辽宁省丹东市六校2022-2023学年高一下学期期中考试英语试卷

这是一份辽宁省丹东市六校2022-2023学年高一下学期期中考试英语试卷，文件包含辽宁省丹东市六校2022-2023学年高一下学期期中考试英语试卷含音频docx、辽宁省丹东市六校2022-2023学年高一下学期期中考试英语听力mp3等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共14页， 欢迎下载使用。
2022—2023（下）六校高一期中考试英语试题考试时间:120分钟            满分:150分第一部分  听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1. Which dorm is the closest to the campus?A. The one on the hill.B. The one near the river.C. The one in the south part of town.2. What does the woman want to do?A. Apply for a job. B. Call the manager. C. Leave the company.3. How will the girl’s mother pay for the CD?A. In cash. B. By cheque.     C. By credit card.4. Where are the speakers?A. In their car.   B. At a birthday party.   C. In a shopping mall.5. What will the man do next?A. Take some photos.  B. Pick some flowers.  C. Draw a picture.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听下面一段对话，回答第6和第7两个小题。What are the speakers mainly talking about?Learning a language. Making a speech.  Traveling abroad.What does the woman suggest the man do?Do more practice.   Try to stay calm.  Get some help.听下面一段对话，回答第8和第9两个小题。8. When did the woman have her graduation party?A. Last Friday.   B. Last Saturday.   C. Last Sunday.9. Who may Mr. Smith be?A. The woman’s teacher. B. The woman’s classmate. C. The woman’s boss.听下面一-段对话，回答第10至第12三个小题。10. How many students took the course?A. 14.      B. 15.      C. 16.What does the man expect kids to do by learning poems?A. Describe beautiful things.B. Enjoy the beauty of poems.C. Look at the world like the poets.12. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. How to help children learn poetry.B. Their favorite poets and poetry.C. The course Teaching Poetry to Children".听下面一-段对话，回答第13至第16四个小题。13. What did Sam leave on the bus?A. A pen.   B. A dictionary.        C. A notebook.14. Why does the boy feel upset about his pen?A. It was a gift from his fatherB. He couldn’t find a same one.C. His father will blame him for it.15. What will the girl do this afternoon?A. Play table tennis.  B. Do some shopping.  C. Go to the neighborhood.16. How will the girl’s dad go to the conference?A. By car.    B. By subway.    C. By bus.听下面一-段独白，回答第17至第20四个小题。17. For what do some animals eat only one type of food?A. Lack of choice.   B. Health issues.    C. Their nature.18. Why does the speaker mention the panda and a kind of white butterfly?A. To amuse the listeners.B. To introduce what some animals eat.C. To prove that some animals eat only one type of food19. What do bears eat?A. Fish and fruit.   B. Vegetables and fruit  C. Fish and birds.20. What does the speaker think of French food?A. Delicious.    B. Unhealthy.    C. Popular.第二部分  阅读理解（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。ABest Apps for High School Students    Educational App Store has identified the best apps for high school students to help them study and save their time in the classroom.    Study Blue    Study Blue is a brilliant app which uses technology to help high school students and make leaning an easy process. It is an amazing way to create smart notes/cards, share and learn them. As one of the best educational apps, it allows students to make cards of whatever topic they want, helping them study anywhere without carrying any materials with them.    My Study Life    Designed for high school students, this app lets you build your own timetable to easily keep track of your classes, assignments and exams. It lets you assign(布置) tasks to specific classes and comes with reminders so you don’t forget a thing! Plus, it comes with day and week timetables, so you can easily pop in those classes that you only have every other week.    My Homework Planner    My Homework Planner can help you keep track of all your homework. Sorting it by due date, week and month, the app is more organized than a Trapper Keeper. By means of Questia, the world’s largest online library, you can connect your reading materials to your assignments so you don’t have to dig through a pile of papers to find the right information.    Socrative Student    This app offers an interactive environment for students and teachers to share their learning. Teachers can ask questions and make comments with real-time data when using, which makes it more engaging for students. Showing comprehension of their reading can occur straight through their handheld device, and they are able to receive feedback quickly.    If you are interested in these apps, click here to find more.What does My Study Life have in common with My Homework Planner?A. Both are helpful with assignments.B. Both are designed to deal with exams.C. Both are equipped with a reminder.D. Both are connected with Questia.22. Which app focuses on both teens’ and teachers’ involvement?A. Study Blue  B. My Homework PlannerC. Socrative Student  D. My Study Life23. Where is this text most likely from?A. A brochure.  B. A website. C. A guidebook.  D. A magazine.BA potato farmer, Cliff Young took part in a Sydney to Melbourne ultramarathon (超级马拉松) race in 1983. Coached by his mother who was 81 at the time, Cliff Young started the marathon with work shoes and work clothes.Competing against world-class marathon runners who were backed up by big sports companies and spent hundreds of hours preparing for the race, Cliff Young’s training method was just running after his sheep. He told the organizers he could run after his sheep for a few days and that he could surely compete with other runners.  The ultramarathon generally took 5 days to compete and this potato farmer’s decision seemed suicidal. In fact, some tried to stop him from running the super-difficult race because they thought Cliff Young could die because of the heat and fatigue(疲劳). After all, he was 61 years old! To cut the story short, Cliff Young managed to finish the race. While the young racers slept, he continued to race throughout the night. The young athletes left him far behind until the very last night when he finally led the marathon. Not only did Cliff Young, a 61-year-old potato farmer, survive the race, but he even managed to win the marathon and actually broke the race record by 9 hours! He even gave away his prize money to the rest of the runners after him.  After the win, he continued to run in many ultramarathon races and even set standards in the world of endurance racing. His running style, named “The Young Shuffle” is a famous running technique used by many runners in the world today.  Cliff Young showed that being old is not a problem, and being a champion doesn’t mean you need to have super-human strength, just super-human will!What can we say about Cliff Young’s training?A. It was very informal. B. It was well scheduled.C. It was difficult for him. D. It was suitable for everyone.25. What might the underlined word “suicidal” in Paragraph 3 mean?A. Quite simple.  B. Highly risky.C. Really surprising.  D. Extremely reasonable.26. Which of the following best describes Cliff Young?A. Self-confident and far-sighted. B. Animal-loving and easy-going.C. Strong-minded and big-hearted. D. Open-minded and hard-working.27. What is the text mainly about?A. A marathon race held 37 years ago.B. A true story of an amazing sportsman.C. The development of “The Young Shuffle”.D. An old champion’s advice to young runnersCSeagrass meadows (海草床) are wonder plants growing beneath the sea. They feed and shelter sea life and are masterful at storing carbon. Thanks to the assistance of tiger sharks, a huge seagrass meadow in the Bahamas Banks was recently discovered, offering the world a tool to fight climate change.    Seagrass has usually been detected by Earth-orbiting satellites that identify darker patches in the blue water. In this study, tiger sharks were selected as research tools due to their close relation with seagrass ecosystems. They spend 70% of their time in seagrass meadows. The team equipped eight tiger sharks with satellite tags, seven sharks with camera tags, and used a 360-degree camera on a shark for the first time ever.    The data researchers collected was astonishing. The world’s largest seagrass ecosystem, measuring at least 66,900 square kilometers, has been discovered. This reflects a 41% increase from previous estimates of global seagrass. Seagrass can capture(捕获) huge quantities of carbon by photosynthesis and stores it on the seafloor. In terms of climate change, this is excellent news; seagrass is 35 times faster at removing carbon than tropical rain forests. When referred to global seagrass carbon stock estimates, the study indicates that seagrass in the Bahamas may contain 19.2% to 26.3% of all the carbon stored in seagrass meadows on Earth.    Yet seagrass meadows are rapidly disappearing, with over 92% of meadows in the UK gone, according to the World Wildlife Fund. Scientists are collecting seeds and trying to grow new seagrass meadows through restoration (修复) projects. This new discovery offers optimism and proves the importance of the ocean for healing.    The sharks led us to the seagrass ecosystem in the Bahamas, which we now know is likely the most significant blue carbon sink on the planet. What this discovery shows us is that ocean exploration and research are essential for a healthy future. The untapped potential of the ocean is limitless. These meadows can be protected and can be copied, offering hope for climate change around the globe.Why were tiger sharks chosen as research tools?  A. They are more flexible than other sea animals.B. They can quickly adjust themselves to the deep sea.C. They can be easily equipped with experimental devices.D. They have a strong connection with seagrass ecosystems. 29. What are the numbers in paragraph 3 mainly about?  A. The reduction of global seagrass meadows. B. The impact of climate change on sea life.C. The rapid increase in the amount of carbon on Earth.D. The potential value of the world’s largest seagrass ecosystem. 30. What are scientists doing to protect seagrass?  A. Planting more seagrass meadows. B. Developing new technology to collect seeds.C. Mapping the distribution of seagrass meadows.D. Encouraging people to join in restoration projects.31. Which could be the best title for the text?A. The New Way of Removing CarbonB. The Significance of Ocean ExplorationC. A New Discovery: World’s Largest Seagrass MeadowD. Tiger Sharks: Scientists’ Essential Helper to Study ClimateDA man paralyzed (瘫痪的) from the neck down has gained the ability to type words with his brain about as fast as the average smartphone user, a new study says.This “mindwriting” was done through a science-fiction sounding brain-computer interface (BCI)) (接口) that picked up neural signals and fed them into an algorithm (算法) which translated them into letters. The secret to the success, and why this particular BCI was able to produce words at such a faster rate than other BCIs in the past, was that it tracked the brain signals of the patient, known as T5, as he imagined writing them down with a pen—a skill which remains in our motor skill system for years after paralysis.    “With this BCI, our study participant achieved typing speeds of 90 characters per minute,” wrote the study group, whose paper can be read in Nature. “To our knowledge, these typing speeds exceed(超过) those reported for any other BCI, and are comparable to typical smart phone typing speeds of individuals in the age group of our participant.” The study had conducted other trials with different BCIs before, in which they used eye-monitoring equipment, but found it required tremendous attention and focus from the user.    The new BCI isn’t yet developed enough to be called a model, meaning it will likely be years before more paralysis victims can regain their ability to communicate. However, this also means the room for improvement is much higher, explained one scientist, speaking with CNN.How does mindwriting work?A. It improves motor skill system. B. It tracks people’s hand signals.C. It writes signals down with pens. D.It translates neural signals into words.33. How do the study group support their findings?A. By giving examples. B. By analyzing causes.C. By making reference. D. By making comparisons.34. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. It won’t be long before more paralysis victims can regain their ability to communicate.B. There is still much room for improvement with the new BCI.C. The new BCI has been developed enough to be put into use.D. The scientist spoke highly of the new BCI with CNN.35. What’s the text mainly about?A. A new BCI picks up neural signals.B. Mindwriting helps paralyzed patients write fast.C. Paralyzed patients write as fast as smartphone users.D. Paralysis victims regain social skills through mindwriting.第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）根据短文内容，从短文后选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Everybody has gone through bad days, and some bad days feel like the world is on our shoulders and we just can’t bear the weight of it any longer. ____36____ Consider the following ways when you are experiencing the worst days of your life. Reflect. When you have the worst day of your life, turning to reflection can remove any bad mood. ____37____ Others like to spend time writing in journals to express their feelings. The point of the quiet time is to release the bad mood of your day. Reach out to others. When you are feeling like your world has ended, you need to reach out to others for help. Sometimes this might mean seeking professional help if you are in a state of depression (抑郁), or it might simply mean talking to a well-trusted friend. ____38____ Change your mental state. Sometimes it is just a matter of turning them into active thoughts. ____39____ Once you are able to do that, you will see that it really was not the worst day ever after all. ____40____To deal with the worst day and improve yourself, you can set goals. Whether you realize them or not, you will gain a growth experience which moves you forward rather than holds you back.  A．Set goals. B．Improve yourself.C．You will make it sooner or later.D．Sometimes it needs a change in your mental state to overcome it.E．There are ways to remove those feelings and breathe fresh air again.F．Whomever you choose to turn to, open up so that the bad mood doesn’t beat you.G．Some feel relieved when they find a quiet place and time to think about the day’s events carefully.第三部分  语言运用（共两节，满分30分）第一节 完形填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。Nixon, 59 years old, was born and grew up in St. Petersburg. Each morning, he sits on a bench, watches the sunrise, and connects with___41___from all walks of life. Eight years ago, he decided to begin each day from a bench with an impressive view of the St. Petersburg waterfront (圣彼得堡海滨), because it made him feel calm and___42___before starting his day. About a year later, a woman stopped to say hello, and she said something that___43___Nixon’s view on his daily visit. She said, “Every morning when I see you sitting here, I know everything is going to be OK.” That’s when Nixon___44___he needed to pay attention to the people walking past. Instead of staring straight ahead at the waterfront, Nixon started___45___at people and talking to them. And pretty soon, some early risers began___46___him on the bench, sometimes sharing their pressure and asking him for advice about personal problems. No matter what problem a person wants to___47___, Nixon lends an ear. One day, a couple came by to talk about their problems. The husband was always working. It was ruining their___48___. Nixon told him, “You have to know what’s really important.” The man admitted he’d put everything he had into his___49___for many years instead of focusing on his family. “He started to cry and agreed that he needed to____50____,” Nixon says, “We hugged each other and became friends after that.” Nixon was always happy to listen, and he listens without____51____and without any kind of return expected. “You have to listen with an open heart, because you never know who’s going to walk up,” Nixon says. He is a loving and loyal____52____to many. For those who walked past the bench, they were always____53____with a smile and asked how they were doing. No topic is off limits, but some people don’t want to talk. They simply want to sit next to someone and share the ____54____. Once a woman stopped and just sat with Nixon for an hour; then she said thanks and walked away. She just wanted a moment of peace and to know she wasn’t____55____. And at that moment, she truly wasn’t.41．A．teenagers B．relatives C．strangers D．neighbors42．A．peaceful B．excited C．proud D．surprised43．A．formed B．changed C．developed D．supported44．A．agreed B．realized C．imagined D．remembered45．A．pointing B．laughing C．shouting D．smiling46．A．joining B．noticing C．leaving D．praising47．A．air B．face C．hear D．create48．A．fame B．success C．marriage D．privacy49．A．health B．hobbies C．kids D．job50．A．give up B．calm down C．speak up D．slow down51．A．emotion B．consideration C．judgment D．interest52．A．guide B．teacher C．friend D．workmate53．A．hugged B．greeted C．competed D．satisfied54．A．secrets B．worries C．happiness D．silence55．A．sad B．alone C．stressed D．hopeless第二节 语法填空（共10小题：每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。The Amazon Rainforest is known ____56____ “the lungs of the planet”. However, it now releases more carbon dioxide than it absorbs. This is the conclusion of a study recently ____57____ (publish) in the journal Nature. For the study, scientists took 590 ____58____ (fly) over the Amazon.So what has gone wrong? There are ____59____ (clear) fewer trees taking in carbon dioxide. More than 17 percent of the trees in the Amazon have disappeared since the 1970s. Meanwhile, farmers get rid of the trees by ____60____ (burn) them. Huge amounts of carbon monoxide(一氧化碳) are released into the air in the process.The really worrying thing, however, is the southeastern part of the Amazon. This is because the logging(伐木作业) has disturbed the balance of nature. Fewer trees means ____61____ (little) moisture (水分) in the air, ____62____ makes the air drier. The heat causes forest fires to spread more easily. As a result, more trees are killed. For the Amazon to become “the lungs of the planet” again, we first need to end ____63____ forest fires. It sounds possible but it won’t be easy. ____64____ 2018, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has encouraged people to develop land in the Amazon. If he doesn’t change his mind, scientists say, large parts of the rainforest could _____65_____(turn) into savannahs (稀树草原) by 2026.第四部分  写作（共两节，满分40分）第一节  应用文写作（满分15分）近期你校将以“My Dream Career”为题举行英语演讲比赛。请你根据以下要求写一篇演讲稿。内容包括：1. 你的理想职业；2. 选择的理由；3. 实现的途径。注意：1. 词数80左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；  My Dream CareerGood morning, everyone!__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第二节：读后续写（满分25分）阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。  Dad and Madison were walking through the party store, gathering decorations for Madison’s upcoming birthday party.“But I don’t want to invite Lucy Gilbert! I don’t like her!”“Madison, you are being unreasonable. If every girl in your class is invited to party but you, you’ll feel left out. It would be a big mistake not to invite Lucy to the party.”“She never even talks to me!”Dad sighed and moved down the aisle. “Lucy is a new girl in class. She just moved here a little over a month ago. Think about how that must feel. She doesn’t know one single person in the school. She left all of her to get to know everyone.”“No, it won’t. She will probably sit in the corner and not talk to anyone. Every day at lunch she sits all by herself. She wants to eat alone!” Madison shrugged and rolled her eyes.“Madison, I’m done discussing this. You will invite every girl in your class, including Lucy Gilbert!”On Saturday morning, the family blew up balloons and decorated the house cheerfully. Madison was dressed beautifully for the day, wearing her new blue dress. It was not typical of her to dress herself like this. She usually wore sports clothes because she loved to be outside riding her horse Star with a lead rope (缰绳).Madison greeted her friends at the doorstep, picturing various presents her friends would bring her. In the meanwhile, she was wondering whether Lucy would ruin the party if she came. Anyhow, all the girls she invited came finally, including Lucy.The girls had a fantastic time by singing and dancing while Lucy sat in the corner silently alone. Later, all the girls gathered around the table as Madison opened her presents. Opening them one by one, Madison thanked her friends, with a bright smile on her face.注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；2.首句已给出。Lucy’s present was the very last to be opened.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  Deeply moved by what she said, Madison held the lead rope tightly in her hands.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
高一六校期中考试英语答案听力 1—5BABCA 6—10BACCB 11—15 BCBAA 16—20ACCAB阅读理解21-24ACB   24-27 ABCB   28-31 DDAC   32-35DDBB七选五36-40 EGFDA完形填空41-45  CABBD   46-50  AACDD  51-55  CCBDB语篇填空56．as    57．published    58．flights    59．clearly    60．burning    61．less    62．which    63．the    64． since   65．be turned 应用文写作参考答案My Dream CareerGood morning, everyone!I’m much honored to be here to make a speech on my future career---to be a tourist guide. I have been dreaming of becoming a tourist guide ever since my early age. A tourist guide can travel worldwide, experiencing diverse cultures. Besides, I will have more opportunities to meet different people and make friends around the world. To be a good guide is no easy job. It calls for a wide range of knowledge, good communication skills and commitment to this job. I’ll have to read widely and work hard at school to achieve my dream.Thank you for listening. 读后续写参考答案Lucy’s present was the very last to be opened. Worrying that it would ruin the party, Madison grabbed the present reluctantly and ripped open the gift-wrap paper. Inside was a delicately hand-made lead rope! Shocked, she widened her eyes, covering her hands over her mouth. “It’s a lead rope for your horse Star. I made it by myself!” Madison pulled it out of the box and placed it on her lap, amazed at its beauty. Lucy added, “I heard you talking about your horse at school. That’s when I got the idea to make you a lead rope. ”Deeply moved by what she said, Madison held the lead rope tightly in her hands. It was, by far, her very favorite birthday present of the day. She suddenly felt so bad because she had been so mean to Lucy. With tears swirling in her eyes, she blinked hard to fight them back, feeling a mixture of regret and gratitude. “Thanks so much for this lead rope. I love it! Would you like to join us and be our friends？” Lucy nodded cheerfully. Madison put her arm around Lucy’s shoulders, both smiling. With applause and laughter echoing through the house, Lucy joined the other girls to enjoy the party.听力原文Text 1W: What’s the best dorm?M: That depends. The one on the hill has the nicest rooms. The dorm in the south part of town has the best dining hall, while the one near the river is the closest to the campus.Text 2W: Are you calling for a manager in your company?M: Yes, we still have some positions left: the sales manager, the HR manager and the quality manager. Which one would you like to apply for?Text 3M: Are you paying for this CD with cash?W: My mom’s going to pay. She’s coming now. But will you take a cheque? She’s forgotten her credit card.M: Of course.Text 4M: I thought you were lost. Where were you?W: Sorry. I was bargaining for the toy car at that counter.M: A gift for a child?W: Yes, I’ll send it to my niece for her birthday.Text 5M: Excuse me, madam. Would you mind me picking the flowers in the garden? They look more beautiful in the sun. Could I just pick the yellow one?W: I’m afraid you can’t, but you can take pictures of them.M: Oh, that’s great.Text 6W: Are you ready for tonight? You look nervous.M: Do I? I’m trying to stay calm. Being scared won’t help.W: Have you practiced your speech?M: I read it out over ten times. But I still get something wrong each time.W: It’s hard to give a speech in a foreign language. You should practice more.M: You are right. I will read it a few more times.Text 7W: Hello, Mr. Smith. I just came back from my graduation ceremony.M: What was it like?W: Fantastic! We had a great graduation party last Sunday.M: Good. Now that you have graduated from your college, you can focus on your work.W: Right, except for one thing.M: What’s that?W: I brought over some of my classmates’ résumés. They want to join this company.M: Great. Leave their résumés here. I will read them this afternoon.Text 8W: Henry, have you heard about the course “Teaching Poetry to Children”?M: Yes, I have. Actually I’m taking that course this term at Texas State University.W: Really? That’s amazing. So how many students are there in the course this term?M: There are fourteen other students and me.W: What do you do?M: We spend Tuesday mornings teaching poetry to students at Crockett Elementary School.W: Why did you want to take the course?M: I love poetry and I love interacting (交流；交往) with kids. I want them to appreciate the beauty of poems.W: So what kind of poetry do you think is good?M: I think if a poem shows you the world through the poet’s eyes, then that is a good poem.W: I agree. So who is your favorite poet?M: William Carlos Williams. I taught the kids his Between Walls in class. You know what, they had the most interesting responses to that poem.W: It sounds as if they liked it.Text 9M: What’s the matter?W: I lent my dictionary to Sam yesterday. But he told me this morning he had left it on the bus.M: When will he learn to be more careful? He told me his notebook was missing just now. Also, I lent my pen to him last week, but he couldn’t find it.W: Did he buy you a new one?M: Yes. But it is different. It was a gift from my father. It could never be replaced.W: I’m so sorry to hear that. I just bought the dictionary last week. Now I have to buy a new one.M: Will you go downtown this afternoon?W: No. I’ll play table tennis with my aunt this afternoon. I’ll go downtown tomorrow.M: Could you ask your dad to give me a lift when you go there?W: I’ll go there by subway. My dad will drive to a conference in the neighboring city tomorrow.M: OK, then, I’ll take the bus.Text 10W: Many animals recognize their food because they see it. So do humans. We can also use other senses when we choose our food. Although there are many different types of food, some animals eat only one type. The panda eats only one particular type of bamboo. Other animals eat only one type of food even when given the choice. A kind of white butterfly will stay on the leaves of a sort of cabbage, even though there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden. However, most animals have more varied diets. Bears eat fruit and fish. Foxes eat birds and fruit. Diets of these animals are different depending on the season. Humans have a very varied diet. We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us. In countries such as France and Britain, people eat food with too much sugar. This is bad for their health. Eating too much meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad for the health. Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modern life.