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专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇——2022-2023学年高一英语下学期期末专题冲刺复习（人教版2019）
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专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2022春·湖南永州·高一统考期末）Orcas, also known as killer whales, are some of the most social and intelligent of sea animals. They communicate with each other by different calls and whistles. Scientists have found increasing evidence that orcas have developed a complex culture: A series of behaviors animals learn from one another.
Through researches, scientists discover that orcas have unique family structures and behaviors, which are passed from generation to generation. They stay in groups and the leading female orcas will teach specific behaviors to younger animals. This complex culture influences deeply what and how orcas eat, what they do for fun, and even their choice of mates.
Brian Skerry, a photographer of National Geographic, traveled the globe to record orcas’ activities. “These animals have identity, they have personality, they have traditions, they have language, and food preferences and singing competitions. And they have empathy. They care about each other.” said Brian. He found that diving with these special creatures can lead to strange and wonderful situations. And he hopes that existing features of orcas can be an opportunity for us humans to begin to see ourselves not so different than the natural world.
Our own culture has helped us to accommodate to a number of evolutionary selection pressures — from hot deserts to the cold Arctic. And the same is true of orcas. By developing new behaviors, they have been able to occupy a range of ecological chain, such as penguin hunters in the South Ocean and fish eaters in the Pacific Ocean. Hal White, head of Dalhousie University, concludes, “Culture may be very important to orcas.” And he believes the new form of culture brings out all these changes.
1．What can we infer about orcas?
A．They prefer staying alone. B．They talk with others by gesture.
C．They learn behaviors from others. D．They have common family structures.
2．According to Brian, what chance do orcas provide for humans?
A．Finding that orcas are strange. B．Recording that orcas have characters.
C．Realizing that humans are not unique. D．Presenting that orcas care about each other.
3．Which word can best replace the underlined word “accommodate” in the fourth paragraph?
A．Object. B．Adapt. C．Stick. D．Contribute
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The features of fish eaters. B．The secret culture of orcas.
C．The evolution of female orcas. D．The traditions of marine animals.
（2023秋·内蒙古赤峰·高一统考期末）Reading people’s minds seems to be a superpower that only exists in movies. But scientists have now made it possible to translate people’s brain waves!
Researchers at the University of California, San Francisco developed a new device. It can turn brain waves into words on a screen in front of the user. In the study, they tested it with a paralyzed (瘫痪) man.
“To our knowledge, this is the first successful demonstration of direct decoding of full words from the brain of someone who is paralyzed and cannot speak.” said Edward Chang, the senior author of the study. Each year, thousands of people lose the ability to speak due to accidents or diseases. With up to 93 percent accuracy, the new device shows “strong promise” to let these people fully communicate in the future.
One problem with such mind-reading machines, however, is that they have to put electrodes into people’s brains. It’s inconvenient and has health risks. But scientists from the University of Texas, US, have taken steps to change this. They tried to translate people’s thoughts without even touching their heads, reported Live Science.
The new brain scanning technique is called FMRI, or functional magnetic resonance imaging. It’s a safer way of “reading” brain activity. Active brain cells have more oxygen. By tracking this, scientists can translate brain activity.
The team asked participants to listen to 16 hours of radio shows while scanning their brains. Then they used a computer algorithm (算法) to create a story based on the FMRI recording. It matched the radio shows pretty well.
In other tests, the algorithm could basically explain the story of a silent movie that the participants watched. It could even retell a story that the participants imagined in their heads. Although it’s not a word-for-word translation, the technique provides many possibilities.
5．What do the words “strong promise” mean?
A．The device has high accuracy. B．The device can make a promise.
C．The device makes no mistakes. D．The device makes a paralyzed man speak.
6．How does FMRI “read” people’s minds?
A．It puts electrodes into people’s brains.
B．It tracks the oxygen of brain cells.
C．It makes predictions based on people’s habits.
D．It guesses people’s thoughts randomly.
7．What’s the advantage of FMRI compared to the first device mentioned in the story?
A．It’s safer. B．It’s cheaper. C．It’s smaller in size. D．It’s more accurate.
8．Which is TRUE about FMRI?
A．It can only record what participants hear.
B．It can record every detail of participants minds.
C．Its recordings can be used to retell what participants had seen and heard.
D．It is accurate because it can tell imagination from fact.
（2023秋·山东滨州·高一统考期末）The CEO and founder of house-builder Project Etopia, Joseph Daniel, had unstable start in life. “My father was always drunk and my mother had mental disorder when I was 15. I’ve lived on the street and I need to do this,” says the 27-year-old young man. He left school without any qualifications.
Far from seeing it as a shortcoming, the hardship he himself experienced is what drives him to take on the challenge of solving the UK’s housing crisis and dealing with climate change at the same time by building high-tech eco-homes that ordinary people cannot only afford, but will also really want to live in.
The homes that Daniel wants to build are not traditional housings. They are made up of several parts and each part is made in Daniel’s own factory in Cheshire. Traditional houses take months to complete, while his homes can be put together easily on site due to being partially pre-built in the factory. The firm’s plan in Corby, Northamptonshire, is a village that will consist of 47 homes, the first four of which were each built in nine days.
Houses are not only faster to build, but will also have smart technology built in and be much more energy efficient than the average home. With solar panels, Daniel says he can build houses that will generate more power than they use, potentially making up for some of the six tons of carbon emitted annually by the “typical” house as a result of the heat and power required.
“I want to slow climate change through housing,” he says. “It’s our responsibility as humans. That’s what our project is about. If you can get the economics and the environment right, you can make things better.”
9．What can we know about Daniel from the passage?
A．He was qualified as an engineer after graduation.
B．He was abandoned by his parents when he was a child.
C．He was inspired by his own experience to deal with housing crisis.
D．He was forced to take the task of housing problem by his parents.
10．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．Daniel’s houses are similar to traditional ones. B．Daniel’s houses are partially built in advance.
C．Daniel’s firm produces the houses as a whole. D．Daniel’s firm has built 47 homes in a village.
11．Which of the following best describes Daniel’s houses?
A．Traditional but comfortable. B．Expensive but convenient.
C．Green and advanced. D．Fashionable and modern.
12．What’s the passage mainly about?
A．It introduces a talented house builder and his achievements.
B．It’s about Daniel’s unique way of solving housing and climate problems.
C．It tells us how to build houses faster and make them more affordable.
D．It stresses the importance of smart technology in house building.
（2023秋·江苏盐城·高一江苏省射阳中学校考期末）Beavers (河狸) are famous for building impressive dams in streams. They have a rare ability to transform the landscapes they live in. This is primarily because beavers need to use their dams to hide from predators (捕食者) like bears, wolves, and river otters. Beavers live in dome-shaped constructions within the ponds that can only be accessed by underwater entrances. Inside, they are safe from threats. Besides, they can also store food inside and keep warm in winter.
Beavers build dams up to 5 meters high, and the largest one, in Alberta, Canada, is 850 meters long. Most dams are built from pieces of wood, with stones at the base and a sealing layer of mud and plants on the upstream side. The dams are thicker at the bottom with a shallow slope on the upstream side, meaning that the weight of the water pushes down on the dam, keeping it in place and allowing it to hold back large volumes of water. Their engineering work is so effective that beaver dams can last for decades.
Beaver dams can promote the creation and development of stable wetland ecosystems, one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, which serve as the home of rare and endangered species. In addition, the dams can help water flow to the newly created ponds, thus, preventing flooding in areas downstream of the rivers where these dams are built. They also protect the land from soil erosion (侵蚀, 腐蚀) and block pollutants in the water flow downstream into major water bodies.
However, Ph. D．student Robert Needham, from the International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research at Southampton, expressed a great deal of his concern about the possibility of beaver dams blocking the upstream and downstream migration (迁移) of Atlantic salmon (鲑鱼) and trout during their reproduction seasons, as well as affecting habitat (栖息地) quality. Thus, people should control the construction of beaver dams, especially in human-inhabited areas, near agricultural fields and pasture lands.
13．What is the main reason for beavers to build dams?
A．Keeping warm in winter.
B．Storing food for later use.
C．Protecting themselves from predators.
D．Saving their habitats from river flooding.
14．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The living environment of beavers.
B．The features of beaver dams.
C．The methods of building beaver dams.
D．The introduction to the largest beaver dam.
15．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．River pollution poses a big danger to beavers.
B．Beaver dams have great ecological(生态的)significance.
C．Stable wetland ecosystems are important to dam construction.
D．Beaver dams serve as the place of reproduction for some species.
16．Which of the following may Robert Needham agree with?
A．People may be disturbed by too many beaver dams.
B．Beaver dams make many sea animals leave their habitats.
C．Farmers could benefit a lot from beavers engineering work.
D．Beaver dams promote an increase of some species in the Atlantic
（2023秋·新疆昌吉·高一新疆昌吉回族自治州第二中学校考期末）Every week in China, millions of people will sit in front of their TVs watching teenagers compete for the title Character Hero which is a Chinese-style spelling bee (拼写大赛) . In this challenge, young competitors must write Chinese characters by hand. To prepare for the competition, the competitors usually spend months studying dictionaries.
Perhaps the show’s popularity should not be a surprise. Along with gunpowder and paper, many Chinese people consider the creation of Chinese calligraphy (书法) to be one of their primary contributions to civilization. Unfortunately , all over the country, Chinese people are forgetting how to write their own language without computerized help. Software on smart phones and computers allows users to type in the basic sound of the word using the Latin alphabet. The correct character is chosen from a list. The result? It’s possible to recognize characters without remembering how to write them.
But there’s still hope for the writing brush. China’s Ministry of Education wants children to spend more time learning how to write. In one Beijing primary school we visited, students practise calligraphy every day inside a specially decorated classroom with traditional Chinese paintings hanging on the walls. They look up at the blackboard often to study their teacher’s examples before carefully attempting to reproduce those characters on thin rice paper. “If adults can survive without using handwriting, why bother to teach it now?” we ask the calligraphy teacher Shen Bin. “The ability to write characters is part of Chinese tradition and culture.” she reasons. “Students must learn now so they don’t forget when they grow up,” says the teacher.
17．What can we learn about the Chinese-style spelling bee?
A．It’s open to people of all ages and all walks.
B．It’s the most-viewed TV programme in China.
C．It aims to spread Chinese culture to the world.
D．It draws great public attention across the country.
18．Why are Chinese people forgetting how to write the characters?
A．Chinese people don’t refer to dictionaries very often.
B．Chinese people no longer use brush pens or practise calligraphy.
C．Chinese people are using the Latin alphabet instead of the characters.
D．Chinese people needn’t write by hand as often with the help of technology.
19．According to Shen Bin, being able to write characters by hand is ________ .
A．necessary for adults to survive in China
B．a requirement made by the Ministry of Education
C．helpful to keep Chinese tradition and culture alive
D．an ability to be developed only when you are students
20．Where does this text probably come from?
A．A news report. B．A science report.
C．An advertisement. D．Children’s literature
（2023秋·辽宁·高一校联考期末）Birds that migrate long distances tend to be more likely than others to break up with their partners, according to an analysis of 232 species conducted by Sun Yat-sen University.
About 90 per cent of bird species are socially monogamous (一夫一妻制的), which means once they form pairs, they will stay together for life. However, some do end up getting “divorced” and move onto new partners.
To identify reasons that lead to bird break ups, Liu Yang at Sun Yat-sen University in China and his colleagues studied 232 species in one of the world’s largest bird databases, Birds of the World. They found that species that migrate particularly long distances to obtain food typically have higher rates of breaking up.
Great blue herons, for example, migrate more than 3000 kilometres and have a divorce rate of 100 per cent. This may be because travelling further makes it harder for a pair to return home at the same time, says Liu Yang. “If you’re the one who gets back first, it’s risky waiting for your partner because you don’t know if it’ll show up — it may have died or been blown off course,” Liu adds. Finding a new partner may seem a safer bet even if it requires energy to please a new mate, he says.
Liu and his team members acknowledge that it makes sense for birds with long migrations to have higher divorce rates, but there are exceptions.
Black-tailed godwits, for example, migrate more than 1000 kilometres from Iceland to the UK or southwest Europe each year but have relatively low divorce rates. This seems to be due to a super ability to keep pace with their partners. Although members of a pair will follow separate migration paths and typically end up more than 900 kilometres away from each other, they are somehow able to return to Iceland at almost the same time, which reduces the risk of break-ups. “But most birds are not able to do that — it’s pretty amazing.” Liu concludes.
21．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A．Most bird species have more than one partner for life.
B．Few bird species are devoted to their partners.
C．Most bird species have higher rates of breaking up.
D．Most bird species tend to have only one partner.
22．Why do great blue herons have a divorce rate of 100 per cent?
A．Because the bird pairs choose different migration routes.
B．Because they get tired of their partners.
C．Because they are impatient with waiting.
D．Because it is safer for them to move onto a new partner.
23．What can we learn about black-tailed godwits in the last paragraph?
A．They have a higher divorce rate than great blue herons.
B．The nearly same returning time reduces the risk of their divorce.
C．It is typical of them to migrate at the same speed with their partners.
D．They set a good example of romance for other birds.
24．Which of the following is the best title for the text? .
A．Migration Linked to Bird Divorce B．Reasons for Bird Migration
C．Bird Migration with Long Distances D．Birds — with High Rates of Divorce.
（2023秋·辽宁沈阳·高一沈阳市第一二〇中学校考期末）The Royal Mint has announced plans for a new factory where it will process electronic junk to extract precious metals for coins and gold bars. The factory will be the first of its kind in the world.
The Royal Mint is a Government-owned company that makes coins for the UK and lots of other countries. Most of its coins are made from cheaper metals, but the Mint sometimes makes coins and medals from precious metals like gold and silver. It also makes gold bars. Countries and banks like to keep gold bars because they are very valuable and their price doesn’t tend to go up or down suddenly.
The precious metals used by the Mint are mostly mined from the ground but now it plans to make use of the vast amounts of electronic waste (known as e-waste) that is thrown away in the UK each year. Many electronic devices use small quantities of precious metals such as gold and silver because they are good conductors of electricity. However, it is estimated that just 20% of old electronics are recycled worldwide. This is not just a waste; it can be dangerous, because when e-waste is buried in rubbish dumps, metals and chemicals can leak out and pollute the environment.
Currently, e-waste from the UK is sent abroad to be melted down to recover precious metals. The new factory will use chemical reactions to do the same job much quicker and using far less energy. The process can extract 99% of the precious metals from plastic circuit boards within a few seconds, and could provide the Mint with hundreds of kilograms of gold each year.
“Our new plant will see the Royal Mint become a leader in sustainably sourced precious metals,” said Anne Jessopp, the Mint’s CEO.
25．What does the underlined word “extract” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Obtain. B．Break. C．Limit. D．Add.
26．What’s a problem with the old electronics if not recycled?
A．Energy shortage. B．Environmental pollution.
C．A lack of workers. D．A waste of gold bars.
27．What does Anne Jessopp think of the new plant?
A．Costly. B．Risky. C．Promising. D．Demanding.
28．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．Making Use of E-waste B．Turning Junk into Gold
C．Building a New Factory D．Running a Junk Business
（2023秋·辽宁沈阳·高一沈阳市第一二〇中学校考期末）The French writer Annie Ernaux was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in literature. The 82-year-old writer is the 16th French writer and the first Frenchwoman to receive the literature prize. In congratulating her, the president of France, Emmanuel Macron said that she was the voice of the freedom of women.
Ernaux was born in Lillebonne in 1940 and grew up in nearby Yvetot, where her parents ran a café and grocery in a working-class part of town. She studied at universities, qualified as a school teacher, and earned a higher degree in modern literature in 1971. In the early 1970s, Ernaux taught at a college, before joining the National Centre Distance Education, where she was employed for 23 years.
Ernaux started her literary career in 1974 with Cleaned Out, an autobiographical novel. In 1984 she won the Renaudot Prize for another of her works A Man’s Place, an autobiographical narrative focusing on her relationship with her father and her experiences growing up in a small town in France. A Woman’s Story was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. Ernaux’s 2008 historical memoir The Years was well-received by French critics. It is the story of a woman and of the society she lived in. The Years won the 2009 Telégramme Readers Prize and the 2016 Strega European Prize. Translated by Alison L. Strayer, The Years was nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2019. Her popularity increased sharply after The Years was shortlisted for the international Booker.
“Her path to authorship was long and difficult, and the story is serious but the language is plain,” Anders Olsson of the Swedish Academy said on Thursday as he announced her award. “And when she with great courage and sharpness shows the physical or mental pain of the experience of class, combining historic and individual experiences to see who you are, she has achieved something admirable and lasting.” Anders Olsson added.
29．What does Macron think of Annie Ernaux?
A．She has a bad memory of her childhood. B．She is the 82nd French writer ever awarded.
C．She is concerned about women’s freedom. D．She is the most outstanding woman writer.
30．Which book makes Ernaux popular in the world?
A．Cleaned Out. B．The Years. C．A Woman’s Story. D．A Man’s Place.
31．What can be inferred from Ernaux’s books?
A．Most of her books are about French history. B．She began her writing career at a young age.
C．Her book is closely related to her strict father. D．She wrote the book based on her own experiences.
32．What can we learn from Ernaux’s story?
A．Hold your horses. B．Hang on to your dreams.
C．Success doesn’t happen overnight. D．Quitters never win and winners never quit.
（2023秋·辽宁沈阳·高一沈阳市第一二〇中学校考期末）Whether it’s a tricky math problem or unexpected bill, daily life is full of stressful experiences. No matter what happens, we know that spending time with dogs can help you feel better. While previous studies have suggested dogs might detect human’s emotions, possibly through smell, but now scientists have discovered that our furry friends understand human’s emotions much better than we realized. Thanks to a series of experiments, researchers found that dogs can smell when people are stressed.
The study took place at Queen’s University in Belfast. Four owners volunteered their dogs to take part—Treo, Fingal, Soot and Winnie—and 36 humans volunteered too. The people were asked to do a very difficult math test and if they became stressed (this was measured by checking their blood pressure and heart rate) then samples of their sweat and breath were taken. First, the dogs were trained to pick out a stressed person’s sample. Then they were given three samples to sniff—one was blank, one was a calm person’s smell and one was a stressed person’s smell. Out of 720 trials, the dogs picked the stressed smell 675 times, and were given a treat. This showed that, to a dog, stressed people and calm people smell completely different.
Researcher Clara Wilson told The Guardian Newspaper, “It was pretty amazing to see them so confident in telling me these two things definitely smell different.” The study could help to teach therapy dogs, which are trained to give people emotional support. However, the team say while it was unclear what chemicals the dogs picked up on, the study definitively shows humans produce different smell when they have a stress response.
33．What do the researchers find?
A．Dogs would like to be volunteers. B．Dogs can smell out people’s stress.
C．People’s stress is measured by math. D．Stress makes people socially relaxed.
34．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us?
A．The reason of the stress. B．The function of the math.
C．The number of the volunteers. D．The process of the experiment.
35．What do the underlined words “picked up on” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Held on to. B．Made up for.
C．Kept pace with. D．Became aware of.
36．What is the text?
A．A research article. B．A diary entry. C．A news report. D．A dog’s story.
（2023秋·吉林·高一统考期末）American English and British English are similar in many ways. For example, most spellings and grammar rules are largely the same. However, the two languages are truly different in speech. Take the accents (口音) of Chris Evans, the star of Captain America, and Rowan Atkinson, who played Mr Bean, as an example of how far the two languages differ in modern times. But have you ever wondered how this change happened?
For that, we have to look at how both dialects began. According to the BBC, British English dates back to 449 AD, when the Saxons and the Angles — tribes (部落) from modern-day Germany and Denmark — entered Britain, replacing the ancient Celtic language.
As Celtic slowly faded, an early form of British English appeared with influences from French and Latin. It later became standard all over the UK following the first complete Modern English translation of the Bible (圣经) in 1535 and the appearance of writers like William Shakespeare. This went on to form British English as we know today.
However, in the USA, Britons’ language, other European languages, and Native American words all formed the basis of US English. New words also appeared. But they soon turned into a tool during the independence movement. In 1789, Noah Webster, a dictionary writer wrote, “As an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, in language as well as government.”
After the independence movement, US English kept changing based on neighboring cultures. This can still be seen through state names such as Delaware and Illinois, which were from Native American language, and Colorado and Nevada, which were influenced by Spanish in the 1800s.
These days, Britons and Americans still argue over terminology (术语) and spellings. But their differences form a key part of each nation’s historical culture. Indeed, it shows the truth behind the sentence, “Britain and America are two nations divided by a common language.”
37．Why does the writer mention Chris Evans and Rowan Atkinson in Paragraph 1?
A．To tell us both of them are world-famous actors.
B．To show there are differences between the two English.
C．To inform us which kind of English each of them speaks.
D．To compare which English is used more widely now.
38．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Put down. B．Got popular.
C．Died out. D．Made changes.
39．What do we know about US English?
A．It was based on several languages.
B．All its words came from other languages.
C．It led to the US independence movement.
D．Neighboring countries didn’t influence it.
40．Which is the most suitable title for the passage?
A．Discovering the Influence of English Languages
B．Arguing Over the Spellings of English Languages
C．Exploring the Development of English Languages
D．Guessing at the Future of English Languages
1．C 2．C 3．B 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。科学家们发现越来越多的证据表明，虎鲸已经发展出了一种复杂的文化：动物相互学习的一系列行为。文章还说明了虎鲸的文化以及带给人们的启示。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists have found increasing evidence that orcas have developed a complex culture: A series of behaviors animals learn from one another.(科学家们发现越来越多的证据表明，虎鲸已经发展出了一种复杂的文化：动物相互学习的一系列行为)”可推知，虎鲸从别人那里学习行为。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“And he hopes that existing features of orcas can be an opportunity for us humans to begin to see ourselves not so different than the natural world.(他希望虎鲸的现有特征可以成为一个机会，让我们人类开始看到自己与自然界没有太大的不同)”可知，虎鲸为人类提供的机会是意识到人类并不是独一无二的。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“to a number of evolutionary selection pressures — from hot deserts to the cold Arctic”可知，后文提到了从炎热的沙漠到寒冷的北极，说明我们自己的文化帮助我们适应了许多进化选择的压力。故画线词意思是“适应”。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Through researches, scientists discover that orcas have unique family structures and behaviors, which are passed from generation to generation. They stay in groups and the leading female orcas will teach specific behaviors to younger animals. This complex culture influences deeply what and how orcas eat, what they do for fun, and even their choice of mates.(通过研究，科学家们发现虎鲸有独特的家族结构和行为，并代代相传。它们成群结队，领头的雌性虎鲸会教年幼的逆戟鲸特定的行为。这种复杂的文化深深影响着虎鲸的饮食、娱乐方式，甚至它们对配偶的选择)”结合文章还说明了虎鲸的文化以及带给人们的启示。可知，故B选项“虎鲸的秘密文化”最符合文章标题。故选B。
5．A 6．B 7．A 8．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们现在已经使翻译人们的脑电波成为可能。FMRI装置具有极高的精确度，通过追踪脑细胞的氧气“读取”人们的思想，甚至可以用来复述参与者的所见所闻。
5．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“With up to 93 percent accuracy (新设备的准确率高达93%)”可知，此处的“strong promise”表示的意思是“精确度高”。由此可知，“strong promise”的意思是该装置具有高精度。故选A。
6．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Active brain cells have more oxygen. By tracking this, scientists can translate brain activity.(活跃的脑细胞有更多的氧气。通过追踪这一点，科学家可以转换大脑活动)”可知，FMRI通过追踪脑细胞的氧气“读取”人们的思想。故选B。
7．推理判断题。根据三段中的“One problem with such mind-reading machines, however, is that they have to put electrodes into people’s brains. It’s inconvenient and has health risks (然而，这种读心机的一个问题是，它们必须将电极插入人的大脑。这既不方便又有健康风险)”以及“They tried to translate people’s thoughts without even touching their heads, reported Live Science. (据《现场科学》报道，他们试图翻译人们的想法，甚至不用触摸他们的头)”可推知，与故事中提到的第一种设备相比，FMRI的优势是更安全。故选A。
8．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“It could even retell a story that the participants imagined in their heads.(它甚至可以复述参与者在脑海中想象的故事)”可知，FMRI的录音可以用来复述参与者的所见所闻。故选C。
9．C 10．B 11．C 12．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了房屋建造商Project Etopia的首席执行官兼创始人Joseph Daniel建造了高科技生态住宅，介绍了背后的原因以及这种住宅的特点和优势。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Far from seeing it as a shortcoming, the hardship he himself experienced is what drives him to take on the challenge of solving the UK’s housing crisis and dealing with climate change at the same time by building high-tech eco-homes that ordinary people cannot only afford, but will also really want to live in.(他本人所经历的困难，不仅没有被视为缺点，反而促使他接受挑战，通过建造普通民众不仅负担得起，而且真正愿意居住的高科技生态住宅，解决英国住房危机和应对气候变化的问题)”可知，Daniel受到自己处理住房危机的经历的启发。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“They are made up of several parts and each part is made in Daniel’s own factory in Cheshire. Traditional houses take months to complete, while his homes can be put together easily on site due to being partially pre-built in the factory.(它们由几个部分组成，每个部分都是在丹尼尔在柴郡自己的工厂里制造的。传统的房子需要几个月才能完成，而他的房子可以很容易地在现场组装起来，因为部分是在工厂里预先建造的)”可推知，Daniel的房子部分是提前建造的。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Houses are not only faster to build, but will also have smart technology built in and be much more energy efficient than the average home. With solar panels, Daniel says he can build houses that will generate more power than they use, potentially making up for some of the six tons of carbon emitted annually by the “typical” house as a result of the heat and power required.(房屋不仅建造速度更快，而且还内置了智能技术，比普通家庭节能得多。Daniel说，有了太阳能电池板，他可以建造产生比使用更多电力的房屋，有可能弥补“典型”房屋每年因所需的热量和电力而排放的6吨碳中的一部分)”可推知，Daniel的房子环保且先进。故选C。
12．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Far from seeing it as a shortcoming, the hardship he himself experienced is what drives him to take on the challenge of solving the UK’s housing crisis and dealing with climate change at the same time by building high-tech eco-homes that ordinary people cannot only afford, but will also really want to live in.(他本人所经历的困难，不仅没有被视为缺点，反而促使他接受挑战，通过建造普通民众不仅负担得起，而且真正愿意居住的高科技生态住宅，解决英国住房危机和应对气候变化的问题)”以及最后一段““I want to slow climate change through housing,” he says. “It’s our responsibility as humans. That’s what our project is about. If you can get the economics and the environment right, you can make things better.”(“我想通过住房来减缓气候变化，”他说。“这是我们作为人类的责任。这就是我们项目的内容。如果你能让经济和环境变得正确，你就能让事情变得更好。”)”结合主要说明了房屋建造商Project Etopia的首席执行官兼创始人Joseph Daniel建造了高科技生态住宅，介绍了背后的原因以及这种住宅的特点和优势。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是关于Daniel解决住房和气候问题的独特方式。故选B。
13．C 14．B 15．B 16．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了海狸筑坝虽然有利于生态系统的构建和发展，但同时影响了其他物种的迁移以及人们的生活。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“This is primarily because beavers need to use their dams to hide from predators (捕食者)like bears, wolves, and river otters. (这主要是因为海狸需要利用它们的水坝来躲避熊、狼和河獭等捕食者。)”可知，海狸筑坝的原因是为了利用它们躲避捕食者。故选C。
14．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Beavers build dams up to 5 meters high, and the largest one, in Alberta, Canada, is 850 meters long. Most dams are built from pieces of wood, with stones at the base and a sealing layer of mud and plants on the upstream side. (海狸建造的水坝高达5米，最大的水坝位于加拿大阿尔伯塔省，有850米长。大多数水坝都是用木块建造的，底部有石头，上游有一层泥土和植物作为密封层。)”可知，本段主要介绍海狸建造的水坝的基本特征如坝高，坝长以及建造材料等等。故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Beaver dams can promote the creation and development of stable wetland ecosystems (海狸水坝可以促进稳定湿地生态系统的创建和发展。)”可知，本段主要论述的是海狸建造的水坝是有利于生态系统的创建和发展的即具有重要的生态意义。故选B。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Thus, people should control the construction of beaver dams, especially in human-inhabited areas, near agricultural fields and pasture lands. (因此，人们应该控制海狸水坝的建设，特别是在人类居住的地区，靠近农田和牧场。)”可知，海狸筑建的水坝影响了人类的生活，故需要控制海狸的水坝建设。故选A。
17．D 18．D 19．C 20．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过介绍一个汉字拼写大赛的相关情况谈到了汉字拼写的现状，再提及文化传承的希望。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Every week in China , millions of people will sit in front of their TVs watching teenagers compete for the title Character Hero which is a Chinese-style spelling bee (拼写大赛) . (在中国每周有数百万的人坐在电视前观看青少年争夺“汉字英雄”的称号，这是一种中国式拼写大赛)”可知， Chinese-style spelling bee引起了全国公众的极大关注。故选D。
18．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Unfortunately, all over the country, Chinese people are forgetting how to write their own language without computerized help. Software on smart phones and computers allows users to type in the basic sound of the word using the Latin alphabet. The correct character is chosen from a list. The result? It’s possible to recognize characters without remembering how to write them.(不幸的是，在全国各地，中国人正在忘记如何在没有计算机帮助下书写自己的语言。智能手机和电脑上的软件让用户打出基本的拉丁字母的拼写。正确的汉字就出现在列表中供用户选择。结果？很可能是只认识汉字而不会书写汉字了)”可知，中国人正在忘记如何写汉字是因为在科技的帮助下，人们不需要经常用手书写。故选D。
19．细节理解题。根据最后一段中Shen Bin说的话“The ability to write characters is part of Chinese tradition and culture.(书写汉字的能力是中国传统文化的一部分)”以及“Students must learn now so they don't forget when they grow up.(学生现在必须学会，否则长大了就会忘记)”可知，根据Shen Bin老师的说法，要求学生写字有助于保持中国传统和文化的活力。故选C。
20．推理判断题。本文由汉字拼写大赛的情况，谈到中国汉字拼写的现状，再提及文化传承的希望，由此可推断本文来自一篇新闻报道。故选A。
21．D 22．D 23．B 24．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章一项研究表明：长途迁徙的鸟类往往比其他鸟类更有可能与伴侣分手，研究人员研究了其原因。
21．推理判断题。由第二段中的“About 90 per cent of bird species are socially monogamous (一夫一妻制的), which means once they form pairs, they will stay together for life. (大约90%的鸟类在社会上是一夫一妻制，这意味着一旦它们结成一对，它们就会终生呆在一起)”可知，大多数鸟类往往只有一个配偶。故选D项。
22．细节理解题。由第四段中的“Finding a new partner may seem a safer bet even if it requires energy to please a new mate, he says. (他说，寻找新伴侣似乎是一个更安全的选择，即使这需要精力来取悦新伴侣)”可知，大蓝鹭的离婚率是100%，是因为换一个新的伴侣对他们来说更安全。故选D项。
23．细节理解题。由最后一段中的“Black-tailed godwits, for example, migrate more than 1000 kilometres from Iceland to the UK or southwest Europe each year but have relatively low divorce rates. This seems to be due to a super ability to keep pace with their partners. Although members of a pair will follow separate migration paths and typically end up more than 900 kilometres away from each other, they are somehow able to return to Iceland at almost the same time, which reduces the risk of break-ups. (例如，黑尾滕鹬每年从冰岛迁徙1000多公里到英国或西南欧，但离婚率相对较低。这似乎是由于它们有超强的能力与伴侣保持同步。尽管一对成员会走不同的迁徙路线，最终通常相距900多公里，但它们几乎可以同时返回冰岛，这降低了分手的风险)”可知，黑尾滕鹬几乎相同的返回时间降低了它们离婚的风险。故选B项。
24．主旨大意题。由第一段“Birds that migrate long distances tend to be more likely than others to break up with their partners, according to an analysis of 232 species conducted by Sun Yat-sen University. (中山大学对232种鸟类进行的分析显示，长途迁徙的鸟类往往比其他鸟类更有可能与伴侣分手)”和下文分析长途迁徙导致鸟类离婚率高的原因可知，文章一项研究表明：长途迁徙的鸟类往往比其他鸟类更有可能与伴侣分手，研究人员分析了长途迁徙导致鸟类离婚率高的原因，A项“迁徙与鸟类离婚率相关”符合文意。故选A项。
25．A 26．B 27．C 28．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了英国建造新工厂来处理电子垃圾，以获得用于铸币和金条的贵金属。介绍了电子垃圾的危害以及新工厂的优点。
25．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“The Royal Mint has announced plans for a new factory where it will process electronic junk to”以及后文“precious metals for coins and gold bars”可知，英国皇家造币厂宣布了建造新工厂的计划，该工厂将对电子垃圾进行处理，以获得用于铸币和金条的贵金属。故画线词意思“获得”。故选A。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段“However, it is estimated that just 20% of old electronics are recycled worldwide. This is not just a waste; it can be dangerous, because when e-waste is buried in rubbish dumps, metals and chemicals can leak out and pollute the environment.(然而，据估计，全球只有20%的旧电子产品被回收。这不仅仅是一种浪费；这可能很危险，因为当电子垃圾被埋在垃圾场时，金属和化学物质会泄漏出来，污染环境)”可知，旧电子产品如果不回收利用会造成环境污染问题。故选B。
27．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Our new plant will see the Royal Mint become a leader in sustainably sourced precious metals,” said Anne Jessopp, the Mint’s CEO.(造币厂首席执行官安妮·杰索普说：“我们的新工厂将使皇家造币厂成为可持续采购贵金属的领导者。”)”可推知，Anne Jessopp认为新工厂是有前途的。故选C。
28．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The Royal Mint has announced plans for a new factory where it will process electronic junk to extract precious metals for coins and gold bars. The factory will be the first of its kind in the world.(英国皇家造币厂宣布了建造新工厂的计划，该工厂将对电子垃圾进行处理，以提取用于铸币和金条的贵金属。该工厂将是世界上第一家此类工厂)”结合介绍了电子垃圾的危害以及新工厂的优点。可知，B选项“变废为宝”最符合文章标题。故选B。
29．C 30．B 31．D 32．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了Annie Ernaux被授予2022年诺贝尔文学奖，介绍了其个人经历以及做平。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段“In congratulating her, the president of France, Emmanuel Macron said that she was the voice of the freedom of women.(法国总统埃Emmanuel Macron在祝贺她时表示，她是女性自由的声音)”可知，Macron认为Annie Ernaux 关心妇女的自由。故选C。
30．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The Years won the 2009 Telégramme Readers Prize and the 2016 Strega European Prize. Translated by Alison L. Strayer, The Years was nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2019. Her popularity increased sharply after The Years was shortlisted for the international Booker.(《岁月》获得了2009年Telégramme读者奖和2016年斯特雷加欧洲奖。《岁月》由Alison L. Strayer翻译，于2019年获得国际布克奖提名。《岁月》入围国际布克奖后，她的人气急剧上升)”可知，The Years让Ernaux风靡全球。故选B。
31．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In 1984 she won the Renaudot Prize for another of her works A Man’s Place, an autobiographical narrative focusing on her relationship with her father and her experiences growing up in a small town in France.(1984年，她的另一部作品《男人的地方》获得雷诺多奖，这是一部自传体小说，讲述了她与父亲的关系，以及她在法国一个小镇长大的经历)”可推知，Ernaux根据自己的经历写了本书。故选D。
32．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Her path to authorship was long and difficult, and the story is serious but the language is plain,” Anders Olsson of the Swedish Academy said on Thursday as he announced her award. “And when she with great courage and sharpness shows the physical or mental pain of the experience of class, combining historic and individual experiences to see who you are, she has achieved something admirable and lasting.” Anders Olsson added.(“她成为作家的道路漫长而艰难，故事很严肃，但语言朴实，”瑞典文学院的Anders Olsson周四宣布她获奖时说。“当她以极大的勇气和敏锐展现阶级经历中身体或精神上的痛苦，结合历史和个人经历来看看你是谁时，她已经取得了令人钦佩和持久的成就。”Anders Olsson补充道)”可推知，厄诺的故事告诉我们成功不是一蹴而就的。故选C。
33．B 34．D 35．D 36．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现人们有压力的时候，狗可以嗅出。这项研究可以帮助指导治疗犬，使它们被训练，来给予人们情感支持。
33．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Thanks to a series of experiments, researchers found that dogs can smell when people are stressed.(通过一系列的实验，研究人员发现狗可以嗅出人们压力的时候。)”可知，研究发现狗能嗅出人们的压力。故选B项。
34．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The study took place at Queen’s University in Belfast. Four owners volunteered their dogs to take part—Treo, Fingal, Soot and Winnie—and 36 humans volunteered too. The people were asked to do a very difficult math test and if they became stressed (this was measured by checking their blood pressure and heart rate) then samples of their sweat and breath were taken. First, the dogs were trained to pick out a stressed person’s sample. Then they were given three samples to sniff—one was blank, one was a calm person’s smell and one was a stressed person’s smell. Out of 720 trials, the dogs picked the stressed smell 675 times, and were given a treat. This showed that, to a dog, stressed people and calm people smell completely different.(这项研究是在贝尔法斯特的女王大学进行的。四名主人自愿让他们的狗参加——Treo, Fingal, Soot和Winnie，还有36名人类也自愿。这些人被要求做一个非常困难的数学测试，如果他们感到压力(这是通过测量他们的血压和心率来测量的)，那么就会采集他们的汗水和呼吸样本。首先，训练狗挑选一个有压力的人的样本。然后让他们闻三种气味——一种是空白的，一种是平静的人的气味，一种是压力大的人的气味。在720次试验中，这些狗挑选了675次压力气味，并得到了奖励。这表明，对于狗来说，压力大的人和平静的人闻起来完全不同。)”可知，本段介绍了试验的过程。故选D项。
35．词句猜测题。根据划线单词前“what chemicals the dogs”后“ the study definitively shows humans produce different smell when they have a stress response(这项研究明确表明，当人类有压力反应时，会产生不同的气味。)” 可知，此处表示，不管狗嗅到（觉察到）什么化学物质，人类在有压力时会产生不同气味。故选D项。
36．推理判断题题。通读全文，尤其是第一段最后一句“Thanks to a series of experiments, researchers found that dogs can smell when people are stressed.(通过一系列的实验，研究人员发现狗可以嗅出人们压力的时候。)”和最后一段最后一句“ However, the team say while it was unclear what chemicals the dogs picked up on, the study definitively shows humans produce different smell when they have a stress response.(然而，研究小组表示，虽然还不清楚狗狗们会嗅到什么化学物质，但这项研究明确表明，人类在应激反应时产生的气味是不同的。)”可知，文章介绍了一项研究，是一篇研究文章。故选A项。
37．B 38．C 39．A 40．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英式英语与美式英语的形成及发展历史，并指出两者之间的关系：英国和美国是两个被同一种语言分裂的国家。
37．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“However, the two languages are truly different in speech. Take the accents (口音) of Chris Evans, the star of Captain America, and Rowan Atkinson, who played Mr Bean, as an example of how far the two languages differ in modern times.(然而，这两种语言在发音上确实不同。以美国队长的主演克里斯·埃文斯和憨豆先生的扮演者罗文·阿特金森的口音为例，说明了这两种语言在现代的差异有多大)”可推知，作者在第一段提到了克里斯·埃文斯和罗温·阿特金森，是为了表明英式英语和美式英语是有差异的。故选B。
38．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“According to the BBC, British English dates back to 449 AD, when the Saxons and the Angles — tribes (部落) from modern-day Germany and Denmark — entered Britain, replacing the ancient Celtic language.(据BBC报道，英式英语可以追溯到公元449年，当时来自今天德国和丹麦的撒克逊人和盎格鲁人进入英国，取代了古老的凯尔特语)”以及划线句子中的后半部分“an early form of British English appeared with influences from French and Latin.(在法语和拉丁语的影响下，早期形式的英式英语出现了，受到法语和拉丁语的影响)”可知，凯尔特语慢慢消失了。由此可知，划线词faded与died out(灭亡、逐渐消失)意思接近。故选C。
39．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“However, in the USA, Britons’ language, other European languages, and Native American words all formed the basis of US English.(然而，在美国，英国人的语言、其他欧洲语言和美洲原住民的词汇都构成了美式英语的基础)”可知，多种语言构成了美式英语的基础。故选A。
40．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“American English and British English are similar in many ways. For example, most spellings and grammar rules are largely the same. However, the two languages are truly different in speech.(美式英语和英式英语在许多方面相似。例如，大多数拼写和语法规则在很大程度上是相同的。然而，这两种语言在发音上确实不同)”及下文可知，本文以时间为线索，探索了英式英语和美式英语形成及发展的历史，从而产生了两者之间的差异。由此可知，Exploring the Development of English Languages(探究英语语言的发展)适合作本文最佳标题。故选C。
人教版（2019）高一英语下学期期末复习 查缺补漏冲刺满分
(名校最新期末真题)
专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2022春·湖南永州·高一统考期末）Orcas, also known as killer whales, are some of the most social and intelligent of sea animals. They communicate with each other by different calls and whistles. Scientists have found increasing evidence that orcas have developed a complex culture: A series of behaviors animals learn from one another.
Through researches, scientists discover that orcas have unique family structures and behaviors, which are passed from generation to generation. They stay in groups and the leading female orcas will teach specific behaviors to younger animals. This complex culture influences deeply what and how orcas eat, what they do for fun, and even their choice of mates.
Brian Skerry, a photographer of National Geographic, traveled the globe to record orcas’ activities. “These animals have identity, they have personality, they have traditions, they have language, and food preferences and singing competitions. And they have empathy. They care about each other.” said Brian. He found that diving with these special creatures can lead to strange and wonderful situations. And he hopes that existing features of orcas can be an opportunity for us humans to begin to see ourselves not so different than the natural world.
Our own culture has helped us to accommodate to a number of evolutionary selection pressures — from hot deserts to the cold Arctic. And the same is true of orcas. By developing new behaviors, they have been able to occupy a range of ecological chain, such as penguin hunters in the South Ocean and fish eaters in the Pacific Ocean. Hal White, head of Dalhousie University, concludes, “Culture may be very important to orcas.” And he believes the new form of culture brings out all these changes.
1．What can we infer about orcas?
A．They prefer staying alone. B．They talk with others by gesture.
C．They learn behaviors from others. D．They have common family structures.
2．According to Brian, what chance do orcas provide for humans?
A．Finding that orcas are strange. B．Recording that orcas have characters.
C．Realizing that humans are not unique. D．Presenting that orcas care about each other.
3．Which word can best replace the underlined word “accommodate” in the fourth paragraph?
A．Object. B．Adapt. C．Stick. D．Contribute
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The features of fish eaters. B．The secret culture of orcas.
C．The evolution of female orcas. D．The traditions of marine animals.
（2023秋·内蒙古赤峰·高一统考期末）Reading people’s minds seems to be a superpower that only exists in movies. But scientists have now made it possible to translate people’s brain waves!
Researchers at the University of California, San Francisco developed a new device. It can turn brain waves into words on a screen in front of the user. In the study, they tested it with a paralyzed (瘫痪) man.
“To our knowledge, this is the first successful demonstration of direct decoding of full words from the brain of someone who is paralyzed and cannot speak.” said Edward Chang, the senior author of the study. Each year, thousands of people lose the ability to speak due to accidents or diseases. With up to 93 percent accuracy, the new device shows “strong promise” to let these people fully communicate in the future.
One problem with such mind-reading machines, however, is that they have to put electrodes into people’s brains. It’s inconvenient and has health risks. But scientists from the University of Texas, US, have taken steps to change this. They tried to translate people’s thoughts without even touching their heads, reported Live Science.
The new brain scanning technique is called FMRI, or functional magnetic resonance imaging. It’s a safer way of “reading” brain activity. Active brain cells have more oxygen. By tracking this, scientists can translate brain activity.
The team asked participants to listen to 16 hours of radio shows while scanning their brains. Then they used a computer algorithm (算法) to create a story based on the FMRI recording. It matched the radio shows pretty well.
In other tests, the algorithm could basically explain the story of a silent movie that the participants watched. It could even retell a story that the participants imagined in their heads. Although it’s not a word-for-word translation, the technique provides many possibilities.
5．What do the words “strong promise” mean?
A．The device has high accuracy. B．The device can make a promise.
C．The device makes no mistakes. D．The device makes a paralyzed man speak.
6．How does FMRI “read” people’s minds?
A．It puts electrodes into people’s brains.
B．It tracks the oxygen of brain cells.
C．It makes predictions based on people’s habits.
D．It guesses people’s thoughts randomly.
7．What’s the advantage of FMRI compared to the first device mentioned in the story?
A．It’s safer. B．It’s cheaper. C．It’s smaller in size. D．It’s more accurate.
8．Which is TRUE about FMRI?
A．It can only record what participants hear.
B．It can record every detail of participants minds.
C．Its recordings can be used to retell what participants had seen and heard.
D．It is accurate because it can tell imagination from fact.
（2023秋·山东滨州·高一统考期末）The CEO and founder of house-builder Project Etopia, Joseph Daniel, had unstable start in life. “My father was always drunk and my mother had mental disorder when I was 15. I’ve lived on the street and I need to do this,” says the 27-year-old young man. He left school without any qualifications.
Far from seeing it as a shortcoming, the hardship he himself experienced is what drives him to take on the challenge of solving the UK’s housing crisis and dealing with climate change at the same time by building high-tech eco-homes that ordinary people cannot only afford, but will also really want to live in.
The homes that Daniel wants to build are not traditional housings. They are made up of several parts and each part is made in Daniel’s own factory in Cheshire. Traditional houses take months to complete, while his homes can be put together easily on site due to being partially pre-built in the factory. The firm’s plan in Corby, Northamptonshire, is a village that will consist of 47 homes, the first four of which were each built in nine days.
Houses are not only faster to build, but will also have smart technology built in and be much more energy efficient than the average home. With solar panels, Daniel says he can build houses that will generate more power than they use, potentially making up for some of the six tons of carbon emitted annually by the “typical” house as a result of the heat and power required.
“I want to slow climate change through housing,” he says. “It’s our responsibility as humans. That’s what our project is about. If you can get the economics and the environment right, you can make things better.”
9．What can we know about Daniel from the passage?
A．He was qualified as an engineer after graduation.
B．He was abandoned by his parents when he was a child.
C．He was inspired by his own experience to deal with housing crisis.
D．He was forced to take the task of housing problem by his parents.
10．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．Daniel’s houses are similar to traditional ones. B．Daniel’s houses are partially built in advance.
C．Daniel’s firm produces the houses as a whole. D．Daniel’s firm has built 47 homes in a village.
11．Which of the following best describes Daniel’s houses?
A．Traditional but comfortable. B．Expensive but convenient.
C．Green and advanced. D．Fashionable and modern.
12．What’s the passage mainly about?
A．It introduces a talented house builder and his achievements.
B．It’s about Daniel’s unique way of solving housing and climate problems.
C．It tells us how to build houses faster and make them more affordable.
D．It stresses the importance of smart technology in house building.
（2023秋·江苏盐城·高一江苏省射阳中学校考期末）Beavers (河狸) are famous for building impressive dams in streams. They have a rare ability to transform the landscapes they live in. This is primarily because beavers need to use their dams to hide from predators (捕食者) like bears, wolves, and river otters. Beavers live in dome-shaped constructions within the ponds that can only be accessed by underwater entrances. Inside, they are safe from threats. Besides, they can also store food inside and keep warm in winter.
Beavers build dams up to 5 meters high, and the largest one, in Alberta, Canada, is 850 meters long. Most dams are built from pieces of wood, with stones at the base and a sealing layer of mud and plants on the upstream side. The dams are thicker at the bottom with a shallow slope on the upstream side, meaning that the weight of the water pushes down on the dam, keeping it in place and allowing it to hold back large volumes of water. Their engineering work is so effective that beaver dams can last for decades.
Beaver dams can promote the creation and development of stable wetland ecosystems, one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, which serve as the home of rare and endangered species. In addition, the dams can help water flow to the newly created ponds, thus, preventing flooding in areas downstream of the rivers where these dams are built. They also protect the land from soil erosion (侵蚀, 腐蚀) and block pollutants in the water flow downstream into major water bodies.
However, Ph. D．student Robert Needham, from the International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research at Southampton, expressed a great deal of his concern about the possibility of beaver dams blocking the upstream and downstream migration (迁移) of Atlantic salmon (鲑鱼) and trout during their reproduction seasons, as well as affecting habitat (栖息地) quality. Thus, people should control the construction of beaver dams, especially in human-inhabited areas, near agricultural fields and pasture lands.
13．What is the main reason for beavers to build dams?
A．Keeping warm in winter.
B．Storing food for later use.
C．Protecting themselves from predators.
D．Saving their habitats from river flooding.
14．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The living environment of beavers.
B．The features of beaver dams.
C．The methods of building beaver dams.
D．The introduction to the largest beaver dam.
15．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．River pollution poses a big danger to beavers.
B．Beaver dams have great ecological(生态的)significance.
C．Stable wetland ecosystems are important to dam construction.
D．Beaver dams serve as the place of reproduction for some species.
16．Which of the following may Robert Needham agree with?
A．People may be disturbed by too many beaver dams.
B．Beaver dams make many sea animals leave their habitats.
C．Farmers could benefit a lot from beavers engineering work.
D．Beaver dams promote an increase of some species in the Atlantic
（2023秋·新疆昌吉·高一新疆昌吉回族自治州第二中学校考期末）Every week in China, millions of people will sit in front of their TVs watching teenagers compete for the title Character Hero which is a Chinese-style spelling bee (拼写大赛) . In this challenge, young competitors must write Chinese characters by hand. To prepare for the competition, the competitors usually spend months studying dictionaries.
Perhaps the show’s popularity should not be a surprise. Along with gunpowder and paper, many Chinese people consider the creation of Chinese calligraphy (书法) to be one of their primary contributions to civilization. Unfortunately , all over the country, Chinese people are forgetting how to write their own language without computerized help. Software on smart phones and computers allows users to type in the basic sound of the word using the Latin alphabet. The correct character is chosen from a list. The result? It’s possible to recognize characters without remembering how to write them.
But there’s still hope for the writing brush. China’s Ministry of Education wants children to spend more time learning how to write. In one Beijing primary school we visited, students practise calligraphy every day inside a specially decorated classroom with traditional Chinese paintings hanging on the walls. They look up at the blackboard often to study their teacher’s examples before carefully attempting to reproduce those characters on thin rice paper. “If adults can survive without using handwriting, why bother to teach it now?” we ask the calligraphy teacher Shen Bin. “The ability to write characters is part of Chinese tradition and culture.” she reasons. “Students must learn now so they don’t forget when they grow up,” says the teacher.
17．What can we learn about the Chinese-style spelling bee?
A．It’s open to people of all ages and all walks.
B．It’s the most-viewed TV programme in China.
C．It aims to spread Chinese culture to the world.
D．It draws great public attention across the country.
18．Why are Chinese people forgetting how to write the characters?
A．Chinese people don’t refer to dictionaries very often.
B．Chinese people no longer use brush pens or practise calligraphy.
C．Chinese people are using the Latin alphabet instead of the characters.
D．Chinese people needn’t write by hand as often with the help of technology.
19．According to Shen Bin, being able to write characters by hand is ________ .
A．necessary for adults to survive in China
B．a requirement made by the Ministry of Education
C．helpful to keep Chinese tradition and culture alive
D．an ability to be developed only when you are students
20．Where does this text probably come from?
A．A news report. B．A science report.
C．An advertisement. D．Children’s literature
（2023秋·辽宁·高一校联考期末）Birds that migrate long distances tend to be more likely than others to break up with their partners, according to an analysis of 232 species conducted by Sun Yat-sen University.
About 90 per cent of bird species are socially monogamous (一夫一妻制的), which means once they form pairs, they will stay together for life. However, some do end up getting “divorced” and move onto new partners.
To identify reasons that lead to bird break ups, Liu Yang at Sun Yat-sen University in China and his colleagues studied 232 species in one of the world’s largest bird databases, Birds of the World. They found that species that migrate particularly long distances to obtain food typically have higher rates of breaking up.
Great blue herons, for example, migrate more than 3000 kilometres and have a divorce rate of 100 per cent. This may be because travelling further makes it harder for a pair to return home at the same time, says Liu Yang. “If you’re the one who gets back first, it’s risky waiting for your partner because you don’t know if it’ll show up — it may have died or been blown off course,” Liu adds. Finding a new partner may seem a safer bet even if it requires energy to please a new mate, he says.
Liu and his team members acknowledge that it makes sense for birds with long migrations to have higher divorce rates, but there are exceptions.
Black-tailed godwits, for example, migrate more than 1000 kilometres from Iceland to the UK or southwest Europe each year but have relatively low divorce rates. This seems to be due to a super ability to keep pace with their partners. Although members of a pair will follow separate migration paths and typically end up more than 900 kilometres away from each other, they are somehow able to return to Iceland at almost the same time, which reduces the risk of break-ups. “But most birds are not able to do that — it’s pretty amazing.” Liu concludes.
21．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A．Most bird species have more than one partner for life.
B．Few bird species are devoted to their partners.
C．Most bird species have higher rates of breaking up.
D．Most bird species tend to have only one partner.
22．Why do great blue herons have a divorce rate of 100 per cent?
A．Because the bird pairs choose different migration routes.
B．Because they get tired of their partners.
C．Because they are impatient with waiting.
D．Because it is safer for them to move onto a new partner.
23．What can we learn about black-tailed godwits in the last paragraph?
A．They have a higher divorce rate than great blue herons.
B．The nearly same returning time reduces the risk of their divorce.
C．It is typical of them to migrate at the same speed with their partners.
D．They set a good example of romance for other birds.
24．Which of the following is the best title for the text? .
A．Migration Linked to Bird Divorce B．Reasons for Bird Migration
C．Bird Migration with Long Distances D．Birds — with High Rates of Divorce.
（2023秋·辽宁沈阳·高一沈阳市第一二〇中学校考期末）The Royal Mint has announced plans for a new factory where it will process electronic junk to extract precious metals for coins and gold bars. The factory will be the first of its kind in the world.
The Royal Mint is a Government-owned company that makes coins for the UK and lots of other countries. Most of its coins are made from cheaper metals, but the Mint sometimes makes coins and medals from precious metals like gold and silver. It also makes gold bars. Countries and banks like to keep gold bars because they are very valuable and their price doesn’t tend to go up or down suddenly.
The precious metals used by the Mint are mostly mined from the ground but now it plans to make use of the vast amounts of electronic waste (known as e-waste) that is thrown away in the UK each year. Many electronic devices use small quantities of precious metals such as gold and silver because they are good conductors of electricity. However, it is estimated that just 20% of old electronics are recycled worldwide. This is not just a waste; it can be dangerous, because when e-waste is buried in rubbish dumps, metals and chemicals can leak out and pollute the environment.
Currently, e-waste from the UK is sent abroad to be melted down to recover precious metals. The new factory will use chemical reactions to do the same job much quicker and using far less energy. The process can extract 99% of the precious metals from plastic circuit boards within a few seconds, and could provide the Mint with hundreds of kilograms of gold each year.
“Our new plant will see the Royal Mint become a leader in sustainably sourced precious metals,” said Anne Jessopp, the Mint’s CEO.
25．What does the underlined word “extract” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Obtain. B．Break. C．Limit. D．Add.
26．What’s a problem with the old electronics if not recycled?
A．Energy shortage. B．Environmental pollution.
C．A lack of workers. D．A waste of gold bars.
27．What does Anne Jessopp think of the new plant?
A．Costly. B．Risky. C．Promising. D．Demanding.
28．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．Making Use of E-waste B．Turning Junk into Gold
C．Building a New Factory D．Running a Junk Business
（2023秋·辽宁沈阳·高一沈阳市第一二〇中学校考期末）The French writer Annie Ernaux was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in literature. The 82-year-old writer is the 16th French writer and the first Frenchwoman to receive the literature prize. In congratulating her, the president of France, Emmanuel Macron said that she was the voice of the freedom of women.
Ernaux was born in Lillebonne in 1940 and grew up in nearby Yvetot, where her parents ran a café and grocery in a working-class part of town. She studied at universities, qualified as a school teacher, and earned a higher degree in modern literature in 1971. In the early 1970s, Ernaux taught at a college, before joining the National Centre Distance Education, where she was employed for 23 years.
Ernaux started her literary career in 1974 with Cleaned Out, an autobiographical novel. In 1984 she won the Renaudot Prize for another of her works A Man’s Place, an autobiographical narrative focusing on her relationship with her father and her experiences growing up in a small town in France. A Woman’s Story was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. Ernaux’s 2008 historical memoir The Years was well-received by French critics. It is the story of a woman and of the society she lived in. The Years won the 2009 Telégramme Readers Prize and the 2016 Strega European Prize. Translated by Alison L. Strayer, The Years was nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2019. Her popularity increased sharply after The Years was shortlisted for the international Booker.
“Her path to authorship was long and difficult, and the story is serious but the language is plain,” Anders Olsson of the Swedish Academy said on Thursday as he announced her award. “And when she with great courage and sharpness shows the physical or mental pain of the experience of class, combining historic and individual experiences to see who you are, she has achieved something admirable and lasting.” Anders Olsson added.
29．What does Macron think of Annie Ernaux?
A．She has a bad memory of her childhood. B．She is the 82nd French writer ever awarded.
C．She is concerned about women’s freedom. D．She is the most outstanding woman writer.
30．Which book makes Ernaux popular in the world?
A．Cleaned Out. B．The Years. C．A Woman’s Story. D．A Man’s Place.
31．What can be inferred from Ernaux’s books?
A．Most of her books are about French history. B．She began her writing career at a young age.
C．Her book is closely related to her strict father. D．She wrote the book based on her own experiences.
32．What can we learn from Ernaux’s story?
A．Hold your horses. B．Hang on to your dreams.
C．Success doesn’t happen overnight. D．Quitters never win and winners never quit.
（2023秋·辽宁沈阳·高一沈阳市第一二〇中学校考期末）Whether it’s a tricky math problem or unexpected bill, daily life is full of stressful experiences. No matter what happens, we know that spending time with dogs can help you feel better. While previous studies have suggested dogs might detect human’s emotions, possibly through smell, but now scientists have discovered that our furry friends understand human’s emotions much better than we realized. Thanks to a series of experiments, researchers found that dogs can smell when people are stressed.
The study took place at Queen’s University in Belfast. Four owners volunteered their dogs to take part—Treo, Fingal, Soot and Winnie—and 36 humans volunteered too. The people were asked to do a very difficult math test and if they became stressed (this was measured by checking their blood pressure and heart rate) then samples of their sweat and breath were taken. First, the dogs were trained to pick out a stressed person’s sample. Then they were given three samples to sniff—one was blank, one was a calm person’s smell and one was a stressed person’s smell. Out of 720 trials, the dogs picked the stressed smell 675 times, and were given a treat. This showed that, to a dog, stressed people and calm people smell completely different.
Researcher Clara Wilson told The Guardian Newspaper, “It was pretty amazing to see them so confident in telling me these two things definitely smell different.” The study could help to teach therapy dogs, which are trained to give people emotional support. However, the team say while it was unclear what chemicals the dogs picked up on, the study definitively shows humans produce different smell when they have a stress response.
33．What do the researchers find?
A．Dogs would like to be volunteers. B．Dogs can smell out people’s stress.
C．People’s stress is measured by math. D．Stress makes people socially relaxed.
34．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us?
A．The reason of the stress. B．The function of the math.
C．The number of the volunteers. D．The process of the experiment.
35．What do the underlined words “picked up on” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Held on to. B．Made up for.
C．Kept pace with. D．Became aware of.
36．What is the text?
A．A research article. B．A diary entry. C．A news report. D．A dog’s story.
（2023秋·吉林·高一统考期末）American English and British English are similar in many ways. For example, most spellings and grammar rules are largely the same. However, the two languages are truly different in speech. Take the accents (口音) of Chris Evans, the star of Captain America, and Rowan Atkinson, who played Mr Bean, as an example of how far the two languages differ in modern times. But have you ever wondered how this change happened?
For that, we have to look at how both dialects began. According to the BBC, British English dates back to 449 AD, when the Saxons and the Angles — tribes (部落) from modern-day Germany and Denmark — entered Britain, replacing the ancient Celtic language.
As Celtic slowly faded, an early form of British English appeared with influences from French and Latin. It later became standard all over the UK following the first complete Modern English translation of the Bible (圣经) in 1535 and the appearance of writers like William Shakespeare. This went on to form British English as we know today.
However, in the USA, Britons’ language, other European languages, and Native American words all formed the basis of US English. New words also appeared. But they soon turned into a tool during the independence movement. In 1789, Noah Webster, a dictionary writer wrote, “As an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, in language as well as government.”
After the independence movement, US English kept changing based on neighboring cultures. This can still be seen through state names such as Delaware and Illinois, which were from Native American language, and Colorado and Nevada, which were influenced by Spanish in the 1800s.
These days, Britons and Americans still argue over terminology (术语) and spellings. But their differences form a key part of each nation’s historical culture. Indeed, it shows the truth behind the sentence, “Britain and America are two nations divided by a common language.”
37．Why does the writer mention Chris Evans and Rowan Atkinson in Paragraph 1?
A．To tell us both of them are world-famous actors.
B．To show there are differences between the two English.
C．To inform us which kind of English each of them speaks.
D．To compare which English is used more widely now.
38．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Put down. B．Got popular.
C．Died out. D．Made changes.
39．What do we know about US English?
A．It was based on several languages.
B．All its words came from other languages.
C．It led to the US independence movement.
D．Neighboring countries didn’t influence it.
40．Which is the most suitable title for the passage?
A．Discovering the Influence of English Languages
B．Arguing Over the Spellings of English Languages
C．Exploring the Development of English Languages
D．Guessing at the Future of English Languages
1．C 2．C 3．B 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。科学家们发现越来越多的证据表明，虎鲸已经发展出了一种复杂的文化：动物相互学习的一系列行为。文章还说明了虎鲸的文化以及带给人们的启示。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists have found increasing evidence that orcas have developed a complex culture: A series of behaviors animals learn from one another.(科学家们发现越来越多的证据表明，虎鲸已经发展出了一种复杂的文化：动物相互学习的一系列行为)”可推知，虎鲸从别人那里学习行为。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“And he hopes that existing features of orcas can be an opportunity for us humans to begin to see ourselves not so different than the natural world.(他希望虎鲸的现有特征可以成为一个机会，让我们人类开始看到自己与自然界没有太大的不同)”可知，虎鲸为人类提供的机会是意识到人类并不是独一无二的。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“to a number of evolutionary selection pressures — from hot deserts to the cold Arctic”可知，后文提到了从炎热的沙漠到寒冷的北极，说明我们自己的文化帮助我们适应了许多进化选择的压力。故画线词意思是“适应”。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Through researches, scientists discover that orcas have unique family structures and behaviors, which are passed from generation to generation. They stay in groups and the leading female orcas will teach specific behaviors to younger animals. This complex culture influences deeply what and how orcas eat, what they do for fun, and even their choice of mates.(通过研究，科学家们发现虎鲸有独特的家族结构和行为，并代代相传。它们成群结队，领头的雌性虎鲸会教年幼的逆戟鲸特定的行为。这种复杂的文化深深影响着虎鲸的饮食、娱乐方式，甚至它们对配偶的选择)”结合文章还说明了虎鲸的文化以及带给人们的启示。可知，故B选项“虎鲸的秘密文化”最符合文章标题。故选B。
5．A 6．B 7．A 8．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们现在已经使翻译人们的脑电波成为可能。FMRI装置具有极高的精确度，通过追踪脑细胞的氧气“读取”人们的思想，甚至可以用来复述参与者的所见所闻。
5．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“With up to 93 percent accuracy (新设备的准确率高达93%)”可知，此处的“strong promise”表示的意思是“精确度高”。由此可知，“strong promise”的意思是该装置具有高精度。故选A。
6．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Active brain cells have more oxygen. By tracking this, scientists can translate brain activity.(活跃的脑细胞有更多的氧气。通过追踪这一点，科学家可以转换大脑活动)”可知，FMRI通过追踪脑细胞的氧气“读取”人们的思想。故选B。
7．推理判断题。根据三段中的“One problem with such mind-reading machines, however, is that they have to put electrodes into people’s brains. It’s inconvenient and has health risks (然而，这种读心机的一个问题是，它们必须将电极插入人的大脑。这既不方便又有健康风险)”以及“They tried to translate people’s thoughts without even touching their heads, reported Live Science. (据《现场科学》报道，他们试图翻译人们的想法，甚至不用触摸他们的头)”可推知，与故事中提到的第一种设备相比，FMRI的优势是更安全。故选A。
8．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“It could even retell a story that the participants imagined in their heads.(它甚至可以复述参与者在脑海中想象的故事)”可知，FMRI的录音可以用来复述参与者的所见所闻。故选C。
9．C 10．B 11．C 12．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了房屋建造商Project Etopia的首席执行官兼创始人Joseph Daniel建造了高科技生态住宅，介绍了背后的原因以及这种住宅的特点和优势。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Far from seeing it as a shortcoming, the hardship he himself experienced is what drives him to take on the challenge of solving the UK’s housing crisis and dealing with climate change at the same time by building high-tech eco-homes that ordinary people cannot only afford, but will also really want to live in.(他本人所经历的困难，不仅没有被视为缺点，反而促使他接受挑战，通过建造普通民众不仅负担得起，而且真正愿意居住的高科技生态住宅，解决英国住房危机和应对气候变化的问题)”可知，Daniel受到自己处理住房危机的经历的启发。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“They are made up of several parts and each part is made in Daniel’s own factory in Cheshire. Traditional houses take months to complete, while his homes can be put together easily on site due to being partially pre-built in the factory.(它们由几个部分组成，每个部分都是在丹尼尔在柴郡自己的工厂里制造的。传统的房子需要几个月才能完成，而他的房子可以很容易地在现场组装起来，因为部分是在工厂里预先建造的)”可推知，Daniel的房子部分是提前建造的。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Houses are not only faster to build, but will also have smart technology built in and be much more energy efficient than the average home. With solar panels, Daniel says he can build houses that will generate more power than they use, potentially making up for some of the six tons of carbon emitted annually by the “typical” house as a result of the heat and power required.(房屋不仅建造速度更快，而且还内置了智能技术，比普通家庭节能得多。Daniel说，有了太阳能电池板，他可以建造产生比使用更多电力的房屋，有可能弥补“典型”房屋每年因所需的热量和电力而排放的6吨碳中的一部分)”可推知，Daniel的房子环保且先进。故选C。
12．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Far from seeing it as a shortcoming, the hardship he himself experienced is what drives him to take on the challenge of solving the UK’s housing crisis and dealing with climate change at the same time by building high-tech eco-homes that ordinary people cannot only afford, but will also really want to live in.(他本人所经历的困难，不仅没有被视为缺点，反而促使他接受挑战，通过建造普通民众不仅负担得起，而且真正愿意居住的高科技生态住宅，解决英国住房危机和应对气候变化的问题)”以及最后一段““I want to slow climate change through housing,” he says. “It’s our responsibility as humans. That’s what our project is about. If you can get the economics and the environment right, you can make things better.”(“我想通过住房来减缓气候变化，”他说。“这是我们作为人类的责任。这就是我们项目的内容。如果你能让经济和环境变得正确，你就能让事情变得更好。”)”结合主要说明了房屋建造商Project Etopia的首席执行官兼创始人Joseph Daniel建造了高科技生态住宅，介绍了背后的原因以及这种住宅的特点和优势。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是关于Daniel解决住房和气候问题的独特方式。故选B。
13．C 14．B 15．B 16．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了海狸筑坝虽然有利于生态系统的构建和发展，但同时影响了其他物种的迁移以及人们的生活。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“This is primarily because beavers need to use their dams to hide from predators (捕食者)like bears, wolves, and river otters. (这主要是因为海狸需要利用它们的水坝来躲避熊、狼和河獭等捕食者。)”可知，海狸筑坝的原因是为了利用它们躲避捕食者。故选C。
14．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Beavers build dams up to 5 meters high, and the largest one, in Alberta, Canada, is 850 meters long. Most dams are built from pieces of wood, with stones at the base and a sealing layer of mud and plants on the upstream side. (海狸建造的水坝高达5米，最大的水坝位于加拿大阿尔伯塔省，有850米长。大多数水坝都是用木块建造的，底部有石头，上游有一层泥土和植物作为密封层。)”可知，本段主要介绍海狸建造的水坝的基本特征如坝高，坝长以及建造材料等等。故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Beaver dams can promote the creation and development of stable wetland ecosystems (海狸水坝可以促进稳定湿地生态系统的创建和发展。)”可知，本段主要论述的是海狸建造的水坝是有利于生态系统的创建和发展的即具有重要的生态意义。故选B。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Thus, people should control the construction of beaver dams, especially in human-inhabited areas, near agricultural fields and pasture lands. (因此，人们应该控制海狸水坝的建设，特别是在人类居住的地区，靠近农田和牧场。)”可知，海狸筑建的水坝影响了人类的生活，故需要控制海狸的水坝建设。故选A。
17．D 18．D 19．C 20．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过介绍一个汉字拼写大赛的相关情况谈到了汉字拼写的现状，再提及文化传承的希望。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Every week in China , millions of people will sit in front of their TVs watching teenagers compete for the title Character Hero which is a Chinese-style spelling bee (拼写大赛) . (在中国每周有数百万的人坐在电视前观看青少年争夺“汉字英雄”的称号，这是一种中国式拼写大赛)”可知， Chinese-style spelling bee引起了全国公众的极大关注。故选D。
18．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Unfortunately, all over the country, Chinese people are forgetting how to write their own language without computerized help. Software on smart phones and computers allows users to type in the basic sound of the word using the Latin alphabet. The correct character is chosen from a list. The result? It’s possible to recognize characters without remembering how to write them.(不幸的是，在全国各地，中国人正在忘记如何在没有计算机帮助下书写自己的语言。智能手机和电脑上的软件让用户打出基本的拉丁字母的拼写。正确的汉字就出现在列表中供用户选择。结果？很可能是只认识汉字而不会书写汉字了)”可知，中国人正在忘记如何写汉字是因为在科技的帮助下，人们不需要经常用手书写。故选D。
19．细节理解题。根据最后一段中Shen Bin说的话“The ability to write characters is part of Chinese tradition and culture.(书写汉字的能力是中国传统文化的一部分)”以及“Students must learn now so they don't forget when they grow up.(学生现在必须学会，否则长大了就会忘记)”可知，根据Shen Bin老师的说法，要求学生写字有助于保持中国传统和文化的活力。故选C。
20．推理判断题。本文由汉字拼写大赛的情况，谈到中国汉字拼写的现状，再提及文化传承的希望，由此可推断本文来自一篇新闻报道。故选A。
21．D 22．D 23．B 24．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章一项研究表明：长途迁徙的鸟类往往比其他鸟类更有可能与伴侣分手，研究人员研究了其原因。
21．推理判断题。由第二段中的“About 90 per cent of bird species are socially monogamous (一夫一妻制的), which means once they form pairs, they will stay together for life. (大约90%的鸟类在社会上是一夫一妻制，这意味着一旦它们结成一对，它们就会终生呆在一起)”可知，大多数鸟类往往只有一个配偶。故选D项。
22．细节理解题。由第四段中的“Finding a new partner may seem a safer bet even if it requires energy to please a new mate, he says. (他说，寻找新伴侣似乎是一个更安全的选择，即使这需要精力来取悦新伴侣)”可知，大蓝鹭的离婚率是100%，是因为换一个新的伴侣对他们来说更安全。故选D项。
23．细节理解题。由最后一段中的“Black-tailed godwits, for example, migrate more than 1000 kilometres from Iceland to the UK or southwest Europe each year but have relatively low divorce rates. This seems to be due to a super ability to keep pace with their partners. Although members of a pair will follow separate migration paths and typically end up more than 900 kilometres away from each other, they are somehow able to return to Iceland at almost the same time, which reduces the risk of break-ups. (例如，黑尾滕鹬每年从冰岛迁徙1000多公里到英国或西南欧，但离婚率相对较低。这似乎是由于它们有超强的能力与伴侣保持同步。尽管一对成员会走不同的迁徙路线，最终通常相距900多公里，但它们几乎可以同时返回冰岛，这降低了分手的风险)”可知，黑尾滕鹬几乎相同的返回时间降低了它们离婚的风险。故选B项。
24．主旨大意题。由第一段“Birds that migrate long distances tend to be more likely than others to break up with their partners, according to an analysis of 232 species conducted by Sun Yat-sen University. (中山大学对232种鸟类进行的分析显示，长途迁徙的鸟类往往比其他鸟类更有可能与伴侣分手)”和下文分析长途迁徙导致鸟类离婚率高的原因可知，文章一项研究表明：长途迁徙的鸟类往往比其他鸟类更有可能与伴侣分手，研究人员分析了长途迁徙导致鸟类离婚率高的原因，A项“迁徙与鸟类离婚率相关”符合文意。故选A项。
25．A 26．B 27．C 28．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了英国建造新工厂来处理电子垃圾，以获得用于铸币和金条的贵金属。介绍了电子垃圾的危害以及新工厂的优点。
25．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“The Royal Mint has announced plans for a new factory where it will process electronic junk to”以及后文“precious metals for coins and gold bars”可知，英国皇家造币厂宣布了建造新工厂的计划，该工厂将对电子垃圾进行处理，以获得用于铸币和金条的贵金属。故画线词意思“获得”。故选A。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段“However, it is estimated that just 20% of old electronics are recycled worldwide. This is not just a waste; it can be dangerous, because when e-waste is buried in rubbish dumps, metals and chemicals can leak out and pollute the environment.(然而，据估计，全球只有20%的旧电子产品被回收。这不仅仅是一种浪费；这可能很危险，因为当电子垃圾被埋在垃圾场时，金属和化学物质会泄漏出来，污染环境)”可知，旧电子产品如果不回收利用会造成环境污染问题。故选B。
27．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Our new plant will see the Royal Mint become a leader in sustainably sourced precious metals,” said Anne Jessopp, the Mint’s CEO.(造币厂首席执行官安妮·杰索普说：“我们的新工厂将使皇家造币厂成为可持续采购贵金属的领导者。”)”可推知，Anne Jessopp认为新工厂是有前途的。故选C。
28．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The Royal Mint has announced plans for a new factory where it will process electronic junk to extract precious metals for coins and gold bars. The factory will be the first of its kind in the world.(英国皇家造币厂宣布了建造新工厂的计划，该工厂将对电子垃圾进行处理，以提取用于铸币和金条的贵金属。该工厂将是世界上第一家此类工厂)”结合介绍了电子垃圾的危害以及新工厂的优点。可知，B选项“变废为宝”最符合文章标题。故选B。
29．C 30．B 31．D 32．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了Annie Ernaux被授予2022年诺贝尔文学奖，介绍了其个人经历以及做平。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段“In congratulating her, the president of France, Emmanuel Macron said that she was the voice of the freedom of women.(法国总统埃Emmanuel Macron在祝贺她时表示，她是女性自由的声音)”可知，Macron认为Annie Ernaux 关心妇女的自由。故选C。
30．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The Years won the 2009 Telégramme Readers Prize and the 2016 Strega European Prize. Translated by Alison L. Strayer, The Years was nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2019. Her popularity increased sharply after The Years was shortlisted for the international Booker.(《岁月》获得了2009年Telégramme读者奖和2016年斯特雷加欧洲奖。《岁月》由Alison L. Strayer翻译，于2019年获得国际布克奖提名。《岁月》入围国际布克奖后，她的人气急剧上升)”可知，The Years让Ernaux风靡全球。故选B。
31．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In 1984 she won the Renaudot Prize for another of her works A Man’s Place, an autobiographical narrative focusing on her relationship with her father and her experiences growing up in a small town in France.(1984年，她的另一部作品《男人的地方》获得雷诺多奖，这是一部自传体小说，讲述了她与父亲的关系，以及她在法国一个小镇长大的经历)”可推知，Ernaux根据自己的经历写了本书。故选D。
32．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Her path to authorship was long and difficult, and the story is serious but the language is plain,” Anders Olsson of the Swedish Academy said on Thursday as he announced her award. “And when she with great courage and sharpness shows the physical or mental pain of the experience of class, combining historic and individual experiences to see who you are, she has achieved something admirable and lasting.” Anders Olsson added.(“她成为作家的道路漫长而艰难，故事很严肃，但语言朴实，”瑞典文学院的Anders Olsson周四宣布她获奖时说。“当她以极大的勇气和敏锐展现阶级经历中身体或精神上的痛苦，结合历史和个人经历来看看你是谁时，她已经取得了令人钦佩和持久的成就。”Anders Olsson补充道)”可推知，厄诺的故事告诉我们成功不是一蹴而就的。故选C。
33．B 34．D 35．D 36．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现人们有压力的时候，狗可以嗅出。这项研究可以帮助指导治疗犬，使它们被训练，来给予人们情感支持。
33．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Thanks to a series of experiments, researchers found that dogs can smell when people are stressed.(通过一系列的实验，研究人员发现狗可以嗅出人们压力的时候。)”可知，研究发现狗能嗅出人们的压力。故选B项。
34．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The study took place at Queen’s University in Belfast. Four owners volunteered their dogs to take part—Treo, Fingal, Soot and Winnie—and 36 humans volunteered too. The people were asked to do a very difficult math test and if they became stressed (this was measured by checking their blood pressure and heart rate) then samples of their sweat and breath were taken. First, the dogs were trained to pick out a stressed person’s sample. Then they were given three samples to sniff—one was blank, one was a calm person’s smell and one was a stressed person’s smell. Out of 720 trials, the dogs picked the stressed smell 675 times, and were given a treat. This showed that, to a dog, stressed people and calm people smell completely different.(这项研究是在贝尔法斯特的女王大学进行的。四名主人自愿让他们的狗参加——Treo, Fingal, Soot和Winnie，还有36名人类也自愿。这些人被要求做一个非常困难的数学测试，如果他们感到压力(这是通过测量他们的血压和心率来测量的)，那么就会采集他们的汗水和呼吸样本。首先，训练狗挑选一个有压力的人的样本。然后让他们闻三种气味——一种是空白的，一种是平静的人的气味，一种是压力大的人的气味。在720次试验中，这些狗挑选了675次压力气味，并得到了奖励。这表明，对于狗来说，压力大的人和平静的人闻起来完全不同。)”可知，本段介绍了试验的过程。故选D项。
35．词句猜测题。根据划线单词前“what chemicals the dogs”后“ the study definitively shows humans produce different smell when they have a stress response(这项研究明确表明，当人类有压力反应时，会产生不同的气味。)” 可知，此处表示，不管狗嗅到（觉察到）什么化学物质，人类在有压力时会产生不同气味。故选D项。
36．推理判断题题。通读全文，尤其是第一段最后一句“Thanks to a series of experiments, researchers found that dogs can smell when people are stressed.(通过一系列的实验，研究人员发现狗可以嗅出人们压力的时候。)”和最后一段最后一句“ However, the team say while it was unclear what chemicals the dogs picked up on, the study definitively shows humans produce different smell when they have a stress response.(然而，研究小组表示，虽然还不清楚狗狗们会嗅到什么化学物质，但这项研究明确表明，人类在应激反应时产生的气味是不同的。)”可知，文章介绍了一项研究，是一篇研究文章。故选A项。
37．B 38．C 39．A 40．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英式英语与美式英语的形成及发展历史，并指出两者之间的关系：英国和美国是两个被同一种语言分裂的国家。
37．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“However, the two languages are truly different in speech. Take the accents (口音) of Chris Evans, the star of Captain America, and Rowan Atkinson, who played Mr Bean, as an example of how far the two languages differ in modern times.(然而，这两种语言在发音上确实不同。以美国队长的主演克里斯·埃文斯和憨豆先生的扮演者罗文·阿特金森的口音为例，说明了这两种语言在现代的差异有多大)”可推知，作者在第一段提到了克里斯·埃文斯和罗温·阿特金森，是为了表明英式英语和美式英语是有差异的。故选B。
38．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“According to the BBC, British English dates back to 449 AD, when the Saxons and the Angles — tribes (部落) from modern-day Germany and Denmark — entered Britain, replacing the ancient Celtic language.(据BBC报道，英式英语可以追溯到公元449年，当时来自今天德国和丹麦的撒克逊人和盎格鲁人进入英国，取代了古老的凯尔特语)”以及划线句子中的后半部分“an early form of British English appeared with influences from French and Latin.(在法语和拉丁语的影响下，早期形式的英式英语出现了，受到法语和拉丁语的影响)”可知，凯尔特语慢慢消失了。由此可知，划线词faded与died out(灭亡、逐渐消失)意思接近。故选C。
39．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“However, in the USA, Britons’ language, other European languages, and Native American words all formed the basis of US English.(然而，在美国，英国人的语言、其他欧洲语言和美洲原住民的词汇都构成了美式英语的基础)”可知，多种语言构成了美式英语的基础。故选A。
40．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“American English and British English are similar in many ways. For example, most spellings and grammar rules are largely the same. However, the two languages are truly different in speech.(美式英语和英式英语在许多方面相似。例如，大多数拼写和语法规则在很大程度上是相同的。然而，这两种语言在发音上确实不同)”及下文可知，本文以时间为线索，探索了英式英语和美式英语形成及发展的历史，从而产生了两者之间的差异。由此可知，Exploring the Development of English Languages(探究英语语言的发展)适合作本文最佳标题。故选C。
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