技巧09 如何衔接连贯-高一英语读后续写基础技巧与整体演练

这是一份技巧09 如何衔接连贯-高一英语读后续写基础技巧与整体演练，共21页。试卷主要包含了照应，替代和省略，连接词，词汇衔接等内容，欢迎下载使用。

高一英语读后续写基础技巧与整体演练
技巧09 如何衔接连贯

高考英语作文的评分标准强调文章语言的“连贯性”和“复杂性”。高考英语作文最高一档的给分范围和要求：“覆盖所有的内容要点；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力；能有效地使用语句问的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”。显然，考生要得高分，除了文章要点全、语法正、表达准、结构整、逻辑顺、卷面洁外，考生还得掌握句型与词语的运用及行文(过渡承启)技巧，以增强语言的表达力和文章的逻辑性，提高文章档次。
语篇结构的“连贯性”在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用。“连贯性”主要是就句子之间的衔接和文章段落的过渡而言的。它要求段落中句与句之间、全文段落与段落之间的组织与安排以一种明晰的、合乎逻辑的顺序进行，做到条理清楚、层次分明。这样的篇章结构才能让评卷老师迅速而准确地捕捉文章信息。反之，叙述顺序混乱、前言不搭后语的文章会因“缺乏可读性”而被判为较低的得分档次。因此，英语读后续写中，考生就必然要关注促进语篇连贯的衔接方式的使用。
读后续写常用语篇衔接手段分析
1.照应
照应指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系，即在语篇中某个名词或概念第二次或重复出现时应使用恰当的代词或其他成分替代它。根据韩礼德和哈桑的观点，英语中的照应主要分为3 类：人称照应、指示照应、比较照应。
（1）人称照应：人称照应是通过人称代词（如I、you、he、she、they、him、her、them 等）、所属限定词（如your、his、her、their等)和所属代词(如mine、his、hers、theirs 等）来实现的。
（2）指示照应：用于指示照应的词也可以分为3 类：名词性指示词：this、that、these、those；定冠词the；副词性指示词：her，their、now、then。
（3）比较照应： 比较照应指使用一些有比较意义的形容词或副词的比较级表达连贯的语义（如same、as、so、equal、such、similarly、differently、other、otherwise、likewise等表示的照应关系）。
2.替代和省略
（1）替代：替代是用其他词代替上文的提及的内容，这样可以避免重复，达到语言凝练，语句连贯的目的。替代有名词性替代（如one、ones、some 等）、动词性替代（如do、does、did、doing、done 等）和从句性替代（如so、not 等）。
（2）省略：省略的作用同替代相似，省略可以使上下语义联系紧密，强调作者要表达的中心意思。省略大致分为3类：名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略。
3.连接词
连接词指表示能把两个或多个短句衔接起来的表达一定逻辑关系的词。韩礼德（1976）把它们表示的关系分为4 大类：增补（如and、also、too、furthermore等）、转折或对比（如but、yet、still、nevertheless、though、while、however等）、原因或结果（如because、for、as、since等）和时间（如first、second、third等）。
4.词汇衔接
词汇衔接指通过词的重复、同义、反义、上下义、互补、整体与部分等关系来使语篇语义连贯。
表1：高考英语读后续写中的衔接手段举例
试题
句子表达举例
衔接手段分析
2016/10，浙江
By the time they reached the lake, Jane was so angry that she said to Tom. “I’m going to find a better spot for us to camp” and walked away.
照应：she/us
连接词：so...that.../and
2017/6，浙江
As Mac pedaled (骑行) along alone, he thought fondly of his wife and two young daughters at home. He hoped to show them this beautiful place someday.
照应：he/them
词汇衔接：as/and
2018/6，浙江

It was so peaceful and quiet and the colors of the brown rocks, the deep green pine trees, and the late afternoon sun mixed to create a magic scene. It looked like a beautiful woven(编织的) blanket spread out upon the ground just for us.
照应：it/us
连接词：and

2020/1，浙江
The house seemed quiet as a tomb without the boy living there.
照应：there
2020，新高考I卷
“I wish you could see him,” she said to her own children, John, Harry, and Clara. “He is such a help to his mother. He wants very much to earn some money, but I don't see what he can do.”
照应：her/his
连接词：and/but

2021/1，浙江
My excitement was short-lived...... I got into a panic as I pressed firmly against the table and moved my head around trying to find the right angle， but it was no use. "I can't get it out!" I shouted， my voice sounding unnaturally loud in the enclosed space.
照应：my/I
连接词：as/and/but

2021年，新高考I卷
But Jeff’s hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain. Jenna made him put his hand in cold water. Then she caught the smell of burning. Oh dear! The piece of bread in the pan had turned black as well.
照应：he/his
连接词：and/but/then/as well


实现读后续写语篇衔接与连贯策略
一、整体审视语篇，确定话题主题
    文章语篇的连贯是以内容的合理布局为前提的。因此，要想写出一篇高分作文，审题是关键的一步，
一般坚持以下几个步骤：
（1）审读情景材料：即对试题所提供的“情景”  (包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等)及其“形式”  (一般为图画、图表、提纲等)予以全面的了解，同时不可忽视最后提供的“注意”。
（2）提取主题思想：在审题的同时，要注意从所给材料中提炼出一个主题，即作文的中心。它是全文成败的关键所在，因
为“评分说明”明确指出：  “对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”。一般来讲，文章的中心不超出高中生学习和日常生活中的所见所闻。
   （3）进行信息取舍：确定主题之后，就要依据所需文体(多为应用文、记叙文或说明文)，围绕中心对所获取的信息进行筛选，以突出重点。
  （4）列举表述要点：这是评分标准规定的最主要标准，即是否“覆盖了所有内容要点”。动笔写作之前，最好在草稿纸上列出要点，以免因时间紧等原因而遗漏。
  （5）确定主题句：段落通常由一个表示段落中心思想的主题句和一些用来说明、描写、论证该主题的发展句构成。段落的主题句非常重要，对段落的各句起到提纲挈领的作用。一般情况下，主题旬的位置都在段落的开头，清楚明了地告诉读者该段落将要陈述的内容。为了便于展开下文，主题句一般要具备以下两个特点：
①内容要明确具体，具有特定性和单一性，切忌笼统。比较：
    a. Learning English is important.
    Learning English is important for middle school students.
    b. Tom is a good student．
    Tom is a hard-working student.
    上述例句中的第二句要比第一句具体、明确得多。
    ②语言要简洁，开门见山。如下面是题为“Honesty(谈诚实)”一文中的开头：
    Honesty is one of the best virtues. An honest man is always trusted and respected. On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”, and is looked down upon by honest people.
    二、拓展主题语句，注意语篇连贯
    主题句仅仅是提出基本观点，而要使评卷老师理解你的观点，就必须展开主题，就要考虑如何组织安排语句，也就是说，文章词与词、句与句之间必须衔接密切，具有连贯性。因此，文章语句和段落就要进行适当排序，并要根据所表达的具体内容选择适当的连接方式，常用的方法有以下几种：
（1） 巧用过渡词语，理顺句子逻辑关系。为了使文章在整体上结构严密，浑然一体，增强文章的说服力和感染力，保证段落或文章的连贯，考生应该在句子与句子之间，甚至段落与段落之间，恰当地使用一些过渡性词语，使文意表达清晰、流畅。过渡连接词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型：(见下表)
表2：过渡衔接词举例
逻辑关系
常见过渡词语
表示添加信息
and, also, too, besides, moreover, as well as, either…or, neither…nor…, furthermore, in addition, what is more, not only…but also, worse still
表示转折关系
but, yet, however, although, on the other hand, otherwise, while, rather, still, nevertheless，in spite of, on the contrary, whereas, in contrast
表示递进关系
besides, again, moreover, worse still, above all, certainly, furthermore, what’s more, in addition, important of all, to make matter worse
表示因果关系
so, for, therefore, as a result, because, owing to, due to, thanks to, therefore, since, thus, hence, on account of, consequently, as a consequence, it follows that…
表示条件关系
as(so)long as, if, unless, on condition that
表示解释、说明关系
actually, in fact, such as, for example／instance, and so on, according to, after all, even, indeed, it is time, of course, specifically, truly, namely, that is, that is to say, in other words, to tell you the truth, an illustration of, to be specific, to illustrate
表示强调
Indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, truly, especially, no doubt, without any doubt, obviously, above all, It is…that…
表示时间顺序关系
now, after, after that, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, soon, suddenly, before, when, while, as, during, first…second…, then, in the end, afterwards, after a while, immediately, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, from now on, from then on, meanwhile, not…until, eventually 
表示空间顺序关系
on the right／left, in the middle／center of／back／front of, here, there, next to, on one side of…on the other side of, on the foot／top／end
表示结论
as you know, as far as I know, on the whole, in one’s opinion, in short, in brief, in a word, in general
  例如：
The room was disgusting. By the far window was a trash can piled high with crumpled papers. In the middle of the room was a round size bed with rotting fruits. The path between the bed and the doorway, where 1 was standing, was full of dirty clothes and old newspapers. (通过选择参照物，然后巧妙运用表示空间顺序的连接词，给读者一个清楚的空间观念。用准确的方位词说明空间的具体位置，就仿佛给了阅卷老师一幅空间布置图或导游图。)
    （2）使用平行结构，增强语感节奏和顺畅度。平行结构的使用是一种修辞手法，其中既有词汇的重复，又有纯粹的语法结构的重复。重复使用相同的结构，不仅能使句子或段落节奏匀称，还可以起到强调或承上启下的作用，从而引起评卷老师的注意。
    词的重复是常用的连接手法，它可强调你所要表达的意思，也必然让人把眼前的句子与前面的句子联
系起来，如同用一根线将整个段落贯穿成一个整体，从而增强句子的语感节奏，使句与句之间的衔接更加
紧密、顺畅。例如：
    a.I love life; I love nature; and I love peace.
    b. I am a boy of 17 and I am studying at high school now. I am good at English and I can talk with foreign tourists in English freely.
    上述例子使用的是词汇的重复，下面的段落则通过使用相同的语法结构保证了文章的连贯与流畅。
    a.If I have the honor to be chosen as a volunteer, besides the above, I will work hard and creatively, but never be lazy. I will follow the law and discipline, but never break them. I will take the opportunity to make fiends with the athletes and visitors, and help them make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success.
    b. My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don’t argue with parents; they will think you don’t love them. Don’t argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don’t argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don’t argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother’s rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words. Don’t argue.
    (3)灵活运用代词，避免成分冗余。除了过渡性词语外，省略、替代和所指等技巧同样可以连句成段，避免罗嗦和重复，以保持段落的连贯性。名词或代词是很重要的关系指引词，它们不仅能指明句子内部某些词之问的关系，而且能沟通和建立句子和句子之间意义上的联系，从而使段落中前后句子的意义逻辑地、有条理地联系起来，起到承上启下的作用。例如：
    a.However, the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that of those who pre-reading articles about learning methods. (句中使用代词that代替the number, those代替students, 既避免了重复和单调，又显得简洁明了，过渡自然。)
  b.While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice from which I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend. (句中关系代词which引导的非限制性定语使得主从句意义连贯。)试比较：While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice. From the notice I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend.
   (4)巧用同义反义词，文章连贯中见文采。同义词与反义词用得好，可以避免出现单词重复，避免文章内容单调。文章在连贯的同时还能适当增加文采，给人耳目一新的感觉。例如：
    I like music, especially classical music. I am also interested in photography because it allows me to record the beautiful moments in my life. In fact, I like meeting people and enjoy talking with them. Believing we all need help from each other, I appreciate friend’s help and I am willing to help anyone in need.
    （5）巧用分词短语或独立结构。简化句子结构可以增强表达效果。巧妙利用分词短语或独立主格结构能使句子化繁为简，把复合句变为简单句；恰当使用独立成分可以使句子的表达形式丰富多样，从而起到增强语言表达效果的作用。它们各有特点：分词要坚持逻辑主语一致原则，而独立主格结构要坚持主语不一致原则；独立成分为约定成俗的固定形式，不受逻辑主语限制。如：Judging from…, Frankly speaking (To be frank)等。试看下列句子：
    (1)Compared with other teachers, Mr. Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching. (分词短语)
    (2)Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. =If weather permits we are going to visit you tomorrow. (独立主格结构)
    试比较以下两个例句：
    (原句)The driver escaped; he left the old man lying on the road.
   (修正句)The driver escaped, leaving the old man lying on the road. (分词短语)
    （6）使用同位语。避免重复，明晰句意。同位语的应用不仅能避免重复，还可以使文章表述自然、流畅，起到很好的连接作用。例如：
    Also we can both write and talk to each 0theT on the Skype, a program that can carry sounds as well as words.
    I am Wangshan, a girl of sixteen, presently attending Beijing Yangguang Middle school.
    （7）使用过渡句，自然衔接句子和段落。过渡句在句子与句子、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨，故极为重要。例如：
The summer holiday is coming. Our class have had a discussion about what to do during the
holiday…Some are in favor of staying at home…
However, others prefer to go out for traveling since it can increase their knowledge and broaden their horizons. But they will lose the chance of getting to know the outside world.
三、文末阐释结论，确保首尾呼应
    文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻，
也使文章首尾呼应，结构完整，连贯自然。用于结论段的常用语有：from this point of view(从这个观点来看) /in a word(总而言之)/in conclusion(综上所述) /Thus, it can be concluded that…(因此，我们可以得知...)
等。例如：
    In a word, to read the original work is better than to see the film based on it.
    Obviously, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.
    综上所述，语言的连贯性主要体现在句与句、段与段之间。句与句之间要前后呼应，形成句句相连，环环相扣，读起来一气呵成；同样，段与段之间也要过渡自然，不可各自独立使文章失去整体性。语言连
贯性是评价一篇文章优劣的标准之一。缺乏连贯性，叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的文章会因“缺乏可读
性“而被判为较低的得分档次。只有有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑，语篇连贯性强的文
章才能得到高分档次。

1．阅读下面的材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Nila sat alone on the bus. Her older sister, Lexi, was one seat ahead, acting as if this was the best day ever. But for Nila, it was the worst. It was the last day of swimming lessons. Test Day.
“If I pass my test, I can sign up for Junior Lifeguarding over the summer,” Nila heard Lexi telling her friend Jess. “You’re the best swimmer in the class,” Jess said. “There’s just no way you wouldn’t pass.” Maybe she could talk to Lexi about the test, who passed Level 4 several summers ago.
“I thought sisters were supposed to help each other actively,” Nila whispered to the window. An hour later, she held the edge of the pool, shaking. “For the last part of the test, you’ll all be swimming the width of the pool,” the instructor, Nate, told the class. “Can we swim in the shallow end?” Nila asked. “Nope,” Nate said cheerfully. “To pass Level 4, it has to be the deep end.”
Nila was nervous. She didn’t know if she could swim all the way across without touching the bottom. “I’ll be watching from the other side,” Nate said. “Ready?” No! Nila thought. But Nate put the whistle to his lips and blew. Nila took a deep breath and pushed off. Lexi moved up and down, feeling light. She completed smoothly and passed Level 7! A kid from her class bumped into her, but she just smiled at him. She liked everyone right now. Nila, too–even though she’d been such a pest earlier. Where was she, anyway?
After a minute, Lexi spotted her sister crossing the pool. Nila was way behind the others. As Nila neared the middle of the pool, she stopped. “Keep going,” Lexi called. “You can do it!” When Nila found out her position, her heart sank. Only halfway across! Some kids in her class were already at the wall, playing and talking. Nate was bending over to talk to one of the kids. He didn’t see her. Better keep going, she thought. But she was tired. Lexi kept her eyes on her sister’s slow progress.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Paragraph 1:
As Lexi watched, Nila’s head dipped briefly underwater before it resurfaced.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
Just then, Nila felt someone’s arms grabbing her from behind.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
When I was about six years old, my family and I went to Disneyland one weekend and had a wonderful day full of excitement. Little did I know that the real excitement wasn’t to begin until that night.
While we watched the fireworks, I began to get an urge to go to the restroom, but I didn’t want to miss the show. I overheard my sister Isabel talking to my mom, and I got closer to them to hear what they were talking about.
“Mom, I’m going to the bathroom with Lizette, okay?” said Isabel.
“Okay,” my mom replied, “but stay together. I don’t want any of you getting lost. ”
The second I saw my sisters leaving, I didn’t think twice before running after them—without telling my parents. As I followed them through the huge crowd of people, I started to lose sight of them. I began to panic as I scanned the crowd for them. Crazy thoughts ran through my head like “What if I never see my family again?”
I gave up trying to find my sisters and tried to get back to my family, but I was completely mixed up. After searching for what seemed like forever, I couldn’t hold back my tears, and I started crying like I had never cried before.
“Mommy!” I cried out. But everyone around me was too caught up by the fireworks to pay any attention to me.
I tried to stop the scary thoughts that were going through my head and started running as fast as I could...anywhere...everywhere. I was going crazy. I’m only six, and I’ve gotten lost. “What have I done? How could I have been so dumb to run off without telling anyone?” I thought.
With my face wet from tears, I kept running, pulling at people’s pants and crying, “Mommy!” I was hoping, wishing, that one of these adults would be one of my parents.
注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Luckily, I felt a pat on my shoulder and a gentle voice came, “Are you lost?”
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Finally, through the crowd of people, I recognized a face.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Andy rode slowly on his way to school, daydreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him. He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him.
He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present. He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the sky. What he saw shocked and terrified him. A huge swarm (一大群) of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and they seemed to be heading angrily towards him.
With no time to waste, Andy sped off in the opposite direction, riding with great speed but without knowing how to escape the swarm. With a rapidly beating heart, he sped down the rough road. As the bees came closer, his panic increased. Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings (蜇). The last sting had landed him in hospital and that was only one bee sting! He had been forced to lie in bed for two whole days. Suddenly, his father’s words came to him. “When you are in a tight situation, don’t panic. Use your brain and think your way out of it.”
On a nearby hill, he could see smoke waving slowly skywards from the chimney of the Nelson’s home. “Bees don’t like smoke,” he thought. “They couldn’t get into the house.” Andy raced towards the Nelson’s house, but the bees were gaining ground. Andy knew he could not reach the house in time. He estimated that the bees would catch up with him soon. But he tried his best to keep calm so that he could come up with an idea to escape from the dangerous situation. Suddenly, out of the corner of his eyes, he spotted a small dam which was often used by Mr. Nelson to irrigate his vegetable garden.
注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Without hesitation, Andy jumped off his bike and dived into the cool water.
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In no time, his mother appeared in front of him.
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4．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
One night, Ryder saw his mother crying and learned she could no longer afford her last chemotherapy (化疗) treatment. He broke his piggy bank and offered her all his savings. Although it touched Annie’s heart, she told him it wasn’t enough. Ryder was so disappointed and hurried to the washroom to cry alone. It hurt him terribly to see his mother, who had long hair, and was now bald (秃头的) .
In an attempt to emotionally support her, Ryder brought an electric shaver and shaved his head. “Oh my God, Ryder!” Annie cried after seeing him. She was moved by what her son had done by sacrificing his hair. “Mom, I am with you in this. And you are not alone,” Ryder cried along, knowing little he would be laughed at by his best friends the next day.
A school fair had been organized on the playground, and many people, including parents, were gathering around the stalls (摊位). “Hey, look, someone in our class has lost all his hair!” Ryder’s friends laughed when he arrived.
“I got to carry on,” said Ryder, shyly covering his head in a hat. He was carrying two bags stuffed with some of his favorite toys, books, and recycled craft items he intended to sell at the fair.
As time passed, things were quickly getting sold in all the other stalls except Ryder’s. He did not find time to put up a fancy display or banner (横幅) to attract buyers. But he was determined to make a sale for his mother. So he took out a pen and a giant piece of paper and decided to create a sign that read: Help My Mom Fight Cancer.
“Please help me. I shaved my head to support my mother. But all are making fun of me without understanding me. And I have to sell these items and help her with some money. Please don’t let me down,” he shouted. The fair was about to end, and fortunately Ryder had managed to successfully sell most of his items.
注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
He was about to leave when his three friends surrounded him.
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“Ryder, please take this as well,” he heard a parent calling him.
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5．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Some years ago, a ship headed for China. All the passengers boarded the ship, including an officer, his wife, their only child—a little boy five years old, and a large Newfoundland dog called Bobby. Everybody in the ship liked Bobby, he was so good - tempered and playful, but the boy was the dog’s constant playmate. He was a happy little guy, and the two are so fond of each other.
One evening while the little boy and the dog were playing together, the ship shook suddenly, and splash (扑通一声) went the child into the sea!
A cry was raised, “A hand over! A hand over!” and the brave dog jumped over the side of the ship, and swam towards the boy.
The little boy’s father, half crazy, jumped with others into a small boat; but it was too dark to see far before them. All gave the child up for lost.
At last they heard a splash on the left side of the ship. “Pull on, quick!” cried the father. The boat was turned, the men pulled with all their strength, and in a moment brave Bobby was alongside, holding up the child in his mouth! Joy! Joy! Joy!
The boat was rowed back to the ship; the half-drowned (差点淹死的) boy soon got better; the parents were delighted; and brave Bobby was caressed (抚摸) by all.
At the Cape-of-Good-Hope, the passengers were to be landed. The officer going to the boat, with his wife and child; but he told the sailors to hold the Newfoundland dog tight by the collar till the boat was some distance from the ship. “You will then see,” said he, “what a strong swimmer he is.”
Brave Bobby pulled again and again to get loose, but all failed; for they held him till the boat was near the shore. But as soon as the officer gave the signal, the dog was set free, and away he went into the sea to chase after (追赶) his masters.
Suddenly the poor animal set up a shrill howl, and threw himself out of the water.
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Just at that moment the shark, which had got very close to the dog, turned on his back and opened his frightening mouth!
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参考答案
1．【参考范文】
As Lexi watched, Nila’s head dipped briefly underwater before it resurfaced. Uh-oh, thought Lexi. Her sister was in trouble, and she had to help. She kicked the bottom and started swimming toward Nila. Nila swallowed a mouthful of water and coughed. Panicky, she felt as if she had been swimming for hours. If only someone would see she was too tired to keep going. Not seeing Lexi coming to her, she scanned the edge for the instructor. This time, Nate saw her. His eyes narrowed, and he jumped in to help her.
Just then, Nila felt someone’s arms grabbing her from behind. “Lie back,” her sister’s voice said. “I’ve got you.” Much to her surprise, it was at the critical moment that Lexi came to her aid! They got out of water quickly. “How are you feeling?” Lexi asked. “OK. That’s a little scary.” “Don’t worry,” Lexi said, “Next time we go swimming, I could keep you company. With more practice, you can surely pass Level 4.” Hearing this, Nila smiled broadly, a current of warmth flooding over her, saying “You will be a good lifeguard someday because you’re already a good sister.”
【写作解析】本文是篇记叙文。Nila和姐姐Lexi一起去参加游泳考试，Nila考四级，Lexi考七级，Lexi如果顺利过关就可以报名参加初级救生员。Lexi顺利通过了考试，而Nila虽然竭尽全力，却仍然落后其他人，并逐渐体力不支，面临危险。姐姐Lexi发现了这个情况，立即下水游向她，最终带她游出泳池。Lexi承诺下次会陪着妹妹一起完成四级考试，Nila也认为Lexi既是她的好姐姐，也一定会是一名优秀的救生员。
1. 段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“当Lexi观看时，Nila的头只简单地浸入水面一下就重新浮了出来。”可知，第一段可描写Nila体力不支、有危险，Lexi发现后下水救她。
②由第二段首句内容“就在那时，Nila感到有人用胳膊从后面抓住了她。”可知，第二段可描写Lexi是如何把Nila救出水面的，及获救后彼此的感受。
2.续写线索：发现危险——下水救人——Nila在水中挣扎——救出水面——彼此的感受——承诺
2. 词汇激活
情绪类
①恐慌的：panicky→scared
②极其重要的：critical→crucial/vital
行动类
③帮助：help→aid
④陪伴某人：keep sb company→accompany sb
⑤迅速地：quickly→rapidly
【典型句式】
[高分句型1] Panicky, she felt as if she had been swimming for hours.（运用了以as if 引导的表语从句，并运用了虚拟语气）
[高分句型2] Much to her surprise, it was at the critical moment that Lexi came to her aid!（运用了强调句）
[高分句型3] If only someone would see she was too tired to keep going. （运用了以if only引导的条件状语从句，及省略连词that的宾语从句）
2．【参考范文】
Luckily, I felt a pat on my shoulder and a gentle voice came, “Are you lost”? “Yeeesss!” I cried. It was a lady working at Disney. She picked me up and carried me through the crowd as she kept asking me where my parents had been standing. As I began to feel safe in the lady’s arms, I calmed down and thought for a few minutes. I remembered we had been leaning against a wooden fence. She carried me around the wooden fence, asking random people, “Is this your child?” “No. Sorry,” everyone kept saying. You’re sorry? Look at me. I’m looking for my mommy, I thought.
Finally, through the crowd of people, I recognized a face. I was so happy. “Mommy!” I shouted as I pointed toward her so the lady could carry me to her. When the lady put me down, I ran to my mom and gave her a huge hug. I couldn’t let go of her. I didn’t want to lose her again. As I cried in my mother’s arms, my family thanked the nice lady for everything she had done for me. For the rest of the evening and the entire next day, I was more concerned with making sure that my parents were within my sight at all times than I was with seeing the sights at Disneyland. I look back at these memories and laugh at myself, but to this day, I always make sure to tell someone where I am going before I run off.
【写作解析】本篇书面表达为读后续写，文章讲述了作者一次难忘的经历。作者跟家人去迪士尼游玩，没告诉家人的情况下跟着姐姐们去卫生间，结果与家人走散。作者哭着到处找家人，但是大家都沉浸在烟火表演中。就在作者无助时，有人发现了与家人走散的作者，并带着作者找到了家人。
1. 段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“幸运的是，我感到有人拍了拍我的肩膀，一个温柔的声音传来：‘你迷路了吗?’”可知，第一段可描写有人发现作者与家人走散，并带着作者去找家人。
②由第二段首句内容“最后，在人群中，我认出了一张脸。”可知，第二段可描写作者找到了家人，家人表示感谢。
2. 续写线索：询问情况——帮助找家人——找到家人——感谢——感悟
3. 词汇激活
行为类
①镇定下来：calm down/compose oneself
②跑向某人：run to sb/rush to sb
③拥抱：gave sb a hug/hug sb/embrace sb
情绪类
①高兴：happy/delighted
②感谢：thank/show appreciation/show gratitude/be grateful
【典型句式】
【高分句型1】She picked me up and carried me through the crowd as she kept asking me where my parents had been standing. （运用了as引导的时间状语从句和where引导的宾语从句）
【高分句型2】As I cried in my mother’s arms, my family thanked the nice lady for everything she had done for me.（运用as引导的时间状语从句和省略that的限制性定语从句）
3．【参考范文】
Without hesitation, Andy jumped off his bike and dived into the cool water. After holding his breath for as long as he could, Andy came up for air and noticed the bees had gone. Dragging himself out of the dam, he struggled up the hilly slope and rang the doorbell. Mr. Nelson happened to be home and seeing the tired and wet boy, the owner took him inside. After knowing what Andy had experienced, he praised the boy and rang his mother.
In no time, his mother appeared in front of him. Seeing Andy, his mother anxiously asked whether he was injured. Andy answered it was the dam that saved him. His mother laughed with relief and said he really needed that fishing break to help him recover. But Andy did not hear her. He was thinking his father’s words “When you are in a tight situation, don’t panic.” And he realized how important it was to listen to parents.
【写作解析】本文以故事的发展为线索展开，讲述了作者在上学的路上遇到蜜蜂袭击，在这种紧急状况下，作者想起了父亲的话“当你在一个紧张的情况下，不要恐慌，动动脑筋，想办法解决问题。”，最终作者成功脱险的故事。
1. 段落续写:
①由第一段首句内容“安迪毫不犹豫地跳下自行车，跳入清凉的水中。”可知，第一段可描写作者通过水坝避开了蜜蜂。
②由第二段首句内容“不一会儿，他的妈妈出现在他面前。”可知，第二段可描写母亲对作者的安慰以及作者的感悟。
2. 续写线索：找到避险地点——避险——避险成功——给母亲讲述过程——感悟
3. 词汇激活
行为类
努力：struggle/strive
表扬：praise/admiration/commendation
认识到：realize/understand/comprehend
情绪类
焦急地：anxiously/restlessly/uneasily
如释重负：relief/release/liberation
【典型句式】
[高分句型1]After holding his breath for as long as he could, Andy came up for air and noticed the bees had gone.(as long as引导的状语从句)
[高分句型2]Seeing Andy, his mother anxiously asked whether he was injured.(whether引导的宾语从句)
4．【参考范文】
He was about to leave when his three friends surrounded him. “Not now, guys. I’m leaving. Quit it,” he begged. He thought they had come to laugh at him again, but to his shock, they took off their hats, and their heads were shaved clean. “WHAT? Why did you guys shave your heads?” Ryder was startled. “What’s going on?” As it turned out, the boys saw his sign about his mother, and they were moved by it. They felt guilty for picking fun at him.
“Ryder, please take this as well,” he heard a parent calling him. He turned around and saw a group of his friends’ parents approaching him. They contributed more money, and Ryder had approximately $11,000 with him in no time. He was so moved and thanked everyone for their heartwarming gesture. “Don’t thank us, Ryder. We should thank you for helping us realize our mistake. A person is not to be judged by appearance. Thanks for helping us understand that even a small act of kindness can make a huge difference in someone’s life.”
【写作解析】本文以人物为线索展开。莱德看见妈妈因为支付不起化疗的费用在哭泣的时候，他随即把自己的存钱罐敲碎，取出了所有的存款给妈妈。这个举动让妈妈很感动，妈妈告诉他这些钱不够。莱德听后很伤心。看到自己的妈妈因为化疗而失去了美丽的长发，为了在情绪上能支持妈妈，莱德拿起电动剃须刀把自己的头发剃光。在学习组织的操场集市上，莱德戴着帽子，他提着两个装着一些他最喜欢的玩具、书籍和一些他回收的工艺品的袋子，打算在集市上出售。看着其他的同学相继开始出售他们的物品，莱德想到了一个用笔和纸做一个标语：帮助我的妈妈战胜癌症。在操场集市即将结束的时候，赖德成功地卖出了他的大部分物品。
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“他正要离开，这时他的三个朋友包围了他。”可知，第一段可描写三位朋友到来的原因：他们三位看到莱德的标语后为他们嘲笑莱德而感到羞愧，同时他们三人也剃光了自己的头发来作为对莱德的支持。
②由第二段首句内容““莱德，请把这个也拿走,”他听到一位家长在叫他。”可知，第二段可描写莱德转过身发现一群朋友的家长朝他走来，同时给他捐了许多钱。莱德对此很感动并感谢大家的帮忙。而大家则认为是莱德让他们意识到了他们的错误：一个人不能以貌取人。即使是一个小小的善举也能给一个人的生活带来巨大的改变。
2.续写线索：
三个朋友包围莱德——摘下帽子，展示光头——说明原因——家长喊莱德——走近莱德——捐钱——莱德感动——家长们的回应——感悟
3.词汇激活
行为类
①祈求：beg/ask for/pray/claim/require
②嘲笑：laugh at/make fun of/deride/mock/tease
③走近：approach/get close to/walk towards
情绪类
①感动的：moved/touched/bring to tears
②感谢：showing his appreciation/show his gratitude/be grateful
【典型句式】
【高分句型1】
He thought they had come to laugh at him again,...（运用了省略引导词that的宾语从句）
【高分句型2】
Thanks for helping us understand that even a small act of kindness can make a huge difference in someone’s life.（运用了that引导的宾语从句）
5．【参考范文】
Suddenly the poor animal set up a shrill howl, and threw himself out of the water. “A shark ! A shark !” sounded from the boat to the ship. Bobby swam right and left, and dived and made sharp turns, showing his teeth, and never allowing the shark time to turn on his back, without doing which the monster could bite him. Poor Bobby swam and dodged (躲闪), till he was almost tired out.“Stop rowing,” cried the officer to the men “and turn the boat back.”
Just at that moment the shark, which had got very close to the dog, turned on his back and opened his horrid mouth! Bobby was all but gone. His master, the officer rose, pointed his gun, and fired. In a moment the water was tinged with blood: the horrid jaws of the shark were shattered to pieces! The men then rowed to the spot where Bobby was swimming about. The officer pulled the dog into the boat; the child threw his little arms around him; and the men in the boat, and the sailors in the ship, cried out with joy!
【写作解析】本文以人物和狗为线索展开，讲述了一只叫Bobby的纽芬兰犬跟随主人军官夫妇和他们的儿子登上一艘前往中国的船，孩子因为船的震动掉进了海里，Bobby也跳进海里，众人坐上小船去搜救，但因为天黑放弃了，这时Bobby将小主人救了出来的故事。
1.段落续写
①由第一段首句内容“突然，这只可怜的动物发出一声尖锐的嚎叫，从水里跳了出来”可知，水里应该发生了一些异样，第一段要写清楚水里发生了什么事情。
②由第二段首句内容“就在这时，那条已经离狗很近的鲨鱼转过身来，张开了可怕的嘴巴！”可知，第二段要写Bobby如何脱险的。
2.续写线索：哀嚎——发现鲨鱼——躲避危险——Bobby遇险——营救Bobby
3.词汇激活
行为类
①躲闪：dodge/evade/get out of the way
②停下：stop/cease
③哭泣：cry/ weep/sob
情绪类
①激动：excite/thrill
②开心的：happy/delighted
【典型句式】
【高分句型1】Bobby swam right and left, and dived and made sharp turns, showing his teeth, and never allowing the shark time to turn on his back, without doing which the monster could bite him. (现在分词showing做伴随状语和which引导的非限制性定语从句)
【高分句型2】The men then rowed to the spot where Bobby was swimming about.(where引导的定语从句)