上海高考英语完形填空专项训练

这是一份上海高考英语完形填空专项训练，共41页。试卷主要包含了4亿，2%等内容，欢迎下载使用。

完形填空
Why some brilliant ideas get overlooked?
In 1928, Karl Jansky, a young radio engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories, began researching static interference that might obscure voice transmissions. Five years later, after building a large rotating antenna (天线) and investigating every possibility he could think of, he published his remarkable ____1____: some of the static was coming from the Milky Way.
Jansky’s theory was eye-catching enough to be published in The New York Times but scientists were ____2____. Radio signals from outer space? Surely they were too weak to detect. Jansky’s ideas were largely ____3____ for about a decade. He died at the age of 44. Thankfully, he lived long enough to see his ideas blossom into field of radio astronomy.
Jansky’s story resonates with us: we all like the idea of the researcher who is so far ahead of their ____4____ that it takes years for the rest of the world to catch up. Gregor Mendel’s research into plant genetics is a famous example — published in 1866, it was only verified and taken seriously in 1900.
The stories of Jansky and Mendel hold out some hope to anyone who feels that the world has not quite ____5____ their brilliance. There is even a name for such cases, coined by Anthony van Raan of Leiden University: “Sleeping Beauties”, scientific papers that receive almost no citations for years, before finding wide ____6____. (Some scholars argue that the term is sexist and prefer “delayed recognition”.)
So what is it about an idea that delays recognition? One view is that brilliant ideas are overlooked when delivered by obscure messengers. Jansky and Mendel were somewhat detached from (离开) the scientific ____7____. In 1970, the sociologist Stephen Cole published an analysis arguing that the obstacle tended to lie in the ____8____ of the idea itself, rather than the prestige of the scientist behind it. Ideas fell asleep for a hundred years because they were radical, or confusing, or both.
It is difficult to be sure. Two scholars of the field, Eugene Garfield and Wolfgand Glanzel, have argued that such ____9____ of delayed recognition are so rare as to be hard to analyse. Studying papers published in 1980 from the vantage (优势) point of 2004, they looked for articles that were barely cited for five years, then subsequently ____10____. They found just 60 examples in 450,000 cases. There are plenty of examples of research that is barely cited; what is rare is their subsequent popularity.
Why, then, is this myth such a compelling one? One explanation, of course, is that we all love a story of the underdog (黑马) who triumphs against ____11____. Immediate and sustained success is as boring as immediate and sustained failure.
Another is that scientists themselves are fond of the thought that their ideas are ____12____. In an essay on delayed recognition, Garfield notes mildly that one historian of science, Derek Price, believed one of his own papers was suffering delayed recognition. It is easy to chuckle, but it is also easy to empathise.
Delayed recognition is rare. Much more ____13____ is for people simply to reach their prime late in life. David Galenson is an economist who studies the creative output of musicians, artists, directors and others. Galenson has found that while it is quite possible to ____14____ as a radical young conceptual artist, there are many examples of “old masters” whose later works are more admired than their youthful ones.
We all need to be able to hold on to the idea that the best is yet to come. But it is too tempting to hope that what we have already produced will, one day, be recognized for its brilliance. Good things do not come to those who wait, if ____15____ is all they do. It is wiser to get back to work and make something better.
1．A．conclusion B．device C．invention D．paper
2．A．unreliable B．uncomfortable C．unimpressed D．unsatisfactory
3．A．criticized B．kept C．ignored D．inspected
4．A．mission B．goal C．schedule D．time
5．A．caught up with B．had a good command of C．made good use of D．taken advantage of
6．A．attention B．platform C．space D．vision
7．A．data B．kingdom C．mainstream D．proof
8．A．content B．origin C．popularity D．presence
9．A．examples B．letters C．reports D．supporters
10．A．broke off B．paid off C．switched off D．took off
11．A．the authorities B．the odds C．the opposite D．the wrong
12．A．underappreciated B．underdeveloped C．underequipped D．underperformed
13．A．challenging B．common C．complicated D．difficult
14．A．break through B．get through C．make ends meet D．make sense
15．A．complaining B．socializing C．thinking D．waiting

For a start, we’re not sure what artificial intelligence (AI) is, which complicates our every conversation about what effect it will have on our lives. We can’t even really ___16___ what intelligence is in humans, where the conversation inevitably goes away from science and into philosophy.
As neither a scientist nor a philosopher, but with decades of personal experience on the front lines of both human and machine cognition (认知), I prefer to focus on the ___17___. AI will be the greatest technological advance since the Internet turned the world into a living stream of data. It will eventually be more ___18___ than the Internet, changing every part of our lives in seen and unseen ways. And it’s already ___19___.
From medical diagnosis to investment banking, from hiring staff to educating our children, these increasingly ___20___ systems are changing the world. Whether you find this terrifying or wonderful is important, because public ___21___ drives education, investment, and regulation, making the outcome a type of self-fulfilling promise. ___22___, if people find the rapid advance of intelligent machines terrifying instead of wonderful, it won’t stop it, but it could make the outcome much worse. Powerful new technology nearly always causes distress before producing broad benefits. By slowing down our progress out of unreasoning ___23___, we lengthen the distress stage by delaying the next waves of breakthroughs needed to produce the broader benefits.
There are real and immediate ___24___ about the increase in intelligent machines, especially autonomous ones. Rising inequality if automation hits lower-income people harder, personal data being used improperly by companies… None of these issues come anywhere close to an existential threat – the killer robots of Hollywood or the super-intelligent AI that sees no reason to ___25___. It’s as if everyone were curious about how we might all one day be killed by robots.
As a member of the executive board of the Foundation for Responsible Robotics and as a security ambassador for Avast Software, I’ve become all too ___26___ the real threats we may be faced with due to these AI-enhanced machines. And I’m glad that great minds like Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk are voicing their concerns, and that top AI authorities like Nick Bostrom are mapping out the ___27___ possibilities. After all, we live with nuclear power that could literally destroy the planet, and we certainly want it to be monitored and used ___28___.
But like all our inventions, AI is capable of being used for good or evil. ___29___ matters, and so making better humans will always be more important than making smarter machines. Above all, we must keep ___30___, because the only solution for the problems caused by today’s technology is tomorrow’s.
16．A．tell apart B．disapprove of C．glance at D．agree on
17．A．theoretical B．practical C．physical D．mental
18．A．specialized B．transformative C．predictable D．irrelevant
19．A．happening B．misleading C．worsening D．changing
20．A．intense B．annoying C．capable D．simple
21．A．health B．image C．service D．opinion
22．A．In short B．What’s more C．That is D．As a result
23．A．fear B．deed C．manner D．passion
24．A．rumors B．remarks C．mysteries D．concerns
25．A．take humans in B．keep humans around C．give humans up D．put humans away
26．A．familiar with B．ignorant of C．superior to D．unhappy about
27．A．newest B．best C．oldest D．worst
28．A．occasionally B．responsibly C．immediately D．genuinely
29．A．Technology B．Morality C．Intelligence D．Automation
30．A．moving forward B．looking upon C．calming down D．running away

More than half the world’s population live in cities, and by 2050 the UN expects that proportion to reach 68%. This means more homes, roads and other infrastructure. Such a construction ____31____ does harm to tackling climate change, though, because making steel and concrete generates around 8% of the world’s carbon-dioxide emissions. If cities are to ____32____ and become greener at the same time, they will have to be made from something else.
As it happens, Chicago might become part of the ____33____. In recent years, as architects have become increasingly interested in modern timber (木材) — construction methods, wooden buildings have been getting steadily ____34____. The current record is held by the 85-metre-tall Mjostarnet building in Norway, completed in 2019. But this would be ____35____ by the River Beech Tower, a 228-metre building proposed for a site beside the Chicago river.
As the AAAs meeting heard this week, wood is one of the most ____36____ sustainable alternatives to steel and concrete. It is not, however, everyday wood but a material called engineered timber, composed of different layers for specific purposes. Besides engineering the shape of a component, designers can arrange the grains (纹理) in the layers to provide levels of ____37____ that equal steel, in a product that is up to 80% lighter. Engineered timber is, ____38____, usually assembled into large sections of a building in a factory. That cuts down on the number of ____39____ that have to be made to a construction site.
All this ____40____ to carbon-dioxide emissions. Michael Ramage of the University of Cambridge told the meeting of a 300-square-metre four-storey wooden building that generated 126 tonnes of CO2. Had it been made with ____41____, emissions would have risen to 310 tonnes. If steel had been used, they would have topped 498 tonnes. Indeed, from one point of view, this building might actually be viewed as “carbon ____42____”. When trees grow, they lock carbon up in their wood — in this case the equivalent of 540 tonnes of CO2, representing a long-term reduction of CO2 from the atmosphere.
If building with wood takes off, it does raise concern about there being enough trees to ____43____. But with sustainably managed forests that should not be a problem, says Dr Ramage. A family-sized apartment requires about 30 cubic metres of timber, and he estimates Europe’s sustainable ____44____ alone grow that amount every seven seconds. Nor is fire a risk, for engineered timber does not burn easily, because the inner cores of large ____45____ timbers are protected by a charring (炭化) layer if burnt.
31．A．project B．ambition C．boom D．security
32．A．expand B．reform C．contract D．survive
33．A．rebel B．outcome C．answer D．issue
34．A．greener B．friendlier C．lighter D．taller
35．A．overbalanced B．overshadowed C．overlooked D．overstated
36．A．domestic B．promising C．debatable D．artificial
37．A．beauty B．strength C．friction D．dimension
38．A．nevertheless B．instead C．moreover D．meanwhile
39．A．deliveries B．checkouts C．purchases D．payments
40．A．adds value B．gives credit C．gives a boost D．makes a difference
41．A．cement B．timber C．concrete D．synthetics
42．A．positive B．negative C．friendly D．resistant
43．A．go round B．go away C．go over D．go down
44．A．advocates B．strategies C．forests D．farmers
45．A．imposing B．visible C．universal D．structural

Part of me has always wanted to be the kind of person who breaks the ice with a stranger. When I witness that kind gregariousness (合群) in others, I feel____46____; I assume their lack of reserve means they lead more exciting lives. How many tales of adventure began because someone had the____47____to say hello? Talking to someone I don’t know____48____low-level fear, and I avoid it entirely.
I’m not alone. In a 2022 study, Gillian Sandstrom, a psychologist, noted that people are “remarkably____49____” about talking to strangers, despite research linking frequent social interactions with happiness. We tend to____50____the potential for negative consequences in such encounters, and actively avoid them. As a countermeasure, she gave participants “missions” that involved initiating conversations with strangers who met certain____51____(e.g., “Find someone who’s wearing a hat”). The results were____52____Sandstrom s assumption: these interactions were far more pleasant than people expected them to be.
Eager to test her theory, I gave myself a week to reproduce Sandstrom’s assignment, which meant speaking to around 30 people. I had no____53____not 10 try: I live in New York City and encounter hundreds of strangers.
One of my missions was to speak to someone who was eating. “Is that cream cheese?” I asked a guy on a park bench who was eating stuff. It____54____a little more disrespectful than I intended, but once he realized that I wasn’t crazy, we had a(n)_____55_____conversation. When I spoke to an attractive woman on crutches (拐杖) for my task of engaging someone who “looks sad,” I was worried she’d think of me as a pickup artist._____56_____, she humored me when I told her about my knee issues.
Here’s a tip: asking strangers about the bonuses of talking to strangers can be an effective strategy. I used this_____57_____with people required to interact with the public as part of their job. Among the waiters I spoke with, a common response was that chatting with customers was one of the most enjoyable aspects of their day, providing a little burst of_____58_____. A cafe worker told me that he was an expert at guessing a customer’s order based on their appearance—yoga clothes? black coffee—but felt a distinct joy whenever he got it wrong.
My_____59_____didn’t transform me into a fearless extrovert (外向者). But it was a useful reminder that when it comes to keeping life interesting, it_____60_____to make room for the occasional surprise.
46．A．sacred B．distressed C．disapproving D．envious
47．A．nerve B．willpower C．sympathy D．vision
48．A．masks B．eases C．inspires D．taps
49．A．informed B．pessimistic C．expectant D．confused
50．A．overstate B．demonstrate C．exploit D．suffer
51．A．identification B．resistance C．profile D．scale
52．A．at the mercy of B．in contrast to C．for the sake of D．in line with
53．A．excuse B．means C．authority D．regrets
54．A．set about B．came out C．stood by D．ended up
55．A．delightful B．awkward C．one-sided D．initial
56．A．Likewise B．Therefore C．Plus D．Instead
57．A．bonus B．receipt C．approach D．patent
58．A．unpredictability B．resolution C．discrimination D．inaccessibility
59．A．persistence B．ritual C．experiment D．convention
60．A．turns out B．pays off C．goes on D．falls short

Do you prefer to watch TV or listen to the radio? There was a time when some people thought moving pictures sent out live into our houses would mean the ___61___ of tuning into the radio for entertainment and information. But radio ___62___ and developed quickly. And now, despite the development in complicated smartphones offering high-definition pictures, the popularity of podcasts (播客) is rising.
Perhaps the ___63___ in podcasting is not surprising - it offers a digital audio file that can be downloaded and stored for listening at any time. ___64___, it can also be streamed (在线收听) from the internet and played on a computer or MP3 player. And it’s not just broadcasters, like the BBC, who are ___65___ podcasts; now commercial broadcasters, individuals and companies with no connection to broadcasting are making them. ___66___, anyone with something to say, and a few pounds to spend on the equipment, can get involved.
But where did this ___67___ for making portable audio programmes like podcasts begin? Journalist Ben Hammersley told the BBC that two changes greatly ___68___ the market — one technical and one cultural. In 2012, Apple released the iPhone podcast app, followed by a great improvement in inexpensive recording and editing equipment. Finally, the development of 4G mobile phone connections and ___69___ wi-fi meant listeners could browse, download or stream shows whenever and wherever they wanted.
Technological development has driven many changes in our ____70____ consumption habits. But however good the tech may be, there still needs to be something worth watching or listening to. The cultural breakthrough came in 2014 with a very specific podcast, Serial, a piece of non-fiction investigative journalism. It tells a non-fiction story over multiple episodes (集) which ____71____ people’s imagination. To date, the first and second seasons of the show have had more than 340 million ____72____. Advertisers soon realised the money-making potential of this and other successful podcasts. And where the ____73____ goes, the money follows.
Now there are podcasts about anything and everything, even the educational content  that BBC Learning English offers! And these aural treats (听觉享受) are ____74____ on a wide range of platforms. Audiences are very specific, which can help advertisers ____75____ what they want to promote. And if there isn’t a podcast to suit your interests, you can now easily make and distribute them — and become your very own broadcaster.
61．A．chance B．extent C．end D．value
62．A．survived B．approached C．functioned D．benefited
63．A．balance B．growth C．theme D．range
64．A．Besides B．However C．Therefore D．Instead
65．A．monitoring B．producing C．advertising D．applying
66．A．For instance B．In advance C．By contrast D．In fact
67．A．technology B．trend C．exchange D．permit
68．A．affected B．regulated C．challenged D．divided
69．A．newborn B．widespread C．academic D．costly
70．A．power B．economy C．media D．educating
71．A．confirmed B．spotted C．analyzed D．attracted
72．A．editions B．lines C．downloads D．character
73．A．content B．audience C．platform D．civilization
74．A．changeable B．measurable C．memorable D．available
75．A．target B．conduct C．preserve D．illustrate

When it came to moral reasoning, we like to think our views on right and wrong are rational. But ultimately they are grounded in emotion. Philosophers have argued over this claim for a quarter of a millennium without ____76____. Time’s up! Now scientists armed with brain scanners are stepping in to settle the matter. Though reason can shape moral judgment, emotion is often ____77____.
Harvard psychologist Joshua Greene does brainscans of people as they study the so-called trolley problem. Suppose a trolley is rolling down the track toward five people who will die unless you pull a lever (杠杆) that pushes it onto another track where, ____78____, lies one person who will die instead. An easy call, most people say: ____79____ the loss of life — a “utilitarian” (实用主义的) goal, as philosophers put it — is the thing to do.
But suppose the only way to save the five people is to push someone else onto the track — a bystander whose body will bring the trolley to a stop before it hits the others. It’s still a one-for-five ____80____, and you still initiate the action that dooms the one. ____81____, now you are more directly involved; most people say it would be wrong to do this trade-off. Why? According to Greene’s brain scans, the second situation more thoroughly excites parts of the brain linked to ____82____ than does the lever-pulling situation. Apparently, the intuitive hesitation of giving someone a deadly push is more ____83____ than the hesitation of a deadly lever pull. Further studies suggest that in both cases the emotional concerns ____84____control with more rational parts of the brain. In the second situation, the emotions are usually strong enough to win. And when they lose, it is only after a tough _____85_____ process. The few people who approve of pushing an innocent man onto the tracks take longer to reach their decision. So too with people who approve of smothering (闷死) a crying baby rather than catching the attention of enemy troops who would then kill the baby along with other _____86_____. Greene explains that our intuitive dislike to the killing of an innocent gradually evolved to become especially sensitive to visions of direct physical attack.
Princeton philosopher Peter Singer argues that we should _____87_____ our moral intuitions (本能) and ask whether they deserve respect in the first place. Why obey moral impulses that evolved to serve the “_____88_____ gene” — such as sympathy that moves toward relatives and friends? Why not worry more about people an ocean away whose suffering we could _____89_____ relieve? Isn’t it better to save 10 starving African babies than to keep your 90-year-old father on life support? In the absence of a tough decision-making process, reason may indeed be a(n) “_____90_____ of the passions”.
76．A．comprehension B．hesitation C．resolution D．permission
77．A．reliable B．invisible C．impressive D．decisive
78．A．unfortunately B．obviously C．surprisingly D．inevitably
79．A．regretting B．minimizing C．justifying D．estimating
80．A．struggle B．deal C．loss D．mistake
81．A．Likewise B．However C．Therefore D．Moreover
82．A．memory B．reason C．emotion D．sensory
83．A．enduring B．obvious C．acceptable D．intense
84．A．compete for B．come from C．take over D．engage in
85．A．self-reflecting B．decision-making C．problem-solving D．attention-calling
86．A．innocents B．hostages C．relatives D．soldiers
87．A．trust B．apply C．examine D．ignore
88．A．superior B．stubborn C．caring D．selfish
89．A．willingly B．collectively C．deliberately D．cheaply
90．A．master B．advocate C．slave D．protester

Kimiyuki Suda should be a perfect customer for Japan’s car-makers. He’s a young, successful executive (主管) at an Internet-services company in Tokyo and has a handsome ____91____. He used to own Toyota’s Hilux Surf, a sport utility vehicle. But now he uses ____92____ subways and trains. “It’s not inconvenient at all,” he says. Besides, “and having a car is so 20th century.”
Suda reflects a worrisome ____93____ in Japan: the automobile is losing its emotional appeal, ____94____ among the young, who prefer to spend their money on the latest electronic devices. ____95____ mini-cars and luxury foreign brands are still popular, everything in between is ____96____. Last year sales fell 6.7 percent, if you don’t count the mini-car market. There have been larger one-year drops in other nations: sales in Germany fell 9 percent in 2009 ____97____ a tax increase. But experts say Japan is ____98____ in that sales have been decreasing steadily over time. Since 1994, yearly new-car sales have fallen from 7.8 million to 5.4 million units in 2009.
Alarmed by this state of ____99____, the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) _____100_____ a comprehensive study of the market in 2008. It found that a _____101_____ wealth gap, demographic (人口结构的) changes and _____102_____ lack of interest in cars led Japanese to hold their _____103_____ longer, replace their cars with smaller ones or _____104_____ car ownership altogether. JAMA _____105_____ a further sales decline of 1.2 percent this year. Some experts believe that if the trend continues for much longer, further consolidation (合并) in automotive industry is likely.
91．A．payment B．profit C．income D．budget
92．A．rarely B．mostly C．partially D．occasionally
93．A．tide B．current C．drift D．trend
94．A．occasionally B．remarkably C．essentially D．particularly
95．A．While B．If C．Because D．Since
96．A．shaking B．stretching C．slipping D．surfing
97．A．according to B．in terms of C．thanks to D．in view of
98．A．unique B．similar C．mysterious D．extra
99．A．adventure B．distress C．growth D．decay
100．A．revised B．relieved C．launched D．proceeded
101．A．lengthening B．widening C．quickening D．strengthening
102．A．general B．adequate C．ordinary D．average
103．A．cycles B．labels C．vehicles D．devices
104．A．pick up B．hang up C．hold up D．give up
105．A．pursues B．predicts C．ensures D．demands

According to a research, the average reading score of students in the USA this year declined in comparison to the previous study last year. The study indicates that there is a significant____106____in reading ability levels in grades 7-12. The result confirms what American secondary teachers have been saying, that both high and low achieving students are often unmotivated to read. This____107____of motivation has been the major reason for their poor reading ability.
Perhaps it is no surprise to researchers that the decline in reading ability____108____American students’ decreasing freedom in choosing reading method and time. One of the best ways to deal with the situation is for teachers to provide time in the academic day for voluntary reading of texts. There may be objections to the use of already____109____academic time, but the research indicates that time spent reading in school____110____academic performance. Most students who are given  extra reading time in school get higher scores in reading tests. This is true even for the “light” or ____111____reading of young adult literature.
An argument for providing____112____ in the school day for reading practice is the comparison to the necessary practice one needs in order to become skilled at a sport: the increased practice hours increase performance. Even 10 minutes a day of reading can have dramatic effects by simply ____113____ students to multiple texts. Ten minutes of daily book reading in middle school will increase about 700,000 words of reading each year for a student. And this additional volume of reading can bring huge____114____to the students.
Besides, compared with the crowded casual classroom environment, independent reading libraries in school can help students produce a sense of being_____115_____. Students can discover authors, explore topics that_____116_____them, and improve their reading habits.
The research concludes that there are millions of students who do not have the basic reading _____117_____that are needed to locate relevant information or make simple judgement. The effects of underdeveloped reading ability on the student and on the economy of the American society can mean the_____118_____ of billions of dollars in wages and earnings over a lifetime.
Therefore, secondary educators need to guide students to associate reading with enjoyment by offering time and choices. This_____119_____can result in making reading a desired activity and  making students_____120_____to read.
106．A．balance B．drop C．reflection D．concentration
107．A．lack B．input C．feedback D．operation
108．A．harms B．includes C．matches D．prevents
109．A．boring B．unique C．random D．limited
110．A．improves B．provides C．realizes D．breaks
111．A．innocent B．fun C．precious D．serious
112．A．rules B．teaching C．time D．fund
113．A．adding B．exposing C．attaching D．mailing
114．A．benefits B．symbols C．hobbies D．friends
115．A．dependent B．traditional C．formal D．inferior
116．A．interest B．defeat C．cheat D．invent
117．A．resources B．companions C．opportunities D．skills
118．A．income B．method C．loss D．presence
119．A．production B．link C．knowledge D．discovery
120．A．social B．reluctant C．keen D．practical


For years, psychologists have known how to measure the intelligence of individuals, but only recently have they begun to investigate the issue of group intelligence. This notion stems from the observation that some groups seem to work ____121____ across tasks, even tasks that are not very similar. Early investigations suggest that group intelligence is not the ____122____ of the intelligence of the individuals in it. So what is the secret to their success?
Researchers at Google have tackled this question and they believe they finally ____123____ what makes some teams successful. In the Google study researchers collected thousands of data points on hundreds of groups and combed through them trying to find ____124____. Are the members of effective groups friends outside of work? Do groups whose members have similar personalities or backgrounds work together ____125____? Does gender make a difference? They put forward many theories but found no patterns to support them. In fact, who was in the group apparently did not seem to make a difference; ____126____, the difference between more and less effective groups seemed to lie in the ____127____ among the members.
Among the findings, the most significant is that, in effective groups, members spoke for a roughly equal amount of time — not at every meeting or interaction, but across the course of a ____128____. A second finding was that members displayed empathy, an understanding of how it might feel to walk in someone else’s shoes.
There were additional findings that support these general ones. ____129____, in effective groups, members face one another directly when they speak, and they use energetic and enthusiastic gestures. They also communicate _____130_____ with one another, not just through the leader or manager of the group. In fact, the study found that side conversations between individual members during meetings, far from being a _____131_____, actually increased the group’s productivity. All the findings _____132_____ the importance of having face-to-face meetings instead of phone calls, teleconferences, or email communications. The positive behaviors uncovered in the study occur primarily or exclusively in face-to-face interaction.
One might _____133_____ that most of these findings are extremely obvious, and needless to say, good managers have probably always understood these principles. Our social and professional lives, however, are not always structured in ways that facilitate the kind of interaction that apparently _____134_____ effective group performance. Understanding group _____135_____ can help businesses and other organizations make the fundamental changes necessary to improve group performance.
121．A．poorly B．intensively C．fantastically D．dominantly
122．A．quality B．sum C．role D．trace
123．A．marvel at B．look into C．figure out D．delight in
124．A．behaviors B．fulfillment C．diagnosis D．patterns
125．A．best B．on average C．below average D．worst
126．A．furthermore B．instead C．consequently D．obviously
127．A．persuasion B．imitation C．interaction D．moderation
128．A．regulation B．project C．scale D．transition
129．A．For example B．On the contrary C．In other words D．In theory
130．A．roughly B．steadily C．neutrally D．directly
131．A．distraction B．isolation C．supervision D．exhaustion
132．A．overlook B．highlight C．dedicate D．categorize
133．A．advocate B．argue C．command D．regret
134．A．reverses B．stocks C．underlines D．captures
135．A．perspective B．performance C．persistence D．intelligence

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. “Yet when we think of health, we tend to ____136____ physical well-being at the expense of mental health. Instead, we should tackle mental health the same way we tackle physical health-with an eye towards preventing disease by addressing the foundational forces that cause us to be sick or well.
About 15 percent of the world’s diseases are mental illnesses. Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, ____137____ an estimated 300 million people around the world. Depression is so widespread that the WHO has ____138____ that, by 2030, it will be the leading cause of the global disease burden.
Mental illness may be even more common than we think. Many mental health challenges are likely ____139____ . There are a number of reasons for this. They include differences of opinion within the mental health field about the characteristics of these disorders, as well as changes to how we study them across populations and cultures. We also have a long way to go before we create a culture where stigma no longer ____140____ people with mental illness from getting assistance. Thirty-eight percent of Americans have said they are “definitely or probably”____141____ to have a person with mental illness move next door to them. Their attitudes make it more likely that many people with mental illness will remain under the radar, making it ____142____ to accurately assess their true numbers.
Health — both physical and mental — is a ____143____ of the social, economic, and environmental conditions in which we live. Our minds, just like our bodies, are shaped by complex factors. including where we live, our genetics, our childhood experiences, and our ____144____ to material resources. Income, ____145____, is one of the most significant influences on health and is linked to a number of common mood — anxiety disorders. From 2009 to 2013, 8. 7 percent of people with annual incomes below the federals poverty line were reported to experience “serious psychological distress,” compared with the lower levels of psychological distress reported by individuals with higher annual incomes.
If we ____146____ an arm or develop an infectious disease, it will be difficult for anyone to consider us healthy. If, however, we struggle with mental illness — such as depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) — it is possible that our disease will ____147____ few outward symptoms. At the same time, the stigma that is still too often ____148____ to mental illness can make those who develop a disorder less likely to seek the help they need. Given these challenges, and the reasons I have listed, it is ____149____ that we address mental health with as much energy and insight as we apply to physical concerns. Our health deserves ____150____ less.
136．A．prefer B．prioritize C．preconsider D．prejudice
137．A．suffering B．changing C．affecting D．insulting
138．A．predicted B．designed C．criticized D．advertised
139．A．posed B．misunderstood C．found D．underreported
140．A．helps B．kills C．prevents D．requires
141．A．unwilling B．evaluated C．relaxed D．eager
142．A．possible B．necessary C．convenient D．hard
143．A．factor B．product C．creation D．foundation
144．A．imagination B．concept C．access D．use
145．A．instead B．for example C．however D．therefore
146．A．open B．raise C．cross D．break
147．A．hide B．present C．relieve D．improve
148．A．adjusted B．adapted C．attached D．appointed
149．A．efficient B．effective C．obvious D．critical
150．A．nothing B．something C．somebody D．Nobody














参考答案：

1．A 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．B 6．A 7．C 8．A 9．A 10．A 11．B 12．A 13．B 14．A 15．D

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了为什么一些绝妙的想法被忽视，并用相关的例子进行说明。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：五年后，在建造了一个大型旋转天线并研究了他能想到的所有可能性之后，他发表了他的非凡结论：一些静电来自银河系。A. conclusion结论；B. device设备；C. invention发明；D. paper论文。后文“some of the static was coming from the Milky Way(一些静电来自银河系)”是他得出的结论。故选A。
2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Jansky的理论引人注目，足以发表在《纽约时报》上，但科学家们却不为所动。A. unreliable不可靠的；B. uncomfortable不舒服的；C. unimpressed不感兴趣的；D. unsatisfactory不令人满意的。根据后文“Radio signals from outer space? Surely they were too weak to detect.(来自外太空的无线电信号？他们肯定太弱了，无法察觉)”可知，科学家们不为所动。故选C。
3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：扬斯基的想法在大约十年的时间里基本上被忽视了。A. criticized批评；B. kept保持；C. ignored忽视；D. inspected检查。根据后文“He died at the age of 44. Thankfully, he lived long enough to see his ideas blossom into field of radio astronomy.(他在44岁时去世。谢天谢地，他活得足够长，看到他的想法在射电天文学领域开花结果)”可知，扬斯基的想法在大约十年的时间里基本上被忽视了，死后想法在射电天文学领域开花结果。故选C。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：扬斯基的故事引起了我们的共鸣：我们都喜欢这位研究人员的想法，他远远领先于他们的时代，以至于世界上的其他人需要几年的时间才能赶上。A. mission任务；B. goal目标；C. schedule计划表；D. time时代。根据上文“we all like the idea of the researcher who is so far ahead of their”可知，为短语ahead of time表示“领先时代，提前”。故选D。
5．考查动词短语辨析。句意：扬斯基和孟德尔的故事给那些认为世界还没有完全了解他们的才华的人带来了一些希望。A. caught up with赶上；B. had a good command of掌握；C. made good use of充分利用；D. taken advantage of占便宜，利用。根据上文“The stories of Jansky and Mendel”可知，扬斯基和孟德尔的才华在当时被世界所忽视，所以这里指给那些认为世界还没有完全了解他们的才华的人带来了一些希望。故选B。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：莱顿大学的Anthony van Raan甚至为这类案例创造了一个名字：“睡美人”。这些科学论文在得到广泛关注之前，多年来几乎没有人引用。A. attention关注；B. platform平台；C. space空间；D. vision幻想。根据后文“Some scholars argue that the term is sexist and prefer “delayed recognition”.(一些学者认为这个词是性别歧视，更喜欢“延迟识别”)”可知，这些科学论文一开始没有人得到广泛关注，故选A。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：扬斯基和孟德尔在某种程度上脱离了科学主流。A. data数据；B. kingdom王国；C. mainstream主流；D. proof证据。根据上文“One view is that brilliant ideas are overlooked when delivered by obscure messengers.(一种观点认为，杰出的想法被默默无闻的信使所忽视)”可知，此处指扬斯基和孟德尔在某种程度上脱离了科学主流。故选C。
8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：1970年，社会学家斯蒂芬·科尔发表了一篇分析文章，认为障碍往往在于这个想法本身的内容，而不是背后科学家的声望。A. content内容；B. origin起源；C. popularity受欢迎；D. presence存在。根据后文“of the idea itself, rather than the prestige of the scientist behind it”可知，斯蒂芬·科尔发表了一篇分析文章，认为障碍往往在于这个想法本身的内容，而不是背后科学家的声望。故选A。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：该领域的两位学者尤金·加菲尔德和沃尔夫冈·格兰泽尔认为，这种延迟识别的例子非常罕见，以至于很难分析。A. examples例子；B. letters信；C. reports报告；D. supporters支持者。根据后文“There are plenty of examples of research that is barely cited; what is rare is their subsequent popularity.(有很多研究的例子很少被引用；罕见的是它们后来的流行)”可知，此处指的是延迟识别的例子非常罕见，以至于很难分析。故选A。
10．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们从2004年开始研究1980年发表的论文，寻找那些在五年内几乎没有被引用的文章，然后就中断了。A. broke off中断；B. paid off支付；C. switched off关闭；D. took off起飞。根据后文“There are plenty of examples of research that is barely cited; what is rare is their subsequent popularity.(有很多研究的例子很少被引用；罕见的是它们后来的流行)”可知，他们寻找那些在五年内几乎没有被引用的文章，然后就中断了。故选A。
11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，有一种解释是，我们都喜欢弱者战胜逆境的故事A. the authorities当局；B. the odds逆境；C. the opposite相反；D. the wrong错误。根据上文“Immediate and sustained success is as boring as immediate and sustained failure.(即时持续的成功和即时持续的失败一样无聊)”可知，我们都喜欢弱者战胜逆境的故事。故选B。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：另一个原因是科学家们自己喜欢认为他们的想法不被重视。A. underappreciated不受重视；B. underdeveloped发展不完全；C. underequipped装备不足；D. underperformed表现不佳。根据后文“In an essay on delayed recognition, Garfield notes mildly that one historian of science, Derek Price, believed one of his own papers was suffering delayed recognition.(在一篇关于延迟认可的文章中，加菲尔德温和地指出，科学历史学家德里克·普莱斯认为他自己的一篇论文受到了延迟认可)”可知，另一个原因是科学家们自己喜欢认为他们的想法不被重视。故选A。
13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：更常见的是，人们只是在晚年才达到巅峰。A. challenging调整性的；B. common普通的；C. complicated复杂的；D. difficult困难的。根据后文“there are many examples of “old masters” whose later works are more admired than their youthful ones(但有很多“老大师”的后期作品比他们年轻时的作品更受赞赏)”可知，更常见的是，人们只是在晚年才达到巅峰。故选B。
14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：盖伦森发现，作为一个激进的年轻观念艺术家，虽然很有可能取得突破，但有很多“老大师”的后期作品比他们年轻时的作品更受赞赏。A. break through突破；B. get through度过；C. make ends meet收支平衡；D. make sense有意义。根据后文“as a radical young conceptual artist”以及while引导让步状语从句，可知，作为一个激进的年轻观念艺术家，虽然很有可能取得突破，但有很多“老大师”的后期作品比他们年轻时的作品更受赞赏。故选A。
15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：好事不会降临那些等待的人身上，如果他们只会等待的话。A. complaining投诉；B. socializing社交；C. thinking思考；D. waiting等待。根据上文“Good things do not come to those who wait”可知，好事不会降临那些等待的人身上，如果他们只会等待的话。故选D。

16．D 17．B 18．B 19．A 20．C 21．D 22．C 23．A 24．D 25．B 26．A 27．D 28．B 29．B 30．A

【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是AI的发展在改变我们生活的同时也让我们很担忧，但是我们还是要继续前进，因为解决今天技术造成的问题的唯一办法就是明天的技术。
16．考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们甚至不能就人类的智力是什么达成一致，这个话题不可避免地从科学转向哲学。A. tell apart分辨；B. disapprove of不赞成；C. glance at看一眼；D. agree on达成一致。根据上文“we’re not sure what artificial intelligence (AI) is”可知，句子表示“我们甚至不能就人类的智力是什么达成一致”。故选D。
17．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我既不是科学家也不是哲学家，但我在人类和机器认知的前沿都有几十年的个人经验，所以我更喜欢关注实际。A. theoretical理论的；B. practical实际的；C. physical物理的；D. mental精神的。根据下文“AI will be the greatest technological advance since the Internet turned the world into a living stream of data”可知，作者更关注实际情况。故选B。
18．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它最终将比互联网更具变革性，以可见或不可见的方式改变我们生活的方方面面。A. specialized专业的；B. transformative有改革能力的；C. predictable可预测的；D. irrelevant不相关的。根据下文“changing every part of our lives”可知，AI比互联网更具变革性。故选B。
19．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这已经发生了。A. happening发生；B. misleading误导；C. worsening恶化；D. changing改变。根据上文“changing every part of our lives”和现实情况可知，AI已经正在改变我们的生活，因此空格处用“发生”。故选A。
20．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从医疗诊断到投资银行业务，从招聘员工到教育我们的孩子，这些日益强大的系统正在改变世界。A. intense严肃紧张的；B. annoying令人恼火的；C. capable能干的；D. simple简单的。根据上文“From medical diagnosis to investment banking, from hiring staff to educating our children”可知，医疗诊断，投资银行业务，招聘员工和教育孩子，这些系统都是很能干的。故选C。
21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：无论你觉得这是可怕的还是美妙的，这都很重要，因为公众舆论推动着教育、投资和监管，使结果成为一种自我实现的承诺。A. health健康；B. image图像；C. service服务；D. opinion看法。根据上文“you find this terrifying or wonderful”可知，此处说的是大众对AI的看法。故选D。
22．考查固定短语辨析。句意：也就是说，如果人们发现智能机器的快速发展是可怕的，而不是美妙的，它不会阻止它，但它可能会使结果变得更糟。A. In short简而言之；B. What’s more此外；C. That is也就是说；D. As a result结果。根据上文“public ___6___ drives education, investment, and regulation, making the outcome a type of self-fulfilling promise”和下文“if people find the rapid advance of intelligent machines terrifying instead of wonderful, it won’t stop it”可知，空后是在解释前面这句话，因此空格处是“也就是说”。故选C。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于毫无理由的恐惧而放慢我们的进展，我们就会拖延下一波产生更广泛利益所需的突破，从而延长痛苦阶段。A. fear害怕；B. deed行为；C. manner态度，举止；D. passion热情。根据上文“if people find the rapid advance of intelligent machines terrifying instead of wonderful”可知，句子表示“由于毫无理由的恐惧而放慢我们的进展，我们就会拖延下一波产生更广泛利益所需的突破，从而延长痛苦阶段”，空格处意为“害怕”。故选A。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于智能机器，尤其是自主机器的增长，存在着切实而紧迫的担忧。A. rumors谣言；B. remarks言论；C. mysteries奥秘；D. concerns担心，忧虑。根据下文“Rising inequality if automation hits lower-income people harder, personal data being used improperly by companies”可知，此处指的是人们有担忧。故选D。
25．考查动词短语辨析。句意：如果自动化对低收入人群的冲击更大，不平等加剧，个人数据被公司不当使用……这些问题都不会对生存构成威胁——好莱坞的杀手机器人，或者认为没有理由让人类留在身边的超级智能人工智能。A. take humans in接纳人类；B. keep humans around让人类留在身边；C. give humans up放弃人类；D. put humans away把人类关起来。根据上文“the killer robots of Hollywood”和下文“It’s as if everyone were curious about how we might all one day be killed by robots”可知，此处表示“认为没有理由让人类留在身边的超级智能人工智能”。故选B。
26．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：作为Foundation for Responsible Robotics的执行委员会成员和Avast Software的安全大使，我对这些人工智能增强的机器可能给我们带来的真正威胁太熟悉了。A. familiar with熟悉；B. ignorant of对……无知；C. superior to优于；D. unhappy about不高兴。根据下文“After all, we live with nuclear power that could literally destroy the planet, and we certainly want it to be monitored”可知，作者对这些人工智能增强的机器可能给我们带来的真正威胁太熟悉了。故选A。
27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我很高兴像斯蒂芬·霍金和埃隆·马斯克这样的伟大思想家表达了他们的担忧，像尼克·博斯特罗姆这样的顶级人工智能专家正在规划最坏的可能性。A. newest最新的；B. best最好的；C. oldest最旧的；D. worst最坏的。根据上文“the real threats we may be faced with due to these AI-enhanced machines”可知，此处指的是“人工智能专家正在规划最坏的可能性”。故选D。
28．考查副词词义辨析。句意：毕竟，我们生活在可以摧毁地球的核能中，我们当然希望它得到负责任的监控和使用。A. occasionally偶尔；B. responsibly认真负责地；C. immediately立刻；D. genuinely真诚地。根据上文“the real threats we may be faced with due to these AI-enhanced machines”可知，人工智能增强的机器对我们有威胁，所以希望它得到负责任的监控和使用。故选B。
29．考查名词词义辨析。句意：道德很重要，所以创造更好的人类永远比创造更智能的机器更重要。A. Technology技术；B. Morality道德；C. Intelligence智力；D. Automation自动化。根据上文“AI is capable of being used for good or evil.”和下文“making better humans will always be more important than making smarter machines”可知，因为AI可能对人类不好，所以在创造智能机器时道德很重要，所以创造更好的人类永远比创造更智能的机器更重要。故选B。
30．考查动词短语辨析。句意：最重要的是，我们必须不断前进，因为解决今天技术造成的问题的唯一办法就是明天的技术。A. moving forward朝前方前进；B. looking upon看待；C. calming down平静下来；D. running away跑开。根据下文“because the only solution for the problems caused by today’s technology is tomorrow’s”可知，我们必须不断前进，因为解决今天技术造成的问题的唯一办法就是明天的技术。故选A。

31．C 32．A 33．C 34．D 35．B 36．B 37．B 38．C 39．A 40．D 41．C 42．B 43．A 44．C 45．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一种能够替代钢铁和混凝土的新型工程木材以及它所具有的更加环保、节约及可持续性等优势。
31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，这样的建筑热潮不利于应对气候变化，因为制造钢铁和混凝土产生的二氧化碳约占世界二氧化碳排放量的8%。A. project项目；B. ambition野心；C. boom激增；D. security安全。根据前文“This means more homes, roads and other infrastructure.”可知，城市人口的增长导致建筑的激增。故选C项。
32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果城市要在扩张的同时变得更环保，就必须用别的东西来建造。A. expand扩张；B. reform改革；C. contract订立……的合同；D. survive幸存。根据前文“This means more homes, roads and other infrastructure.”可知，城市需要更多的房屋、道路和其他基础设施，也就是扩张。故选A项。
33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：碰巧的是，芝加哥可能会成为答案的一部分。A. rebel叛逆者；B. outcome结果；C. answer答案；D. issue问题。根据前文“they will have to be made from something else.”以及后文“But this would be 　　　　5　　　　 by the River Beech Tower, a 228-metre building proposed for a site beside the Chicago river.”可知，芝加哥打算造木结构建筑，所以是答案的一部分。故选C项。
34．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：近年来，随着建筑师们对现代木结构建筑方法越来越感兴趣，木结构建筑也越来越高。A. greener更绿色的；B. friendlier更友爱的；C. lighter更明亮的；D. taller更高的。根据后文“The current record is held by the 85-metre-tall Mjostarnet building in Norway, completed in 2019.”可知，此处是在讲述木结构建筑的高度。故选D项。
35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但这将被河滨山毛榉大厦(River Beech Tower)所掩盖，这是一座228米高的建筑，拟建在芝加哥河旁。A. overbalanced失去平衡；B. overshadowed掩盖；C. overlooked忽略；D. overstated夸大。根据后文“a 228- metre building proposed for a site beside the Chicago river.”可知，一栋更高的木结构建筑将被建造，所以是被掩盖。故选B项。
36．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：正如本周AAAs会议上听到的那样，木材是钢铁和混凝土最有前途的可持续替代品之一。A. domestic本国的；B. promising有前途的；C. debatable可争辩的；D. artificial人工的。根据前文“As it happens, Chicago might become part of the 　　　　3　　　　.”可知，芝加哥可能会成为答案的一部分是因为，它将建造最高的木结构建筑，所以木材是钢铁和混凝土最有前途的可持续替代品之一。故选B项。
37．考查名词词义辨析。句意：除了设计零件的形状外，设计师还可以将颗粒分层排列，使产品的强度达到与钢铁相当的水平，从而使产品的重量减轻80%。A. beauty美丽；B. strength强度；C. friction摩擦；D. dimension尺寸。根据后文“equal steel”结合选项，应是强度达到与钢铁相当的水平符合实际。故选B项。
38．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，工程木材通常在工厂组装成大型的部分建筑。A. nevertheless然而；B. instead相反；C. moreover此外；D. meanwhile同时。根据本处“Engineered timber is usually assembled into large sections of a building in a factory.”可知，是对前句的补充说明，用moreover连接。故穿C项。
39．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这就减少了必须运送到建筑工地的货物数量。A. deliveries递送；B. checkouts付款台；C. purchases购买；D. payments支付。根据后文“have to be made to a construction site”可知，此处指必须运送到建筑工地的货物数量。故选A项。
40．考查动词短语辨析。句意：所有这些都对二氧化碳的排放产生了影响。A. adds value附加值；B. gives credit赊帐；C. gives a boost给予鼓励；D. makes a difference产生影响。根据后文“Michael Ramage of the University of Cambridge told the meeting of a 300-square-metre four-storey wooden building that generated 126 tonnes of CO2. Had it been made with 　　　　11　　　　, emissions would have risen to 310 tonnes.”可知，比起混凝土，用木建筑二氧化碳排放量少，所以是对二氧化碳的排放产生了影响。故选D项。
41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果它是用混凝土建造的，排放量将上升到310吨。A. cement水泥；B. timber木材；C. concrete混凝土；D. synthetics合成物。根据前文“As the AAAs meeting heard this week, wood is one of the most 　　　6　　　　　 sustainable alternatives to steel and concrete.”可知，本文是拿木材与钢铁和混凝土作比较，根据后文“If steel had been used, they would have topped 498 tonnes.”提到了钢铁，所以此处应是混凝土。故选C项。
42．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，从某种角度来看，这座建筑实际上可能被视为“负碳”。A. positive正数的；B. negative负数的；C. friendly亲切的；D. resistant抵抗的。根据后文“When trees grow, they lock carbon up in their wood — in this case the equivalent of 540 tonnes of CO2, representing a long-term reduction of CO2 from the atmosphere.”可知，木结构建筑，它们将碳锁在木材中，使大气中二氧化碳的长期减少，从这种角度来看可能被视为“负碳”。故选B项。
43．考查动词短语辨析。句意：如果木材建筑开始流行，确实会引起人们对是否有足够的树木可供使用的担忧。A. go round足够分配；B. go away离开；C. go over仔细检查；D.  go down下降。根据后文“But with sustainably managed forests that should not be a problem, says Dr Ramage.”可知，有了可持续管理的森林，这不是问题，所以是担心是否有足够的树木可供使用。故选A项。
44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个家庭大小的公寓需要大约30立方米的木材，他估计仅欧洲的可持续森林每7秒钟就会增长这么多。A. advocates拥护者；B. strategies策略；C. forests森林；D. farmers农场主。根据前文“But with sustainably managed forests that should not be a problem, says Dr Ramage.”可知，是可持续森林。故选C项。
45．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：火灾也不是危险，因为工程木材不容易燃烧，因为大型结构木材的内核在燃烧时受到炭化层的保护。A. imposing壮观的；B. visible看得见的；C. universal普遍的；D. structural结构的。根据上文一直再讲的工程木材和后文“are protected by a charring (炭化) layer if burnt.”可知，内核受到炭化层保护的应该是现代大型结构木材。故选D项。

46．D 47．A 48．C 49．B 50．A 51．C 52．D 53．A 54．B 55．A 56．D 57．C 58．A 59．C 60．B

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者通过自身经历介绍了与陌生人交谈的艺术。
46．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我看到别人的这种合群时，我感到嫉妒。A. sacred神圣的；B. distressed痛苦的；C. disapproving不赞成的；D. envious嫉妒的。根据“Part of me has always wanted to be the kind of person who breaks the ice with a stranger.”可知，作者看到别人打破沉默会感到嫉妒。故选D。
47．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有多少冒险故事的开始是因为有人有勇气跟你打招呼?A. nerve神经；勇气；B. willpower意志力；C. sympathy同情；D. vision视觉。根据“How many tales of adventure began”及前文可知，与陌生人打招呼需要勇气。故选A。
48．考查动词词义辨析。句意：和不认识的人说话会引起轻微的恐惧，我完全避免。A. masks掩饰；B. eases减轻；C. inspires激发；D. taps 轻拍。根据“and I avoid it entirely.”可知，和不认识的人说话会引起轻微的恐惧。故选C。
49．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在2022年的一项研究中，心理学家吉莉安·桑德斯特罗姆指出，尽管有研究将频繁的社交活动与幸福感联系起来，但人们对与陌生人交谈“非常悲观”。A. informed见多识广的；B. pessimistic悲观的；C. expectant期待的；D. confused困惑的。根据“despite research linking frequent social interactions with happiness.”可知，人们对与陌生人交谈会“非常悲观”。故选B。
50．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这样的遭遇中，我们倾向于夸大潜在的负面后果，并积极避免它们。A. overstate夸张；B. demonstrate证明；C. exploit剥削；D. suffer遭受。根据“the potential for negative consequences in such encounters,”可知，与陌生人交谈我们往往夸大潜在的负面后果。故选A。
51．考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为对策，她给参与者“任务”，包括发起与符合特定特征的陌生人的对话(例如，“找到戴着帽子的人”)。A. identification鉴定；B. resistance抵抗；C. profile简介；概况；D. scale规模。根据“e.g., “Find someone who’s wearing a hat””可知，桑德斯特罗姆让参与者发起与符合特定概况的的陌生人的对话。故选C。
52．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：结果与桑德斯特罗姆的假设一致：这些互动比人们预期的要愉快得多。A. at the mercy of在……支配下；B. in contrast to和……对比；C. for the sake of为了……的利益；D. in line with按照； 与……一致。根据“these interactions were far more pleasant than people expected them to be.”可知，参与特定任务的结果与桑德斯特罗姆的假设是一致的。故选D。
53．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我没有理由不去试一试：我住在纽约市，经常遇到成百上千的陌生人。 A. excuse借口；理由；B. means方法；C. authority权力；D. regrets遗憾。根据“I live in New York City and encounter hundreds of strangers.”可知，作者认为有理由去试一试。故选A。
54．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：这句话比我想说的要无礼一些，但当他意识到我没有疯时，我们进行了一次愉快的交谈。A. set about开始； 着手；B. came out出来；C. stood by袖手旁观；D. ended up结束；告终。根据““Is that cream cheese?” I asked a guy on a park bench who was eating stuff.”可知，这里指作者把这些话说出来。故选B。
55．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这句话比我想说的要无礼一些，但当他意识到我没有疯时，我们进行了一次愉快的交谈。A. delightful令人愉快的；B. awkward尴尬的；C. one-sided单向的；D. initial最初的。根据“The results were____7____Sandstrom s assumption: these interactions were far more pleasant than people expected them to be.”可知，与桑德斯特罗姆的假设一致，作者和陌生人交谈得很愉快。故选A。
56．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，当我告诉她我膝盖的问题时，她迁就了我。A. Likewise同样地；B. Therefore因此；C. Plus并且；D. Instead代替；相反。根据“she humored me when I told her about my knee issues.”可知，相反，拄着拐杖的漂亮女人并没有认为作者是一个泡妞高手。故选D。
57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我对那些需要与公众互动的人使用了这种方法，这是他们工作的一部分。A. bonus奖金；B. receipt收据；C. approach方法；D. patent专利。根据“Here’s a tip: asking strangers about the bonuses of talking to strangers can be an effective strategy.”可知，作者使用了这种方法与那些需要与公众互动的人交谈。故选C。
58．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与我交谈过的服务员中，一个普遍的反应是，与顾客聊天是他们一天中最愉快的事情之一，提供了一点不可预测性。A. unpredictability不可预测性；B. resolution决心；C. discrimination歧视；D. inaccessibility难接近；难达到。根据“A cafe worker told me that he was an expert at guessing a customer’s order based on their appearance—yoga clothes? black coffee—but felt a distinct joy whenever he got it wrong.”可知，服务员与顾客聊天具有一点不可预测性。故选A。
59．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我的实验并没有把我变成一个无畏的外向者。A. persistence坚持；毅力；B. ritual仪式；典礼；C. experiment实验；D. convention惯例；公约。根据“Eager to test her theory, I gave myself a week to reproduce Sandstrom’s assignment, which meant speaking to around 30 people.”可知，作者实验只是为了验证桑德斯特罗姆的理论。故选C。
60．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但这是一个有用的提醒，当谈到保持生活有趣时，为偶尔的惊喜留出空间是值得的。A. turns out结果是；B. pays off取得成功；得到回报；C. goes on继续；D. falls short不合格。根据“But it was a useful reminder that when it comes to keeping life interesting,”可知，为偶尔的惊喜留出空间是得到回报的。故选B。

61．C 62．A 63．B 64．A 65．B 66．D 67．B 68．A 69．B 70．C 71．D 72．C 73．B 74．D 75．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了播客的发展及其优点。
61．考查名词词义辨析。句意：曾经有一段时间，一些人认为在我们家能播放电影，这将意味着收听广播娱乐和信息的结束。A. chance机会；B. extent程度；C. end结束；D. value价值。由上文“some people thought moving pictures sent out live into our houses”可知，一些人认为在家里能播放电影，这将意味着收听广播娱乐和信息的结束，the end of“……的结束”，故选C。
62．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但无线电得以幸存并迅速发展。A. survived幸存；B. approached接近；C. functioned起作用；D. benefited受益。由下文“developed quickly”可知，无线电得以幸存并迅速发展，故选A。
63．考查名词词义辨析。句意：也许播客的发展并不令人惊讶——它提供了一个数字音频文件，可以随时下载和存储以供收听。A. balance平衡；B. growth发展；C. theme主题；D. range范围。由上文“the popularity of podcasts (播客) is rising.”可知，播客不断受人们欢迎，这说明播客发展很快，故选B。
64．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，它还可以从互联网上在线收听，并在电脑或MP3播放器上播放。A. Besides此外；B. However然而；C. Therefore因此；D. Instead代替。上文“it offers a digital audio file that can be downloaded and stored for listening at any time.”在介绍播客的好处，此处“it can also be streamed (在线收听) from the internet and played on a computer or MP3 player.”在介绍播客其他的好处，所以此处用“此外”符合语境，故选A。
65．考查动词词义辨析。句意：制作播客的不仅仅是广播公司，比如英国广播公司；现在，与广播无关的商业广播公司、个人和公司正在制作这些节目。A. monitoring监测；B. producing制作（电影、戏剧等）；C. advertising做广告；D. applying申请。由下文“making them”可知，此处表示制作，produce与make同义，故选B。
66．考查介词短语辨析。句意：事实上，任何有话要说的人，只要花几英镑购买设备，就可以参与进来。A. For instance例如；B. In advance提前；C. By contrast相比之下；D. In fact事实上。由下文“anyone with something to say, and a few pounds to spend on the equipment, can get involved.”和上文提到的制作播客不仅仅是广播公司可知，除了与广播无关的商业广播公司、个人和公司外，实际上任何有话要说的人都可以参与进来，故选D。
67．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是这种制作像播客这样的便携式音频节目的趋势是从哪里开始的呢？A. technology技术；B. trend趋势；C. exchange交换；D. permit执照。由下文“for making portable audio programmes like podcasts begin”可知，此处指制作像播客这样的便携式音频节目的趋势，故选B。
68．考查动词词义辨析。句意：记者Ben Hammersley告诉BBC，两个变化对市场产生了巨大影响——一个是技术上的，另一个是文化上的。A. affected影响；B. regulated调整；C. challenged挑战；D. divided分开。由上文“two changes greatly”以及上文提出制作播客是从何时开始的可知，此处在对上文进行回答——两个变化对市场产生了巨大影响，促进了播客的发展，故选A。
69．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最后，4G手机连接的发展和广泛的无线网络意味着听众可以随时随地浏览、下载或观看流媒体节目。A. newborn新生的；B. widespread广泛传播的；C. academic学术的；D. costly昂贵的。由下文“shows whenever and wherever they wanted.”可知，随时随地浏览、下载或观看流媒体节目是由于4G手机连接的发展和广泛的无线网络发展造成的，故选B。
70．考查名词词义辨析。句意：科技的发展促使我们的媒体消费习惯发生了许多变化。A. power能量；B. economy经济；C. media媒体；D. educating教育。由下文“But however good the tech may be, there still needs to be something worth watching or listening to.(但是不管这项技术有多好，仍然需要一些值得看或听的东西)”和文章谈论播客的发展可知，此处指科技的发展促使我们的媒体消费习惯发生了许多变化，故选C。
71．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它讲述了一个多集的吸引人们想象力的非小说故事。A. confirmed确认；B. spotted认出；C. analyzed分析；D. attracted吸引。由下文“the first and second seasons of the show have had more than 340 million”可知，这部非小说故事很受人们欢迎，由此可知，它吸引人们的想象力，故选D。
72．考查名词词义辨析。句意：到目前为止，第一季和第二季的下载量已经超过了3.4亿。A. editions版本；B. lines线；C. downloads下载；D. character性格。由上文“the show have had more than 340 million”可知，此处指下载量已经超过了3.4亿，故选C。
73．考查名词词义辨析。句意：观众去哪里，钱就跟到哪里。A. content内容；B. audience观众；C. platform平台；D. civilization文明。由下文“the money follows.”可知，有观众就能挣钱。故选B。
74．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些听觉享受可以在各种平台上获得。A. changeable可改变的；B. measurable显著的；C. memorable难忘的；D. available可利用的；可获得的。由上文“Now there are podcasts about anything and everything, even the educational contream that BBC Learning English offers!”故一切东西都在播客上有，所以此处指这些听觉享受可以在多种平台上获得。选D。
75．考查动词词义辨析。句意：观众是特定的，这可以帮助广告商瞄准他们想要推广的内容。A. target以…为目标；瞄准；B. conduct管理；C. preserve保护；D. illustrate阐明。由上文“Audiences are very specific, which can help advertisers”和下文“what they want to promote”可知，广告商可以瞄准播客上的观众来做广告，故选A。



76．C 77．D 78．A 79．B 80．B 81．B 82．C 83．D 84．A 85．B 86．A 87．C 88．D 89．D 90．C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍当涉及道德推理时，我们喜欢认为我们对是非的看法是理性的，但实际上它们是基于情感的，科学家们通过脑部扫描证实了这一结论。
76．考查名词词义辨析。句意：哲学家们对这一说法争论了250年，但没有得出结论。A. comprehension理解；B. hesitation犹豫；C. resolution解决；D. permission允许。根据下文“Time’s up! Now scientists armed with brain scanners are stepping in to settle the matter.”可知，现在借助脑部扫描的科学家正在解决这一问题，所以之前哲学家们争论了很久但没有得出结论。故选C。
77．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然理性可以影响道德判断，但情感往往是决定性的。A. reliable可靠的；B. invisible看不见的；C. impressive令人印象深刻的；D. decisive决定性的。根据上文“Though reason can shape moral judgment”可知，此处表达语义的转折，虽然理性可以影响道德判断，但是情感应该是更有决定性。故选D。
78．考查副词词义辨析。句意：假设一辆电车沿着轨道朝五个人驶去，除非你拉动杠杆把它推到另一条轨道上，不幸的是，另一条轨道上躺着一个会死的人。A. unfortunately不幸地；B. obviously显然地；C. surprisingly令人惊讶地；D. inevitably不可避免地。根据空后“lies one person who will die instead”可知，另一条轨道上会有因此而必死的人，所以是不幸的。故选A。
79．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数人说，这是一个简单的号召：把生命的损失降到最低——正如哲学家们所说的，这是一个“功利主义”的目标。A. regretting后悔；B. minimizing最小化；C. justifying对……作出解释；D. estimating评估。根据上文一换五的抉择和下文“a “utilitarian” (实用主义的) goal”可知，此处表达在这样的困境下，去做实用主义的决定，即把生命的损失降低到最低，决定用一个人的死亡换五个人的生命。故选B。
80．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这仍然是一换五的交易，你仍然发起了令另一个人死亡的行动。A. struggle斗争；B. deal交易；C. loss失去；D. mistake错误。根据下文“to do this trade-off”可知，此处表达把一个旁观者推向轨道，换来五个人的生命，还是一个一换五的交易。故选B。
81．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，现在你更直接地参与其中；大多数人认为这种权衡是错误的。A. Likewise相似地；B. However但是；C. Therefore因此；D. Moreover此外。根据空后“now you are more directly involved”可知，此处是在和上一段的困境进行比较，突显现在的困境的不同，强调语义的转折，所以However“但是”符合语境。故选B。
82．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据Greene的脑部扫描，第二种情况比拉动杠杆的情况更能激发大脑中与情感相关的部分。A. memory记忆；B. reason理性；C. emotion情感；D. sensory感官。根据下文“the emotional concerns”可知，此处表达第二种情况下人们的决策不同，是因为这种情况与情感更相关。故选C。
83．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：显然，给某人致命一推时，直觉上的犹豫比致命一拉杠杆时的犹豫更强烈。A. enduring持久的；B. obvious明显的；C. acceptable可接受的；D. intense强烈的。根据上文“giving someone a deadly push”和下文“the hesitation of a deadly lever pull”，并结合常识可知，推一个人去死和不拉动杠杆让一个人死相比，更令人愧疚，所以引起的犹豫会更强烈。故选D。
84．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：进一步的研究表明，在这两种情况下，情感上的担忧在与大脑中更理性的部分争夺控制权。A. compete for争夺；B. come from来自；C. take over接管；D. engage in参与。根据下文“In the second situation, the emotions are usually strong enough to win.”可推知，此处表达情感和理性在大脑中争取控制权。故选A。
85．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：而当它们失败时，也只是经过了艰难的决策过程。A. self-reflecting自我反思的；B. decision-making决策的；C. problem-solving解决问题的；D. attention-calling引起注意的。根据下文“take longer to reach their decision”可推知，此处表达情感败给理性的情况下，是经历了一个艰难的决策过程的。故选B。
86．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些赞成闷死哭泣的婴儿而不是引起敌军注意的人也是如此，敌军会杀死婴儿和其他无辜的人。A. innocents无辜的人；B. hostages人质；C. relatives亲戚；D. soldiers士兵。根据空前“enemy troops who would then kill the baby along with other”可推知，敌军会杀死婴儿以及和婴儿一样无辜的人。故选A。
87．考查动词词义辨析。句意：普林斯顿大学哲学家Peter Singer认为，我们应该审视自己的道德直觉，首先问问它们是否值得尊重。A. trust信任；B. apply运用；C. examine审视；D. ignore忽视。根据下文“ask whether they deserve respect in the first place”可知，哲学家Peter Singer质疑我们的道德直觉，所以是觉得我们应该审视它。故选C。
88．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为什么要服从那些为“自私基因”服务的道德冲动——比如对亲友的同情？A. superior更好的；B. stubborn固执的；C. caring体贴的；D. selfish自私的。根据下文“sympathy that moves toward relatives and friends”可知，这种道德冲动会让我们偏向与自己更亲近的亲友，所以应该是自私的基因。故选D。
89．考查副词词义辨析。句意：为什么不更多地担心大洋彼岸的人们呢？我们可以低廉地减轻他们的痛苦。A. willingly愿意地；B. collectively集体地；C. deliberately故意地；D. cheaply低廉地。根据下文“to save 10 starving African babies”可知，解决这些非洲婴儿的饥饿问题的花费应该是比较低廉的。故选D。
90．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在缺乏艰难决策过程的情况下，理性可能确实是“激情的奴隶”。A. master主人；B. advocate拥护者；C. slave奴隶；D. protester抗议者。根据上文“And when they lose, it is only after a tough ____10____ process.”可知，在有艰难决策过程的情况下，情感会输给理性，所以艰难决策缺席的时候，理性会输给情感，成为激情的奴隶。故选C。

91．C 92．B 93．D 94．D 95．A 96．C 97．D 98．A 99．D 100．C 101．B 102．A 103．C 104．D 105．B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了日本汽车行业面临的现状。
91．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他是东京一家互联网服务公司的一位年轻、成功的高管，收入可观。A. payment支付；B. profit利润；C. income收入；D. budget预算。根据句中的“a young, successful executive(主管)”可知，他的收入应该不错。故选C。
92．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但现在他主要使用地铁和火车。A. rarely很少；B. mostly主要地；C. partially部分地；D. occasionally偶尔。根据But可知，上下文之间是转折关系。上文说“He used to own Toyota’s Hilux Surf, a sport utility vehicle.(他曾经拥有丰田的Hilux Surf，一款运动型多用途车。)”可知，这里表示他现在不开车了，主要乘坐公共交通工具。故选B。
93．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Suda反映了日本令人担忧的趋势：汽车正在失去其情感吸引力，尤其是在年轻人中，他们更喜欢把钱花在最新的电子设备上。A. tide潮汐；B. current潮流，气流；C. drift流动；D. trend趋势，动向。根据本句中冒号后的内容“the automobile is losing its emotional appeal”和最后一段中的“if the trend continues for much longer”可知，这里是说Suda的情况反映了当前日本的一种趋势。故选D。
94．考查副词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. occasionally偶尔；B. remarkably惊人地；C. essentially本质上；D. particularly特别，尤其。根据空后的“among the young”可知，此处是特别强调在年轻人当中失去吸引力。故选D。
95．考查连词词义辨析。句意：尽管迷你车和豪华外国品牌车仍然很受欢迎，但介于两者之间的一切都在下滑。A. While尽管，当……时；B. If如果；C. Because因为；D. Since自从，既然。根据句中的“mini-cars and luxury foreign brands are still popular”和上下文可知，这里表示让步，应用While引导让步状语从句。故选A。
96．考查动词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. shaking摇动；B. stretching拉长；C. slipping滑到，下降；D. surfing冲浪。本句含有一个让步状语从句，空处应和前面的“still popular”表达相反的意思，所以这里是说介于迷你车和豪华外国品牌车的一切汽车销量都在下滑。故选C。
97．考查介词短语辨析。句意：如果不算微型车市场，去年的销量下降了6.7%。其他国家一年的销量下降幅度更大:由于税收增加，2009年德国的销量下降了9%。A. according to根据；B. in terms of就……而言；C. thanks to幸亏，多亏了；D. in view of鉴于，由于。根据空前的“sales in Germany fell 9 percent in 2009”和空后的“a tax increase”可知，汽车在德国的销量下降和税收增加之间是因果关系，所以应用in view of。故选D。
98．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但专家表示，日本的独特之处在于，销售量随着时间的推移一直在稳步下降。A. unique独特的；B. similar相似的；C. mysterious神秘的；D. extra额外的。根据上句中的“There have been larger one-year drops in other nations”和空后的“sales have been decreasing steadily over time”可知，其他国家的销售量一年降幅较大，而日本的销售量是稳步逐年下降，所以日本的情况比较独特。故选A。
99．考查名词词义辨析。句意：日本汽车制造商协会（JAMA）对这种衰退状况感到震惊，于2008年对市场进行了全面研究。A. adventure冒险；B. distress悲伤，痛苦；C. growth增长；D. decay衰退。根据上文中的“the automobile is losing its emotional appeal”以及“fell”“decreasing”等信息可知，如今汽车领域衰退。故选D。
100．考查动词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. revised修订；B. relieved缓和；C. launched发起；D. proceeded继续做（或从事、进行）。根据空后的“a comprehensive study”可知，这里是说发起一项研究。故选C。
101．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究发现，贫富差距不断扩大、人口结构的变化和对汽车普遍缺乏兴趣，导致日本人保留自己的汽车更久，用更小的汽车替换自己的汽车，或者完全放弃使用汽车。A. lengthening（使）变长；B. widening范围扩大，程度加深；C. quickening加快；D. strengthening巩固。根据空后的“wealth gap”可知，这里是说贫富差距扩大。故选B。
102．考查形容词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. general普遍的；B. adequate足够的；C. ordinary普通的；D. average平均的。根据上文中的“a comprehensive study of the market”可知，这是对市场进行的全面调查，所以反映的情况应是普遍存在的现象，由此可知，这里指社会普遍对汽车缺乏兴趣。故选A。
103．考查名词词义辨析。句意参考第11题。A. cycles自行车；B. labels标签；C. vehicles车辆；D. devices设备。根据下文中的“their cars”可知，这里是近义词复现，指他们的汽车。故选C。
104．考查动词短语辨析。句意参考第11题。A. pick up（开车）接人；B. hang up挂断电话；C. hold up支持住；D. give up放弃。根据上文中的“a 　　11　　 wealth gap, demographic(人口结构的) changes and 　　12　　 lack of interest in cars”可知，这些都是社会上存在的对汽车销售不利的因素，所以这里指放弃汽车所有权。故选D。
105．考查动词词义辨析。句意：JAMA预计今年的销售额将进一步下降1.2%。A. pursues追求；B. predicts预测，预计；C. ensures确保；D. demands要求。根据句中的“a further sales decline of 1.2 percent this year”可知，这里是预测今年的情况。故选B。

106．B 107．A 108．C 109．D 110．A 111．B 112．C 113．B 114．A 115．C 116．A 117．D 118．C 119．B 120．C

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出缺乏阅读动机导致美国7-12年纪的学生的阅读能力水平显著下降，而解决这个问题的最佳方法之一是教师在教学日提供时间自愿阅读课文，通过提供时间和选择来引导学生将阅读与享受联系起来。
106．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，7-12年级的阅读能力水平显著下降。A. balance平衡；B. drop下降；C. reflection反映；D. concentration专心。根据上文“According to a research, the average reading score of students in the USA this year declined”推知，7-12年级学生的阅读能力下降了。故选B。
107．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种缺乏动力是他们阅读能力差的主要原因。A. lack缺乏；B. input投入；C. feedback反馈；D. operation操作。根据“unmotivated to read”可知，这些孩子缺乏阅读的动力。故选A。
108．考查动词词义辨析。句意：也许研究人员并不感到惊讶，阅读能力的下降与美国学生在选择阅读方法和时间方面的自由度下降相匹配。A. harms伤害；B. includes包括；C. matches匹配；D. prevents预防，阻止。根据“decline in reading ability”和“students’ decreasing freedom in choosing reading method and time”可知，阅读能力的下降是因为学生在选择阅读方法和时间方面的自由度下降相，因此它们二者是一致的、相匹配的。故选C。
109．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：可能有人反对使用已经有限的学习时间，但研究表明，在学校花时间阅读可以提高学习成绩。A. boring无聊的；B. unique独特的；C. random随机的；D. limited有限的。根据常识和“already”可知，此处是指用原本已经有限的学习时间。故选D。
110．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. improves提高，改善；B. provides提供；C. realizes意识到；D. breaks打破。根据下文“Most students who are given  extra reading time in school get higher scores in reading tests.”可知，在学校花时间阅读可以提高学习成绩。故选A。
111．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使是“轻松”或有趣的青少年文学读物也是如此。A. innocent无辜的；B. fun有趣的；C. precious珍贵的；D. serious严重的。根据“light”和“or”可知，此处是指即使阅读轻松或有趣的读物也可以学习成绩。故选B。
112．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在学校里为阅读练习提供时间的一个论点是，将其与一个人掌握运动技能所需的必要练习进行比较：练习时间的增加会提高成绩。A. rules规则；B. teaching教学，学说；C. time时间，次数；D. fund基金。根据“the increased practice hours increase performance.”可知，此处是指提供阅读的时间。故选C。
113．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使是每天10分钟的阅读，只要让学生接触多篇课文，也会产生戏剧性的效果。A. adding增加；B. exposing使接触；C. attaching附着；D. mailing邮寄。根据“multiple texts”和下文“Ten minutes of daily book reading in middle school will increase about 700,000 words of reading each year for a student.”可知，此处是指让学生接触多篇文章。故选B。
114．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种额外的阅读量可以给学生带来巨大的好处。A. benefits好处；B. symbols象征；C. hobbies爱好；D. friends朋友。根据上文“he increased practice hours increase performance.”和“Ten minutes of daily book reading in middle school will increase about 700,000 words of reading each year for a student.”可知，此处是指额外阅读带来的好处。故选A。
115．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，与拥挤随意的课堂环境相比，学校的独立阅览室可以帮助学生产生正式感。A. dependent依赖的；B. traditional传统的；C. formal正式的；D. inferior低劣的。呼应上文“the crowded casual classroom environment”此处指独立的阅览室帮助学生产生正式的感觉。故选C。
116．考查动词词义辨析。句意：学生可以发现作者，探索他们感兴趣的话题，并改善他们的阅读习惯。A. interest使……感兴趣；B. defeat打败；C. cheat作弊；D. invent发明。根据“and improve their reading habits.”推知，此处指探索感兴趣的话题，并改善阅读。故选A。
117．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究得出的结论是，有数百万学生不具备定位相关信息或做出简单判断所需的基本阅读技能。A. resources资源；B. companions同伴；C. opportunities机会；D. skills技能。根据定语从句“that are needed to locate relevant information or make simple judgement.”可知，此处是指缺乏定位相关信息或做出简单判断的技能。故选D。
118．考查名词词义辨析。句意：阅读能力不足对学生和美国社会经济的影响可能意味着一生将损失数十亿美元的工资和收入。A. income收入；B. method方法；C. loss损失；D. presence在场。根据“The effects of underdeveloped reading ability on the student and on the economy of the American society”推知，这种情况导致的后果是损失数十亿美元的工资和收入。故选C。
119．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种联系可以使阅读成为一种理想的活动，并使学生热衷于阅读。A. production生产，产品；B. link联系；C. knowledge知识；D. discovery发现。根据上文“associate reading with enjoyment by offering time and choices.”可知，此处是指“将阅读和乐趣联系在一起”的这种联系。故选B。
120．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. social社会的；B. reluctant不情愿的；C. keen热切的，热情的；D. practical实际的，实践的。根据上文“making reading a desired activity”和“and”可知，此处是指这种联系会让学生热衷于阅读的。故选C。

121．C 122．B 123．C 124．D 125．A 126．B 127．C 128．B 129．A 130．D 131．A 132．B 133．B 134．C 135．D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了心理学家对群体智力的研究与发现。
121．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这个概念源于这样一种观察，即一些团队似乎可以难以置信地跨任务工作，甚至是不太相似的任务。A. poorly差地；B. intensively密集地；C. fantastically难以置信地；D. dominantly占主导地位地。根据下文“even tasks that are not very similar”及“So what is the secret to their success?”可知，此处指一些团队似乎可以难以置信地跨任务工作。故选C。
122．考查名词词义辨析。句意：早期的研究表明，群体智力并不是群体中个体智力的总和。A. quality质量；B. sum总和；C. role角色；D. trace痕迹。根据空后“the intelligence of the individuals in it”可知，此处指群体中个体智力的总和。故选B。
123．考查动词短语辨析。句意：谷歌的研究人员已经解决了这个问题，他们相信他们最终找到了一些团队成功的原因。A. marvel at惊叹；B. look into调查；C. figure out弄清楚；D. delight in喜欢。根据上文“So what is the secret to their success?”及“Researchers at Google have tackled this question”可知，此处指谷歌的研究人员相信他们最终弄清楚了一些团队成功的原因。故选C。
124．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在谷歌的研究中，研究人员收集了数百个群体的数千个数据点，并对它们进行了梳理，试图找到模式。A. behaviors行为；B. fulfillment履行；C. diagnosis诊断；D. patterns模式。根据下文“They put forward many theories but found no patterns to support them.”可知，此处指研究人员试图找到模式。故选D。
125．考查副词词义辨析。句意：具有相似性格或背景的团队成员合作得最好吗？A. best最好地；B. on average平均；C. below average低于平均水平；D. worst最差地。根据上文“groups whose members have similar personalities or backgrounds”及常识可知，此处指具有相似性格或背景的团队成员合作得会最好。故选A。
126．考查副词词义辨析。句意：事实上，谁在小组里似乎并没有什么不同；相反，效率较高和较低的群体之间的差异似乎在于成员之间的互动。A. furthermore此外；B. instead相反；C. consequently因此；D. obviously显然。前后句意存在相反关系，应用转折副词instead。故选B。
127．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，谁在小组里似乎并没有什么不同；相反，效率较高和较低的群体之间的差异似乎在于成员之间的互动。A. persuasion说服；B. imitation模仿；C. interaction互动；D. moderation适度。根据下文“Among the findings, the most significant is that, in effective groups, members spoke for a roughly equal amount of time — not at every meeting or interaction, but across the course of a 　　8　　.”可知，此处指效率较高和较低的群体之间的差异似乎在于成员之间的互动。故选C。
128．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这些发现中，最重要的是，在有效的团队中，成员的发言时间大致相等——不是在每次会议或互动中，而是在整个项目过程中。A. regulation监管；B. project项目；C. scale规模；D. transition过渡。根据上文“not at every meeting or interaction, but across the course”可知，此处指整个项目过程。故选B。
129．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，在有效的群体中，成员说话时直接面对彼此，他们使用充满活力和热情的手势。A. For example例如；B. On the contrary恰恰相反；C. In other words换句话说；D. In theory理论上。根据上文“There were additional findings that support these general ones.”及空后“in effective groups, members face one another directly when they speak, and they use energetic and enthusiastic gestures.”可知，此处指在举例说明。故选A。
130．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们也直接彼此沟通，而不仅仅是通过团队的领导或经理。A. roughly大致地；B. steadily稳定地；C. neutrally中性地；D. directly直接地。根据下文“not just through the leader or manager of the group.”可知，此处指团队成员直接彼此沟通。故选D。
131．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，研究发现，在会议期间，个别成员之间的谈话非但不会分散注意力，反而会提高团队的效率。A. distraction分心；B. isolation隔离；C. supervision监督；D. exhaustion精疲力竭。根据上文“side conversations between individual members during meetings”及常识可知，在会议期间，个别成员之间的谈话会被认为是分心的事情。故选A。
132．考查动词词义辨析。句意：所有的研究结果都强调了面对面交流的重要性，而不是打电话、电话会议或电子邮件交流。A. overlook俯瞰；B. highlight强调；C. dedicate奉献；D. categorize分类。根据下文“The positive behaviors uncovered in the study occur primarily or exclusively in face-to-face interaction. ”可知，此处指所有的研究结果都强调了面对面交流的重要性。故选B。
133．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有人可能会提出质疑，这些发现大多是非常明显的，不用说，优秀的管理者可能一直都明白这些原则。A. advocate辩护；B. argue提出质疑；C. command命令；D. regret后悔。根据下文“that most of these findings are extremely obvious, and needless to say, good managers have probably always understood these principles.”可知，此处指有人可能会对研究发现提出质疑。故选B。
134．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们的社会和职业生活并不总是以促进那种明显强调有效群体表现的互动的方式构建的。A. reverses颠倒；B. stocks贮备；C. underlines强调；D. captures捕获。根据上文“Our social and professional lives, however, are not always structured in ways that facilitate the kind of interaction”及语境可知，此处指强调有效群体表现的互动的方式构建。故选C。
135．考查名词词义辨析。句意：了解群体智力可以帮助企业和其他组织做出必要的根本性改变，以提高群体绩效。A. perspective视角；B. performance性能；C. persistence持久性；D. intelligence智力。根据语境可知，全文一直在讲述对群体智力的研究及发现。由此可知，此处指了解群体智力可以帮助企业和其他组织做出必要的根本性改变，以提高群体绩效。故选D。

136．B 137．C 138．A 139．D 140．C 141．A 142．D 143．B 144．C 145．B 146．D 147．B 148．C 149．D 150．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍当我们想到健康时，往往会优先考虑身体健康，而忽略心理健康。相反，我们应该像对待身体健康一样对待心理健康——着眼于通过解决导致我们生病或健康的基本因素来预防疾病。文章说明了精神疾病患者所面临的困境以及影响精神健康的因素。
136．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，当我们想到健康时，我们倾向于优先考虑身体健康，而牺牲精神健康。A. prefer偏爱；B. prioritize优先考虑；C. preconsider预先考虑；D. prejudice偏见。根据后文“physical well-being at the expense of mental health”可知，指我们倾向于优先考虑身体健康，而牺牲精神健康。故选B。
137．考查动词词义辨析。句意：抑郁症是最常见的精神疾病之一，全世界大约有3亿人受其影响。A. suffering遭受；B. changing改变；C. affecting影响；D. insulting侮辱。根据后文“an estimated 300 million people around the world”指抑郁症影响了世界上很多人。故选C。
138．考查动词词义辨析。句意：抑郁症非常普遍，世界卫生组织预测，到2030年，它将成为全球疾病负担的主要原因。A. predicted预测；B. designed设计；C. criticized批评；D. advertised打广告。根据后文“by 2030, it will be the leading cause of the global disease burden.”可知是在对未来抑郁症进行预测。故选A。
139．考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多心理健康挑战可能被低估了。A. posed摆姿势；B. misunderstood误解；C. found找到；D. underreported低估。根据上文“Mental illness may be even more common than we think.(精神疾病可能比我们想象的还要普遍)”可知，精神疾病可能比我们想象的还要普遍，许多心理健康挑战可能被低估了。故选D。
140．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们还有很长的路要走，才能创造一种文化，让耻辱不再阻止精神疾病患者获得帮助。A. helps帮助；B. kills杀死；C. prevents阻止；D. requires需要。根据后文“people with mental illness from getting assistance”可知，耻辱阻止了患者获得帮助。prevent from doing sth.“阻止某人做某事”。故选C。
141．考查形容词和动词词义辨析。句意：38%的美国人表示，他们“绝对或可能”不愿意与患有精神疾病的人住在一起。A. unwilling不愿意的；B. evaluated评估；C. relaxed放松的；D. eager渴望的。根据后文“to have a person with mental illness move next door to them”和常识此处指人们不愿意和患有精神疾病的人住在一起。故选A。
142．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们的态度使得许多患有精神疾病的人更有可能不为人所知，这使得人们很难准确地评估他们的真实人数。A. possible可能得；B. necessary必要的；C. convenient方便的；D. hard困难的。根据上文“Their attitudes make it more likely that many people with mental illness will remain under the radar”可知，人们抗拒患有精神病得人，所以他们的态度使得许多患有精神疾病的人更有可能不为人所知，这使得人们很难准确地评估他们的真实人数。故选D。
143．考查名词词义辨析。句意：身体健康和精神健康是我们生活的社会、经济和环境条件的产物。A. factor因素；B. product产品；C. creation创造；D. foundation基础。根据后文“of the social, economic, and environmental conditions in which we live”指身体健康和精神健康是我们生活的社会、经济和环境条件的产物。故选B。
144．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们的思想，就像我们的身体一样，是由复杂的因素塑造的，包括我们住在哪里，我们的基因，我们的童年经历，以及我们获得物质资源的途径。A. imagination想象力；B. concept概念；C. access入口；D. use使用。根据后文“to material resources”指获得物质资源的途径，应用access to。故选C。
145．考查副词和介词短语辨析。句意：例如，收入是影响健康的最重要因素之一，与许多常见的情绪焦虑障碍有关。A. instead相反；B. for example例如；C. however然而；D. therefore因此。根据后文“is one of the most significant influences”可知，后文是在用收入影响健康举例子，故选B。
146．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果我们摔断了胳膊或者得了传染病，任何人都很难认为我们是健康的。A. open打开；B. raise筹集；C. cross穿过；D. break打破。根据后文“an arm or develop an infectious disease”可知，这里指身体有疾病或残缺，即摔断了胳膊或者得了传染病，故选D。
147．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，如果我们与精神疾病作斗争，如抑郁、焦虑或创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)，我们的疾病很可能不会表现出什么外在症状。A. hide隐藏；B. present表现；C. relieve缓解；D. improve改善。根据后文“few outward symptoms”指心理疾病不会有什么外在症状。故选B。
148．考查动词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，人们对精神疾病的耻辱感往往会使患有精神疾病的人不太可能寻求他们需要的帮助。A. adjusted调整；B. adapted改编；C. attached附上；D. appointed任命。根据后文“to mental illness can make those who develop a disorder less likely to seek the help they need”指精神疾病伴随有耻辱感，会使患有精神疾病的人不太可能寻求他们需要的帮助。故选C。
149．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：考虑到这些挑战，以及我列出的原因，我们必须像对待身体问题一样，用同样多的精力和洞察力来解决心理健康问题。A. efficient效率高的；B. effective有效的；C. obvious明显的；D. critical重要的。根据后文“we address mental health with as much energy and insight as we apply to physical concerns”对待心理健康问题与对待身体问题一样重要。故选D。
150．考查不定代词辨析。句意：我们的健康值得我们这样做。A. nothing没有事；B. something某事；C. somebody某人；D. nobody没有人。此处为否定词+比较级，相当于最高级含义，故用nothing less。故选A。