还剩18页未读，
继续阅读
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练
展开
这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共21页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Vertical farming isn’t actually a very new concept. The idea has existed since at least the 1950s. However, it was only recently that we began to seriously explore the idea, and put it forward as a solution to the world food crisis.
So what has vertical farming got going for it? At present, over 80 per cent of the world’s land that is suitable for farming is already being used. In order to grow enough food to feed the nine billion people that will be living on our planet in the middle of the 21 century, we’ll need TEN million more square kilometres of land - that’s an area 20 per cent bigger than Brazil!
The building used for vertical farming won’t take up much space because they are tail - they’re skyscrapers. They can be built in the middle of cities, where all the people are. The food would be on people’s doorsteps, almost literally, so transport costs are minimal. That’s great for helping to combat global warming and climate change.
Another advantage is that all food could be grown organically. The crops would need less water than traditional ones because all the water is recycled. All the nutrients are recycled too. The only thing that actually leaves the building is the produce, the food.
Vertical farming would create jobs too. Imagine the small businesses that would spring up around these farms - for packaging, distribution, catering, and so on - they would employ thousands of people.
Where is it likely to happen? Who will benefit most from it? First and foremost, countries that don’t have agriculture: cold countries, like Greenland and Iceland, and hot, desert countries, like Saudi Arabia. You would have sealed buildings in these places with an artificial climate - artificially warm in Iceland, artificially cool in a hot country.
The social benefits are amazing and everybody gets good, healthy food. People have reacted really well to this idea - I think the idea is about to develop into reality.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
Say Thanks
If writing thank-you letters is a task you readily dismiss, you aren’t alone. However, saying thanks could be the best gift you can give, to yourself and others.
The benefits of gratitude have long been championed in philosophical thinking. In recent years, the science has been catching up: it shows that people who feel most grateful generally get a psychological boost (促进) as a result. They also have greater life satisfaction, fewer visits to the doctor and better sleep. This has led to gratitude being a part of our culture, inspiring an explosion of gratitude journals, in which you record things you are thankful for. It has also led to renewed interest in the neuroscience and psychology of gratitude.
However, the benefits of actually expressing this gratitude have received less attention. Now evidence is piling up that shows turning our inner gratitude into action can make our lives even better.
For instance, a simple thank you can build relationships, even with strangers. Take people who have received a note of thanks for something they have done from a peer they don’t know. They are more likely to share their contact details with that person in an attempt to continue the relationship than people who receive a note that doesn’t contain thanks. A simple thank you seems to signal interpersonal warmth.
But the benefits go further than just strengthening social relationships, they can have an impact on health, too. A study of more than 200 nurses working in two Italian hospitals found that gratitude expressed by patients could protect nurses from burnout. That was especially so in the emergency room, where personal interactions with patients are typically shorter and less rewarding. This positive feedback from patients reduced feelings of exhaustion among nurses, says Mara Martini at the University of Turin, who carried out the work.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
School is a great new adventure for most children, and play is one of the keys to working out how to get along with others and how to fit in. It’s also central to your child’s overall development.
Your child will grow and develop a lot at 6～9 years. You can help this process just by playing with your child.
For example, play and games with simple rules can help your child get used to the more formal learning structures that he or she’ll experience at school. This kind of play also teaches your child about taking turns, which is important for making and keeping friends.
At this age, your child might develop new hobbies and interests through play. For example, your child might start to read more and really enjoy books and magazines about things that interest him — motorbikes, horses and more. These kinds of activities encourage your child to keep following his own interests and learn for himself.
When it comes to play and your school-age child, keep the focus on having a good time, rather than on learning. Let your child take the lead with play and learn some experiences naturally when play is fun.
Even though your child will probably enjoy the new adventure of school, he’ll still need your guidance and support to deal with any worries or concerns that come up. Playing with your child will help keep the lines of communication open.
Playing with your child can keep you close, especially as your child gets older and starts to enjoy being independent. By nine years, your child might have formed special friendships with one or two other children, probably of the same gender. These friends might be very important to your school-age child but your child still needs you, your support and love. Playing with your child — like kicking a footy in the backyard or cooking together — can help to strengthen your relationship.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The dangers of safety
Travelling by road is widely accepted as being the most dangerous way to travel with far more deaths per kilometer than rail, sea or air. In fact, while road traffic injuries represent about 25% of worldwide injury-related deaths, deaths on the road in the UK have been decreasing for some time. We take a look at why the number is decreasing, but why it seems impossible to avoid deaths completely.
Over the years, different methods of reducing the number of crashes have been tried. The Locomotive and Highways Act of 1865 introduced the idea of speed limits to the motoring world. Since then, more and more ways of controlling the behaviour of drivers have been introduced such as one-way streets and traffic signals as well as compulsory driver testing and licensing. These days, there are many more methods of enforcement, including speed cameras and fines for breaking motor laws.
Another solution is to make cars themselves safer in case of an accident. This means the main focus has been on passive safety or crash survival rather than active safety or avoiding crashes. There are many innovations by motor manufacturers, which have made cars safer, such as seat belts, anti-lock brakes and airbags. These improvements have tended to make the driver feel more in control and isolated him/her from the fast-moving and dangerous environment outside the car. It seems strange that as improvements have been made the number of crashes continues to increase.
Actually, it is wrong to talk about safe and dangerous cars in this way. The key to this problem is not actually the car, but the driver. In fact, making drivers feel safer is not the solution to the problem, but it is the cause of the problem. As drivers feel safer, it encourages them to drive aggressively and to ignore other road users and therefore increases the number of crashes
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Don’t judge a book by its cover
“Don’t judge a book by its cover,” the old saying goes. Unfortunately, as a teenager, that is often exactly what you do to yourself. Dark thoughts about your physical appearance can hang over you all the time like a rain cloud. Do I look fat in these jeans? Do others think I am too short? What are the causes behind them?
Standards of beauty in the media can have a big influence on what you think of your physical appearance. Teens who try to copy the looks of their favourite stars are fighting a losing battle—these standards are simply impossible for most of the population to live up to. They will only end up feeling worse about themselves. Your friends also influence the way you view your physical appearance. If you have friends who are good-looking or have a great fashion sense, it can feel like you are living in their shadow.
These external influences are always present, but there are certainly ways to deal with them. First of all, be careful not to follow popular beauty standards blindly. They are out of reach for 99% of us, so it is better to just forget about them. Another tip is to remind yourself that you are unique. Everyone has their own talents—you may be good at painting or playing the piano, so take pride in things you do well instead of worrying about things you cannot change. Focusing on your strengths helps you build your confidence.
Finally, it is a good idea to try to direct your attention away from negative thoughts. To achieve this, you should do something you enjoy. Read a book you like, or take part in a social activity, like playing a ball game with your friends. These things can help you take your mind off matters that worry you and make you feel good about yourself.
If you can learn to see the good things about yourself—your individuality, your value to others, your achievements—you will soon begin to love yourself just the way you are.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6．Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.
Why true happiness isn't about being happy all the time
Over the past two decades, the positive psychology movement has brightened up psychological rescarch with its science of happiness and human potential. It argues that psychologists should not only investigate mental illness but also what makes life worth living.
The founding father of positive psychology, Martin Seligman, describes happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions, such as joy, excitement and satisfaction, combined with deeper feelings of meaning and purpose. It implies a positive attitude in the present and an optimistic outlook for the future. Importantly, happiness experts have argued that happiness is not a stable ,unchangeable feature but something flexible that we can work on and eventually strive towards.
Recent research indicates that psychological flexibility is the key to greater happiness and well-being.For example,being open to emotional experiences and the ability to endure periods of discomfort can allow us to move towards a richer, more meaningful existence. Studies have also demonstrated that the way we respond to the circumstances of our lives has more influence on our happiness than the events themselves. Experiencing stress, sadness and anxiety in the short term doesn't mean we can't be happy in the long term. Putting up with sorrow can make us tougher and lead us to take action in our lives, such as changing jobs or overcoming hardship. Often when people have faced difficulty, illness or loss, they describe their lives as happier and more meaningful as a result.
Unlike feeling happy, which is a temporary state, leading a happier life is about individual growth through finding meaning. It is about accepting our humanity with all its ups and downs, enjoying the positive emotions, and making use of painful feelings in order to reach our full potential.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7．Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated.Use your own words as far as possible.
Scrolling through your WeChat moments, you came across a post saying: “I just got accepted to Harvard AND Oxford! Are they sure they didn't mix my applications up with somebody else?!" This person is clearly humblebragging. The term“humblebrag'"was first coined to describe when someone makes a seemingly modest statement, but the actual purpose is to bring attention to something they are proud of.
Although those who humblebrag think it will make them more likable because they aren't loudly boasting about their triumphs,a study published in the Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology showed that humblebragging actually has the opposite effect. "Humblebragging backfires because it seems very fake. That 'woe is me' attitude combined with self-promotion does not lead to a favorable impression,"said Ovul Sezer,the lead author of the study."Even simply bragging or complaining is better, because at least those messages are seen as more sincere."
Sezer's study also found that nearly 60 percent of humblebrags were complaint-based humblebragging, with most people humblebragging about their looks, followed by their money or wealth, and finally about their performance at work.“It's such a common phenomenon. All of us know some people in our lives, whether in social media or in the workplace, who do this annoying thing,"commented Sezer, adding that we all do it to some extent.
So, if you want to share your achievements with others, what's the best way to do it then? Sezer suggests that people“own their self-promotion and reap the rewards of being sincere". She also suggested finding a wingman:"If someone brags for you,that's the best thing that can happen to you, because then you don't seem like you're bragging.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
A Beautiful Past
Historian John Ellis has met some trouble and become a hot public talking topic these days. Even before he became a best-selling author, he was famous for his vivid public lectures. In his popular courses at Mount Holyoka College in Massachusetts, he would often make classroom discussion lively by describing his own fighting experiences in Vietnam. But as Ellis's reputation grew—his books on the Founding Fathers won both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize—the history professor began to entertain local and national reporters with his memories of war. Last year, after The Boston Globe reported Ellis's experiences in the Vietnam war, someone who knew the truth about Ellis dropped a dime (告密). Last week The Boston Globe revealed that Ellis, famous for explaining the nation's history, had some explaining to do about his own past.
“Even in the best of lives, mistakes are made,” said Ellis. It turned out that while the historian had served in the Amy, he'd spent his war years not in the jungles of Southeast Asia, but teaching history at West Point. He'd also overstated his role in the antiwar movement and even his high-school athletic records. His admission shocked colleagues, fellow historians and students who wondered why someone so successful would beautify his past. But it seems that success and truthfulness don't always go hand in hand. Even among the successful achievers, security experts say, one in ten is deceiving. And, oddly, people often beautify their past once they're famous, says Ernest Brod of Krol Associates, which has conducted thousands of background checks.
Then what makes them do is? Psychologists say some people succeed, at least in part, because they are uniquely adjusted to the expectations of others. And no matter how well-known, those people can be haunted (萦绕) by a sense of their own shortcomings. “From outside, these people look anything but fragile (脆弱的),” says Dennis Shulman, a psychoanalyst. “But inside, they feel afraid and uncertain.”
9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. If a law requires companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths of their normal pay, it will benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.
For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it will reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees start working fewer hours, some of their workload will have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who go on an 80 percent week, a new employee can be hired at the 80 percent rate.
Besides, the shortened workweek will increase company profits because employees will feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they will make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work will be accomplished will not result in additional pay the company has to prepare for these people, because four-day employees will only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies will have fewer overlooked and error-prone (容易出错的) employees for the same money, which will increase company profits.
Finally, the option of a four-day workweek will be better for individual employees. Employees who can afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time can improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.
10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
New look on the Museum
Museums have changed. They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days.
At a science museum in Ontario, Canada you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, you can look at 17 century instruments while listening to their music. At the Modern Museum in Sweden, you can put on costumes provided by the Stockholm Opera. As these examples show, museums are reaching out to new audiences, particularly the young, the poor and the less educated members of the population. As a result, attendance is interesting.
Many museums have changed in appearance. Some old, gray museums have been rebuilt, and the newer ones are open and modern in their architecture. Inside, there is modern lighting, color, and sound. Instead of displaying everything they own, museum directors show fewer objects and leave open spaces where visitor can gather and sit down. They also bring together in one display a group of objects drawn drawn from various parts of the museum to represent the whole lifestyle of region or a historical period. In one room, for instance, you may find materials, clothing, tools, cooking pots, furniture, and art works of a particular place and time.
More and more museum directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing. In many science museums, for example, there are no guided tours. The visitor is encouraged to touch, listen, operate, and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science. The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to the best advantage.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1．Vertical farming was restudied recently to solve the world food crisis due to its three advantages. First of all, it doesn’t need much space. Besides, it can not only use recycled water with nutrients to grow organically but also provide job opportunities. It’s of great benefit to countries without agriculture and has gained support from people.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。虽然垂直农业这一概念早在20世纪50年代就有了，但人们近期才开始探索它，认为它是解决世界粮食危机的一个解决方案，因其有三个优势：占用空间少，食物有机，创造工作机会。该模式对于没有农业的国家最为受益。人们对此的反响很好。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
① Vertical farming isn’t actually a very new concept.
② The building used for vertical farming won’t take up much space because they are tail - they’re skyscrapers.
③ Another advantage is that all food could be grown organically.
④ Vertical farming would create jobs too.
⑤ Where is it likely to happen? Who will benefit most from it?
⑥ People have reacted really well to this idea.
2.缜密构思
第1个要点引出垂直农业这个概念，第2、3、4个要点指出了垂直农业的好处。第5个要点引出受益群体。最后一个要点说明人们的反应。
3.遣词造句
Vertical farming was restudied recently to solve the world food crisis due to its three advantages.
First of all, it doesn’t need much space.
Besides, it can not only use recycled water with nutrients to grow organically but also provide job opportunities.
It’s of great benefit to countries without agriculture and has gained support from people..
【点睛】[高分句型1] Besides, it can not only use recycled water with nutrients to grow organically but also provide job opportunities. 运用not only…but also…连接并列结构对第四、第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
[高分句型2]：It’s of great benefit to countries without agriculture and has gained support from people.运用了be+of+名词的结构来代替形容词，表达非常高级。
2．
Gratitude has long been revered by philosophical thinking, and in recent years the physical and psychological benefits of gratitude have sparked renewed interest in neuroscience and the psychology of gratitude. But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action. Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，感恩一直被哲学思考所推崇，近年来感恩所带来的身体和心理上的益处重新激发了人们对神经科学和感恩心理学的兴趣。但现在越来越多的证据表明，感恩可以将我们内心的感激转化为行动，它不仅仅加强社会关系，传递出人际间的温暖，还可以对健康产生影响，让我们的生活变得更好。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①In recent years, the science has been catching up: it shows that people who feel most grateful generally get a psychological boost as a result.
②Now evidence is piling up that shows turning our inner gratitude into action can make our lives even better.
③ A simple thank you seems to signal interpersonal warmth.
④But the benefits go further than just strengthening social relationships, they can have an impact on health, too.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Gratitude has long been revered by philosophical thinking, and in recent years the physical and psychological benefits of gratitude have sparked renewed interest in neuroscience and the psychology of gratitude.
But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action.
Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.
【点睛】[高分句型1] But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action. 运用了同位语从句。
[高分句型2]：Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.运用倒装句强调感恩所带来的好处，同时使用which引导的非现制定语从句突出对生活产生的积极影响，表达复杂和高级。
3．Play can help your child to get on well with others, which is a centre of your child completely. Therefore, you should help your child to form the habit of obeying rules. In addition, your child can enlarge hobbies and interests by play. At last, you may make your child take the lead while playing, but your child still needs your guidance and support even if they are independent.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，玩耍可以帮助孩子与他人和睦相处，这是孩子完全的中心。因此，你应该帮助你的孩子养成遵守规则的习惯。此外，孩子还可以通过玩耍扩大兴趣爱好。最后，你可以让孩子在玩耍时发挥主导作用，但孩子即使独立了，也需要你的引导和支持。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①School is a great new adventure for most children, and play is one of the keys to working out how to get along with others and how to fit in.
②For example, play and games with simple rules can help your child get used to the more formal learning structures that he or she’ll experience at school.
③At this age, your child might develop new hobbies and interests through play. Even though your child will probably enjoy the new adventure of school, he’ll still need your guidance and support to deal with any worries or concerns that come up.
④Let your child take the lead with play and learn some experiences naturally when play is fun.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Play can help your child to get on well with others, which is a centre of your child completely.
Therefore, you should help your child to form the habit of obeying rules.
In addition, your child can enlarge hobbies and interests by play.
At last, you may make your child take the lead while playing, but your child still needs your guidance and support even if they are independent.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Play can help your child to get on well with others, which is a centre of your child completely.运用which引导非限制性定语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] At last, you may make your child take the lead while playing, but your child still needs your guidance and support even if they are independent.用并列句对倒数第三段和倒数第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
4．Deaths on the road in the UK have been decreasing. The reason is that different methods of reducing the number of crashes have been tried. Lots of laws have been implemented to control drivers’ behaviors; meanwhile, solutions were also adopted to make cars safer. However, the key to reducing deaths on the road is not the car, but the driver.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了英国道路死亡人数减少的原因和造成死亡的关键因素。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①In fact, while road traffic injuries represent about 25% of worldwide injury-related deaths, deaths on the road in the UK have been decreasing for some time. We take a look at why the number is decreasing, but why it seems impossible to avoid deaths completely.
②Over the years, different methods of reducing the number of crashes have been tried.
③The Locomotive and Highways Act of 1865 introduced the idea of speed limits to the motoring world. Since then, more and more ways of controlling the behaviour of drivers have been introduced such as one-way streets and traffic signals. as well as compulsory driver testing and licensing.
④Another solution is to make cars themselves safer in case of an accident.
⑤Actually, it is wrong to talk about safe and dangerous cars in this way. The key to this problem is not actually the car, but the driver.
2.缜密构思
将第①个要点进行重组作为导入，将第②个要点进行重组作为总说，将第③、④两个要点进行整合，将第⑤进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Deaths on the road in the UK have been decreasing.
The reason is different methods of reducing the number of crashes have been tried.
Lots of laws have been implemented to control drivers’ behaviors; meanwhile, solutions were also adopted to make cars safer.
However, the key to reducing deaths on the road is not the car, but the driver.
【点睛】[高分句型1]: The reason is that different methods of reducing the number of crashes have been tried. 运用省略that的表语从句对原文进行概括。
[高分句型2]: Lots of laws have been implemented to control drivers’ behaviors; meanwhile, solutions were also adopted to make cars safer. 运用动词不定式作目的状语；对第③、④进行整合。
5．One possible version:
Teenagers may have negative thoughts on their physical appearance, which may come from standards of beauty in the media or your friends. To deal with them, you should remember not to follow beauty standards blindly. You can focus on your own talents to gain confidence and do things you enjoy to take your mind off those thoughts.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，青少年往往受到关于外表的负面想法的影响，本文就如何减少这些影响提出了几点建议。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Dark thoughts about your physical appearance can hang over you all the time like a rain cloud.
②Standards of beauty in the media can have a big influence on what you think of your physical appearance.
③First of all, be careful not to follow popular beauty standards blindly.
④Everyone has their own talents—you may be good at painting or playing the piano, so take pride in things you do well instead of worrying about things you cannot change. Focusing on your strengths helps you build your confidence.
⑤Finally, it is a good idea to try to direct your attention away from negative thoughts. To achieve this, you should do something you enjoy.
2. 缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3个要点进行整合，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。
3. 遣词造句
Teenagers may have negative thoughts on their physical appearance, which may come from standards of beauty in the media or your friends. To deal with them, you should remember not to follow beauty standards blindly. You can focus on your own talents to gain confidence and do things you enjoy to take your mind off those thoughts.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Teenagers may have negative thoughts on their physical appearance, which may come from standards of beauty in the media or your friends.（运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句表达高级。）
[高分句型2] You can focus on your own talents to gain confidence and do things you enjoy to take your mind off those thoughts.（运用一个省略了关系代词that的主从复合句对倒数第二段进行了概括。其中that引导的限制性定语从句表达高级。）
6．Positive psychology mainly defines happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions, which means being positive now and optimistic about the future. However, happy experts think happiness is flexible and we can work hard for it. Recent research has confirmed that how we react to things matters more than things themselves. Therefore, individual growth and accepting humanity is the key to happier life.
【导语】本文是以一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了积极心理学主要将幸福定义为经历频繁的积极情绪，这意味着现在积极，对未来乐观。然而，快乐专家认为快乐是灵活的，我们可以为此努力。最近的研究证实，我们对事物的反应比事物本身更重要。因此，个人成长和接受人性是幸福生活的关键。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The positive psychology movement argues that psychologists should not only investigate mental illness but also what makes life worth living.
②The founding father of positive psychology describes happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions.
③Recent research indicates that psychological flexibility is the key to greater happiness and well-being.
④Leading a happier life is about individual growth through finding meaning. It is also about accepting our humanity.
2.缜密构思
将1.2两个要点进行重组，将第3.4要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Positive psychology mainly defines happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions, which means being positive now and optimistic about the future..
However, happy experts think happiness is flexible and we can work hard for it.
Recent research has confirmed that how we react to things matters more than things themselves.
Therefore, individual growth and accepting humanity is the key to happier life.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Positive psychology mainly defines happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions, which means being positive now and optimistic about the future.（运用了一个复杂的主从复合句对原文的第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中which引导了非限定性定语从句）
【高分句型2】Recent research has confirmed that how we react to things matters more than things themselves.（运用了that引导的宾语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级）
7．One possible version:
Humblebrag is used to describe a person who wants to draw attention to something they take pride in but makes a modest statement. However, a study suggests that it may cause other people to dislike him because it seems fake. Humblebrags are actually common in our life and most of them are complaint-based. If you want to brag, own the self-promotion or find a wingman.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了术语“humblebragging”的含义，Humblebrag用来描述一个人想要把别人的注意力吸引到自己引以为豪的事情上，但又很谦虚。然而，一项研究表明，这可能会导致其他人不喜欢他，因为这似乎是假的。谦虚的自夸其实在我们的生活中很常见，而且大多数都是基于抱怨。如果你想吹牛，那就自己推销自己，或者找个帮手。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The term“humblebrag”was first coined to describe when someone makes a seemingly modest statement, but the actual purpose is to bring attention to something they are proud of.
②Humblebragging backfires because it seems very fake.
③Sezer's study also found that nearly 60 percent of humblebrags were complaint-based humblebragging, with most people humblebragging about their looks, followed by their money orwealth, and finally about their performance at work.
④Sezer suggests that people“own their self-promotion and reap the rewards of being sincere”
⑤If someone brags for you,that's the best thing that can happen to you.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、3三个要点进行重组，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Humblebrag is used to describe someone who wants to bring attention to something they are proud of but makes a modest statement.
A study shows that it may make other people dislike him because it seems fake.
Humblebrags are actually popular in our life and most of them are complaint-based.
【点睛】[高分句型1.]Humblebrag is used to describe a person who wants to draw attention to something they take pride in but makes a modest statement. 运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中who引导定语从句，something后是省略了that的定语从句。
If you want to brag, own the self-promotion or find a wingman.用一个状语从句概括了第五段。其中if引导条件状语从句。
8．Celebrity John Ellis was popular because of his fighting experience in Vietnam and his own books. But recently The Boston Globe has revealed there might be some truth behind his story and he also admitted his overstatement. It triggered a wave of doubts about those successful people, who are use to beautifying their past. Psychologists say this phenomenon may result from their uncertainty and inner emptiness of themselves.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了名人约翰·埃利斯因为他在越南的战斗经历和他自己的书而受欢迎。 但最近，《波士顿环球报》透露，他的故事背后可能有一些真相，他也承认自己言过其实。 这引发了人们对那些习惯于美化自己过去的成功人士的怀疑。 心理学家说，这种现象可能是由于他们的不确定性和内心的空虚。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①In his popular courses at Mount Holyoka College in Massachusetts, he would often make classroom discussion lively by describing his own fighting experiences in Vietnam.
②Last week The Boston Globe revealed that Ellis, famous for explaining the nation's history, had some explaining to do about his own past.
③ It turned out that while the historian had served in the Amy, he'd spent his war years not in the jungles of Southeast Asia, but teaching history at West Point.
④He'd also overstated his role in the antiwar movement and even his high-school athletic records.
⑤Psychologists say some people succeed, at least in part, because they are uniquely adjusted to the expectations of others.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Celebrity John Ellis was popular because of his fighting experience in Vietnam and his own books.
But recently The Boston Globe has revealed there might be some truth behind his story and he also admitted his overstatement.
It triggered a wave of doubts about those successful people,who are use to beautifying their past.
Psychologists say this phenomenon may result from their uncertainty and inner emptiness of themselves.
【点睛】【高分句型1】It triggered a wave of doubts about those successful people,who are use to beautifying their past.(运用了who引导的非限制性定语从句)
【高分句型2】Psychologists say this phenomenon may result from their uncertainty and inner emptiness of themselves.(运用了省略引导词that的宾语从句)
9．Working for four days a week with less pay will be beneficial in three aspects. First, the country will have lower unemployment rates with more people at work. Second, companies can benefit without increasing pay-related costs because their employees are more energetic and alert with fewer errors. Finally, employees will have a better life quality with more free time.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章以一项新的工作制度“每周工作四天”为话题，讲述了该工作制度在三个层次能够带来的好处。如果员工可以每周工作四天，工资是正常工资的80%，这将有利于整个经济，也有利于个人公司和决定接受这一选择的员工。
【详解】1 要点摘录①If a law required companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay, it would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.
②For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it will reduce unemployment rates.
③The shortened workweek will increase company profits because employees will feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they will make fewer costly errors in their work.
④Employees who can afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time can improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.
2.缜密构思将每个要点进行简化重组。3.遣词造句
①Working for four days a week with less pay will be beneficial in three aspects.
②The country will have lower unemployment rates with more people at work.
③Companies can benefit without increasing pay-related costs because their employees are more energetic and alert with fewer errors.
④Employees have a better life quality with more free time.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Working for four days a week with less pay would be beneficial at three levels.(用一个简单句概括了第一段内容。“working for four days a week with less pay”为动名词作主语；用“in three aspects”对后文提及的三个方面“the economy as a whole”“the individual companies”以及“the employees”进行高度概括总结，表达比较高级)
[高分句型2] Second, companies can benefit without increasing pay-related costs because their employees are more energetic and alert with fewer errors. (用一个复杂的简单句概括了第三段内容。其中，“without doing”为伴随状语，because引导原因状语从句，用法比较高级)
10．As many have shown, museums have changed from a place where only few people visit into something that serve more for the young, the poor and the less educated. Besides more modern appearance and broader activity space, the way of displaying has also innovated. To help people learn and use science better, museums encourage people to get involved themselves.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，博物馆已经呈现了新面貌，即从一个很少有人参观的地方变成了一个为年轻人、穷人和受教育程度较低的人提供更多服务的地方。为了帮助人们更好地学习和使用科学，博物馆鼓励人们自己参与其中。
【详解】1 要点摘录①Museums have changed. They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days.
②Many museums have changed in appearance.
③More and more museum directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing.
④The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to the best advantage.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句As we all know, the museum is moving from a sacred place once only visited by the rich to a place now accessible to ordinary people.
In order to let people feel and experience science and technology, the museum has encouraged people to freely contact and discover the facilities of the museum content, and truly understand the charm of technology and scientific phenomena.
【点睛】[高分句型1] As many have shown, museums have changed from a place where only few people visit into something that serve more for the young, the poor and the less educated.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中where引导的定语从句为高级表达。
[高分句型2]：To help people learn and use science better, museums encourage people to get involved themselves.用不定式引导目的状语对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Vertical farming isn’t actually a very new concept. The idea has existed since at least the 1950s. However, it was only recently that we began to seriously explore the idea, and put it forward as a solution to the world food crisis.
So what has vertical farming got going for it? At present, over 80 per cent of the world’s land that is suitable for farming is already being used. In order to grow enough food to feed the nine billion people that will be living on our planet in the middle of the 21 century, we’ll need TEN million more square kilometres of land - that’s an area 20 per cent bigger than Brazil!
The building used for vertical farming won’t take up much space because they are tail - they’re skyscrapers. They can be built in the middle of cities, where all the people are. The food would be on people’s doorsteps, almost literally, so transport costs are minimal. That’s great for helping to combat global warming and climate change.
Another advantage is that all food could be grown organically. The crops would need less water than traditional ones because all the water is recycled. All the nutrients are recycled too. The only thing that actually leaves the building is the produce, the food.
Vertical farming would create jobs too. Imagine the small businesses that would spring up around these farms - for packaging, distribution, catering, and so on - they would employ thousands of people.
Where is it likely to happen? Who will benefit most from it? First and foremost, countries that don’t have agriculture: cold countries, like Greenland and Iceland, and hot, desert countries, like Saudi Arabia. You would have sealed buildings in these places with an artificial climate - artificially warm in Iceland, artificially cool in a hot country.
The social benefits are amazing and everybody gets good, healthy food. People have reacted really well to this idea - I think the idea is about to develop into reality.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.
Say Thanks
If writing thank-you letters is a task you readily dismiss, you aren’t alone. However, saying thanks could be the best gift you can give, to yourself and others.
The benefits of gratitude have long been championed in philosophical thinking. In recent years, the science has been catching up: it shows that people who feel most grateful generally get a psychological boost (促进) as a result. They also have greater life satisfaction, fewer visits to the doctor and better sleep. This has led to gratitude being a part of our culture, inspiring an explosion of gratitude journals, in which you record things you are thankful for. It has also led to renewed interest in the neuroscience and psychology of gratitude.
However, the benefits of actually expressing this gratitude have received less attention. Now evidence is piling up that shows turning our inner gratitude into action can make our lives even better.
For instance, a simple thank you can build relationships, even with strangers. Take people who have received a note of thanks for something they have done from a peer they don’t know. They are more likely to share their contact details with that person in an attempt to continue the relationship than people who receive a note that doesn’t contain thanks. A simple thank you seems to signal interpersonal warmth.
But the benefits go further than just strengthening social relationships, they can have an impact on health, too. A study of more than 200 nurses working in two Italian hospitals found that gratitude expressed by patients could protect nurses from burnout. That was especially so in the emergency room, where personal interactions with patients are typically shorter and less rewarding. This positive feedback from patients reduced feelings of exhaustion among nurses, says Mara Martini at the University of Turin, who carried out the work.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
School is a great new adventure for most children, and play is one of the keys to working out how to get along with others and how to fit in. It’s also central to your child’s overall development.
Your child will grow and develop a lot at 6～9 years. You can help this process just by playing with your child.
For example, play and games with simple rules can help your child get used to the more formal learning structures that he or she’ll experience at school. This kind of play also teaches your child about taking turns, which is important for making and keeping friends.
At this age, your child might develop new hobbies and interests through play. For example, your child might start to read more and really enjoy books and magazines about things that interest him — motorbikes, horses and more. These kinds of activities encourage your child to keep following his own interests and learn for himself.
When it comes to play and your school-age child, keep the focus on having a good time, rather than on learning. Let your child take the lead with play and learn some experiences naturally when play is fun.
Even though your child will probably enjoy the new adventure of school, he’ll still need your guidance and support to deal with any worries or concerns that come up. Playing with your child will help keep the lines of communication open.
Playing with your child can keep you close, especially as your child gets older and starts to enjoy being independent. By nine years, your child might have formed special friendships with one or two other children, probably of the same gender. These friends might be very important to your school-age child but your child still needs you, your support and love. Playing with your child — like kicking a footy in the backyard or cooking together — can help to strengthen your relationship.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The dangers of safety
Travelling by road is widely accepted as being the most dangerous way to travel with far more deaths per kilometer than rail, sea or air. In fact, while road traffic injuries represent about 25% of worldwide injury-related deaths, deaths on the road in the UK have been decreasing for some time. We take a look at why the number is decreasing, but why it seems impossible to avoid deaths completely.
Over the years, different methods of reducing the number of crashes have been tried. The Locomotive and Highways Act of 1865 introduced the idea of speed limits to the motoring world. Since then, more and more ways of controlling the behaviour of drivers have been introduced such as one-way streets and traffic signals as well as compulsory driver testing and licensing. These days, there are many more methods of enforcement, including speed cameras and fines for breaking motor laws.
Another solution is to make cars themselves safer in case of an accident. This means the main focus has been on passive safety or crash survival rather than active safety or avoiding crashes. There are many innovations by motor manufacturers, which have made cars safer, such as seat belts, anti-lock brakes and airbags. These improvements have tended to make the driver feel more in control and isolated him/her from the fast-moving and dangerous environment outside the car. It seems strange that as improvements have been made the number of crashes continues to increase.
Actually, it is wrong to talk about safe and dangerous cars in this way. The key to this problem is not actually the car, but the driver. In fact, making drivers feel safer is not the solution to the problem, but it is the cause of the problem. As drivers feel safer, it encourages them to drive aggressively and to ignore other road users and therefore increases the number of crashes
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Don’t judge a book by its cover
“Don’t judge a book by its cover,” the old saying goes. Unfortunately, as a teenager, that is often exactly what you do to yourself. Dark thoughts about your physical appearance can hang over you all the time like a rain cloud. Do I look fat in these jeans? Do others think I am too short? What are the causes behind them?
Standards of beauty in the media can have a big influence on what you think of your physical appearance. Teens who try to copy the looks of their favourite stars are fighting a losing battle—these standards are simply impossible for most of the population to live up to. They will only end up feeling worse about themselves. Your friends also influence the way you view your physical appearance. If you have friends who are good-looking or have a great fashion sense, it can feel like you are living in their shadow.
These external influences are always present, but there are certainly ways to deal with them. First of all, be careful not to follow popular beauty standards blindly. They are out of reach for 99% of us, so it is better to just forget about them. Another tip is to remind yourself that you are unique. Everyone has their own talents—you may be good at painting or playing the piano, so take pride in things you do well instead of worrying about things you cannot change. Focusing on your strengths helps you build your confidence.
Finally, it is a good idea to try to direct your attention away from negative thoughts. To achieve this, you should do something you enjoy. Read a book you like, or take part in a social activity, like playing a ball game with your friends. These things can help you take your mind off matters that worry you and make you feel good about yourself.
If you can learn to see the good things about yourself—your individuality, your value to others, your achievements—you will soon begin to love yourself just the way you are.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6．Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.
Why true happiness isn't about being happy all the time
Over the past two decades, the positive psychology movement has brightened up psychological rescarch with its science of happiness and human potential. It argues that psychologists should not only investigate mental illness but also what makes life worth living.
The founding father of positive psychology, Martin Seligman, describes happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions, such as joy, excitement and satisfaction, combined with deeper feelings of meaning and purpose. It implies a positive attitude in the present and an optimistic outlook for the future. Importantly, happiness experts have argued that happiness is not a stable ,unchangeable feature but something flexible that we can work on and eventually strive towards.
Recent research indicates that psychological flexibility is the key to greater happiness and well-being.For example,being open to emotional experiences and the ability to endure periods of discomfort can allow us to move towards a richer, more meaningful existence. Studies have also demonstrated that the way we respond to the circumstances of our lives has more influence on our happiness than the events themselves. Experiencing stress, sadness and anxiety in the short term doesn't mean we can't be happy in the long term. Putting up with sorrow can make us tougher and lead us to take action in our lives, such as changing jobs or overcoming hardship. Often when people have faced difficulty, illness or loss, they describe their lives as happier and more meaningful as a result.
Unlike feeling happy, which is a temporary state, leading a happier life is about individual growth through finding meaning. It is about accepting our humanity with all its ups and downs, enjoying the positive emotions, and making use of painful feelings in order to reach our full potential.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7．Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated.Use your own words as far as possible.
Scrolling through your WeChat moments, you came across a post saying: “I just got accepted to Harvard AND Oxford! Are they sure they didn't mix my applications up with somebody else?!" This person is clearly humblebragging. The term“humblebrag'"was first coined to describe when someone makes a seemingly modest statement, but the actual purpose is to bring attention to something they are proud of.
Although those who humblebrag think it will make them more likable because they aren't loudly boasting about their triumphs,a study published in the Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology showed that humblebragging actually has the opposite effect. "Humblebragging backfires because it seems very fake. That 'woe is me' attitude combined with self-promotion does not lead to a favorable impression,"said Ovul Sezer,the lead author of the study."Even simply bragging or complaining is better, because at least those messages are seen as more sincere."
Sezer's study also found that nearly 60 percent of humblebrags were complaint-based humblebragging, with most people humblebragging about their looks, followed by their money or wealth, and finally about their performance at work.“It's such a common phenomenon. All of us know some people in our lives, whether in social media or in the workplace, who do this annoying thing,"commented Sezer, adding that we all do it to some extent.
So, if you want to share your achievements with others, what's the best way to do it then? Sezer suggests that people“own their self-promotion and reap the rewards of being sincere". She also suggested finding a wingman:"If someone brags for you,that's the best thing that can happen to you, because then you don't seem like you're bragging.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
A Beautiful Past
Historian John Ellis has met some trouble and become a hot public talking topic these days. Even before he became a best-selling author, he was famous for his vivid public lectures. In his popular courses at Mount Holyoka College in Massachusetts, he would often make classroom discussion lively by describing his own fighting experiences in Vietnam. But as Ellis's reputation grew—his books on the Founding Fathers won both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize—the history professor began to entertain local and national reporters with his memories of war. Last year, after The Boston Globe reported Ellis's experiences in the Vietnam war, someone who knew the truth about Ellis dropped a dime (告密). Last week The Boston Globe revealed that Ellis, famous for explaining the nation's history, had some explaining to do about his own past.
“Even in the best of lives, mistakes are made,” said Ellis. It turned out that while the historian had served in the Amy, he'd spent his war years not in the jungles of Southeast Asia, but teaching history at West Point. He'd also overstated his role in the antiwar movement and even his high-school athletic records. His admission shocked colleagues, fellow historians and students who wondered why someone so successful would beautify his past. But it seems that success and truthfulness don't always go hand in hand. Even among the successful achievers, security experts say, one in ten is deceiving. And, oddly, people often beautify their past once they're famous, says Ernest Brod of Krol Associates, which has conducted thousands of background checks.
Then what makes them do is? Psychologists say some people succeed, at least in part, because they are uniquely adjusted to the expectations of others. And no matter how well-known, those people can be haunted (萦绕) by a sense of their own shortcomings. “From outside, these people look anything but fragile (脆弱的),” says Dennis Shulman, a psychoanalyst. “But inside, they feel afraid and uncertain.”
9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. If a law requires companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths of their normal pay, it will benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.
For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it will reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees start working fewer hours, some of their workload will have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who go on an 80 percent week, a new employee can be hired at the 80 percent rate.
Besides, the shortened workweek will increase company profits because employees will feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they will make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work will be accomplished will not result in additional pay the company has to prepare for these people, because four-day employees will only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies will have fewer overlooked and error-prone (容易出错的) employees for the same money, which will increase company profits.
Finally, the option of a four-day workweek will be better for individual employees. Employees who can afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time can improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.
10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
New look on the Museum
Museums have changed. They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days.
At a science museum in Ontario, Canada you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, you can look at 17 century instruments while listening to their music. At the Modern Museum in Sweden, you can put on costumes provided by the Stockholm Opera. As these examples show, museums are reaching out to new audiences, particularly the young, the poor and the less educated members of the population. As a result, attendance is interesting.
Many museums have changed in appearance. Some old, gray museums have been rebuilt, and the newer ones are open and modern in their architecture. Inside, there is modern lighting, color, and sound. Instead of displaying everything they own, museum directors show fewer objects and leave open spaces where visitor can gather and sit down. They also bring together in one display a group of objects drawn drawn from various parts of the museum to represent the whole lifestyle of region or a historical period. In one room, for instance, you may find materials, clothing, tools, cooking pots, furniture, and art works of a particular place and time.
More and more museum directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing. In many science museums, for example, there are no guided tours. The visitor is encouraged to touch, listen, operate, and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science. The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to the best advantage.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1．Vertical farming was restudied recently to solve the world food crisis due to its three advantages. First of all, it doesn’t need much space. Besides, it can not only use recycled water with nutrients to grow organically but also provide job opportunities. It’s of great benefit to countries without agriculture and has gained support from people.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。虽然垂直农业这一概念早在20世纪50年代就有了，但人们近期才开始探索它，认为它是解决世界粮食危机的一个解决方案，因其有三个优势：占用空间少，食物有机，创造工作机会。该模式对于没有农业的国家最为受益。人们对此的反响很好。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
① Vertical farming isn’t actually a very new concept.
② The building used for vertical farming won’t take up much space because they are tail - they’re skyscrapers.
③ Another advantage is that all food could be grown organically.
④ Vertical farming would create jobs too.
⑤ Where is it likely to happen? Who will benefit most from it?
⑥ People have reacted really well to this idea.
2.缜密构思
第1个要点引出垂直农业这个概念，第2、3、4个要点指出了垂直农业的好处。第5个要点引出受益群体。最后一个要点说明人们的反应。
3.遣词造句
Vertical farming was restudied recently to solve the world food crisis due to its three advantages.
First of all, it doesn’t need much space.
Besides, it can not only use recycled water with nutrients to grow organically but also provide job opportunities.
It’s of great benefit to countries without agriculture and has gained support from people..
【点睛】[高分句型1] Besides, it can not only use recycled water with nutrients to grow organically but also provide job opportunities. 运用not only…but also…连接并列结构对第四、第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
[高分句型2]：It’s of great benefit to countries without agriculture and has gained support from people.运用了be+of+名词的结构来代替形容词，表达非常高级。
2．
Gratitude has long been revered by philosophical thinking, and in recent years the physical and psychological benefits of gratitude have sparked renewed interest in neuroscience and the psychology of gratitude. But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action. Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，感恩一直被哲学思考所推崇，近年来感恩所带来的身体和心理上的益处重新激发了人们对神经科学和感恩心理学的兴趣。但现在越来越多的证据表明，感恩可以将我们内心的感激转化为行动，它不仅仅加强社会关系，传递出人际间的温暖，还可以对健康产生影响，让我们的生活变得更好。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①In recent years, the science has been catching up: it shows that people who feel most grateful generally get a psychological boost as a result.
②Now evidence is piling up that shows turning our inner gratitude into action can make our lives even better.
③ A simple thank you seems to signal interpersonal warmth.
④But the benefits go further than just strengthening social relationships, they can have an impact on health, too.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Gratitude has long been revered by philosophical thinking, and in recent years the physical and psychological benefits of gratitude have sparked renewed interest in neuroscience and the psychology of gratitude.
But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action.
Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.
【点睛】[高分句型1] But now there is growing evidence that gratitude can turn our inner gratitude into action. 运用了同位语从句。
[高分句型2]：Not only can it strengthen social relationships and transmit interpersonal warmth, but also it can have an positive impact on our health, which is bound to make our life better.运用倒装句强调感恩所带来的好处，同时使用which引导的非现制定语从句突出对生活产生的积极影响，表达复杂和高级。
3．Play can help your child to get on well with others, which is a centre of your child completely. Therefore, you should help your child to form the habit of obeying rules. In addition, your child can enlarge hobbies and interests by play. At last, you may make your child take the lead while playing, but your child still needs your guidance and support even if they are independent.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，玩耍可以帮助孩子与他人和睦相处，这是孩子完全的中心。因此，你应该帮助你的孩子养成遵守规则的习惯。此外，孩子还可以通过玩耍扩大兴趣爱好。最后，你可以让孩子在玩耍时发挥主导作用，但孩子即使独立了，也需要你的引导和支持。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①School is a great new adventure for most children, and play is one of the keys to working out how to get along with others and how to fit in.
②For example, play and games with simple rules can help your child get used to the more formal learning structures that he or she’ll experience at school.
③At this age, your child might develop new hobbies and interests through play. Even though your child will probably enjoy the new adventure of school, he’ll still need your guidance and support to deal with any worries or concerns that come up.
④Let your child take the lead with play and learn some experiences naturally when play is fun.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Play can help your child to get on well with others, which is a centre of your child completely.
Therefore, you should help your child to form the habit of obeying rules.
In addition, your child can enlarge hobbies and interests by play.
At last, you may make your child take the lead while playing, but your child still needs your guidance and support even if they are independent.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Play can help your child to get on well with others, which is a centre of your child completely.运用which引导非限制性定语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] At last, you may make your child take the lead while playing, but your child still needs your guidance and support even if they are independent.用并列句对倒数第三段和倒数第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
4．Deaths on the road in the UK have been decreasing. The reason is that different methods of reducing the number of crashes have been tried. Lots of laws have been implemented to control drivers’ behaviors; meanwhile, solutions were also adopted to make cars safer. However, the key to reducing deaths on the road is not the car, but the driver.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了英国道路死亡人数减少的原因和造成死亡的关键因素。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①In fact, while road traffic injuries represent about 25% of worldwide injury-related deaths, deaths on the road in the UK have been decreasing for some time. We take a look at why the number is decreasing, but why it seems impossible to avoid deaths completely.
②Over the years, different methods of reducing the number of crashes have been tried.
③The Locomotive and Highways Act of 1865 introduced the idea of speed limits to the motoring world. Since then, more and more ways of controlling the behaviour of drivers have been introduced such as one-way streets and traffic signals. as well as compulsory driver testing and licensing.
④Another solution is to make cars themselves safer in case of an accident.
⑤Actually, it is wrong to talk about safe and dangerous cars in this way. The key to this problem is not actually the car, but the driver.
2.缜密构思
将第①个要点进行重组作为导入，将第②个要点进行重组作为总说，将第③、④两个要点进行整合，将第⑤进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Deaths on the road in the UK have been decreasing.
The reason is different methods of reducing the number of crashes have been tried.
Lots of laws have been implemented to control drivers’ behaviors; meanwhile, solutions were also adopted to make cars safer.
However, the key to reducing deaths on the road is not the car, but the driver.
【点睛】[高分句型1]: The reason is that different methods of reducing the number of crashes have been tried. 运用省略that的表语从句对原文进行概括。
[高分句型2]: Lots of laws have been implemented to control drivers’ behaviors; meanwhile, solutions were also adopted to make cars safer. 运用动词不定式作目的状语；对第③、④进行整合。
5．One possible version:
Teenagers may have negative thoughts on their physical appearance, which may come from standards of beauty in the media or your friends. To deal with them, you should remember not to follow beauty standards blindly. You can focus on your own talents to gain confidence and do things you enjoy to take your mind off those thoughts.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，青少年往往受到关于外表的负面想法的影响，本文就如何减少这些影响提出了几点建议。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Dark thoughts about your physical appearance can hang over you all the time like a rain cloud.
②Standards of beauty in the media can have a big influence on what you think of your physical appearance.
③First of all, be careful not to follow popular beauty standards blindly.
④Everyone has their own talents—you may be good at painting or playing the piano, so take pride in things you do well instead of worrying about things you cannot change. Focusing on your strengths helps you build your confidence.
⑤Finally, it is a good idea to try to direct your attention away from negative thoughts. To achieve this, you should do something you enjoy.
2. 缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3个要点进行整合，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。
3. 遣词造句
Teenagers may have negative thoughts on their physical appearance, which may come from standards of beauty in the media or your friends. To deal with them, you should remember not to follow beauty standards blindly. You can focus on your own talents to gain confidence and do things you enjoy to take your mind off those thoughts.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Teenagers may have negative thoughts on their physical appearance, which may come from standards of beauty in the media or your friends.（运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句表达高级。）
[高分句型2] You can focus on your own talents to gain confidence and do things you enjoy to take your mind off those thoughts.（运用一个省略了关系代词that的主从复合句对倒数第二段进行了概括。其中that引导的限制性定语从句表达高级。）
6．Positive psychology mainly defines happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions, which means being positive now and optimistic about the future. However, happy experts think happiness is flexible and we can work hard for it. Recent research has confirmed that how we react to things matters more than things themselves. Therefore, individual growth and accepting humanity is the key to happier life.
【导语】本文是以一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了积极心理学主要将幸福定义为经历频繁的积极情绪，这意味着现在积极，对未来乐观。然而，快乐专家认为快乐是灵活的，我们可以为此努力。最近的研究证实，我们对事物的反应比事物本身更重要。因此，个人成长和接受人性是幸福生活的关键。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The positive psychology movement argues that psychologists should not only investigate mental illness but also what makes life worth living.
②The founding father of positive psychology describes happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions.
③Recent research indicates that psychological flexibility is the key to greater happiness and well-being.
④Leading a happier life is about individual growth through finding meaning. It is also about accepting our humanity.
2.缜密构思
将1.2两个要点进行重组，将第3.4要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Positive psychology mainly defines happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions, which means being positive now and optimistic about the future..
However, happy experts think happiness is flexible and we can work hard for it.
Recent research has confirmed that how we react to things matters more than things themselves.
Therefore, individual growth and accepting humanity is the key to happier life.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Positive psychology mainly defines happiness as experiencing frequent positive emotions, which means being positive now and optimistic about the future.（运用了一个复杂的主从复合句对原文的第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中which引导了非限定性定语从句）
【高分句型2】Recent research has confirmed that how we react to things matters more than things themselves.（运用了that引导的宾语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级）
7．One possible version:
Humblebrag is used to describe a person who wants to draw attention to something they take pride in but makes a modest statement. However, a study suggests that it may cause other people to dislike him because it seems fake. Humblebrags are actually common in our life and most of them are complaint-based. If you want to brag, own the self-promotion or find a wingman.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了术语“humblebragging”的含义，Humblebrag用来描述一个人想要把别人的注意力吸引到自己引以为豪的事情上，但又很谦虚。然而，一项研究表明，这可能会导致其他人不喜欢他，因为这似乎是假的。谦虚的自夸其实在我们的生活中很常见，而且大多数都是基于抱怨。如果你想吹牛，那就自己推销自己，或者找个帮手。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The term“humblebrag”was first coined to describe when someone makes a seemingly modest statement, but the actual purpose is to bring attention to something they are proud of.
②Humblebragging backfires because it seems very fake.
③Sezer's study also found that nearly 60 percent of humblebrags were complaint-based humblebragging, with most people humblebragging about their looks, followed by their money orwealth, and finally about their performance at work.
④Sezer suggests that people“own their self-promotion and reap the rewards of being sincere”
⑤If someone brags for you,that's the best thing that can happen to you.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、3三个要点进行重组，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Humblebrag is used to describe someone who wants to bring attention to something they are proud of but makes a modest statement.
A study shows that it may make other people dislike him because it seems fake.
Humblebrags are actually popular in our life and most of them are complaint-based.
【点睛】[高分句型1.]Humblebrag is used to describe a person who wants to draw attention to something they take pride in but makes a modest statement. 运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中who引导定语从句，something后是省略了that的定语从句。
If you want to brag, own the self-promotion or find a wingman.用一个状语从句概括了第五段。其中if引导条件状语从句。
8．Celebrity John Ellis was popular because of his fighting experience in Vietnam and his own books. But recently The Boston Globe has revealed there might be some truth behind his story and he also admitted his overstatement. It triggered a wave of doubts about those successful people, who are use to beautifying their past. Psychologists say this phenomenon may result from their uncertainty and inner emptiness of themselves.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了名人约翰·埃利斯因为他在越南的战斗经历和他自己的书而受欢迎。 但最近，《波士顿环球报》透露，他的故事背后可能有一些真相，他也承认自己言过其实。 这引发了人们对那些习惯于美化自己过去的成功人士的怀疑。 心理学家说，这种现象可能是由于他们的不确定性和内心的空虚。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①In his popular courses at Mount Holyoka College in Massachusetts, he would often make classroom discussion lively by describing his own fighting experiences in Vietnam.
②Last week The Boston Globe revealed that Ellis, famous for explaining the nation's history, had some explaining to do about his own past.
③ It turned out that while the historian had served in the Amy, he'd spent his war years not in the jungles of Southeast Asia, but teaching history at West Point.
④He'd also overstated his role in the antiwar movement and even his high-school athletic records.
⑤Psychologists say some people succeed, at least in part, because they are uniquely adjusted to the expectations of others.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Celebrity John Ellis was popular because of his fighting experience in Vietnam and his own books.
But recently The Boston Globe has revealed there might be some truth behind his story and he also admitted his overstatement.
It triggered a wave of doubts about those successful people,who are use to beautifying their past.
Psychologists say this phenomenon may result from their uncertainty and inner emptiness of themselves.
【点睛】【高分句型1】It triggered a wave of doubts about those successful people,who are use to beautifying their past.(运用了who引导的非限制性定语从句)
【高分句型2】Psychologists say this phenomenon may result from their uncertainty and inner emptiness of themselves.(运用了省略引导词that的宾语从句)
9．Working for four days a week with less pay will be beneficial in three aspects. First, the country will have lower unemployment rates with more people at work. Second, companies can benefit without increasing pay-related costs because their employees are more energetic and alert with fewer errors. Finally, employees will have a better life quality with more free time.
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章以一项新的工作制度“每周工作四天”为话题，讲述了该工作制度在三个层次能够带来的好处。如果员工可以每周工作四天，工资是正常工资的80%，这将有利于整个经济，也有利于个人公司和决定接受这一选择的员工。
【详解】1 要点摘录①If a law required companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay, it would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.
②For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it will reduce unemployment rates.
③The shortened workweek will increase company profits because employees will feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they will make fewer costly errors in their work.
④Employees who can afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time can improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.
2.缜密构思将每个要点进行简化重组。3.遣词造句
①Working for four days a week with less pay will be beneficial in three aspects.
②The country will have lower unemployment rates with more people at work.
③Companies can benefit without increasing pay-related costs because their employees are more energetic and alert with fewer errors.
④Employees have a better life quality with more free time.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Working for four days a week with less pay would be beneficial at three levels.(用一个简单句概括了第一段内容。“working for four days a week with less pay”为动名词作主语；用“in three aspects”对后文提及的三个方面“the economy as a whole”“the individual companies”以及“the employees”进行高度概括总结，表达比较高级)
[高分句型2] Second, companies can benefit without increasing pay-related costs because their employees are more energetic and alert with fewer errors. (用一个复杂的简单句概括了第三段内容。其中，“without doing”为伴随状语，because引导原因状语从句，用法比较高级)
10．As many have shown, museums have changed from a place where only few people visit into something that serve more for the young, the poor and the less educated. Besides more modern appearance and broader activity space, the way of displaying has also innovated. To help people learn and use science better, museums encourage people to get involved themselves.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，博物馆已经呈现了新面貌，即从一个很少有人参观的地方变成了一个为年轻人、穷人和受教育程度较低的人提供更多服务的地方。为了帮助人们更好地学习和使用科学，博物馆鼓励人们自己参与其中。
【详解】1 要点摘录①Museums have changed. They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days.
②Many museums have changed in appearance.
③More and more museum directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing.
④The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to the best advantage.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句As we all know, the museum is moving from a sacred place once only visited by the rich to a place now accessible to ordinary people.
In order to let people feel and experience science and technology, the museum has encouraged people to freely contact and discover the facilities of the museum content, and truly understand the charm of technology and scientific phenomena.
【点睛】[高分句型1] As many have shown, museums have changed from a place where only few people visit into something that serve more for the young, the poor and the less educated.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中where引导的定语从句为高级表达。
[高分句型2]：To help people learn and use science better, museums encourage people to get involved themselves.用不定式引导目的状语对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
相关试卷
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共22页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共22页。试卷主要包含了Directins，概要写作等内容，欢迎下载使用。
上海高考英语概要写作专项训练： 这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共23页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
