专题07 阅读理解之议论文10篇——2022-2023学年高一英语下学期期末专题冲刺复习（牛津译林版2020）

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译林版（2020）高一英语下学期期末复习 查缺补漏冲刺满分
(名校最新期末真题)
专题07 阅读理解之议论文10篇
（2022春·江苏无锡·高一统考期末）How’ s your eyesight? From the moment we’ reborn, our eyes grow, our vision becomes clearer and some of us will have normal vision. However, others will become short-sighted (近视) and end up wearing glasses to help them see everything clearly. And some experts say that more of us will be wearing them in the future because of our lifestyle when we were younger.
Even today, doctors are reporting arise in shortsightedness in children. The condition can be genetic (遗传的), but it’ s also partly caused by a number of modern-day factors — particularly children staring at phone screens, computers and game controllers for long periods of time.
Of course, children have had increased screen time due to lockdowns (封控) during the Covid pandemic — it’ s been the only way to receive education and communicate with others. But education generally could be the cause of the rise in shortsightedness. Neema Mojarrad, lecturer at the University of Bradford, told BBC Future website, “Reading and spending more time indoors may be responsible for it. Every year of education increases the expected amount of shortsightedness.”
The problem appears to be more serious in some Asian countries. Some experts say that in these places with huge educational success, children spend more time indoors studying. Therefore, it seems, spending more time outdoors could be good for children’ s eye health. The UK’ s College of Optometrists is suggesting parents should get their kids playing outside for two hours a day. Several scientific studies show this can prevent or stop the development of shortsightedness.
There’s been a focus on using technology, such as laser (激光) surgery, for fixing shortsightedness, but for children at least, it seems a moment of daylight and a break from the screen might be part of the solution. Experts also recommend kids have regular eye tests to find out any prob lens before they become more serious.
1．How does the author introduce the topic in Paragraph 1?
A．By raising a question. B．By telling a story.
C．By giving an example. D．By introducing an expert.
2．What is a modern-day factor in children’ s shortsightedness?
A．Genetic reason. B．Unexpected lockdown.
C．Extra physical education. D．Increased screen time.
3．Why are more children short-sighted in the countries with huge educational success?
A．They spend more time staring at screens.
B．They spend less time playing indoors.
C．They spend more time studying indoors.
D．They spend less time taking eye tests.
4．What do experts suggest children doing to protect their eyesight?
A．Receiving surgical operation.
B．Taking regular examination.
C．Increasing indoor activities.
D．Stay away from modern technologies.

（2022春·江苏镇江·高一统考期末）Warren Buffett’s father told him not to go into securities (证券). Oprah was warned that moving to Chicago would destroy her career. These stories of famous people being told not to do the very thing that later made them hugely successful are entertaining, but they also show a larger point. Bad advice is very common.
As investor Paul Graham has said, “When experts are wrong, it’s often because they’re experts on an earlier version of the world.”
In a New York Times article, Wharton professor Adam Grant offers a simple prescription-stop giving advice. Wait, what? Doesn’t other people’s advice help improve our decisions? Of course they do, but as Grant points out, giving your advice isn’t the same as saying, “You should do this...”
“When people come to us for advice, we can stop ourselves from giving them a suggestion immediately,” he, well, advises. “People seldom need to hear our conclusion. They benefit from hearing our thought process and our view on the criteria (标准) for the matter. The most useful advice doesn’t tell us what to do clearly and exactly; it helps people see blind spots in their thinking.”
You may want to offer an example from your own life to explain your way of thinking, Grant continues, but “make sure to explain that it mayor may not be suitable for them.”
Each of us has our ow unique set of talents, fears, values and limits. When someone comes to you for advice, it’s near impossible to get a full picture of theirs. That means its near impossible to tell them what they should do. Therefore, advice should not mean “telling people what to do.” Instead, provide a framework (框架) for making the decision. That way advice seekers can put their own variables (变量) into your system and see what answer it gives. This also offers them a chance to develop their own decision-making muscles.
Showing someone how to think through a problem for themselves beats telling them the right answer almost every time.
5．Why does the author mention the stories of Buffett and Oprah?
A．To introduce a topic. B．To explain a rule. C．To give a reason. D．To make a comparison.
6．Why do experts sometimes give bad advice according to Paul Graham?
A．They don’t live in a normal way. B．They hesitate to make early decisions.
C．They have forgotten their earlier experience. D．They base their advice on previous knowledge.
7．What does the underlined word “prescription” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．System. B．Suggestion. C．Argument. D．Effect.
8．What does the author suggest on giving others good advice?
A．Offering them guidance on how to develop their talents.
B．Finding a good chance to tell them what they should do.
C．Reminding them of the importance of making right decisions directly.
D．Helping them develop a more complete way to consider their choices.

（2022春·江苏徐州·高一沛县湖西中学校考期末）JENNIFER SALLS---A high school math teacher in Sparks, Nevada
It is possible to construct good online courses that would support mathematics learning with middle and high school students. However, these courses would not look like most current online courses.
When we imagine an online course, we think of a solitary (孤立的)process in which a student is holed up with his or her computer, watching PowerPoints, paging through screens of text and solving a whole bunch of problems. While learning may be occurring, I suspect that it’s short-term with little real understanding of mathematics. There are some students who learn well under these circumstances, but this is not true for the majority of students. A good online course would take advantage of the many interactive resources. For example, if students were learning to solve equations, they would be directed to solve a carefully arranged set of problems using an interactive program. They would reflect on the interaction and share their observations with others taking the course.
Eventually, the lesson would move students toward solving equations, using their experiences with the interactive program as the jumping-off point. Students could experience real-world problems through video and simulations and use a variety of computer-based tools to solve these problems. Notice that a course like this is not solitary, but highly interactive, and it builds both problem-solving skills and conceptual knowledge.
BRIGID BARRON-A psychologist at Stanford University’s School of Education
Whether or not any computing tool used in the classroom will interfere with or energize learning depends on how the teacher organizes its use.
When online courses are well designed, they offer learners and teachers wonderful opportunities. Hybrid models that combine classroom interaction with tools like blogs, podcasts, social networks and discussion forums can engage students in ways that traditional environments do not. When students are given challenging material, asked to carry out research and to create ways to share what they are learning with students from all over the world, engagement goes up.
There are other benefits. Assessment of student learning can be partly automated and designed to provide continuous feedback. When students need assistance, they can be directed to activities that will help them learn. Perhaps most importantly, online courses can help bridge gaps in course offerings within a school district. Many economically challenged schools don’t have the resources to provide specialized or advanced courses, but those courses could be offered online.
Many students are already using technology in their own time to learn and create, for their own purposes or for school assignments (作业). If they know where to look, they can access online communities that foster (促进)their imagination and offer informal mentorship (辅导). Instead of wondering whether teenagers are too easily distracted by computers, we should be figuring out how we can use digital media to sustain (维持) teenagers’ interest and their desire to learn.
9．According to Jennifer Salls, in most current online classes, ______.
A．students hardly learn anything
B．students are made to learn all on their own
C．students are led to improve their self-study abilities
D．students focus more on theories than on problem-solving skills
10．Which of the following statements best summarizes Salls’ opinions?
A．Online courses should try to make the most of interactive resources.
B．Schools today pay more attention to students, conceptual knowledge.
C．Students cannot learn mathematics effectively through online courses.
D．Thanks to online classes, teachers’ work load can be greatly decreased.
11．Brigid Barron mentioned all of the following potentials of online classes EXCEPT ______.
A．narrowing the gap between rich and poor
B．providing students with real-time feedback
C．teaching students how to exploit online resources
D．maintaining students’ interest throughout the course
12．Both Salls and Barron believe that_______.
A．good courses should combine advanced technology and online resources
B．teachers play an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of online classes
C．students should be able to learn effectively through well-designed online classes
D．online courses are more effective only when students are assigned challenging tasks

（2022春·江苏南京·高一南京师大附中校考期末）The first time I questioned the traditional wisdom on the nature of a healthy diet, it was 40 years ago, and the subject was salt. Researchers found that salt supplementation(补充) was unnecessary after exercise, and this advice was passed on by health reporters. I recalled high school football practices in hot days. Without salt pills, I couldn’t make it through a two-hour practice.
Although sports nutritionists have recommended consuming more salt when we sweat hard in physical activity, the message that we should avoid salt at all other times remains strong. And salt is still considered deadly.
So why have we been told that salt is so deadly? The advice has always sounded reasonable: Eat more salt, and your body keeps water to maintain a stable concentration of sodium (钠) in your blood. This is why salty food might make us thirsty: We drink more; we keep water. The result can be a temporary increase in blood pressure. The scientific question is whether this temporary phenomenon leads to permanent problems: If we eat too much salt for years, does it cause high blood pressure, and then kill us? It makes sense, but it’s only a hypothesis(假设), which hasn’t been proved but unfortunately accepted as a fact.
In reality, eating less salt can worsen health. Decades ago, Italian researchers’ study reported that reducing salt consumption increased the risk of dying early and that reducing sodium to a government-recommended “safe upper limit” is actually harmful.
Supporters of the eat-less-salt campaign(运动) tend to deal with this opposing evidence (证据) by implying that anyone raising it is a shill(同谋) for the food industry (widely criticized for adding salt to processed foods to improver taste). When several government agencies held a hearing last November to discuss how to ensure Americans eat less salt, anti-salt supporters argued that the latest reports suggesting damage from lower-salt diets should simply be ignored. This attitude, which lacks respect for science, has been held for the anti-salt campaign for decades. Maybe now is the time for it to change.
13．The underlined phrase in paragraph 1 refers to the belief that_________.
A．people should take in salt after exercise
B．salt intake was needless after physical activity
C．salt pills were helpful during football practices
D．a healthy diet does not necessarily include enough salt
14．What does the Italian researchers’ study show?
A．Eating less salt can harm our health.
B．Eating too much salt raises blood pressure.
C．We should try to avoid salt on a daily basis.
D．We should follow the recommended “safe upper limit”.
15．What do the eat-less-salt campaigners do with the opposing evidence?
A．They treat it with some respect.
B．They report it to the government agencies.
C．They do scientific experiments to support it.
D．They suggest that the food industry is behind it.
16．What is the writer’s attitude towards the anti-salt campaign?
A．Supportive. B．Unconcerned.
C．Puzzled. D．Negative.

（2022春·江苏南京·高一南京航空航天大学附属高级中学校考期中）On Monday, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention predicted that 42% of Americans could be overweight by 2030. Our expanding waistlines lead to not only a medical problem, but according to a recent article In The New York Times, it could also affect personal safety in some situations-in an airplane crash, for example.
The New York Times’ Christen Negroni reports that engineers and scientists are questioning whether airplane seats are adequately constructed to protect overweight travelers. Government standards for airplane seat strength—first set more than 60 years ago—require that the seats be made for a passenger weighing 170 pounds (77kg). Today, the average American man weighs nearly 194 pounds (88kg) and the average woman 165 pounds (75kg).
Negroni reports:
“If a heavier person completely fills seat, the seat is not likely to behave as intended during a crash.” said Robert Salazar, the leading scientist at the Center for Applied Biomechanics at the University of Virginia. “The energy absorption that is built into the aircraft seat is likely to be overpowered and the passengers will not be protected properly.”
“Nor would the injury be limited to that passenger only,” Dr. Salzar said. “If a seat or a seat belt fails,” he said, “those people who are seated nearby could be endangered from ‘the uncontrolled movements of the passenger’.”
Most complaints about airplane seats focus on their lack of comfort and high ticket price, and whether overweight passengers should be made to buy two seats. But The New York Times’ article brings up another reason to feel anxious about flying. Investigators of the issue got in touch with the airplane seat and seat belt makers, but they refused to comment on the problem. Experts agreed that crash testing should be done with overweight dummies (人体模型). Both airplane seats and seat belts should be tested, they said.
Fortunately, however, according to Nora Marshall, a senior adviser at the National Transportation Safety Board, the board’s investigators have never seen an accident involving a commercial plane in which the weight of a passenger was a problem.
17．What is the article in The New York Times mainly concerned with?
A．The size of airplane seats and seat belts.
B．Safety of overweight airplane passengers.
C．Airplane crashes involving commercial planes.
D．A medical problem caused by being overweight.
18．Robert Salzar would probably agree that ________.
A．overweight passengers should buy two seats
B．the government should help produce safer planes
C．standards for airplane seat strength should be raised
D．passengers should know how to protect themselves
19．We can learn from the text that ________.
A．airplane seat makers have perfected their products
B．there are few complaints about airplane seats
C．those seated near the overweight may suffer too
D．many airplane accidents involve the overweight
20．What is the best title for the text?
A．Why Do Passengers Feel Anxious about Flying?
B．Will 42% of Americans Be Overweight by 2030?
C．When Will The Overweight Enjoy Their Flight?
D．Are Airplane Seats Safe Enough for The Overweight?

（2022春·江苏扬州·高一扬州中学校考期中）As is known to us all, the stories we share with one another are significant, which shows our wisdom, providing our inspiration and attaching importance to our development. But occasionally people choose not to tell.
Consider the negative effects of not sharing a story in the news: People are wondering if public health officials are holding back too much information about the recent outbreak of Ebola.
There is a danger in holding back stories that ought to be told. Bobette Buster said it was like this, “The fact is, history has shown us that stories not told can become like a dangerous genie (妖怪) left in a bottle. When they are finally uncorked, their power to destroy is set free.”
There are a number of reasons why we hide parts of our story: they often show our weaknesses or expose our disadvantages; they require courage and strength to share, and of course, there are some stories that should be kept secret — especially those that embarrass someone else.
Most of us have two selves: the one we display on the outside and the one we actually are on the inside. And the better we get at hiding the stories that show our true selves, the more damage we may be causing to ourselves and to others.
Honesty and openness is important. It proves we are trustworthy. It displays we are human. We are not perfect or better. It highlights the importance of hard work and personal development. Hard work may not allow us to overcome our disadvantages completely. But with hard work, we do not have to be restricted to our mistakes.
Does this mean we admit every weakness, every disadvantage, and every secret regret to everybody we meet? No, of course not. There is a time and a place and a certain level of relationship necessary for some stories to be told in an appropriate manner.
21．What’s the function of the example in Paragraph 2?
A．It reflects that people are concerned about the spread of Ebola.
B．It proves not sharing a story can cause trouble.
C．It concludes that one should share a story at a proper time.
D．It shows the bad effect caused by sharing a story.
22．Which is close in meaning to the underlined word “uncorked” in Paragraph 3?
A．freed B．broken C．unfolded D．untouched
23．One of the reasons why people are unwilling to share experiences is that _______.
A．story-sharing highlights the importance of hard work
B．some stories make people feel sad
C．people are used to exposing their weaknesses
D．people sometimes have no courage to share their stories
24．The writer aims to convince us to _______.
A．remove the dangers that can be caused by untold stories
B．be open to people close to you by sharing some secrets
C．share stories appropriately for the good of others and ourselves
D．realize the importance of being honest when making friends

（2021春·江苏连云港·高一统考期中）For decades, the homework standard has been a "10-minute" rule, which suggests a daily maximum of 10 minutes of homework per grade level.
But some schools have begun to give their youngest students a break. A Massachusetts elementary school has announced a no-homework pilot（试点的）program for the coming school year, extending the school day by two hours to provide more in-class instruction. "We really want kids to go home at 4 o'clock, tired," Kelly Elementary School Principal Jackie Glasheen said. "We want them to enjoy their families. We want them to go to soccer practice or football practice."
New solutions to homework differ by community. These local debates aren't easily understood by the fact that even education experts disagree about what's best for kids.
The most all-round research on homework so far comes from an analysis（分析）by Duke University professor Harris Cooper, who found evidence（证据）of a positive relationship between homework and student achievement, meaning students who did homework performed better in school. Cooper's analysis focused on how homework influences test scores. The relationship was stronger for older students-in 7th through 12th grade-than for those in younger grades, for whom there was a weak relationship between homework and performance.
Although there is the weak relationship between homework and performance for young children, Cooper argues that a small amount of homework is useful for all students. Second-graders should not be doing two hours of homework each night, he said, but they also shouldn't be doing no homework.
However, Cathy Vatterott, an education professor at the University Missouri-St. Louis, thinks there is not enough evidence that homework is helpful for students in elementary school, "Relationship is not a cause," she said "Does homework cause achievement, or do high achievers do more homework?" Vatterott thinks there should be more stress on improving the quality of homework tasks, and she supports efforts to ban homework for younger kids.
25．What will Kelly Elementary School have in the new term?
A．No homework. B．Some football practice.
C．"10-minute" homework. D．More physical education classes.
26．Who can perform better according to Cooper's analysis?
A．Younger students in all grades with no homework.
B．Younger students in lower grades with no homework.
C．Older students in lower grades with more homework.
D．Older students in higher grades with more homework.
27．What's the writer's attitude towards "10-minute" homework?
A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Unknown. D．Doubtful.
28．What is the best title for the text?
A．Is homework good for students? B．How much homework is proper?
C．Does high-quality homework work? D．Do students really hate homework?

（2021春·江苏淮安·高一校联考期中）Happiness is for everyone. You don’t need to care about those people who have beautiful houses with large gardens and swimming pools or those who have nice cars and a lot of money and so on. Why? Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who have cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time.
In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you; when you study hard at your lessons, your parent s are always taking good care of your life and your health; when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you; when you do something wrong, people around you will help you to correct it. And when you do something good to others, you will feel happy, too. All these are your happiness. If you notice them, you can see that happiness is always around you.
Happiness is not the same as money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can’t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and you have bad luck. As the saying goes, life is like a revolving(旋转)door. When it closes, it also opens. If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person.
29．Happiness is for ________.
A．those who have large and beautiful houses B．all people
C．those who have a lot of money D．those who have cars
30．Which is TRUE according to the passage?
A．When you get success, your friends will be very proud of you.
B．You can get help from others when you make mistakes.
C．You can still be a happy person even if you have little money.
D．All the above.
31．Why do we say “Happiness is not the same as money”? Because ________.
A．money always brings happiness B．everything can be bought with money
C．money doesn’t always bring happiness D．only rich people have happiness
32．Which is the title of the passage?
A．Do Something Good to Others B．Happy and Lucky
C．Happiness D．Life and Success

（2021春·江苏连云港·高一统考期末）Could being a little overweight help you live longer? A new international analysis (分析) shows a surprising answer: while obesity (肥胖) increases the risk of dying early, being slightly overweight reduces it. These studies included almost 3 million adults from around the world, yet the results were clearly the same, the authors of the analysis said.
“If you have a medical condition, your chances, of living are slightly better if you are a bit on the heavy side,” says study author Katherine Flegal, “Several factors may contribute to this finding.”
“Heavier people may tend to see the doctor earlier,” she says, “and may be more likely to be treated according to the doctor’s advice. Obesity itself may protect the heart, or someone who is heavier might be better able to fight against a shock to the system.”
For the study, Flegal’s team collected data on more than 2.88 million people included in 97 studies. The researchers looked at the participants’ (参与者) body mass index (BMI), a measure of body fat that takes into consideration a person’s height and weight.
The researchers found that, compared with people of normal weight, overweight people had a 6 percent lower risk of death. Obese people, however, had an 18 percent higher risk. For those who were the least obese, the risk of death was 5 percent lower than people of normal weight, but for those who were the most obese, the risk of death was 29 percent higher, the findings showed.
While the study found a relation between weight and the risk of early death, it did not prove a cause-and-effect relationship. Indeed, one expert warmed that body weight alone cannot tell health and the risk of death.
“There are other factors that play a role in health,” says Dr. William, a professor at Louisiana State University. “BMI simply is a parameter (参数); it doesn’t take family history, smoking, fitness, and other factors into consideration.”
33．What did Flegal’s team do for their study?
A．They interviewed almost 3 million adults. B．They did 97 experiments with fat people.
C．They collected data on 2.88 million people. D．They talked with doctors for medical conditions.
34．Compared with people of normal weight, the least obese people had a(n)______ risk of death.
A．5 percent lower B．6 percent lower C．18 percent higher D．29 percent higher
35．Which of the following may Dr. William agree with?
A．Weight contributes to the risk of early death.
B．Weight has no relation with the risk of death.
C．BMI is only a factor to judge people’s health.
D．BMI alone can tell people’s health conditions.
36．What can be the suitable title for the passage?
A．Obesity kills B．The thinner, the healthier
C．BMI counts D．A bit overweight, a longer life

（2022春·江苏南京·高一统考期末）"We are running out of space and the only places to go to are other worlds. ... Spreading out may be the only thing that saves us from ourselves. I am convinced that humans need to leave Earth" These are the words of the famous scientist Stephen Hawking.
Hawking was not alone in this view. Many experts feel that the only way for humans to last far into the future is to colonize (殖民) other planets. That way, if an asteroid (小行星), a terrible discase, or some other disaster strikes Earth, we would still have a chance. Mars is one of the best choices. NASA, the private company SpaceX，and other organizations all have plans to send humans there. "Either we spread Earth to other planets, or we go out of existence,” SpaceX founder Elon Musk said.
But not everyone agrees that colonizing Mars or any other planet is such a great plan. The most common argument against going is that it's just too expensive or dangerous. It will take huge amounts of money and other resources just to get people there, let alone set up a place for them to live. It's not even clear if humans could survive on Mars.
Maybe all the time and money people would pour into a Mars task would be better spent on more important projects here on Earth, like dealing with poverty or climate change. Some experts argue that handling a problem like an asteroid strike or disease outbreak while staying here on Earth would be much easier and less expensive than surviving on a new planet. In addition, moving to a new planet could harm or destroy anything that already lives there. Mars seems uninhabited, but it could possibly host some life. Human visitors may destroy this life or change the Martian environment forever.
What do you think? Should humans colonize outer space or stay at home?
37．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to________
A．provide an explanation B．make a comparison
C．reach a conclusion D．introduce a topic
38．In Paragraph 2, many experts recommend colonizing Mars in order to ________.
A．protect humans from dying out
B．make Hawking's dream come true
C．seek more space for humans to live in
D．encourage different organizations to compete
39．For what reason are some scientists against colonizing Mars?
A．Out of space, out of mind. B．Money should be well spent.
C．East or west, home is the best. D．One should mind his own business.
40．What’s the author's attitude towards colonizing Mars?
A．Confident. B．Doubtful. C．Objective. D．Supportive.


1．A    2．D    3．C    4．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章就现代生活方式对儿童视力的影响，以及矫正儿童视力的解决方案展开讨论。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“How’ s your eyesight? From the moment we’ reborn, our eyes grow, our vision becomes clearer and some of us will have normal vision. However, others will become short-sighted (近视) and end up wearing glasses to help them see everything clearly. And some experts say that more of us will be wearing them in the future because of our lifestyle when we were younger.(你的视力怎么样？从我们重生的那一刻起，我们的眼睛长大了，我们的视力变得更加清晰，我们中的一些人会有正常的视力。然而，其他人会变成近视眼，最后戴上眼镜来帮助他们看清楚一切。一些专家表示，由于我们年轻时的生活方式，未来会有更多的人戴上它们。)”可推断，作者通过提问题的方式来引出主题。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The condition can be genetic (遗传的), but it’ s also partly caused by a number of modern-day factors — particularly children staring at phone screens, computers and game controllers for long periods of time. (这种情况可能是遗传的，但也有一些现代因素造成的，尤其是儿童长时间盯着手机屏幕、电脑和游戏手柄。)”可知，儿童近视的现代因素是屏幕时间的增加。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Some experts say that in these places with huge educational success, children spend more time indoors studying. (一些专家说，在这些教育取得巨大成功的地方，孩子们花更多的时间在室内学习。)”可知，在教育取得巨大成功的国家，近视儿童越来越多，是因为他们花更多的时间在室内学习。故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Experts also recommend kids have regular eye tests to find out any prob lens before they become more serious. (专家还建议孩子们定期进行视力检查，在问题变得更严重之前找出问题镜片。)”可知，专家建议孩子们定期进行视力检查。故选B。
5．A    6．D    7．B    8．D

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了专家给出坏建议很常见。
5．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Warren Buffett’s father told him not to go into securities (证券). Oprah was warned that moving to Chicago would destroy her career. These stories of famous people being told not to do the very thing that later made them hugely successful are entertaining, but they also show a larger point. Bad advice is very common.(沃伦·巴菲特的父亲告诉他不要进入证券行业。有人警告奥普拉，搬到芝加哥会毁了她的事业。这些名人被告知不要做后来让他们获得巨大成功的事情的故事很有趣，但它们也表明了一个更重要的问题。坏建议很常见。)”可知，作者提到巴菲特和奥普拉的故事是为了引出坏建议很常见这个话题。故选A。
6．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“As investor Paul Graham has said, “When experts are wrong, it’s often because they’re experts on an earlier version of the world.”(正如投资人保罗·格雷厄姆所说:“当专家们犯错时，往往是因为他们是对世界早期版本的专家。”)”可知，根据Paul Graham的看法，专家有时候给出坏的建议是因为他们把自己的建议建立在先前的知识基础上。故选D。
7．词句猜测题。根据文章第四段““When people come to us for advice, we can stop ourselves from giving them a suggestion immediately,” he, well, advises.( “当人们向我们寻求建议时，我们可以阻止自己立即给他们建议，”他建议道。)”可推知，划线词所在的句子意思是：在《纽约时报》的一篇文章中，沃顿商学院教授亚当·格兰特(Adam Grant)给出了一个简单的建议——不要再提建议。Prescription意为“建议”。故选B。
8．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Instead, provide a framework (框架) for making the decision. That way advice seekers can put their own variables (交量) into your system and see what answer it gives. This also offers them a chance to develop their own decision-making muscles.( 相反，要提供一个做决定的框架。这样，寻求建议的人就可以把他们自己的变量放入你的系统中，看看它会给出什么答案。这也为他们提供了一个发展自己决策能力的机会。)”可知，关于提供建议作者建议帮助人们发展一种更完整的方式来考虑他们的选择。故选D。
9．B    10．A    11．A    12．C

【导语】本文是议论文。文章主要介绍Salls和Barron对在线课程的看法。
9．细节理解题。根据JENNIFER SALLS---A high school math teacher in Sparks, Nevada部分第二段“When we imagine an online course, we think of a solitary(孤立的) process in which a student is holed up with his or her computer, watching PowerPoints, paging through screens of text and solving a whole bunch of problems.(当我们想象一个在线课程时，我们会想到一个孤立的学习过程，一个学生在他或者她的电脑面前，看PPT，翻阅屏幕文本，以及解决很多问题)”可知，Salls认为现在很多的在线课程都是学生被迫自己学习。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据JENNIFER SALLS---A high school math teacher in Sparks, Nevada部分第三段“A good online course would take advantage of the many interactive resources. (一个好的线上课程应该充分利用互动资源。)”和第四段“Eventually, the lesson would move students toward solving equations, using their experiences with the interactive program as the jumping-off point. (最终，这节课将引导学生用他们在互动中学到的经验作为出发点去解决方程问题。)”可知，Salls 认为在线课程应该充分利用互动资源，这样可以帮助学生把互动中学到的经验运用到实际的解决问题中去。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据BRIGID BARRON-A psychologist at Stanford University’s School of Education部分第二段“When students are given challenging material, asked to carry out research and to create ways to share what they are learning with students from all over the world, engagement goes up. (当学生们被给予有挑战性的材料时、被要求进行研究并创造方法来与世界各地的学生分享他们所学的东西时，这样参与度就会提高。)”和第三段“Assessment of student learning can be partly automated and designed to provide continuous feedback. When students need assistance, they can be directed to activities that will help them learn. Perhaps most importantly, online courses can help bridge gaps in course offerings within a school district. Many economically challenged schools don’t have the resources to provide specialized or advanced courses, but those courses could be offered online. (对学生学习的评价可以部分自动化，并设计为提供持续的反馈。当学生需要帮助时，他们可以被引导去参加有助于他们学习的活动。也许最重要的是，在线课程可以帮助弥补一个学区内课程供应的差距。许多经济困难的学校没有资源提供专业或高级课程，但这些课程网上可以提供。)”可知，在线课程可以给学生提供实时的反馈，教学生如何开发在线资源、通过课程来维持他们的参与度，即对课程的兴趣，以及弥补同一地区课程供中应的差异。选项A“narrowing the gap between rich and poor(缩小贫富之间的差距)”不符合以上说法。故选A。
12．细节理解题。根据JENNIFER SALLS---A high school math teacher in Sparks, Nevada部分第一段“lt is possible to construct good online courses that would support mathematics learning with middle and high school students. (构建良好的网络课程来支持中、高学生的数学学习是可能的。)”和BRIGID BARRON-A psychologist at Stanford University’s School of Education部分第二段“When online courses are well designed, they offer learners and teachers wonderful opportunities. (在线课程设计良好时，它们可以为学习者和教师提供良好的机会。)”可知，Salls和Barron 都认为设计良好的在线课程可以给学生和老师提供帮助。故选C。
13．B    14．A    15．D    16．D

【导语】这是一篇议论文。人们普遍认为摄入过多的盐会对身体造成伤害，并形成了反盐运动，认为盐是致命的。但作者对这样的运动持怀疑态度，认为少吃盐会恶化健康状况。
13．词句猜测题，根据第一段“Researchers claimed that salt supplementation (补充) was unnecessary after intense exercise, and this advice was passed on by health reporters. I recalled high school football practices in hot days. Without salt pills, I couldn’t make it through a two-hour practice.（研究人员声称，在剧烈运动后补充盐是不必要的，这个建议被健康记者传递下去。我回忆起高中在热天的足球训练。没有盐药片，我无法进行两小时的练习）”推知，划线部分“the traditional wisdom （传统智慧）”指的是“剧烈运动后补充盐是不必要的”，所以作者才会质疑这个传统智慧。故选B。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段“In reality, eating less salt can worsen health. Decades ago, Italian researchers’ study reported that reducing salt consumption increased the risk of dying early and that reducing sodium to a government-recommended “safe upper limit” is actually harmful.（事实上，少吃盐会恶化健康。几十年前，意大利研究人员的临床试验报告称，减少盐的摄入会增加早死的风险，而将钠降低到政府建议的“安全上限”实际上是有害的）”可知，意大利研究人员的临床试验表明了少吃盐会对我们的健康构成威胁。故选A。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Supporters of the eat-less-salt campaign tend to deal with this confusing evidence by implying that anyone raising it is a shill (同谋) for the food industry (widely criticized for adding salt to processed foods to improve taste).（“少吃盐运动”的支持者们在面对这一相反的证据时，往往会暗示，任何提出这一建议的人都是食品行业的托儿（食品行业因为在加工食品中添加盐以改善味道而受到广泛批评））”可知，在面对相反的证据时，那些倡导少吃盐的人认为食品工业是幕后黑手，那些反对“少吃盐”的人都是食品行业的托，因为食品行业需要大量盐来改善味道。故选D。
16．推理判断题。根据第一段“The first time I questioned the conventional wisdom on the nature of a healthy diet, it was 40 years ago, and the subject was salt.（我第一次质疑关于健康饮食本质的大众观念是在40年前，当时的话题是盐）”和最后一段“This attitude, which lacks respect for science, has been the norm for the anti-salt campaign for decades. Maybe now is the time for it to change.（这种不尊重科学的态度已经成为反盐运动几十年来的准则。也许现在是时候改变了）”推知，作者对于反盐运动持否定态度。故选D。
【点睛】
17．B    18．C    19．C    20．D

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论现在的飞机座位对于较胖的乘客是否足够安全。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段“On Monday, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention predicted that 42% of Americans could be overweight by 2030. Our expanding waistlines lead to not only a medical problem, but according to a recent article In The New York Times, it could also affect personal safety in some situations-in an airplane crash, for example. (周一，美国疾病控制和预防中心预测，到2030年，42%的美国人可能会过于肥胖。我们不断扩大的腰围不仅会导致医疗问题，而且根据《纽约时报》最近的一篇文章：在某些情况下，它还会影响人身安全——例如坠机。)”可知，在飞机上，乘客过胖会影响自身安全和引发飞机事故。故推知《纽约时报》最近的一篇文章担心飞机上过胖的乘客的安全。故选B。
18．推理判断题。根据Negroni reports部分““If a heavier person completely fills seat, the seat is not likely to behave as intended during a crash.” said Robert Salazar, the leading scientist at the Center for Applied Biomechanics at the University of Virginia. “The energy absorption that is built into the aircraft seat is likely to be overpowered and the passengers will not be protected properly.” (弗吉尼亚大学应用生物力学中心的首席科学家Robert Salazar说：“如果一个较重的人完全填满座位，那么座椅在碰撞过程中不太可能按预期表现。内置在飞机座椅上的能量吸收系统可能会难以承受，乘客将无法得到适当的保护。)”可知，乘客过胖，飞机座位难以承受过胖的乘客，无法保护他们。故推知Robert Salazar赞成应提高飞机座椅的强度标准，以承载过重的乘客。故选C。
19．细节理解题。根据第四段““Nor would the injury be limited to that passenger only,” Dr. Salzar said. “If a seat or a seat belt fails,” he said, “those people who are seated nearby could be endangered from ‘the uncontrolled movements of the passenger’.” (Salzar博士说：“伤害也不会仅限于那名乘客。如果座椅或安全带失效，坐在附近的乘客可能会受到‘不受自己控制的过胖乘客运动’的威胁。)”可知，那些坐在过胖乘客附近的人也可能受到影响。故选C。
20．主旨大意题。根据第三段““If a heavier person completely fills seat, the seat is not likely to behave as intended during a crash.” said Robert Salazar, the leading scientist at the Center for Applied Biomechanics at the University of Virginia. “The energy absorption that is built into the aircraft seat is likely to be overpowered and the passengers will not be protected properly.” (弗吉尼亚大学应用生物力学中心的首席科学家Robert Salazar说：“如果一个较重的人完全填满座位，那么座椅在碰撞过程中不太可能按预期表现。内置在飞机座椅上的能量吸收系统可能会难以承受，乘客将无法得到适当的保护。)”及第四段““Nor would the injury be limited to that passenger only,” Dr. Salzar said. “If a seat or a seat belt fails,” he said, “those people who are seated nearby could be endangered from ‘the uncontrolled movements of the passenger’.” (Salzar博士说：“伤害也不会仅限于那名乘客。如果座椅或安全带失效，坐在附近的乘客可能会受到‘不受自己控制的过胖乘客运动’的威胁。)”可知，飞机的座位不适合过胖的人，无法保护过胖的乘客并影响邻座乘客。故推知文章主要讨论飞机座位对超重者来说是否合适与安全。故推知文章标题是Are Airplane Seats Safe Enough for the Overweight? (飞机座位对超重者来说足够安全吗？)。故选D。
21．B    22．A    23．D    24．C

【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文主要向我们介绍了不分享理应被分享的消息或情况会给我们带来的负面影响，接着剖析了我们不愿分享的原因，以及诚实和坦率的重要性，但最后一段告诉我们并非所有的东西都要去分享，而是要在合适的时间地点，以一种合适的方式去分享。
21．推理判断题。根据第二段“Consider the negative effects of not sharing a story in the news: People are wondering if public health officials are holding back too much information about the recent outbreak of Ebola. (想想在新闻中不分享情况的负面影响：人们想知道公共卫生官员是否对最近爆发的埃博拉疫情隐瞒了太多信息)”可知，第二段中例举了不分享埃博拉情况导致人们怀疑公共卫生官员是否隐瞒疫情的例子，以此来证明段首“the negative effects of not sharing a story”不分享情况会带来负面影响甚至麻烦的观点。故选B项。
22．词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句“When they are finally uncorked, their power to destroy is set free.(当它们最终被uncorked时，它们的毁灭力量就释放出来了)”句意和其中“is set free”可推知，划线词uncorked意为“打开，释放”之意，与free“解放，使自由”意思相近。故选A项。
23．细节理解题。根据第四段“There are a number of reasons why we hide parts of our story: they often show our weaknesses or expose our disadvantages; they require courage and strength to share; and of course, there are some stories that should be kept secret — especially those that embarrass someone else. (有很多原因可以解释为什么我们会隐藏自己的故事：它们通常会显示我们的弱点或暴露我们的缺点；分享需要勇气和力量；当然，有些故事应该保密——尤其是那些让别人难堪的情况)”可知，人们不愿意分享经验的原因之一是：人们有时没有勇气分享他们的故事。故选D项。
24．推理判断题。通读全文，并结合第五段中“And the better we get at hiding the stories that show our true selves, the more damage we may be causing to ourselves and to others.(我们越是善于隐藏那些展现真实自我的故事，我们对自己和他人造成的伤害就越大)”和最后一段中“There is a time and a place and a certain level of relationship necessary for some stories to be told in an appropriate manner. (有些故事需要以适当的方式讲述，这需要时间、地点和一定程度的关系)”可推知，作者在文中告诉我们，隐藏自我的故事是有害的，所以劝诫我们要为了他人和自己的利益适当地分享故事。故选C项。
25．A    26．D    27．C    28．A

【分析】本文是议论文。文章主要围绕学生们是否应该有家庭作业，家庭作业对学生们好不好这些问题进行讨论。
25．细节理解题。根据第二段“A Massachusetts elementary school has announced a no-homework pilot（试点的）program for the coming school year,”（麻省的一个小学已经宣布了一个在即将到来的这个学年没有作业的试点项目。）可知，Kelly Elementary School在新学期将没有作业。故选A。
26．推理判断题。根据第四段“…meaning students who did homework performed better in school. Cooper's analysis focused on how homework influences test scores. The relationship was stronger for older students-in 7th through 12th grade-than for those in younger grades…”（意思是做家庭作业的学生们的学校表现要更好。Cooper的分析集中在家庭作业是如何影响考试成绩的。这个关系对于7到12年级的大点的学生要比那些年龄小点的强。）可知，年龄大点的高年级学生作业多的学校表现会更好。故选D。
27．推理判断题。文章只是在第一段“For decades, the homework standard has been a "10-minute" rule, which suggests a daily maximum of 10 minutes of homework per grade level.”（几十年来，家庭作业的标准一直都是“10分钟”原则，意思是每个年级每天最多写10分钟的家庭作业。）和第二段“But some schools have begun to give their youngest students a break.”（但是有一些学校已经开始让小年龄的学生们打破这个规则了。）阐述了一下“10分钟”原则，但是作者并没有对它表示任何的看法。故选C。
28．主旨大意题。本文由“10分钟”原则引入学生们的家庭作业问题，接下来告诉读者有一些小学要实施没有家庭作业的试点项目，然后阐述了专家的意见：高年级的学生们家庭作业多的在考试中表现会更好。所以，总结来说，这篇文章就是围绕家庭作业对学生们好不好来讨论的。故选A。
29．B    30．D    31．C    32．C

【分析】本文是议论文。作者关于“幸福是什么”提出自己的观点：每个人都会拥有幸福，幸福是内心的感受，幸福和金钱不是同一回事。
29．细节理解题。根据文章首句“Happiness is for everyone”可知，幸福是属于每一个人的，每一个人都会拥有幸福。故选B。
30．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you; when you do something wrong, people around you will help you to correct it.”可知，当你成功的时候，你的朋友会祝贺你，为你感到骄傲；当你做错事的时候，你身边的人会帮你纠正；根据第三段中“When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can’t be bought with money”可知，当你贫穷的时候，你也会很幸福，因为你拥有用钱买不到的其他东西。因此，ABC三项的说法都是正确的。故选D。
31．推理判断题。文章第一段中提到“Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who have cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time.（因为那些有大房子的人可能经常感到孤独，而那些有汽车的人可能想在他们的空闲时间走在乡村的道路上）”可知，钱并不总是带来幸福；第三段中提到“When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can’t be bought with money（当你贫穷的时候，你也会很幸福，因为你拥有用钱买不到的其他东西）”由此可以推断，幸福和金钱并不是同一回事，金钱并不总是会带来幸福，而贫穷也不是就一定不幸福。故选C。
32．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段提出观点“Happiness is for everyone.”每一个人都会拥有幸福；第二段提出观点“happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it（只要你用心去感受，幸福就会一直在你身边）”；第三段提出观点“Happiness is not the same as money.”金钱并不总是会带来幸福。因此文章是论述幸福是什么，标题应该为“幸福”。故选C。
33．C    34．A    35．C    36．D

【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论肥胖对身体健康的影响。根据研究表明，微胖的人可能会活得更久。
33．细节理解题。根据第四段“For the study, Flegal’s team collected data on more than 2.88 million people included in 97 studies.”(在这项研究中，Flegal的研究小组在97项研究中收集了288万人的数据)可知，为了这项研究，Flegal的团队收集了288万人的数据。故选C项。
34．细节理解题。根据第五段“For those who were the least obese, the risk of death was 5 percent lower than people of normal weight, but for those who were the most obese, the risk of death was 29 percent higher, the findings showed.(研究结果显示，那些最不肥胖的人的死亡风险比正常体重的人低5%，但那些最肥胖的人的死亡风险要高29%)”可知，那些最不肥胖的人的死亡风险比正常体重的人低5%。故选A项。
35．细节理解题。根据最后一段“BMI simply is a parameter (参数); it doesn’t take family history, smoking, fitness, and other factors into consideration. (BMI仅仅是一个参数，它并不考虑家族史，吸烟，健康和其他因素)”可知，BMI仅仅是一个判断人健康的因素。故选C项。
36．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Could being a little overweight help you live longer? A new international analysis shows a surprising answer: while obesity increases the risk of dying early, being slightly overweight reduces it.(微胖可以帮助你活得更久吗？一个新研究分析表明，肥胖可以增加过早死亡的风险，而微胖可以减少这种风险)”及下文对该项研究的介绍可知，A bit overweight, a longer life(稍微超重一点，寿命更长一点)适合做本文最佳标题。故选D项。
37．D    38．A    39．B    40．C

【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论人类应该待在地球还是殖民其他星球。
37．推理判断题。根据第一段“Spreading out may be the only thing that saves us from ourselves. I am convinced that humans need to leave Earth”（扩张或许是仅存的拯救我们自己的方式。我深信人类需要离开地球。）可知，文章开头就通过Stephen Hawking的话引出话题：离开地球，去其他星球，故选D项。
38．推理判断题。根据第二段“That way, if an asteroid (小行星), a terrible discase, or some other disaster strikes Earth, we would still have a chance.”（如果一颗小行星或其他的灾难袭击地球，我们通过这种方式，仍将有机会存活。）可知，殖民火星是为了保护人类，以免人类灭绝，故选A项。
39．细节理解题。根据第三段“The most common argument against going is that it's just too expensive or dangerous.”（反对去其他星球的言论中最普遍的是：太贵和危险。）可知，因为太贵，太危险，所以一些科学家反对殖民火星，故选B项。
40．推理判断题。根据最后一段“while staying here on Earth would be much easier and less expensive than surviving on a new planet.”（然而待在地球比在一个新星球上生存更容易，花费更少。）及“moving to a new planet could harm or destroy anything that already lives there.”（搬到新星球会伤害或毁灭那儿已经存在的生命。）可知，作者以客观的角度分析了是否移民火星这个问题，故选C项。