatr后面出现了同位语“an electrnic device (器械) that can shck the heart back int wrk(一个可以电击心脏使其重新工作的电子器械)”来进行解释说明，我们可推知其词义应为“(心脏)除颤器”。
2．根据构词法进行猜测英语中通过词根加词缀或合成两个单词的方式可以构成新词。因此，掌握了一定的构词知识，再结合上下文语境，也可以快速猜测词义。例如：A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness，uneasiness，r wrry.分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
3．根据因果关系进行猜测在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中，若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系，这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because，s，thus，therefre，as a result f，since，s that，等。例如：My sn culd nt fllw the teacherʼs directins，he tld me，and thus，Scla was disrupting the class.Didnʼt he knw my sn did nt speak English yet?
试题：What des the underlined wrd “disrupting” prbably mean？________A．Breaking.B．Fllwing.C．Attending.　D．Disturbing.分析：画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“他因此认为我儿子斯科拉干扰了课堂”，符合这一因果逻辑关系。故选D。
4．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and，r，like，as well，similarly，t，als，either等。例如：The fine selectin f the majr wrks was dne in clse cllabratin(合作) with the Muse Nacinal Reina Sfia in Madrid，Spain，and with cntributins frm ther institutins like the Salvadr Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Flrida.
试题：What des the underlined wrd “cntributins” refer t？________A．Artwrks.　B．Prjects.C．Dnatins.　D．Dcuments.分析：画线单词cntributins前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了“The fine selectin f the majr wrks(精选的重要作品)”，后面说cntributins来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出cntributins应该属于wrks的范畴，同时文中明确表示cntributins是来自museum的。故选A。
5．根据转折、对比或反义关系进行猜测有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语，运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多，常见的有but，yet，hwever，while，unlike，instead (f)，n the ther hand，rather than，n the cntrary等。例如：In the evening，rides are usually at a mre relaxed and unhurried pace，with glden light streaming acrss the grassy delta and the animals cming ut t eat and drink.Sedate thugh they are，rides at this time f day are still very impressive.
试题：What des the underlined wrd “Sedate” prbably mean?A．Wild and rmantic.B．Slw and peaceful.C．Hungry and thirsty.D．Active and excited.分析：画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们_______，但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻。”由thugh可知，前后两句是转折关系，再结合前一句中提到的“at a mre relaxed and unhurried pace”可知，应选B项，sedate意为“不慌不忙的”。
6．根据上下文进行猜测有些词语猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。
真题体验一、(2022·全国乙卷C)Can a small grup f drnes (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tdayʼs “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines.They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints.The mre regularly they can be inspected, the mre railway safety, reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved.Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient (高效) acrss the bard.
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety.It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crewsʼ effrts.
By using the latest technlgies, drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems.T perfrm these tasks, drnes fr rail dnʼt need t be flying verhead.Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future.They will be mving n the track ahead f the train, and prgrammed t run autnmusly.Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt.With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.
29．What des “maintenance” underlined in Paragraph 3 refer t？________A．Persnnel safety.B．Assistance frm drnes.C．Inspectin and repair.D．Cnstructin f infrastructure.
【解题示范】　第一步：迅速扫读文章，在文章中的第三段找出画线词；第二步：利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。根据下文“It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施。)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety.”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全。故选C。
二、(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷B)We jurnalists live in a new age f strytelling, with many new multimedia tls.Many yung peple dnʼt even realize itʼs new.Fr them, itʼs just nrmal.This hit hme fr me as I was sitting with my 2-year-ld grandsn n a sfa ver the Spring Festival hliday.I had brught a childrenʼs bk t read.It had simple wrds and clrful pictures—a perfect match fr his age.
Picture this: my grandsn sitting n my lap as I hld the bk in frnt s he can see the pictures.As I read, he reaches ut and pkes (戳) the page with his finger.Whatʼs up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thught.Then I turned the page and cntinued.He pked the page even harder.I nearly drpped the bk.I was cnfused: Is there smething wrng with this kid? Then I realized what was happening.He was actually a stranger t bks.His father frequently amused the by with a tablet cmputer which was laded with clrful pictures that cme alive when yu pke them.He thught my strybk was like that.
Srry, kid.This bk is nt part f yur high-tech wrld.Itʼs an utdated, lifeless thing.An antique, like yur grandfather.Well, I may be ld, but Iʼm nt hpelessly challenged, digitally speaking.I edit vide and prduce audi.I use mbile payment.Iʼve even built websites.Thereʼs ne ntable gap in my new-media experience, hwever: Iʼve spent little time in frnt f a camera, since I have a face made fr radi.But that didnʼt stp China Daily frm asking me last week t share a persnal stry fr a vide prject abut the integratin f Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei prvince.Anyway, grandpa is nw an internet star—tw minutes f fame! I prmise nt t let it g t my head.But I will make sure my 2-year-ld grandsn sees it n his tablet.
24．What d the underlined wrds “hit hme fr me” mean in Paragraph 2？________A．Prvided shelter fr me.B．Became very clear t me.C．Tk the pressure ff me.D．Wrked quite well n me.
【解题示范】　第一步：根据题干，确定画线短语在文章中的第二段；第二步：迅速扫读文章，从文本前后找出同义关系词或背景常识等进行选择从而确定答案。根据第一段“We jurnalists live in a new age f strytelling, with many new multimedia tls.Many yung peple dnʼt even realize itʼs new.Fr them, itʼs just nrmal.”以及画线词下文“as I was sitting with my 2-year-ld grandsn n a sfa ver the Spring Festival hliday”可知，作者是记者，生活在一个讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而这在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清楚”。故选B。
考点2　代词指代题辨明题类判断替代词的指代内容，要求考生判断代词(it，ne，they，this，that，these，thse，which等)或代动词(d，des，did等)具体替代什么。技法点拨1．代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。
2．代动词d, des, did一般用来替代前文中出现的一个动词短语，以避免重复。3．设问形式常有：(1)What des the underlined wrd “this/it/them/which...” refer t?(2)The underlined part “it/that/they/which...” in t “________”．(3)What des the underlined wrd “d/des/did”in Paragraph... mean/refer t?
判定指代三步法第一步：确定代词在文中所指代的内容；弄清代词指代的是前文中的人、物还是一件事，要用单数还是复数。第二步：掌握代词的含义、用法；(1)it/this/that可指代一件事。(2)it/he/them/they/ne/thse指上文提到的人或物。(3)which/that/wh等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中which可指代前面整句话的内容。
第三步：替换核实再比较。(1)用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。(2)比较所代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。
真题体验(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷C)Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse.Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts.Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre, but Mark Rsekind, the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, said distracted (分心)driving was “nly increasing, unfrtunately.”“Big change requires big ideas.” he said in a speech last mnth, referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety.S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach: They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer.It wuld wrk like this: An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity.The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrkʼs hands-free driving laws.
“We need smething n the bks that can change pepleʼs behavir，” said Félix W．Ortiz, wh pushed fr the stateʼs 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers.If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, “peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.”30．What des the underlined wrd “smething” in the last paragraph refer t？________A．Advice.B．Data.C．Tests.D．Laws.
【解题示范】　第一步：根据题干中的the last paragraph，确定画线代词在文章中的段落；第二步：迅速扫读文章的最后一段，特别是画线代词所在句“We need smething n the bks that can change pepleʼs behavir(我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西)”可知，smething是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, ʼpeple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.ʼ(他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。”)”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故smething指代的是法律。故选D。
考点3　句意猜测题辨明题类句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后，寻找意义吻合是解题的关键。技法点拨第一步：在原文中定位画线句；第二步：查找画线句前后的关键信息句；第三步：仔细阅读与画线句有意义关联的信息句，合理推断画线句的句意；第四步：归纳总结，仔细比对选项，确定答案。
真题体验(2021·全国甲卷C)Suthbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center f British skatebarding, where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing.I lved it.I sn made friends with the lcal skaters.We spke ur wn language.And my favrite：Safe.Safe meant cl.It meant hell.It meant dnʼt wrry abut it.Once, when trying a certain trick n the beam(横杆), I fell nt the stnes, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Tby came ver, helping me up：Safe, man.Safe.A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their bards lud, shuting：“Safe! Safe! Safe！” And thatʼs what mattered—landing tricks, being a gd skater.
9．What d the underlined wrds “Safe! Safe! Safe！” prbably mean？________A．Be careful！B．Well dne!C．N way！D．Dnʼt wrry!