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2023届上海市黄浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷（含答案）
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这是一份2023届上海市黄浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷（含答案），共33页。试卷主要包含了用单词的适当形式完成短文，选用适当的单词或短语补全短文，完形填空，阅读理解，六选四，概要写作，汉译英，申请信等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2023届上海市黄浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The cost of complexity in supply chains
Adam Smith, the father of modern capitalism, famously thought that fair markets required a common moral framework between buyer and seller. That’s no surprise, considering that his ideas came out of the 18th-century marketplace, in ___1___ producers and consumers were likely to be neighbours. Advances in technology, transport and communications have taken us a long way since then, ___2___ (create) complex global supply chains. These ___3___ (reduce) consumer prices but introduced risks of their own, from labour exploitation and environmental degradation.
One of the costs of these supply chains has been the rise of powerful corporate middlemen between home buyers and sellers. These middlemen, including Big Tech platforms like Amazon, make it possible for us to buy goods made ___4___ the other side of the world, but this connective power is threatening accountability by creating so much separation between buyers and sellers ___5___ it’s impossible to match up with the real cost of convenience and low prices.
There are plenty of examples ___6___ (support) the case, from textiles made with child labour, to the unequal rents taken by middlemen in financial services or platform technology. In the latter, lack of information equality makes it difficult for market participants to have a(n) ___7___ (share) understanding of what is being bought and sold.
The two big questions are how to create system change and ___8___ will bear the cost of it. There are no simple answers to ___9___ of the questions, though technology offers new possibilities to connect buyers and sellers. Direct-to-consumer retailers and 3D printing, which ___10___(allow) for shorter supply chains, are both examples of this, though neither currently provides anywhere near the scale to replace current systems of finance or manufacturing.
二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．automatically B．coexist C． concept D．discontinued E. discouragedF. necessarily G. optimism H. priced I. profit-generating J. promotional
K. trash
Too Good To GoAround the country, apps that connect customers to businesses with leftover food have begun to spread. The ___11___ is simple: Restaurants and grocery stores throw away huge amounts of food every day. Rather than ___12___ it, apps like Too Good To Go and Flashfood help businesses sell it at a reduced price. They claim that the businesses and buyers are helping the environment because the food would otherwise become food waste, a big contributor to climate change.
In the United States, customers in 12 cities can look through restaurants and stores on Too Good To Go, then reserve “surprise bags” that typically cost about $4 to $6 and contain food that would have been ___13___ at roughly three times that amount.
Several food waste experts expressed ___14___ that these types of apps could help limit the amount of wasted food. And even though charitable organizations often redirect unwanted food from restaurants and grocery stores to food banks and community kitchens, there’s space for all of these kinds of solutions to ___15___.
One complication is that, according to interviews with several companies selling on Too Good To Go, at least a few items for sale there aren’t ___16___ what buyers might think of as “food waste.” The owner of a Baltimore dessert shop said she considered the app a(n) ___17___ tool to reach new customers by selling what she called “little samples.” A beer company owner said he used the app to sell ___18___ products, but also sold new flavors there in hopes of attracting new customers.
Mr. Crummie, the Too Good To Go director, said the app ___19___ this type of behavior. “If somebody is paying $5, they should be receiving $15 worth of food,” he said. “So it’s not a(n) ___20___ platform.”
三、完形填空
So many of us are terrible at being terrible. As our children venture off to school, sports, dances and music lessons, we urge them: Just try something, keep practicing, you’re only a beginner. And yet, faced with our own failure, we become less confident, and quit altogether.
Images of perfection fill our social-media feeds, along with advertisements assuring us we wouldn’t be so ___21___ if we just bought this thing or tried that product. Parents often add to the pressure, ___22___ their kids will end up sliding down the socioeconomic ladder.
What if we’re ___23___?
“It’s such a ___24___ not to have to be good,” says Karen Rinaldi, who refers to herself as a horrible surfer. After 20 years on the board, she is still bad, and she loves it. There is the excitement of being out on the water, but there is also the ___25___ of not having to be the expert, the freedom to ___26___ help and rely on others in a way she never would at work. Back on land, she says she is more understanding and ___27___others’ mistakes. “The benefit of not ___28___ myself every day,” she says, “is that I get to surf every time I want.”
Ms. Rinaldi, whose experience led to a book about what you can learn from failure, recommends asking yourself: “What is it that you’ve always wanted to do or try but were too ___29___?” Whatever it is, she says, start doing it. Should you struggle, ____30____ the fact that you’re a beginner. “Go in there with the ____31____ to say, ‘I’m new,’” she says. “People want to help you learn. It makes them feel good.”
Take myself as another example. I started yoga lessons this summer. When I ____32____ Syd Schulz, a professional mountain biker, that I was terrible at the poses, her response was “what did you expect?” “It’s a little ____33____ to people who have spent years and years of their lives acquiring skills to think that you should have those overnight,” says Ms. Schulz. Years spent working on her cycling have taught her that improvement often comes in ____34____ steps, following long stretches of inactivity or even getting ____35____.
21．A．distressing B．imperfect C．impressive D．incredible
22．A．fearing B．confirming C．hoping D．indicating
23．A．missing out B．putting up C．setting in D．taking off
24．A．burden B．nonsense C．puzzle D．relief
25．A．disappointment B．nervousness C．preference D．satisfaction
26．A．acknowledge B．offer C．refuse D．seek
27．A．angry at B．delighted in C．embarrassed with D．patient with
28．A．awarding B．forgiving C．isolating D．pushing
29．A．afraid B．annoyed C．depressed D．exhausted
30．A．accept B．conceal C．deny D．examine
31．A．excitement B．modesty C．potential D．pride
32．A．apologized to B．argued with C．complained to D．shouted at
33．A．abusive B．amazing C．annoying D．attentive
34．A．careful B．hesitant C．involuntary D．unsteady
35．A．alert B．fulfilled C．improved D．worse
四、阅读理解
When officials from Brazil’s Indigenous (原住民) protection agency approached the hut in the middle of the Amazon rainforest, their fears were confirmed: They were witnessing the first recorded dying out of an uncontacted tribe in the country’s history.
The man lying there, the last member of his tribe, had died, and with him an entire culture and answers to a thousand questions.
Even his name was a mystery. He was known only as “the Man of the Hole” because of the dozens of holes he had dug over the years in his territory. His age, too, could only be guessed at. He appeared to be about 60, officials said.
It was a sad milestone for a country that in recent years has seen protections for Indigenous groups undermined by an administration that has prioritized development of the Amazon over conservation.
In Rondônia, the only resident of the 8,000-hectare (公顷) area lived in complete isolation for at least 26 years after the rest of his group was killed by ranchers (农场主) advancing the agricultural frontier.
Brazil’s Indigenous protection agency, Funai made direct contact with the last surviving man only in 1996. Marcelo dos Santos, an Indigenous expert, who led the Funai exploit that met the man, said he was found hiding in his hut. “We tried to establish a conversation and offered corn and arrows, but he was terrified and very aggressive. From this moment on, we had to respect his isolation.”
Even with protections in place, the territory suffered widespread deforestation up until about 13 years ago. Attacks on the last surviving man continued, as well, including one by armed gunmen in 2009, according to local news reports.
“For me, he was somehow a miracle: to be able to survive on his own, not speak to anybody and avoid all contact maybe out of grief or determination,” said Fiona Watson, a research director at Survival International, a London-based rights organization.
36．The death of “the Man of the Hole” __________.
A．was hidden from the public by ranchers
B．symbolized the disappearance of a tribe
C．revealed his name, age and family background
D．was broadcast live by Brazil’s Indigenous protection agency
37．The underlined word “undermined” (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to “__________”.
A．afforded B．monitored C．sought D．weakened
38．In 1996, “the Man of the Hole” __________.
A．made his last contact with the outside world
B．witnessed the most severe deforestation in history
C．escaped being shot by a group of aggressive gunmen
D．learned more survival skills with arrows offered by Funai
39．What does Fiona Watson regard “the Man of the Hole” as?
A．An image of fear and isolation.
B．An image of culture and mystery.
C．A symbol of resistance and strength.
D．A symbol of history and struggle.
Home > Student life > Preparing for university > Starting your course > Welcome Buddies
Welcome Buddies at Anglia Ruskin University (ARU)
Your Welcome Buddy is here to support you when you start your undergraduate course at ARU.
Whether you’re leaving home for the first time, or are a mature student returning to higher education, you may be feeling a mix of emotions, from excitement to nervousness, or perhaps worry about feeling lonely as you won’t know anyone yet. Don’t worry, this is perfectly normal and it’s why we have our Welcome Buddy organization – students supporting other students in the transition to ARU.
What does a Welcome Buddy do?
Your Welcome Buddy will get in touch with you when you start at ARU, taking away those first-day panic! Once you’ve started ARU, they will then be in touch to arrange a face to face meet up through video call or in person, so at least you’ll already know one friendly face.
Your Welcome Buddy can share their ARU experience with you and let you know about the amazing clubs, societies, sports teams and volunteering opportunities that you might want to get involved in. They will help you settle in, whether that’s showing you around campus or the city; directing you to where your first lecture will be or signposting you to all the fantastic support that’s available to you.
How will I be matched with my Welcome Buddy?
Every undergraduate student starting ARU will automatically be matched with one of our current undergraduate Welcome Buddies in the same department and on the same course.
Postgraduate Research students will be matched to a Welcome Buddy with a similar research area if they choose to join the organization.
How will my Welcome Buddy contact me?
We will set up on an online designated (指定的) chat space for you and your Welcome Buddy and you will receive an email notification to your ARU email whenever you get a message on the chat, so it’s really easy for you to stay in touch. Our brilliant Welcome Buddies will each look after a handful of new students, who will be added to the same chat space too so you can connect with them as well.
40．If you are a newcomer, what will your Welcome Buddy do to help with your transition to ARU?
A．Video calling you to ease your tension.
B．Involving you in the most popular school clubs.
C．Introducing you to other newcomers face to face.
D．Familiarizing you with school life as soon as possible.
41．If you are an undergraduate in visual communication department, who is most likely to be your Welcome Buddy?
A．Adam, a postgraduate automatically matched to you.
B．Joyce, an undergraduate taking the same course as you.
C．Peter, a postgraduate in visual communication department.
D．Grace, an undergraduate student in the English language arts department.
42．What can you do in the online designated chat space?
A．Stay in touch with other brilliant Welcome Buddies.
B．Open your ARU mailbox to check message updates.
C．Set up your own chat space with other new students.
D．Contact your Welcome Buddy and other newcomers.
ChatGPT became the hottest issue due to its ability to produce human-sounding essays, poetry, and screenplays on virtually any subject in seconds. Soon after ChatGPT was released, the potential for it to be misused to do things such as spread misinformation and write junk mails became apparent. Schools and educators also have warned of the potential for students to use it to write essays or other work they have been assigned. Last December, the software passed all three parts of the U.S. Medical Licensing Examination as part of a research experiment.
So the startup, OpenAI behind the viral chatbot, revealed a tool for detecting text generated by artificial intelligence amid growing concerns the technology will be abused by cheaters, junk mail senders and others. OpenAI said that its so-called AI classifier was designed to help people distinguish between text written by a human versus a range of artificial intelligence programs—not just ChatGPT.
OpenAI said it had schools in mind when developing its latest classifier tool. “We recognize that identifying AI-written text has been an important point of discussion among educators, and equally important is recognizing the limits and impacts of AI-generated text classifiers in the classroom,” it said.
The classifier isn’t good enough on its own, though it can be used to go with methods that educators, employers and others rely on to determine the source of a piece of text. In evaluations, the new tool correctly identified 26% of AI-written text as “likely AI-written”, while it also had false positives 9% of the time in which it incorrectly labeled human-written text as AI-written. Another problem is that the tool can’t easily tell if a list of facts—U.S. state capitals for example—was written by a person or AI, because the correct answer would be the same. AI-written text can also be edited to escape the classifier.
“While it is impossible to reliably detect all AI-written text, classifiers like ours can be updated and re-trained based on successful attacks,” OpenAI said. “But it is unclear whether detection has an advantage in the long-term.”
43．ChatGPT’s passing the U.S. Medical Licensing Exam is mentioned to __________.
A．account for its operating principles
B．illustrate its complex structure
C．emphasize its growing popularity
D．warn against its potential danger
44．What’s the function of AI classifier?
A．Deepening the impact of AI writers.
B．Identifying the texts generated by AI.
C．Promoting the use of AI in classroom discussion.
D．Arousing educators’ awareness of AI-related technology.
45．What can be concluded from the evaluation of AI classifier?
A．It is a work-in-progress.
B．It is good at storing factual information.
C．It can help a journalist to edit a text.
D．It is a reliable educational tool.
46．What does OpenAI think of AI classifier?
A．It will be reliable after continuous self-update and retraining.
B．Whether it can help educators in the long-term is out of question.
C．Whether it can solve the problems as intended remains a question.
D．It will succeed in detecting all human-written texts in the near future.
五、六选四
Deepfake technology is now a threat to everyone
Last October, MIT Prof. Sinan Aral warned his Twitter followers that he had discovered a video of himself that he hadn’t recorded supporting an investment fund’s stock-trading algorithm (算法). In reality, it wasn’t Prof. Aral in the video, but an artificial-intelligence creation in his likeness, or what is known as a highly persuasive “deepfake.”
It is striking that scammers (诈骗犯) targeted Prof. Aral, considering he is a leading expert on the study of misinformation online. ___47___ Thanks to a number of free deepfake apps that are just a click away, anyone can become a victim of such a scam.
The term deepfake has come to mean the use of AI to create fake media in which someone appears to be doing or saying what in reality they haven’t done or said. ___48___ But positive use cases are likely to be overshadowed in coming years by the technology’s potential role in financial scam, identity theft, etc.
Another big challenge is that in an online world where people can upload content of unknown names, it can be difficult to find the individuals behind deepfakes. ___49___
One such solution is to detect deepfakes through machine-learning methods. While these detectors can be successful in the short term, people looking to avoid such systems will likely just respond with better technology, creating a continuing and expensive cat-and-mouse game. ___50___ While lawmaking eventually may offer protection against deepfakes, I believe the market could be quicker — provided we, as consumers and citizens, care.
A．The technology isn’t always misused.
B．It also suggests that deepfake technology is now at a turning point.
C．The technology is moving so fast that lawmakers will likely always fall behind.
D．That is why I believe we are going to have to rely on technology to protect us from a problem it helped create.
E．A better approach with a longer time horizon is media provenance systems to confirm the origins of images and videos.
F．To be effective in practice, such systems would have to be widely adopted by all content creators, which will take time.
六、概要写作
51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why you’re more creative in coffee shops
Some of the most successful people in history have done their best work in coffee shops. Pablo Picasso, JK Rowling, Bob Dylan – whether they’re painters, writers or singer-songwriters, people across nations and centuries have tapped into their creativity working away at a table in a café.
There are many ways coffee shops activate our creativity in a way offices and homes don’t. Some of us stick in our earbuds as soon as we sit down to work in a public setting. But a 2012 study published in the Journal of Consumer Research showed that a low-to-moderate level of relaxing noise on all sides in a place like a cafeteria can actually increase your creative output. The idea is that if you’re very slightly distracted from the task at hand by background noise, it enhances your abstract thinking ability, which can lead to more creative idea generation.
Another study from 2019 had similar findings, that is, the right amount of noise benefits our senses. And audio stimuli in the background also help us improve decision making.
There’s also the fact that in a coffee shop, we’re surrounded by people who’ve come to do the same thing as us, which acts as a motivator. A 2016 study backed up this idea when researchers asked participants sitting next to each other in front of a computer to do a task on the same screen. The study showed that “simply performing a task next to a person who makes a lot of effort in a task will make you do the same”. One of the biggest things about coffee shops is the social-facilitation effect: you go there, you see other people working and it puts you in a mood where you just naturally start working as well.
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七、汉译英（整句）
52．每逢节假日，很多热门酒店往往一房难求。(It)(汉译英)
53．我们在那场足球赛中的失利是众多因素共同作用的结果。(contribute) (汉译英)
54．为了避免在检票口排长队，他提早很久到达了机场。(before) (汉译英)
55．非盈利机构是我们社会的重要组成部分，为有需要的人提供服务，帮助他们重拾生活的信心。(need) (汉译英)
八、申请信
56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是海平中学高三学生李明，你所在的社区将在暑假开设面向小学生的日间托管服务，现招募社区高中生志愿者，要求每一位志愿者能根据自己的特长开设一门微课程。请写一封应聘信(信中请不要出现真实的个人信息)，信的内容须包括：
1)简单的自我介绍；
2)你准备开设的微课程的名称和主要内容；
3)你开设这门微课程的理由。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1．which 2．creating 3．have reduced 4．on 5．that 6．to support 7．shared 8．who 9．either 10．allow
【导语】本文为一篇议论文。人类得益于技术、运输和通信的进步，创造出了复杂的全球供应链，从而降低了消费价格，但也带来了跟多问题，如劳动力剥削和环境退化，新式的供应链分离了买卖双方，导致信息不平等，要进行系统变革，谁来为此买单，暂时没有简单的答案 。
1．考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词。句意：这并不奇怪，因为他的想法来自18世纪的市场，在这个市场中，生产者和消费者很可能是邻居。设空处考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词，先行词为marketplace，在从句中作地点状语，in后用关系代词which，引导从句。故填which。
2．考查非谓语动词。句意：从那时起，技术、运输和通信的进步带我们走了很长的路，创造了复杂的全球供应链。设空处为结果状语，应用现在分词creating，意为“创造，创建”，故填creating。
3．考查时态。句意：这些措施降低了消费价格，但也带来了自身的风险，包括劳动力剥削和环境恶化。根据前一句的时态，此处也用现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在的影响，主语为These，助动词用have。故填have reduced。
4．考查介词。句意：这些中间商，包括亚马逊这样的大型科技平台，让我们有可能购买到世界另一端制造的商品，但这种联系的力量正在威胁着问责制，因为它在买家和卖家之间制造了如此多的分离，以至于不可能与便利和低价的实际成本相匹配。此处考查介词短语on the other side of，意为“在……的另一边”，作地点状语；设空处应用介词on。故填on。
5．考查连接词。句意：这些中间商，包括亚马逊这样的大型科技平台，让我们有可能购买到世界另一端制造的商品，但这种联系的力量正在威胁着问责制，因为它在买家和卖家之间制造了如此多的分离，以至于不可能与便利和低价的实际成本相匹配。此处考查so...that...，that引导结果状语从句。设空处应用that。故填that。
6．考查非谓语动词。句意：有很多例子可以支持这一观点，从童工制造的纺织品，到金融服务或平台技术中中间商收取的不平等租金。设空处为动词不定式，作examples 的后置定语。故填to support。
7．考查形容词。句意：在后者中，缺乏信息平等使得市场参与者很难对正在买卖的东西有一个共同的理解。设空处修饰名词understanding，应用形容词shared，意为“分享的，共有的”，为前置定语。故填shared。
8．考查表语从句的引导词。句意：两大问题是如何进行制度改革，以及谁将承担改革的成本。设空处引导表语从句，缺主语，为人，故用who引导从句。故填who。
9．考查代词。句意：这两个问题都没有简单的答案，但技术为连接买家和卖家提供了新的可能性。根据句意，设空处应用代词either，作to的宾语，指两者中的任何一个。故填either。
10．考查动词时态。句意：直接面向消费者的零售商和3D打印，使得供应链更短，都是这方面的例子，尽管目前这两种技术的规模都不足以取代当前的金融或制造系统。空处为定语从句的谓语动词，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语which指代先行Direct-to-consumer retailers and 3D printing，因此which是复数意义，谓语动词用原形。故填allow。
11．C 12．K 13．H 14．G 15．B 16．F 17．J 18．D 19．E 20．I
【导语】本文为一篇新闻报道。这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了有些手机应用程序可让顾客以低价程序买到要被浪费的食物。他们声称这么做可以避免食物浪费，保护环境。
11．考查名词。句意：这个概念很简单：餐馆和杂货店每天扔掉大量的食物。根据上文“Around the country, apps that connect customers to businesses with leftover food have begun to spread. (在全国各地，把顾客和有剩饭剩菜的商家联系起来的应用程序已经开始普及)”可知，那些app的宗旨是不浪费粮食，设空处应选名词concept，意为“概念，观念”，指代上句的leftover food的概念，作主语。符合语境。故选C项。
12．考查动词。句意：Too Good To Go和Flashfood等应用程序不会将其丢弃，而是帮助企业以低价出售。根据上句“The 1 is simple: Restaurants and grocery stores throw away huge amounts of food every day. (这个概念很简单：餐馆和杂货店每天扔掉大量的食物。)”可知，在没有app之前，餐馆杂货店会把大量食物扔到垃圾桶，设空处应用动词trash，意为“丢弃，去除”，作Rather than的宾语。故选K项。
13．考查动词。句意：在美国，12个城市的顾客可以在Too Good To Go上浏览餐馆和商店，然后预订通常价值4到6美元的“惊喜包”，里面的食物价格大约是这个价格的三倍。根据语境，设空处应用动词priced，意为“为……定价，标价”，为过去分词，与have been构成现在完成时的被动语态，作定语从句的谓语动词。故选H项。
14．考查名词。句意：一些食物浪费专家乐观地表示，这类应用程序有助于限制食物浪费。根据句中的“that these types of apps could help limit the amount of wasted food”可知，专家们对这类应用程序的作用意义很看好，设空处应选名词optimism，意为“乐观；乐观主义”，作expressed的宾语。故选G项。
15．考查动词。句意：尽管慈善组织经常将餐馆和杂货店不需要的食物转移到食品银行和社区厨房，但所有这些解决方案都有共存的空间。根据语境，设空处应用动词coexist，意为“同时存在，共存”，此处填其原形和to构成不定式结构，作space的定语。故选B项。
16．考查副词。句意：据对几家在Too Good to Go网站上销售的公司的采访，一个复杂的问题是，至少有几件商品并不一定是买家眼中的“食物垃圾”。此处考查短语not necessarily，意为“未必，不一定”。故选F项。
17．考查形容词。句意：巴尔的摩一家甜品店的老板说，她认为这款应用程序是通过销售她所谓的“小样品”来吸引新客户的促销工具。设空处应用形容词promotional，意为“促销的，推广的”，promotional tool意为“促销工具”，形容词修饰名词作定语。故选J项。
18．考查形容词。句意：一家啤酒公司的老板说，他使用该应用销售停产的产品，但也在那里销售新口味的产品，希望吸引新客户。此处考查短语discontinued products，意为“停产的商品”，设空处应用形容词discontinued，作前置定语。故选D项。
19．考查动词。句意：Too Good To Go的总监克拉米说，这款应用不鼓励这种行为。根据语境，设空处应选动词discouraged，意为“使打消念头，劝阻”，作宾语从句的谓语，为一般过去时。故选E项。
20．考查形容词短语。句意：所以这不是一个产生利润的平台。设空处在名词platform之前，应选形容词profit-generating，意为“营利的”，作定语。故选I项。
21．B 22．A 23．A 24．D 25．D 26．D 27．D 28．D 29．A 30．A 31．B 32．C 33．A 34．D 35．D
【导语】本文为一篇夹叙夹议文。在接受自己很糟糕这件事情上，我们许多人都做的很糟糕，作者建议我们要接纳自己的不完美，不优秀，想尝试的事就勇敢地去做，享受其中的过程，谦虚地承认自己是个新手，还能博得他人的帮助。
21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：社交媒体上充斥着完美的图片，还有广告向我们保证，只要我们买了这个东西或尝试了那个产品，我们就不会那么不完美。A. distressing使痛苦的；B. imperfect不完美的；C. impressive令人印象深刻的；D. incredible难以置信的。根据句中的Images of perfection fill our social-media feeds可知，媒体上出现的“完美”的图片就是使用了某个产品而产生的，可以令使用者从“不完美”（imperfect）变得完美。故选B项。
22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：父母通常会增加压力，担心他们的孩子最终会在社会经济阶梯上下滑。A. fearing害怕；B. confirming确认；C. hoping希望；D. indicating表示。根据空后的their kids will end up sliding down the socioeconomic ladder可知，这是家长担心的事，fearing符合语境。故选A项。
23．考查动词短语辨析。句意：如果我们错过了呢？A. missing out错过；B. putting up提供，建造；C. setting in设置；D. taking off起飞。根据上文“Images of perfection fill our social-media feeds, along with advertisements assuring us we wouldn’t be so ___1___ if we just bought this thing or tried that product. (社交媒体上充斥着完美的图片，还有广告向我们保证，只要我们买了这个东西或尝试了那个产品，我们就不会那么不完美。)”可知，此处要表达的意思是：如果我们没有去尝试拿个产品，错过（missing out）变完美的机会，会产生什么结果呢？故选A项。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不用优秀真是一件轻松的事，自称糟糕的冲浪者的凯伦·里纳尔迪说。A. burden负担；B. nonsense胡闹；C. puzzle难题；D. relief宽慰。根据下文“After 20 years on the board, she is still bad, and she loves it. There is the excitement of being out on the water, but there is also the ___5___ of not having to be the expert, the freedom to ___6___ help and rely on others in a way she never would at work. (在冲浪板上20年后，她仍然不擅长冲浪，她喜欢它。在水上有一种兴奋，但也有一种不必成为专家的满足感，有寻求帮助和依赖他人的自由，这是她在工作中从未有过的。)”可知，尽管不是冲浪高手，这不影响凯伦在冲浪中享受兴奋、满足感，relief符合语境。故选D项。
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在水上有一种兴奋，但也有一种不必成为专家的满足感，有寻求帮助和依赖他人的自由，这是她在工作中从未有过的。A. disappointment失望；B. nervousness紧张；C. preference偏好；D. satisfaction满意。根据上文“It’s such a ___4___ not to have to be good (不用优秀真是一件轻松的事)”可知，不必拼命使自己变成为冲浪能手，而是享受冲浪的过程，令凯伦很满意（satisfaction）。故选D项。
26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在水上有一种兴奋，但也有一种不必成为专家的满足感，有寻求帮助和依赖他人的自由，这是她在工作中从未有过的。A. acknowledge承认；B. offer提供；C. refuse拒绝；D. seek寻求。根据本句中的rely on others可知，凯伦会向别人求助，seek符合语境。故选D项。
27．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：回到陆地上，她说她对别人的错误更加理解和耐心。A. angry at为……生气；B. delighted in因……感到快乐；C. embarrassed with感到尴尬；D. patient with对……有耐心。根据上文“It’s such a ___4___ not to have to be good (不用优秀真是一件轻松的事，)”可知，凯伦承认自己不优秀，也对不优秀的人很宽容，能耐心地对待犯错的人。patient with符合语境。故选D项。
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说：“不用每天督促自己的好处是，我可以随时冲浪。”A. awarding授予，颁发；B. forgiving原谅；C. isolating孤立；D. pushing推。根据上文“It’s such a ___4___ not to have to be good (不用优秀真是一件轻松的事，)”可知，凯伦承认接纳自己的不完美、不优秀，也就不用逼着自己发愤练习冲浪，而是享受冲浪，想冲浪就冲浪。此处考查动词短语push oneself意为“鞭策自己；发愤”，push符合语境。故选D项。
29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：里纳尔迪，她的经历让她写了一本书，内容是关于你可以从失败中学到什么，她建议问自己:“有什么事情是你一直想做或尝试，但又太害怕的?”A. afraid害怕的；B. annoyed恼火的；C. depressed沮丧的；D. exhausted筋疲力尽的。根据句中what you can learn from failure可知，人们一直想尝试某件事，但是又怕自己在做的过程中体验到失败，所以产生了又想尝试，又害怕尝试的情况。afraid符合语境。故选A项。
30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你有困难，接受你是个初学者的事实。 A. accept接受；B. conceal隐瞒；C. deny否认；D. examine检查。根据下文“Go in there with the ___11___ to say, ‘I’m new,’ (谦虚地说，‘我是新来的’)”可知，当有困难时，承认自己是新来的，即接受（accept）自己是初学者的事实。故选A项。
31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：谦虚地说，“我是新来的。”A. excitement兴奋；B. modesty谦虚；C. potential潜力；D. pride骄傲。根据下文“People want to help you learn. It makes them feel good. (人们希望帮助您学习。这让他们感觉良好。)”可知，求助时带着谦虚的态度，别人会很乐意帮助一个谦虚的新人。modesty符合语境。故选B项。
32．考查动词短语辨析。句意：当我向专业山地自行车手西德·舒尔茨抱怨我的动作很糟糕时，她的回答是“你指望什么？”A. apologized to向某人道歉；B. argued with和……争吵；C. complained to向……抱怨；D. shouted at对……大喊。根据下文“‘It’s a little ___13___ to people who have spent years and years of their lives acquiring skills to think that you should have those overnight,” says Ms. Schulz. (对于那些花了多年时间学习技能的人来说，认为一夜之间就能掌握这些技能，这有点虐待他们，西德·舒尔茨说。)”可知，作者想短时间内学会瑜伽的动作，但是自己的动作很糟糕，所以向西德抱怨。complained to符合语境。故选C项。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于那些花了多年时间学习技能的人来说，认为一夜之间就能掌握这些技能，这有点虐待他们。A. abusive侮辱的；B. amazing惊人的；C. annoying烦人的；D. attentive专心的。根据上文“Take myself as another example. I started yoga lessons this summer. When I ___12___ Syd Schulz, a professional mountain biker, that I was terrible at the poses, her response was ‘what did you expect?’ (再举个例子。今年夏天我开始上瑜伽课。当我向专业山地自行车手西德·舒尔茨抱怨我的动作很糟糕时，她的回答是‘你指望什么?’)”可知，作者刚刚开始学瑜伽，就想在短时间内掌握瑜伽的技能，这种想法对于苦练多年的人来说是虐心的，能短时间就掌握技能，哪里至于要苦练多年？abusive符合语境。故选A项。
34．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：多年的骑行训练让她明白，进步往往是断断续续的，而且在取得进步之前还会经历长时间的停滞不前，甚至是退步。A. careful小心的；B. hesitant犹豫不决的；C. involuntary无意识的；D. unsteady不稳定的。根据句中的following long stretches of inactivity or even getting ___15___可知，进步的过程中会经历停滞不前，会退步，所以进步的步伐不稳定，unsteady符合语境。故选D项。
35．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：而多年的骑行训练让她明白，进步往往是断断续续的，而且在取得进步之前还会经历长时间的停滞不前，甚至是退步。A. alert警惕的；B. fulfilled有成就感的；C. improved改良的；D. worse更糟的。根据空前的long stretches of inactivity可知，停滞不前，使人无法进步，那么更糟糕的就是不进则退，get worse意为“变得更糟糕”，故选D项。
36．B 37．D 38．A 39．C
【导语】本文为一篇新闻报道。巴西的亚马逊雨林中部的一个部落随着其最后一个成员的离世而消失了，文章分析了其中的原因，指出了巴西政府对于保护土著群体的不作为。
36．推理判断题。根据第一段“When officials from Brazil’s Indigenous (原住民) protection agency approached the hut in the middle of the Amazon rainforest, their fears were confirmed: They were witnessing the first recorded dying out of an uncontacted tribe in the country’s history. (当巴西土著保护机构的官员接近亚马逊雨林中部的小屋时，他们的担忧得到了证实：他们正在目睹该国历史上第一次有记录的与世隔绝的部落死亡。)”，第二段“The man lying there, the last member of his tribe, had died, and with him an entire culture and answers to a thousand questions. (躺在那里的那个人，他部落的最后一个成员，已经死了，随着他的死，整个文化和成千上万个问题的答案也都死了)”可知，随着这个男子的离世，他所属的部落消失了。故选B项。
37．词句猜测题。根据第四段“It was a sad milestone for a country that in recent years has seen protections for Indigenous groups undermined by an administration that has prioritized development of the Amazon over conservation. (这对一个国家来说是一个悲伤的里程碑，因为近年来，政府将亚马逊的开发置于保护之上，undermined对土著群体的保护。)”可知，政府优先考虑开发亚马逊，而不是对这个地方的保护，导致土著群体的消失，导致悲剧的发生，划线词意为“削弱”，与weakened意思相近。故选D项。
38．推理判断题。根据第六段“Brazil’s Indigenous protection agency, Funai made direct contact with the last surviving man only in 1996. Marcelo dos Santos, an Indigenous expert, who led the Funai exploit that met the man, said he was found hiding in his hut. ‘We tried to establish a conversation and offered corn and arrows, but he was terrified and very aggressive. From this moment on, we had to respect his isolation.’ (巴西土著保护机构Funai直到1996年才与最后一位幸存者取得了直接联系。马塞洛·多斯桑托斯是一位土著专家，他领导了Funai的开发工作，遇到了这名男子，他说，他被发现藏在他的小屋里。‘我们试图建立对话，并提供玉米和箭，但他吓坏了，非常有攻击性。从这一刻起，我们必须尊重他的孤独。’)”可知，1996年，洞人与外界的最后一次联系，巴西土著保护机构Funai的马塞洛·多斯桑托斯参与了这次联系，为了尊重他的孤独，不再与他进行联系。故选A项。
39．推理判断题。根据第五段“In Rondônia, the only resident of the 8,000-hectare (公顷) area lived in complete isolation for at least 26 years after the rest of his group was killed by ranchers (农场主) advancing the agricultural frontier. (在Rondônia，8000公顷地区的唯一居民在他的团队的其他人被推进农业前沿的农场主杀害后，至少与世隔绝了26年。)”，第七段“Even with protections in place, the territory suffered widespread deforestation up until about 13 years ago. Attacks on the last surviving man continued, as well, including one by armed gunmen in 2009, according to local news reports. (即使有了保护措施，直到大约13年前，该地区仍遭受着大规模的森林砍伐。据当地新闻报道，对最后一名幸存者的袭击还在继续，包括2009年武装枪手的一次袭击。)”，以及最后一段“For me, he was somehow a miracle: to be able to survive on his own, not speak to anybody and avoid all contact maybe out of grief or determination (对我来说，他在某种程度上是一个奇迹：能够独自生存，不与任何人说话，避免一切接触，也许是出于悲伤或决心)”可知，这个被称之为洞人的男子，在他的部落成员被外人杀害之后，与外界老死不相往来，一人独自守着8000公顷的土地，还被多次袭击，Fiona Watson认为洞人的行为象征着对外界的抵抗和力量。故选C项。
40．D 41．B 42．D
【导语】本文为一篇应用文。本文为网页上的一则通知，介绍了Anglia Ruskin University (ARU)的Welcome Buddies的细节说明。
40．推理判断题。根据第三个小标题“What does a Welcome Buddy do? (‘欢迎伙伴’做什么?)”，下文中“Your Welcome Buddy will get in touch with you when you start at ARU, taking away those first-day panic! (当你开始在ARU的时候，你的欢迎伙伴会与你联系，带走你第一天的恐慌！)”，第三段“Your Welcome Buddy can share their ARU experience with you and let you know about the amazing clubs, societies, sports teams and volunteering opportunities that you might want to get involved in. They will help you settle in, whether that’s showing you around campus or the city; directing you to where your first lecture will be or signposting you to all the fantastic support that’s available to you. (‘您的欢迎伙伴’可以与您分享他们的ARU经验，并让您了解您可能想要参与的惊人的俱乐部，社团，运动队和志愿服务机会。他们会帮助你安顿下来，无论是带你参观校园还是城市；指引你去上第一节课或者指引你去所有你可以得到的支持。)”可知，如果你是一个新人，“你的欢迎伙伴”将在各方面给予支持，使新人能尽快地了解、熟悉这里的学校生活。故选D项。
41．推理判断题。在第四个小标题下“Every undergraduate student starting ARU will automatically be matched with one of our current undergraduate Welcome Buddies in the same department and on the same course. (每一个开始ARU的本科生将自动与我们目前在同一部门和同一课程的本科生欢迎伙伴匹配。)”可知，作为视觉传达系的本科生可以找到此阶段正在同一个专业课程的本科生Joyce作为匹配伙伴。故选B项。
42．细节理解题。根据最后一段“We will set up on an online designated (指定的) chat space for you and your Welcome Buddy and you will receive an email notification to your ARU email whenever you get a message on the chat, so it’s really easy for you to stay in touch. Our brilliant Welcome Buddies will each look after a handful of new students, who will be added to the same chat space too so you can connect with them as well. (我们将为您和您的欢迎伙伴建立一个在线指定的聊天空间，无论何时您在聊天中收到消息，您都会收到一封电子邮件通知到您的ARU电子邮件，因此您很容易保持联系。我们出色的欢迎伙伴将照顾少数新学生，他们也将被添加到同一个聊天空间，这样你也可以与他们联系。)”可知，你和你的欢迎伙伴会有一个在线指定的聊天空间，在此可以联系到你的欢迎伙伴，另外这个欢迎伙伴还能把一些新学生拉到一个聊天空间，在此处，你可以跟新学生们有联系聊天。故在线指定的聊天空间中，可以联系你的欢迎伙伴和其他新人。故选D项。
43．D 44．B 45．A 46．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。因ChatGPT的出现，人们越来越担心人工智能技术会被骗子、垃圾邮件发送者和其他人滥用，该程序的开发公司又发布了一款检测人工智能生成文本的工具，检测正确率还不是很高，还有待于改善，且不能保证其检测功能在未来是否有长期优势。
43．推理判断题。根据第一段“Soon after ChatGPT was released, the potential for it to be misused to do things such as spread misinformation and write junk mails became apparent. Schools and educators also have warned of the potential for students to use it to write essays or other work they have been assigned. Last December, the software passed all three parts of the U.S. Medical Licensing Examination as part of a research experiment. (在ChatGPT发布后不久，它被滥用来传播错误信息和写垃圾邮件的可能性就变得很明显了。学校和教育工作者还警告说，学生们可能会用它来写论文或其他分配给他们的工作。去年12月，作为研究实验的一部分，该软件通过了美国医疗执照考试的全部三个部分。)”可知，ChatGPT软件通过了美国医疗执照考试的全部三个部分，所有有可能会被一部分学生滥用，投机取巧以获取美国医疗执照，文章以此例子来警告ChatGPT软件潜在的危险，故选D项。
44．细节理解题。根据第二段“OpenAI said that its so-called AI classifier was designed to help people distinguish between text written by a human versus a range of artificial intelligence programs—not just ChatGPT. (OpenAI表示，其所谓的人工智能分类器旨在帮助人们区分人类编写的文本和一系列人工智能程序，而不仅仅是ChatGPT。)”可知，这款人工智能分类器能帮助区分文本是人类写的还是人工智能写的，把人工智能写的文本区分出来。故选B项。
45．推理判断题。根据第四段“The classifier isn’t good enough on its own, though it can be used to go with methods that educators, employers and others rely on to determine the source of a piece of text. In evaluations, the new tool correctly identified 26% of AI-written text as ‘likely AI-written’, while it also had false positives 9% of the time in which it incorrectly labeled human-written text as AI-written. Another problem is that the tool can’t easily tell if a list of facts—U.S. state capitals for example—was written by a person or AI, because the correct answer would be the same. AI-written text can also be edited to escape the classifier. (这个分类器本身还不够好，不过它可以用来配合教育工作者、雇主和其他人用来确定一段文本来源的方法。在评估中，新工具正确地将26%的人工智能书写的文本识别为‘可能是人工智能书写的’，而在将人类书写的文本错误地标记为人工智能书写的情况下，它也有9%的误报。另一个问题是，该工具不能轻易地判断美国和其他国家的一系列事实。例如，州首府——是由人或人工智能写的，因为正确答案是一样的。人工智能编写的文本也可以编辑)”可知，这款分类器识别正确率还不是很高，还需要不断完善。故选A项。
46．推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘While it is impossible to reliably detect all AI-written text, classifiers like ours can be updated and re-trained based on successful attacks,’ OpenAI said. ’But it is unclear whether detection has an advantage in the long-term.’ (OpenAI表示，‘虽然不可能可靠地检测出所有人工智能编写的文本，但像我们这样的分类器可以根据成功的攻击进行更新和重新训练。但目前尚不清楚检测是否具有长期优势。’)”可知，OpenAI认为这个分类器目前在一定程度上可以检测出一部分人工智能编写的文本，但是在未来能否检测出人工智能编写的文本，就很难说了，所以这个分类器是否能像预期的那样解决问题仍然是一个问题。故选C项。
47．B 48．A 49．D 50．E
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了深度造假技术现在对每个人都是威胁，介绍了深度造假技术的解决方案。
47．根据上文“It is striking that scammers (诈骗犯) targeted Prof. Aral, considering he is a leading expert on the study of misinformation online.(令人惊讶的是，骗子把阿拉尔教授作为目标，因为他是研究网上错误信息的领先专家)”以及后文“Thanks to a number of free deepfake apps that are just a click away, anyone can become a victim of such a scam.(多亏了许多免费的deepfake应用程序，只需点击一下，任何人都可以成为这种骗局的受害者)”可知，本句承接上文继续说明骗子把阿拉尔教授作为目标这一行为背后所反映的问题：深度造假技术现在正处于一个转折点。故B选项“这也表明深度造假技术现在正处于一个转折点”符合语境，故选B。
48．根据上文“The term deepfake has come to mean the use of AI to create fake media in which someone appears to be doing or saying what in reality they haven’t done or said.(“deepfake”一词指的是利用人工智能制造假媒体，让人们看起来在做或说一些他们在现实中没有做或说过的事情)”以及后文“But positive use cases are likely to be overshadowed in coming years by the technology’s potential role in financial scam, identity theft, etc.(但在未来几年，这项技术在金融骗局、身份盗窃等方面的潜在作用可能会给积极的使用案例蒙上阴影)”可知，后文与本句构成转折关系，后文提到了积极作用，可知本句是在说明技术被滥用的情况。故A选项“这项技术并不总是被滥用”符合语境，故选A。
49．根据上文“Another big challenge is that in an online world where people can upload content of unknown names, it can be difficult to find the individuals behind deepfakes.(另一个巨大的挑战是，在一个人们可以上传匿名内容的网络世界里，很难找到深度造假背后的个人)”可知，上文论述了现象，本句说明造成的结果：我们将不得不依靠技术来保护我们免受它造成的问题的影响。故D选项“这就是为什么我认为我们将不得不依靠技术来保护我们免受它造成的问题的影响”符合语境，故选D。
50．根据上文“One such solution is to detect deepfakes through machine-learning methods. While these detectors can be successful in the short term, people looking to avoid such systems will likely just respond with better technology, creating a continuing and expensive cat-and-mouse game.(其中一种解决方案是通过机器学习方法检测深度造假。虽然这些探测器在短期内可以取得成功，但希望避免这种系统的人们可能会用更好的技术来回应，从而创造一场持续而昂贵的猫捉老鼠游戏)”以及后文“While lawmaking eventually may offer protection against deepfakes, I believe the market could be quicker — provided we, as consumers and citizens, care.(虽然立法最终可能会提供针对深度造假的保护，但我相信市场可以更快——只要我们作为消费者和公民予以关注)”可知，本段主要是关于解决方案的说明，上文提到了短期内可以取得成功，可知本句是在说明长期的方法。故E选项“一个较长的时间范围的更好方法是媒体来源系统，以确认图像和视频的来源”符合语境，故选E。
51．Research shows that a café is a place that will boost creativity. The seemingly distracting background noise, as long as at a proper volume, can benefit your creative thinking and decision making. Also, those in the coffee shops who are working hard can push you to do the same.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究表明咖啡店是一个可以激发创造力的地方。那些看似让人分心的背景噪音，只要音量适当，都有助于你的创造性思维和决策。此外，那些在咖啡店努力工作的人也可以让你做同样的事情。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①But a 2012 study published in the Journal of Consumer Research showed that a low-to-moderate level of relaxing noise on all sides in a place like a cafeteria can actually increase your creative output.
②Another study from 2019 had similar findings, that is, the right amount of noise benefits our senses. And audio stimuli in the background also help us improve decision making.
③There’s also the fact that in a coffee shop, we’re surrounded by people who’ve come to do the same thing as us, which acts as a motivator.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Research indicates that a café is a place that will stimulate creativity.
The seemingly distracting background noise, once a volume is proper, can benefit your creative thinking and decision making.
Also, people in the coffee shops who are working hard can promote you to do the same.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Research shows that a café is a place that will boost creativity.运用that引导宾语从句对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Also, those in the coffee shops who are working hard can push you to do the same.用who 引导定语从句对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
52．It’s difficult to book a room in many popular hotels in holiday seasons.
【详解】考查固定句型和固定短语。此处为it be adj. to do sth.句型，表示“困难”应用形容词difficult；表示“预定房间”短语为book a room；表示“很多热门酒店”翻译为in many popular hotels；表示“每逢节假日”短语为in holiday seasons。为一般现在时。故翻译为It’s difficult to book a room in many popular hotels in holiday seasons.
53．A combination of factors contributes to our loss in the football game.
【详解】考查固定短语和时态。表示“……的结果”短语为a combination of，后跟名词factors，作宾语；表示“共同作用”短语为contribute to；表示“在那场足球赛中的失利”翻译为our loss in the football game。为一般现在时。故翻译为A combination of factors contributes to our loss in the football game.
54．He arrived at the airport well before the flight/the plane took off to avoid long queues at the checking desks.
【详解】考查固定短语和时态。主语为he，表示“到达了机场”arrive at the airport well；before引导时间状语从句，表示“飞机起飞前”应用the flight/the plane take off；表示“避免在检票口排长队”翻译为avoid long queues at the checking desks，为不定式作目的状语。故翻译为He arrived at the airport well before the flight/the plane took off to avoid long queues at the checking desks.
55．The non-profit institution is an important part of our society, providing services for those in need and (thus) helping them restore confidence in life.
【详解】考查非谓语动词，名词和固定短语。分析句意可知，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，“非盈利机构”是the non-profit institution，此处用单数表泛指，其后用is，“我们社会”是our society，“……的重要组成部分”是an important part of，“为有需要的人提供服务，帮助他们重拾生活的信心”用现在分词作状语，“为某人提供某物”是provide sth. for sb.，“服务”是service，要用复数，“有需要的人”是those in need，“帮助某人做某事”是help sb. do sth.，“重拾生活的信心”是restore confidence in life，动词provide和help与逻辑主语The non-profit institution是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语，翻译为“providing services for those in need and (thus) helping them restore confidence in life”。故答案为The non-profit institution is an important part of our society, providing services for those in need and (thus) helping them restore confidence in life.
56．Dear Sir/Madam,
I am Li Ming from Class 1, Senior 3 of Haiping Middle School. I’m writing to apply for the position to help the primary school students in our community.
I am very good at mathematics, and I often make some micro-courses for primary school students. I plan to set up a micro-course, the name of which is “Mathematics in our daily life”. This course mainly introduces how to use math in everyday life so that primary school students can have a deeper understanding of the importance of mathematics through examples.
The reason why this micro-course is set up is that many students are not interested in learning mathematics. What’s more, mathematics is rarely used in real life, so many people think that learning mathematics is meaningless. I hope this course can help more primary school students, and I also hope to get this opportunity to improve myself.
Yours,
Li Ming
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生写一封应聘信应聘社区高中生志愿者，内容包括简单的自我介绍，准备开设的微课程的名称和主要内容以及开设该课程的理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
计划：plan →intend
而且：what’s more →moreover
机会：opportunity →chance
提高：improve →promote
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：I’m writing to apply for the position to help the primary school students in our community.
拓展句：I’m writing to apply for the position where I can help the primary school students in our community,
【点睛】【高分句型1】I plan to set up a micro-course, the name of which is “Mathematics in our daily life”.（运用了“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】The reason why this micro-course is set up is that many students are not interested in learning mathematics.（运用了why引导的定语从句和that引导的表语从句）
2023届上海市黄浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The cost of complexity in supply chains
Adam Smith, the father of modern capitalism, famously thought that fair markets required a common moral framework between buyer and seller. That’s no surprise, considering that his ideas came out of the 18th-century marketplace, in ___1___ producers and consumers were likely to be neighbours. Advances in technology, transport and communications have taken us a long way since then, ___2___ (create) complex global supply chains. These ___3___ (reduce) consumer prices but introduced risks of their own, from labour exploitation and environmental degradation.
One of the costs of these supply chains has been the rise of powerful corporate middlemen between home buyers and sellers. These middlemen, including Big Tech platforms like Amazon, make it possible for us to buy goods made ___4___ the other side of the world, but this connective power is threatening accountability by creating so much separation between buyers and sellers ___5___ it’s impossible to match up with the real cost of convenience and low prices.
There are plenty of examples ___6___ (support) the case, from textiles made with child labour, to the unequal rents taken by middlemen in financial services or platform technology. In the latter, lack of information equality makes it difficult for market participants to have a(n) ___7___ (share) understanding of what is being bought and sold.
The two big questions are how to create system change and ___8___ will bear the cost of it. There are no simple answers to ___9___ of the questions, though technology offers new possibilities to connect buyers and sellers. Direct-to-consumer retailers and 3D printing, which ___10___(allow) for shorter supply chains, are both examples of this, though neither currently provides anywhere near the scale to replace current systems of finance or manufacturing.
二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．automatically B．coexist C． concept D．discontinued E. discouragedF. necessarily G. optimism H. priced I. profit-generating J. promotional
K. trash
Too Good To GoAround the country, apps that connect customers to businesses with leftover food have begun to spread. The ___11___ is simple: Restaurants and grocery stores throw away huge amounts of food every day. Rather than ___12___ it, apps like Too Good To Go and Flashfood help businesses sell it at a reduced price. They claim that the businesses and buyers are helping the environment because the food would otherwise become food waste, a big contributor to climate change.
In the United States, customers in 12 cities can look through restaurants and stores on Too Good To Go, then reserve “surprise bags” that typically cost about $4 to $6 and contain food that would have been ___13___ at roughly three times that amount.
Several food waste experts expressed ___14___ that these types of apps could help limit the amount of wasted food. And even though charitable organizations often redirect unwanted food from restaurants and grocery stores to food banks and community kitchens, there’s space for all of these kinds of solutions to ___15___.
One complication is that, according to interviews with several companies selling on Too Good To Go, at least a few items for sale there aren’t ___16___ what buyers might think of as “food waste.” The owner of a Baltimore dessert shop said she considered the app a(n) ___17___ tool to reach new customers by selling what she called “little samples.” A beer company owner said he used the app to sell ___18___ products, but also sold new flavors there in hopes of attracting new customers.
Mr. Crummie, the Too Good To Go director, said the app ___19___ this type of behavior. “If somebody is paying $5, they should be receiving $15 worth of food,” he said. “So it’s not a(n) ___20___ platform.”
三、完形填空
So many of us are terrible at being terrible. As our children venture off to school, sports, dances and music lessons, we urge them: Just try something, keep practicing, you’re only a beginner. And yet, faced with our own failure, we become less confident, and quit altogether.
Images of perfection fill our social-media feeds, along with advertisements assuring us we wouldn’t be so ___21___ if we just bought this thing or tried that product. Parents often add to the pressure, ___22___ their kids will end up sliding down the socioeconomic ladder.
What if we’re ___23___?
“It’s such a ___24___ not to have to be good,” says Karen Rinaldi, who refers to herself as a horrible surfer. After 20 years on the board, she is still bad, and she loves it. There is the excitement of being out on the water, but there is also the ___25___ of not having to be the expert, the freedom to ___26___ help and rely on others in a way she never would at work. Back on land, she says she is more understanding and ___27___others’ mistakes. “The benefit of not ___28___ myself every day,” she says, “is that I get to surf every time I want.”
Ms. Rinaldi, whose experience led to a book about what you can learn from failure, recommends asking yourself: “What is it that you’ve always wanted to do or try but were too ___29___?” Whatever it is, she says, start doing it. Should you struggle, ____30____ the fact that you’re a beginner. “Go in there with the ____31____ to say, ‘I’m new,’” she says. “People want to help you learn. It makes them feel good.”
Take myself as another example. I started yoga lessons this summer. When I ____32____ Syd Schulz, a professional mountain biker, that I was terrible at the poses, her response was “what did you expect?” “It’s a little ____33____ to people who have spent years and years of their lives acquiring skills to think that you should have those overnight,” says Ms. Schulz. Years spent working on her cycling have taught her that improvement often comes in ____34____ steps, following long stretches of inactivity or even getting ____35____.
21．A．distressing B．imperfect C．impressive D．incredible
22．A．fearing B．confirming C．hoping D．indicating
23．A．missing out B．putting up C．setting in D．taking off
24．A．burden B．nonsense C．puzzle D．relief
25．A．disappointment B．nervousness C．preference D．satisfaction
26．A．acknowledge B．offer C．refuse D．seek
27．A．angry at B．delighted in C．embarrassed with D．patient with
28．A．awarding B．forgiving C．isolating D．pushing
29．A．afraid B．annoyed C．depressed D．exhausted
30．A．accept B．conceal C．deny D．examine
31．A．excitement B．modesty C．potential D．pride
32．A．apologized to B．argued with C．complained to D．shouted at
33．A．abusive B．amazing C．annoying D．attentive
34．A．careful B．hesitant C．involuntary D．unsteady
35．A．alert B．fulfilled C．improved D．worse
四、阅读理解
When officials from Brazil’s Indigenous (原住民) protection agency approached the hut in the middle of the Amazon rainforest, their fears were confirmed: They were witnessing the first recorded dying out of an uncontacted tribe in the country’s history.
The man lying there, the last member of his tribe, had died, and with him an entire culture and answers to a thousand questions.
Even his name was a mystery. He was known only as “the Man of the Hole” because of the dozens of holes he had dug over the years in his territory. His age, too, could only be guessed at. He appeared to be about 60, officials said.
It was a sad milestone for a country that in recent years has seen protections for Indigenous groups undermined by an administration that has prioritized development of the Amazon over conservation.
In Rondônia, the only resident of the 8,000-hectare (公顷) area lived in complete isolation for at least 26 years after the rest of his group was killed by ranchers (农场主) advancing the agricultural frontier.
Brazil’s Indigenous protection agency, Funai made direct contact with the last surviving man only in 1996. Marcelo dos Santos, an Indigenous expert, who led the Funai exploit that met the man, said he was found hiding in his hut. “We tried to establish a conversation and offered corn and arrows, but he was terrified and very aggressive. From this moment on, we had to respect his isolation.”
Even with protections in place, the territory suffered widespread deforestation up until about 13 years ago. Attacks on the last surviving man continued, as well, including one by armed gunmen in 2009, according to local news reports.
“For me, he was somehow a miracle: to be able to survive on his own, not speak to anybody and avoid all contact maybe out of grief or determination,” said Fiona Watson, a research director at Survival International, a London-based rights organization.
36．The death of “the Man of the Hole” __________.
A．was hidden from the public by ranchers
B．symbolized the disappearance of a tribe
C．revealed his name, age and family background
D．was broadcast live by Brazil’s Indigenous protection agency
37．The underlined word “undermined” (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to “__________”.
A．afforded B．monitored C．sought D．weakened
38．In 1996, “the Man of the Hole” __________.
A．made his last contact with the outside world
B．witnessed the most severe deforestation in history
C．escaped being shot by a group of aggressive gunmen
D．learned more survival skills with arrows offered by Funai
39．What does Fiona Watson regard “the Man of the Hole” as?
A．An image of fear and isolation.
B．An image of culture and mystery.
C．A symbol of resistance and strength.
D．A symbol of history and struggle.
Home > Student life > Preparing for university > Starting your course > Welcome Buddies
Welcome Buddies at Anglia Ruskin University (ARU)
Your Welcome Buddy is here to support you when you start your undergraduate course at ARU.
Whether you’re leaving home for the first time, or are a mature student returning to higher education, you may be feeling a mix of emotions, from excitement to nervousness, or perhaps worry about feeling lonely as you won’t know anyone yet. Don’t worry, this is perfectly normal and it’s why we have our Welcome Buddy organization – students supporting other students in the transition to ARU.
What does a Welcome Buddy do?
Your Welcome Buddy will get in touch with you when you start at ARU, taking away those first-day panic! Once you’ve started ARU, they will then be in touch to arrange a face to face meet up through video call or in person, so at least you’ll already know one friendly face.
Your Welcome Buddy can share their ARU experience with you and let you know about the amazing clubs, societies, sports teams and volunteering opportunities that you might want to get involved in. They will help you settle in, whether that’s showing you around campus or the city; directing you to where your first lecture will be or signposting you to all the fantastic support that’s available to you.
How will I be matched with my Welcome Buddy?
Every undergraduate student starting ARU will automatically be matched with one of our current undergraduate Welcome Buddies in the same department and on the same course.
Postgraduate Research students will be matched to a Welcome Buddy with a similar research area if they choose to join the organization.
How will my Welcome Buddy contact me?
We will set up on an online designated (指定的) chat space for you and your Welcome Buddy and you will receive an email notification to your ARU email whenever you get a message on the chat, so it’s really easy for you to stay in touch. Our brilliant Welcome Buddies will each look after a handful of new students, who will be added to the same chat space too so you can connect with them as well.
40．If you are a newcomer, what will your Welcome Buddy do to help with your transition to ARU?
A．Video calling you to ease your tension.
B．Involving you in the most popular school clubs.
C．Introducing you to other newcomers face to face.
D．Familiarizing you with school life as soon as possible.
41．If you are an undergraduate in visual communication department, who is most likely to be your Welcome Buddy?
A．Adam, a postgraduate automatically matched to you.
B．Joyce, an undergraduate taking the same course as you.
C．Peter, a postgraduate in visual communication department.
D．Grace, an undergraduate student in the English language arts department.
42．What can you do in the online designated chat space?
A．Stay in touch with other brilliant Welcome Buddies.
B．Open your ARU mailbox to check message updates.
C．Set up your own chat space with other new students.
D．Contact your Welcome Buddy and other newcomers.
ChatGPT became the hottest issue due to its ability to produce human-sounding essays, poetry, and screenplays on virtually any subject in seconds. Soon after ChatGPT was released, the potential for it to be misused to do things such as spread misinformation and write junk mails became apparent. Schools and educators also have warned of the potential for students to use it to write essays or other work they have been assigned. Last December, the software passed all three parts of the U.S. Medical Licensing Examination as part of a research experiment.
So the startup, OpenAI behind the viral chatbot, revealed a tool for detecting text generated by artificial intelligence amid growing concerns the technology will be abused by cheaters, junk mail senders and others. OpenAI said that its so-called AI classifier was designed to help people distinguish between text written by a human versus a range of artificial intelligence programs—not just ChatGPT.
OpenAI said it had schools in mind when developing its latest classifier tool. “We recognize that identifying AI-written text has been an important point of discussion among educators, and equally important is recognizing the limits and impacts of AI-generated text classifiers in the classroom,” it said.
The classifier isn’t good enough on its own, though it can be used to go with methods that educators, employers and others rely on to determine the source of a piece of text. In evaluations, the new tool correctly identified 26% of AI-written text as “likely AI-written”, while it also had false positives 9% of the time in which it incorrectly labeled human-written text as AI-written. Another problem is that the tool can’t easily tell if a list of facts—U.S. state capitals for example—was written by a person or AI, because the correct answer would be the same. AI-written text can also be edited to escape the classifier.
“While it is impossible to reliably detect all AI-written text, classifiers like ours can be updated and re-trained based on successful attacks,” OpenAI said. “But it is unclear whether detection has an advantage in the long-term.”
43．ChatGPT’s passing the U.S. Medical Licensing Exam is mentioned to __________.
A．account for its operating principles
B．illustrate its complex structure
C．emphasize its growing popularity
D．warn against its potential danger
44．What’s the function of AI classifier?
A．Deepening the impact of AI writers.
B．Identifying the texts generated by AI.
C．Promoting the use of AI in classroom discussion.
D．Arousing educators’ awareness of AI-related technology.
45．What can be concluded from the evaluation of AI classifier?
A．It is a work-in-progress.
B．It is good at storing factual information.
C．It can help a journalist to edit a text.
D．It is a reliable educational tool.
46．What does OpenAI think of AI classifier?
A．It will be reliable after continuous self-update and retraining.
B．Whether it can help educators in the long-term is out of question.
C．Whether it can solve the problems as intended remains a question.
D．It will succeed in detecting all human-written texts in the near future.
五、六选四
Deepfake technology is now a threat to everyone
Last October, MIT Prof. Sinan Aral warned his Twitter followers that he had discovered a video of himself that he hadn’t recorded supporting an investment fund’s stock-trading algorithm (算法). In reality, it wasn’t Prof. Aral in the video, but an artificial-intelligence creation in his likeness, or what is known as a highly persuasive “deepfake.”
It is striking that scammers (诈骗犯) targeted Prof. Aral, considering he is a leading expert on the study of misinformation online. ___47___ Thanks to a number of free deepfake apps that are just a click away, anyone can become a victim of such a scam.
The term deepfake has come to mean the use of AI to create fake media in which someone appears to be doing or saying what in reality they haven’t done or said. ___48___ But positive use cases are likely to be overshadowed in coming years by the technology’s potential role in financial scam, identity theft, etc.
Another big challenge is that in an online world where people can upload content of unknown names, it can be difficult to find the individuals behind deepfakes. ___49___
One such solution is to detect deepfakes through machine-learning methods. While these detectors can be successful in the short term, people looking to avoid such systems will likely just respond with better technology, creating a continuing and expensive cat-and-mouse game. ___50___ While lawmaking eventually may offer protection against deepfakes, I believe the market could be quicker — provided we, as consumers and citizens, care.
A．The technology isn’t always misused.
B．It also suggests that deepfake technology is now at a turning point.
C．The technology is moving so fast that lawmakers will likely always fall behind.
D．That is why I believe we are going to have to rely on technology to protect us from a problem it helped create.
E．A better approach with a longer time horizon is media provenance systems to confirm the origins of images and videos.
F．To be effective in practice, such systems would have to be widely adopted by all content creators, which will take time.
六、概要写作
51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why you’re more creative in coffee shops
Some of the most successful people in history have done their best work in coffee shops. Pablo Picasso, JK Rowling, Bob Dylan – whether they’re painters, writers or singer-songwriters, people across nations and centuries have tapped into their creativity working away at a table in a café.
There are many ways coffee shops activate our creativity in a way offices and homes don’t. Some of us stick in our earbuds as soon as we sit down to work in a public setting. But a 2012 study published in the Journal of Consumer Research showed that a low-to-moderate level of relaxing noise on all sides in a place like a cafeteria can actually increase your creative output. The idea is that if you’re very slightly distracted from the task at hand by background noise, it enhances your abstract thinking ability, which can lead to more creative idea generation.
Another study from 2019 had similar findings, that is, the right amount of noise benefits our senses. And audio stimuli in the background also help us improve decision making.
There’s also the fact that in a coffee shop, we’re surrounded by people who’ve come to do the same thing as us, which acts as a motivator. A 2016 study backed up this idea when researchers asked participants sitting next to each other in front of a computer to do a task on the same screen. The study showed that “simply performing a task next to a person who makes a lot of effort in a task will make you do the same”. One of the biggest things about coffee shops is the social-facilitation effect: you go there, you see other people working and it puts you in a mood where you just naturally start working as well.
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七、汉译英（整句）
52．每逢节假日，很多热门酒店往往一房难求。(It)(汉译英)
53．我们在那场足球赛中的失利是众多因素共同作用的结果。(contribute) (汉译英)
54．为了避免在检票口排长队，他提早很久到达了机场。(before) (汉译英)
55．非盈利机构是我们社会的重要组成部分，为有需要的人提供服务，帮助他们重拾生活的信心。(need) (汉译英)
八、申请信
56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是海平中学高三学生李明，你所在的社区将在暑假开设面向小学生的日间托管服务，现招募社区高中生志愿者，要求每一位志愿者能根据自己的特长开设一门微课程。请写一封应聘信(信中请不要出现真实的个人信息)，信的内容须包括：
1)简单的自我介绍；
2)你准备开设的微课程的名称和主要内容；
3)你开设这门微课程的理由。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1．which 2．creating 3．have reduced 4．on 5．that 6．to support 7．shared 8．who 9．either 10．allow
【导语】本文为一篇议论文。人类得益于技术、运输和通信的进步，创造出了复杂的全球供应链，从而降低了消费价格，但也带来了跟多问题，如劳动力剥削和环境退化，新式的供应链分离了买卖双方，导致信息不平等，要进行系统变革，谁来为此买单，暂时没有简单的答案 。
1．考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词。句意：这并不奇怪，因为他的想法来自18世纪的市场，在这个市场中，生产者和消费者很可能是邻居。设空处考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词，先行词为marketplace，在从句中作地点状语，in后用关系代词which，引导从句。故填which。
2．考查非谓语动词。句意：从那时起，技术、运输和通信的进步带我们走了很长的路，创造了复杂的全球供应链。设空处为结果状语，应用现在分词creating，意为“创造，创建”，故填creating。
3．考查时态。句意：这些措施降低了消费价格，但也带来了自身的风险，包括劳动力剥削和环境恶化。根据前一句的时态，此处也用现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在的影响，主语为These，助动词用have。故填have reduced。
4．考查介词。句意：这些中间商，包括亚马逊这样的大型科技平台，让我们有可能购买到世界另一端制造的商品，但这种联系的力量正在威胁着问责制，因为它在买家和卖家之间制造了如此多的分离，以至于不可能与便利和低价的实际成本相匹配。此处考查介词短语on the other side of，意为“在……的另一边”，作地点状语；设空处应用介词on。故填on。
5．考查连接词。句意：这些中间商，包括亚马逊这样的大型科技平台，让我们有可能购买到世界另一端制造的商品，但这种联系的力量正在威胁着问责制，因为它在买家和卖家之间制造了如此多的分离，以至于不可能与便利和低价的实际成本相匹配。此处考查so...that...，that引导结果状语从句。设空处应用that。故填that。
6．考查非谓语动词。句意：有很多例子可以支持这一观点，从童工制造的纺织品，到金融服务或平台技术中中间商收取的不平等租金。设空处为动词不定式，作examples 的后置定语。故填to support。
7．考查形容词。句意：在后者中，缺乏信息平等使得市场参与者很难对正在买卖的东西有一个共同的理解。设空处修饰名词understanding，应用形容词shared，意为“分享的，共有的”，为前置定语。故填shared。
8．考查表语从句的引导词。句意：两大问题是如何进行制度改革，以及谁将承担改革的成本。设空处引导表语从句，缺主语，为人，故用who引导从句。故填who。
9．考查代词。句意：这两个问题都没有简单的答案，但技术为连接买家和卖家提供了新的可能性。根据句意，设空处应用代词either，作to的宾语，指两者中的任何一个。故填either。
10．考查动词时态。句意：直接面向消费者的零售商和3D打印，使得供应链更短，都是这方面的例子，尽管目前这两种技术的规模都不足以取代当前的金融或制造系统。空处为定语从句的谓语动词，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语which指代先行Direct-to-consumer retailers and 3D printing，因此which是复数意义，谓语动词用原形。故填allow。
11．C 12．K 13．H 14．G 15．B 16．F 17．J 18．D 19．E 20．I
【导语】本文为一篇新闻报道。这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了有些手机应用程序可让顾客以低价程序买到要被浪费的食物。他们声称这么做可以避免食物浪费，保护环境。
11．考查名词。句意：这个概念很简单：餐馆和杂货店每天扔掉大量的食物。根据上文“Around the country, apps that connect customers to businesses with leftover food have begun to spread. (在全国各地，把顾客和有剩饭剩菜的商家联系起来的应用程序已经开始普及)”可知，那些app的宗旨是不浪费粮食，设空处应选名词concept，意为“概念，观念”，指代上句的leftover food的概念，作主语。符合语境。故选C项。
12．考查动词。句意：Too Good To Go和Flashfood等应用程序不会将其丢弃，而是帮助企业以低价出售。根据上句“The 1 is simple: Restaurants and grocery stores throw away huge amounts of food every day. (这个概念很简单：餐馆和杂货店每天扔掉大量的食物。)”可知，在没有app之前，餐馆杂货店会把大量食物扔到垃圾桶，设空处应用动词trash，意为“丢弃，去除”，作Rather than的宾语。故选K项。
13．考查动词。句意：在美国，12个城市的顾客可以在Too Good To Go上浏览餐馆和商店，然后预订通常价值4到6美元的“惊喜包”，里面的食物价格大约是这个价格的三倍。根据语境，设空处应用动词priced，意为“为……定价，标价”，为过去分词，与have been构成现在完成时的被动语态，作定语从句的谓语动词。故选H项。
14．考查名词。句意：一些食物浪费专家乐观地表示，这类应用程序有助于限制食物浪费。根据句中的“that these types of apps could help limit the amount of wasted food”可知，专家们对这类应用程序的作用意义很看好，设空处应选名词optimism，意为“乐观；乐观主义”，作expressed的宾语。故选G项。
15．考查动词。句意：尽管慈善组织经常将餐馆和杂货店不需要的食物转移到食品银行和社区厨房，但所有这些解决方案都有共存的空间。根据语境，设空处应用动词coexist，意为“同时存在，共存”，此处填其原形和to构成不定式结构，作space的定语。故选B项。
16．考查副词。句意：据对几家在Too Good to Go网站上销售的公司的采访，一个复杂的问题是，至少有几件商品并不一定是买家眼中的“食物垃圾”。此处考查短语not necessarily，意为“未必，不一定”。故选F项。
17．考查形容词。句意：巴尔的摩一家甜品店的老板说，她认为这款应用程序是通过销售她所谓的“小样品”来吸引新客户的促销工具。设空处应用形容词promotional，意为“促销的，推广的”，promotional tool意为“促销工具”，形容词修饰名词作定语。故选J项。
18．考查形容词。句意：一家啤酒公司的老板说，他使用该应用销售停产的产品，但也在那里销售新口味的产品，希望吸引新客户。此处考查短语discontinued products，意为“停产的商品”，设空处应用形容词discontinued，作前置定语。故选D项。
19．考查动词。句意：Too Good To Go的总监克拉米说，这款应用不鼓励这种行为。根据语境，设空处应选动词discouraged，意为“使打消念头，劝阻”，作宾语从句的谓语，为一般过去时。故选E项。
20．考查形容词短语。句意：所以这不是一个产生利润的平台。设空处在名词platform之前，应选形容词profit-generating，意为“营利的”，作定语。故选I项。
21．B 22．A 23．A 24．D 25．D 26．D 27．D 28．D 29．A 30．A 31．B 32．C 33．A 34．D 35．D
【导语】本文为一篇夹叙夹议文。在接受自己很糟糕这件事情上，我们许多人都做的很糟糕，作者建议我们要接纳自己的不完美，不优秀，想尝试的事就勇敢地去做，享受其中的过程，谦虚地承认自己是个新手，还能博得他人的帮助。
21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：社交媒体上充斥着完美的图片，还有广告向我们保证，只要我们买了这个东西或尝试了那个产品，我们就不会那么不完美。A. distressing使痛苦的；B. imperfect不完美的；C. impressive令人印象深刻的；D. incredible难以置信的。根据句中的Images of perfection fill our social-media feeds可知，媒体上出现的“完美”的图片就是使用了某个产品而产生的，可以令使用者从“不完美”（imperfect）变得完美。故选B项。
22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：父母通常会增加压力，担心他们的孩子最终会在社会经济阶梯上下滑。A. fearing害怕；B. confirming确认；C. hoping希望；D. indicating表示。根据空后的their kids will end up sliding down the socioeconomic ladder可知，这是家长担心的事，fearing符合语境。故选A项。
23．考查动词短语辨析。句意：如果我们错过了呢？A. missing out错过；B. putting up提供，建造；C. setting in设置；D. taking off起飞。根据上文“Images of perfection fill our social-media feeds, along with advertisements assuring us we wouldn’t be so ___1___ if we just bought this thing or tried that product. (社交媒体上充斥着完美的图片，还有广告向我们保证，只要我们买了这个东西或尝试了那个产品，我们就不会那么不完美。)”可知，此处要表达的意思是：如果我们没有去尝试拿个产品，错过（missing out）变完美的机会，会产生什么结果呢？故选A项。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不用优秀真是一件轻松的事，自称糟糕的冲浪者的凯伦·里纳尔迪说。A. burden负担；B. nonsense胡闹；C. puzzle难题；D. relief宽慰。根据下文“After 20 years on the board, she is still bad, and she loves it. There is the excitement of being out on the water, but there is also the ___5___ of not having to be the expert, the freedom to ___6___ help and rely on others in a way she never would at work. (在冲浪板上20年后，她仍然不擅长冲浪，她喜欢它。在水上有一种兴奋，但也有一种不必成为专家的满足感，有寻求帮助和依赖他人的自由，这是她在工作中从未有过的。)”可知，尽管不是冲浪高手，这不影响凯伦在冲浪中享受兴奋、满足感，relief符合语境。故选D项。
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在水上有一种兴奋，但也有一种不必成为专家的满足感，有寻求帮助和依赖他人的自由，这是她在工作中从未有过的。A. disappointment失望；B. nervousness紧张；C. preference偏好；D. satisfaction满意。根据上文“It’s such a ___4___ not to have to be good (不用优秀真是一件轻松的事)”可知，不必拼命使自己变成为冲浪能手，而是享受冲浪的过程，令凯伦很满意（satisfaction）。故选D项。
26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在水上有一种兴奋，但也有一种不必成为专家的满足感，有寻求帮助和依赖他人的自由，这是她在工作中从未有过的。A. acknowledge承认；B. offer提供；C. refuse拒绝；D. seek寻求。根据本句中的rely on others可知，凯伦会向别人求助，seek符合语境。故选D项。
27．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：回到陆地上，她说她对别人的错误更加理解和耐心。A. angry at为……生气；B. delighted in因……感到快乐；C. embarrassed with感到尴尬；D. patient with对……有耐心。根据上文“It’s such a ___4___ not to have to be good (不用优秀真是一件轻松的事，)”可知，凯伦承认自己不优秀，也对不优秀的人很宽容，能耐心地对待犯错的人。patient with符合语境。故选D项。
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说：“不用每天督促自己的好处是，我可以随时冲浪。”A. awarding授予，颁发；B. forgiving原谅；C. isolating孤立；D. pushing推。根据上文“It’s such a ___4___ not to have to be good (不用优秀真是一件轻松的事，)”可知，凯伦承认接纳自己的不完美、不优秀，也就不用逼着自己发愤练习冲浪，而是享受冲浪，想冲浪就冲浪。此处考查动词短语push oneself意为“鞭策自己；发愤”，push符合语境。故选D项。
29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：里纳尔迪，她的经历让她写了一本书，内容是关于你可以从失败中学到什么，她建议问自己:“有什么事情是你一直想做或尝试，但又太害怕的?”A. afraid害怕的；B. annoyed恼火的；C. depressed沮丧的；D. exhausted筋疲力尽的。根据句中what you can learn from failure可知，人们一直想尝试某件事，但是又怕自己在做的过程中体验到失败，所以产生了又想尝试，又害怕尝试的情况。afraid符合语境。故选A项。
30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你有困难，接受你是个初学者的事实。 A. accept接受；B. conceal隐瞒；C. deny否认；D. examine检查。根据下文“Go in there with the ___11___ to say, ‘I’m new,’ (谦虚地说，‘我是新来的’)”可知，当有困难时，承认自己是新来的，即接受（accept）自己是初学者的事实。故选A项。
31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：谦虚地说，“我是新来的。”A. excitement兴奋；B. modesty谦虚；C. potential潜力；D. pride骄傲。根据下文“People want to help you learn. It makes them feel good. (人们希望帮助您学习。这让他们感觉良好。)”可知，求助时带着谦虚的态度，别人会很乐意帮助一个谦虚的新人。modesty符合语境。故选B项。
32．考查动词短语辨析。句意：当我向专业山地自行车手西德·舒尔茨抱怨我的动作很糟糕时，她的回答是“你指望什么？”A. apologized to向某人道歉；B. argued with和……争吵；C. complained to向……抱怨；D. shouted at对……大喊。根据下文“‘It’s a little ___13___ to people who have spent years and years of their lives acquiring skills to think that you should have those overnight,” says Ms. Schulz. (对于那些花了多年时间学习技能的人来说，认为一夜之间就能掌握这些技能，这有点虐待他们，西德·舒尔茨说。)”可知，作者想短时间内学会瑜伽的动作，但是自己的动作很糟糕，所以向西德抱怨。complained to符合语境。故选C项。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于那些花了多年时间学习技能的人来说，认为一夜之间就能掌握这些技能，这有点虐待他们。A. abusive侮辱的；B. amazing惊人的；C. annoying烦人的；D. attentive专心的。根据上文“Take myself as another example. I started yoga lessons this summer. When I ___12___ Syd Schulz, a professional mountain biker, that I was terrible at the poses, her response was ‘what did you expect?’ (再举个例子。今年夏天我开始上瑜伽课。当我向专业山地自行车手西德·舒尔茨抱怨我的动作很糟糕时，她的回答是‘你指望什么?’)”可知，作者刚刚开始学瑜伽，就想在短时间内掌握瑜伽的技能，这种想法对于苦练多年的人来说是虐心的，能短时间就掌握技能，哪里至于要苦练多年？abusive符合语境。故选A项。
34．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：多年的骑行训练让她明白，进步往往是断断续续的，而且在取得进步之前还会经历长时间的停滞不前，甚至是退步。A. careful小心的；B. hesitant犹豫不决的；C. involuntary无意识的；D. unsteady不稳定的。根据句中的following long stretches of inactivity or even getting ___15___可知，进步的过程中会经历停滞不前，会退步，所以进步的步伐不稳定，unsteady符合语境。故选D项。
35．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：而多年的骑行训练让她明白，进步往往是断断续续的，而且在取得进步之前还会经历长时间的停滞不前，甚至是退步。A. alert警惕的；B. fulfilled有成就感的；C. improved改良的；D. worse更糟的。根据空前的long stretches of inactivity可知，停滞不前，使人无法进步，那么更糟糕的就是不进则退，get worse意为“变得更糟糕”，故选D项。
36．B 37．D 38．A 39．C
【导语】本文为一篇新闻报道。巴西的亚马逊雨林中部的一个部落随着其最后一个成员的离世而消失了，文章分析了其中的原因，指出了巴西政府对于保护土著群体的不作为。
36．推理判断题。根据第一段“When officials from Brazil’s Indigenous (原住民) protection agency approached the hut in the middle of the Amazon rainforest, their fears were confirmed: They were witnessing the first recorded dying out of an uncontacted tribe in the country’s history. (当巴西土著保护机构的官员接近亚马逊雨林中部的小屋时，他们的担忧得到了证实：他们正在目睹该国历史上第一次有记录的与世隔绝的部落死亡。)”，第二段“The man lying there, the last member of his tribe, had died, and with him an entire culture and answers to a thousand questions. (躺在那里的那个人，他部落的最后一个成员，已经死了，随着他的死，整个文化和成千上万个问题的答案也都死了)”可知，随着这个男子的离世，他所属的部落消失了。故选B项。
37．词句猜测题。根据第四段“It was a sad milestone for a country that in recent years has seen protections for Indigenous groups undermined by an administration that has prioritized development of the Amazon over conservation. (这对一个国家来说是一个悲伤的里程碑，因为近年来，政府将亚马逊的开发置于保护之上，undermined对土著群体的保护。)”可知，政府优先考虑开发亚马逊，而不是对这个地方的保护，导致土著群体的消失，导致悲剧的发生，划线词意为“削弱”，与weakened意思相近。故选D项。
38．推理判断题。根据第六段“Brazil’s Indigenous protection agency, Funai made direct contact with the last surviving man only in 1996. Marcelo dos Santos, an Indigenous expert, who led the Funai exploit that met the man, said he was found hiding in his hut. ‘We tried to establish a conversation and offered corn and arrows, but he was terrified and very aggressive. From this moment on, we had to respect his isolation.’ (巴西土著保护机构Funai直到1996年才与最后一位幸存者取得了直接联系。马塞洛·多斯桑托斯是一位土著专家，他领导了Funai的开发工作，遇到了这名男子，他说，他被发现藏在他的小屋里。‘我们试图建立对话，并提供玉米和箭，但他吓坏了，非常有攻击性。从这一刻起，我们必须尊重他的孤独。’)”可知，1996年，洞人与外界的最后一次联系，巴西土著保护机构Funai的马塞洛·多斯桑托斯参与了这次联系，为了尊重他的孤独，不再与他进行联系。故选A项。
39．推理判断题。根据第五段“In Rondônia, the only resident of the 8,000-hectare (公顷) area lived in complete isolation for at least 26 years after the rest of his group was killed by ranchers (农场主) advancing the agricultural frontier. (在Rondônia，8000公顷地区的唯一居民在他的团队的其他人被推进农业前沿的农场主杀害后，至少与世隔绝了26年。)”，第七段“Even with protections in place, the territory suffered widespread deforestation up until about 13 years ago. Attacks on the last surviving man continued, as well, including one by armed gunmen in 2009, according to local news reports. (即使有了保护措施，直到大约13年前，该地区仍遭受着大规模的森林砍伐。据当地新闻报道，对最后一名幸存者的袭击还在继续，包括2009年武装枪手的一次袭击。)”，以及最后一段“For me, he was somehow a miracle: to be able to survive on his own, not speak to anybody and avoid all contact maybe out of grief or determination (对我来说，他在某种程度上是一个奇迹：能够独自生存，不与任何人说话，避免一切接触，也许是出于悲伤或决心)”可知，这个被称之为洞人的男子，在他的部落成员被外人杀害之后，与外界老死不相往来，一人独自守着8000公顷的土地，还被多次袭击，Fiona Watson认为洞人的行为象征着对外界的抵抗和力量。故选C项。
40．D 41．B 42．D
【导语】本文为一篇应用文。本文为网页上的一则通知，介绍了Anglia Ruskin University (ARU)的Welcome Buddies的细节说明。
40．推理判断题。根据第三个小标题“What does a Welcome Buddy do? (‘欢迎伙伴’做什么?)”，下文中“Your Welcome Buddy will get in touch with you when you start at ARU, taking away those first-day panic! (当你开始在ARU的时候，你的欢迎伙伴会与你联系，带走你第一天的恐慌！)”，第三段“Your Welcome Buddy can share their ARU experience with you and let you know about the amazing clubs, societies, sports teams and volunteering opportunities that you might want to get involved in. They will help you settle in, whether that’s showing you around campus or the city; directing you to where your first lecture will be or signposting you to all the fantastic support that’s available to you. (‘您的欢迎伙伴’可以与您分享他们的ARU经验，并让您了解您可能想要参与的惊人的俱乐部，社团，运动队和志愿服务机会。他们会帮助你安顿下来，无论是带你参观校园还是城市；指引你去上第一节课或者指引你去所有你可以得到的支持。)”可知，如果你是一个新人，“你的欢迎伙伴”将在各方面给予支持，使新人能尽快地了解、熟悉这里的学校生活。故选D项。
41．推理判断题。在第四个小标题下“Every undergraduate student starting ARU will automatically be matched with one of our current undergraduate Welcome Buddies in the same department and on the same course. (每一个开始ARU的本科生将自动与我们目前在同一部门和同一课程的本科生欢迎伙伴匹配。)”可知，作为视觉传达系的本科生可以找到此阶段正在同一个专业课程的本科生Joyce作为匹配伙伴。故选B项。
42．细节理解题。根据最后一段“We will set up on an online designated (指定的) chat space for you and your Welcome Buddy and you will receive an email notification to your ARU email whenever you get a message on the chat, so it’s really easy for you to stay in touch. Our brilliant Welcome Buddies will each look after a handful of new students, who will be added to the same chat space too so you can connect with them as well. (我们将为您和您的欢迎伙伴建立一个在线指定的聊天空间，无论何时您在聊天中收到消息，您都会收到一封电子邮件通知到您的ARU电子邮件，因此您很容易保持联系。我们出色的欢迎伙伴将照顾少数新学生，他们也将被添加到同一个聊天空间，这样你也可以与他们联系。)”可知，你和你的欢迎伙伴会有一个在线指定的聊天空间，在此可以联系到你的欢迎伙伴，另外这个欢迎伙伴还能把一些新学生拉到一个聊天空间，在此处，你可以跟新学生们有联系聊天。故在线指定的聊天空间中，可以联系你的欢迎伙伴和其他新人。故选D项。
43．D 44．B 45．A 46．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。因ChatGPT的出现，人们越来越担心人工智能技术会被骗子、垃圾邮件发送者和其他人滥用，该程序的开发公司又发布了一款检测人工智能生成文本的工具，检测正确率还不是很高，还有待于改善，且不能保证其检测功能在未来是否有长期优势。
43．推理判断题。根据第一段“Soon after ChatGPT was released, the potential for it to be misused to do things such as spread misinformation and write junk mails became apparent. Schools and educators also have warned of the potential for students to use it to write essays or other work they have been assigned. Last December, the software passed all three parts of the U.S. Medical Licensing Examination as part of a research experiment. (在ChatGPT发布后不久，它被滥用来传播错误信息和写垃圾邮件的可能性就变得很明显了。学校和教育工作者还警告说，学生们可能会用它来写论文或其他分配给他们的工作。去年12月，作为研究实验的一部分，该软件通过了美国医疗执照考试的全部三个部分。)”可知，ChatGPT软件通过了美国医疗执照考试的全部三个部分，所有有可能会被一部分学生滥用，投机取巧以获取美国医疗执照，文章以此例子来警告ChatGPT软件潜在的危险，故选D项。
44．细节理解题。根据第二段“OpenAI said that its so-called AI classifier was designed to help people distinguish between text written by a human versus a range of artificial intelligence programs—not just ChatGPT. (OpenAI表示，其所谓的人工智能分类器旨在帮助人们区分人类编写的文本和一系列人工智能程序，而不仅仅是ChatGPT。)”可知，这款人工智能分类器能帮助区分文本是人类写的还是人工智能写的，把人工智能写的文本区分出来。故选B项。
45．推理判断题。根据第四段“The classifier isn’t good enough on its own, though it can be used to go with methods that educators, employers and others rely on to determine the source of a piece of text. In evaluations, the new tool correctly identified 26% of AI-written text as ‘likely AI-written’, while it also had false positives 9% of the time in which it incorrectly labeled human-written text as AI-written. Another problem is that the tool can’t easily tell if a list of facts—U.S. state capitals for example—was written by a person or AI, because the correct answer would be the same. AI-written text can also be edited to escape the classifier. (这个分类器本身还不够好，不过它可以用来配合教育工作者、雇主和其他人用来确定一段文本来源的方法。在评估中，新工具正确地将26%的人工智能书写的文本识别为‘可能是人工智能书写的’，而在将人类书写的文本错误地标记为人工智能书写的情况下，它也有9%的误报。另一个问题是，该工具不能轻易地判断美国和其他国家的一系列事实。例如，州首府——是由人或人工智能写的，因为正确答案是一样的。人工智能编写的文本也可以编辑)”可知，这款分类器识别正确率还不是很高，还需要不断完善。故选A项。
46．推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘While it is impossible to reliably detect all AI-written text, classifiers like ours can be updated and re-trained based on successful attacks,’ OpenAI said. ’But it is unclear whether detection has an advantage in the long-term.’ (OpenAI表示，‘虽然不可能可靠地检测出所有人工智能编写的文本，但像我们这样的分类器可以根据成功的攻击进行更新和重新训练。但目前尚不清楚检测是否具有长期优势。’)”可知，OpenAI认为这个分类器目前在一定程度上可以检测出一部分人工智能编写的文本，但是在未来能否检测出人工智能编写的文本，就很难说了，所以这个分类器是否能像预期的那样解决问题仍然是一个问题。故选C项。
47．B 48．A 49．D 50．E
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了深度造假技术现在对每个人都是威胁，介绍了深度造假技术的解决方案。
47．根据上文“It is striking that scammers (诈骗犯) targeted Prof. Aral, considering he is a leading expert on the study of misinformation online.(令人惊讶的是，骗子把阿拉尔教授作为目标，因为他是研究网上错误信息的领先专家)”以及后文“Thanks to a number of free deepfake apps that are just a click away, anyone can become a victim of such a scam.(多亏了许多免费的deepfake应用程序，只需点击一下，任何人都可以成为这种骗局的受害者)”可知，本句承接上文继续说明骗子把阿拉尔教授作为目标这一行为背后所反映的问题：深度造假技术现在正处于一个转折点。故B选项“这也表明深度造假技术现在正处于一个转折点”符合语境，故选B。
48．根据上文“The term deepfake has come to mean the use of AI to create fake media in which someone appears to be doing or saying what in reality they haven’t done or said.(“deepfake”一词指的是利用人工智能制造假媒体，让人们看起来在做或说一些他们在现实中没有做或说过的事情)”以及后文“But positive use cases are likely to be overshadowed in coming years by the technology’s potential role in financial scam, identity theft, etc.(但在未来几年，这项技术在金融骗局、身份盗窃等方面的潜在作用可能会给积极的使用案例蒙上阴影)”可知，后文与本句构成转折关系，后文提到了积极作用，可知本句是在说明技术被滥用的情况。故A选项“这项技术并不总是被滥用”符合语境，故选A。
49．根据上文“Another big challenge is that in an online world where people can upload content of unknown names, it can be difficult to find the individuals behind deepfakes.(另一个巨大的挑战是，在一个人们可以上传匿名内容的网络世界里，很难找到深度造假背后的个人)”可知，上文论述了现象，本句说明造成的结果：我们将不得不依靠技术来保护我们免受它造成的问题的影响。故D选项“这就是为什么我认为我们将不得不依靠技术来保护我们免受它造成的问题的影响”符合语境，故选D。
50．根据上文“One such solution is to detect deepfakes through machine-learning methods. While these detectors can be successful in the short term, people looking to avoid such systems will likely just respond with better technology, creating a continuing and expensive cat-and-mouse game.(其中一种解决方案是通过机器学习方法检测深度造假。虽然这些探测器在短期内可以取得成功，但希望避免这种系统的人们可能会用更好的技术来回应，从而创造一场持续而昂贵的猫捉老鼠游戏)”以及后文“While lawmaking eventually may offer protection against deepfakes, I believe the market could be quicker — provided we, as consumers and citizens, care.(虽然立法最终可能会提供针对深度造假的保护，但我相信市场可以更快——只要我们作为消费者和公民予以关注)”可知，本段主要是关于解决方案的说明，上文提到了短期内可以取得成功，可知本句是在说明长期的方法。故E选项“一个较长的时间范围的更好方法是媒体来源系统，以确认图像和视频的来源”符合语境，故选E。
51．Research shows that a café is a place that will boost creativity. The seemingly distracting background noise, as long as at a proper volume, can benefit your creative thinking and decision making. Also, those in the coffee shops who are working hard can push you to do the same.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究表明咖啡店是一个可以激发创造力的地方。那些看似让人分心的背景噪音，只要音量适当，都有助于你的创造性思维和决策。此外，那些在咖啡店努力工作的人也可以让你做同样的事情。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①But a 2012 study published in the Journal of Consumer Research showed that a low-to-moderate level of relaxing noise on all sides in a place like a cafeteria can actually increase your creative output.
②Another study from 2019 had similar findings, that is, the right amount of noise benefits our senses. And audio stimuli in the background also help us improve decision making.
③There’s also the fact that in a coffee shop, we’re surrounded by people who’ve come to do the same thing as us, which acts as a motivator.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Research indicates that a café is a place that will stimulate creativity.
The seemingly distracting background noise, once a volume is proper, can benefit your creative thinking and decision making.
Also, people in the coffee shops who are working hard can promote you to do the same.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Research shows that a café is a place that will boost creativity.运用that引导宾语从句对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Also, those in the coffee shops who are working hard can push you to do the same.用who 引导定语从句对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
52．It’s difficult to book a room in many popular hotels in holiday seasons.
【详解】考查固定句型和固定短语。此处为it be adj. to do sth.句型，表示“困难”应用形容词difficult；表示“预定房间”短语为book a room；表示“很多热门酒店”翻译为in many popular hotels；表示“每逢节假日”短语为in holiday seasons。为一般现在时。故翻译为It’s difficult to book a room in many popular hotels in holiday seasons.
53．A combination of factors contributes to our loss in the football game.
【详解】考查固定短语和时态。表示“……的结果”短语为a combination of，后跟名词factors，作宾语；表示“共同作用”短语为contribute to；表示“在那场足球赛中的失利”翻译为our loss in the football game。为一般现在时。故翻译为A combination of factors contributes to our loss in the football game.
54．He arrived at the airport well before the flight/the plane took off to avoid long queues at the checking desks.
【详解】考查固定短语和时态。主语为he，表示“到达了机场”arrive at the airport well；before引导时间状语从句，表示“飞机起飞前”应用the flight/the plane take off；表示“避免在检票口排长队”翻译为avoid long queues at the checking desks，为不定式作目的状语。故翻译为He arrived at the airport well before the flight/the plane took off to avoid long queues at the checking desks.
55．The non-profit institution is an important part of our society, providing services for those in need and (thus) helping them restore confidence in life.
【详解】考查非谓语动词，名词和固定短语。分析句意可知，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，“非盈利机构”是the non-profit institution，此处用单数表泛指，其后用is，“我们社会”是our society，“……的重要组成部分”是an important part of，“为有需要的人提供服务，帮助他们重拾生活的信心”用现在分词作状语，“为某人提供某物”是provide sth. for sb.，“服务”是service，要用复数，“有需要的人”是those in need，“帮助某人做某事”是help sb. do sth.，“重拾生活的信心”是restore confidence in life，动词provide和help与逻辑主语The non-profit institution是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语，翻译为“providing services for those in need and (thus) helping them restore confidence in life”。故答案为The non-profit institution is an important part of our society, providing services for those in need and (thus) helping them restore confidence in life.
56．Dear Sir/Madam,
I am Li Ming from Class 1, Senior 3 of Haiping Middle School. I’m writing to apply for the position to help the primary school students in our community.
I am very good at mathematics, and I often make some micro-courses for primary school students. I plan to set up a micro-course, the name of which is “Mathematics in our daily life”. This course mainly introduces how to use math in everyday life so that primary school students can have a deeper understanding of the importance of mathematics through examples.
The reason why this micro-course is set up is that many students are not interested in learning mathematics. What’s more, mathematics is rarely used in real life, so many people think that learning mathematics is meaningless. I hope this course can help more primary school students, and I also hope to get this opportunity to improve myself.
Yours,
Li Ming
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生写一封应聘信应聘社区高中生志愿者，内容包括简单的自我介绍，准备开设的微课程的名称和主要内容以及开设该课程的理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
计划：plan →intend
而且：what’s more →moreover
机会：opportunity →chance
提高：improve →promote
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：I’m writing to apply for the position to help the primary school students in our community.
拓展句：I’m writing to apply for the position where I can help the primary school students in our community,
【点睛】【高分句型1】I plan to set up a micro-course, the name of which is “Mathematics in our daily life”.（运用了“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】The reason why this micro-course is set up is that many students are not interested in learning mathematics.（运用了why引导的定语从句和that引导的表语从句）
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