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北京市第八中学2021-2022学年高二英语下学期期末考试试题（Word版附解析）
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这是一份北京市第八中学2021-2022学年高二英语下学期期末考试试题（Word版附解析），共22页。试卷主要包含了5分，共15分）， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2021-2022学年度第二学期高二英语期末练习题
（本卷满分100分，考试时间90分钟）
第一部分知识运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A，B，C，D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Years ago, in a small fishing village in Holland, a young boy taught the world about the rewards of unselfish service.
Because the entire village lived on fishing, a volunteer rescue team was needed in case of emergency. One night, the winds ___1___, the clouds burst and a strong storm overturned a fishing boat at sea. The crew in trouble sent out the SOS. The captain of the rescue rowboat team ___2___ the alarm and the villagers gathered in the town square overlooking the sea. When the team started their rowboat and ___3___ their way through the wild waves, the villagers waited ___4___ on the beach, holding lamps to light the way back.
An hour later, the rescue boat reappeared through the fog and the cheering villagers ran to greet them. Falling ___5___ on the sand, the volunteers reported that the rescue boat could not hold any more passengers and they had to leave one man behind. Even one more passenger would have surely ___6___ the rescue boat and all would have been lost.
Anxiously, the captain called for another volunteer team to look for the survivor. Sixteen-year-old Hans stepped forward. His mother grabbed his arm, crying, “Please don’t go. Your father died in a shipwreck (船只失事) 10 years ago and your elder brother, Paul, has been lost ___7___ for three weeks. Hans, you are all I have left.”
Hans replied, “Mother, I have to go. What if everyone said I can’t go, let someone else do it? Mother, this time I have to do my duty. When the call for ___8___ comes, we all need to take our turn and do our part.” Hans kissed his mother, joined the team and ___9___ into the night.
Another hour passed, which seemed to Hans’ mother like a century. Finally, the rescue boat dashed through the fog with Hans standing up in the bow. ____10____ his hands, the captain called, “Did you find the lost man?” Hardly able to control himself, Hans excitedly cried back, “Yes, we found him. Tell my mother it’s my elder brother, Paul!”
1. A. stilled B. calmed C. stopped D. screamed
2. A. sounded B. set C. took D. made
3. A. gathered B. followed C. fought D. walked
4. A. nervously B. angrily C. fearfully D. happily
5. A. uncomfortable B. exhausted C. disturbed D. painful
6. A. pushed B. pulled C. overturned D. settled
7. A. in the fire B. on strike C. at sea D. in the war
8 A. service B. excitement C. decision D. love
9. A. appeared B. disappeared C. came D. went
10. A. Making B. Keeping C. Showing D. Cupping
【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。哥哥由于海上事故而失踪，汉斯成了家中的独苗，但是他还是坚持去援救处于险境的渔民。他认为这是自己的责任，最终出乎意料的事情发生了——他救回了哥哥。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一天晚上，狂风呼啸，乌云密布，一场强烈的风暴将海上的一艘渔船掀翻。A. stilled(使)静止；B. calmed冷静；C. stopped停止；D. screamed呼啸而过。由下文的“the clouds burst and a strong storm overturned a fishing boat at sea”可知，此时乌云密布，一场强烈的风暴将海上的一艘渔船掀翻，说明狂风呼啸着。故选D项。
【2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：救援划艇队队长响起警报，村民们聚集在俯瞰大海的城镇广场。A. sounded鸣警报；B. set设置；C. took带走；D. made制作。由上文的“The crew in trouble sent out the SOS.”和“and the villagers gathered in the town square overlooking the sea. ”可知，陷入困境的船员发出了求救信号，事态紧急，救援划艇队队长响起警报，通知村民聚集了解此事。故选A项。
【3题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：当队员们开始划船，在狂野的海浪中奋力前进时，村民们紧张地在海滩上等待，拿着灯照亮了回来的路。A. gathered聚集；B. followed跟随；C. fought努力争取；D. walked走路。由上文的“One night, the winds ___1___ the clouds burst and a strong storm overturned a fishing boat at sea.(一天晚上，狂风呼啸，乌云密布，一场强烈的风暴将海上的一艘渔船掀翻)”可知，此时天气非常糟糕，海上狂风呼啸，行进艰难，应是奋力前进，fight one’s way (努力开辟一条路、奋力前进)。故选C项。
【4题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：当队员们开始划船，在狂野的海浪中奋力前进时，村民们紧张地在海滩上等待，拿着灯照亮了回来的路。A. nervously紧张地；B. angrily生气地；C. fearfully可怕地；D. happily快乐地。由上文语境可知，志愿者们在糟糕的天气去海上救人，其他等待的人当然紧张万分。故选A项。
【5题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：志愿者们筋疲力尽地倒在沙滩上，他们报告说，救援船无法容纳更多的乘客，他们不得不留下一个人。A. uncomfortable不舒服的；B. exhausted筋疲力尽的；C. disturbed不安的；D. painful痛苦的。由上文语境和本处的“Falling ___5___ on the sand”可知，志愿者们在糟糕的天气去海上救人，行进艰难，奋力前进，回来后应是筋疲力尽地倒在沙滩上。故选B项。
【6题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果再多出一名乘客，肯定会把救援船掀翻，所有人都会失去生命。A. pushed推；B. pulled拉；C. overturned推翻；D. settled定居。由上文的“the rescue boat could not hold any more passengers and they had to leave one man behind(救援船无法容纳更多的乘客，他们不得不留下一个人)”可知，船上多一人就会把救援船掀翻。故选C项。
【7题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：你的哥哥保罗在海上失踪了三个星期。A. in the fire在火中；B. on strike罢工；C. at sea在海上；D. in the war在战争中。由下文的“Tell my mother it’s my elder brother, Paul!(告诉我妈妈，是我哥哥保罗！)”可知，Hans在海上救回了自己的哥哥，说明之前哥哥已在海上失踪了三个星期。故选C项。
【8题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：当需要服务的时候，我们都需要尽自己的职责。A. service服务；B. excitement兴奋；C. decision决定；D. love爱。呼应上文“unselfish service”讲Hans对志愿救援服务的看法，这导致了他接下来无私的行动。故选A项。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Hans亲吻了母亲，加入了队伍，消失在夜色中。A. appeared出现；B. disappeared消失；C. came来了；D. went去。由上文语境可知，Hans和队友是出海救人，所以是消失在夜色中。故选B项。
10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：船长把双手窝成杯状喊道：“你找到那个迷路的人了吗？”A. Making制作；B. Keeping保持；C. Showing展示；D. Cupping使(手)窝成杯状。由上文语境可知，Hans和队友出海救人回来，当时狂风呼啸，在岸上的人只能把双手窝成杯状，来放大声音，让Hans听见。故选D项。
第二节语法填空（共15小题；每小题1分，共15分）
阅读下面的文章，根据文章内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers ___11___ (live) in the same way for centuries.
Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere ___12___ liked to eat frog’s legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.
This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were ___13___ use to the villagers. All they had to do was to catch them. Agreement was reached, and the children ___14___(send) into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But ___15___ dream didn’t last long.
The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and, there seemed to be more insects around lately.
The villagers decided that they couldn’t just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They would have to use the money earned ___16___(buy) pesticides (杀虫剂) and medicines. Soon there was no money left.
Then the people realized ___17___ was happening. It was the frog. They hadn’t been useless. They had been doing an important job—eating insects. Now with so many frogs ___18___(kill), the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases.
Now, the people are still poor. ___19___ in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much ____20____(deep) meaning.
【答案】11. had lived
12. who 13. no
14. were sent
15. the 16. to buy
17. what 18. killed
19. But 20. deeper
【解析】
【导语】本篇文章为记叙文。主要讲述印度一个小村庄的人们在外乡人的诱导下为了追求金钱收益捕杀青蛙，结果破坏了生态平衡。意识到这个问题后，他们及时停止了捕杀，重新回到了宁静的乡村生活。
【11题详解】
考查时态。句意：毕竟，他们的祖先几个世纪以来一直以同样的方式生活。本文以一般过去时为主，live是过去某一时间前就已经发生或完成了的动作，即过去的过去，live用过去完成时。故填had lived。
【12题详解】
考查定语从句关系词。句意：他们告诉村民，其他地方有一些人喜欢吃青蛙腿。该空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是people，指人，被不定代词some修饰，在从句中做主语，用关系代词who。故填who。
【13题详解】
考查不定代词。句意：周围的田地里有数百万只青蛙，它们对村民们毫无用处。根据下文“All they had to do was to catch them”，可知此处指“毫无用处”，用不定代词no修饰名词use。故填no。
【14题详解】
考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：达成了协议，孩子们被送到田里去抓青蛙。主语the children和谓语动词send是被动关系，事情已发生，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语the children复数，谓语复数形式。故填were sent。
【15题详解】
考查冠词。句意：但这个梦想并没有持续多久。特指前文“dream of a better future”有更好未来的梦想，用定冠词the。故填the。
【16题详解】
考查动词不定式。句意：他们将不得不用赚来的钱购买杀虫剂和药品。use sth. to do sth. (使用某物做某事)，buy用动词不定式表目的。故填to buy。
【17题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：然后人们意识到发生了什么。该空后接宾语从句，从句缺乏主语，意为“什么”，用连接代词what。故填what。
【18题详解】
考查过去分词。句意：现在有这么多青蛙被杀了，昆虫增长得更快了。此处是“with +名词/代词（宾语）+非谓语动词（宾补）”with复合结构，逻辑主语so many frogs和动词kill是被动关系，kill用过去分词作宾补。故填killed。
【19题详解】
考查连词。句意：但到了晚上，他们坐在村里的广场上，聆听昆虫和青蛙的叫声。与上文“现在，人们仍然很穷”是转折关系，用but，首字母大写。故填But。
【20题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：这些夜晚的声音现在有了更深的含义。much修饰比较级，用形容词比较级deeper作定语，修饰名词meaning。故填deeper。
第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分38分）
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A，B，C，D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
There is a connection I feel with horses that is unlike anything I have ever experienced. They can be frightening because of their size, speed and unpredictability, but they also force you to be calm. I think that was the smartest thing my first riding teacher taught me when I was seven: if you’re calm, they will be calm.
I have never owned a horse, but for a year I got to take care of a pony, Baronet, that I had found abandoned when I was 11. I had moved to England for the second time in my short life. This period was filled with anxiety and instability and there were a lot of unaccompanied moments.
I saw him one day while I was out walking in the woods. He was staring at me from where he stood, wild and dirty. I just went to him and he came to me. I found the farmer who owned him, who said he was a lost cause: “Too difficult,” he said. When I asked if I could care for him, he didn’t hesitate: “Sure, take him.”
He wasn’t trained. He was stubborn and picky and angry. He had been labelled “difficult” just as I was labelled “Sunshine Girl”. It’s not a good thing to be labelled. “Sunshine Girl” made me feel like I couldn’t complain. I didn’t want to make anyone unhappy. I always felt I had to go with the flow.
Baronet saved me that year. He gave my life a sense of purpose and meaning. I would wake up early and walk two miles to the barn to feed him and try to train him, and the moment I came home from school I would run back to the barn to spend time with him.
Looking back, I see Baronet as a wonder. In some magical way I found Baronet when I needed him most and, as sad as I was to leave him at the end of the year, when we moved yet again, I saw the progress we had made together. Seeing that I could make a difference was a huge awakening for me as a child.
21. How did the writer probably feel when moving to England?
A. Worried. B. Surprised. C. Puzzled. D. Excited.
22. What did the farmer probably mean by saying “he was a lost cause”?
A. Baronet was always alone.
B. Baronet could easily get lost.
C. Baronet could hardly survive.
D. Baronet was hard to deal with.
23. How did Baronet influence the writer?
A. It taught her not to complain.
B. It inspired her to be easygoing.
C. It helped her to get over loneliness.
D. It encouraged her to accept her label.
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者通过照顾一匹被遗弃的马，度过了人生的一段困惑时期。
【21题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“This period was filled with anxiety and instability and there were a lot of unaccompanied moments.（这段时间充满了焦虑和不稳定，有很多无人陪伴的时刻）”以及第五段中“He gave my life a sense of purpose and meaning.（他给了我人生的目标和意义）”可知，在搬去伦敦后，作者感到很困惑。故选C项。
【22题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段中“I found the farmer who owned him, who said he was a lost cause: “Too difficult,” he said（我找到了他的主人，他说 he was a lost cause：“太难了，”他说）”以及第四段中“He wasn’t trained. He was stubborn and picky and angry. He had been labelled “difficult” just as I was labelled “Sunshine Girl”.（他没有受过训练。他固执、挑剔、愤怒。他被贴上了“难对付”的标签，就像我被贴上了“阳光女孩”的标签一样）”可知，这个农民因为不能训练好Baronet，所以这个农民才说的这句话。所以划线句的意思为他认为Baronet很难训练，故选D项。
【23题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段中“Baronet saved me that year. He gave my life a sense of purpose and meaning. （那年，Baronet救了我。他给了我人生的目标和意义）”以及最后一段中“In some magical way I found Baronet when I needed him most and, as sad as I was to leave him at the end of the year, when we moved yet again, I saw the progress we had made together. Seeing that I could make a difference was a huge awakening for me as a child.（在我最需要Baronet的时候，我以某种神奇的方式找到了他，尽管我很难过在年底离开他，但当我们再次搬家时，我看到了我们在一起取得的进步。看到我能有所作为对我小时候来说是一个巨大的觉醒。）”可知，Baronet影响作者，帮她摆脱迷茫孤独。故选C项。
B
Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent (盛行的) myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels; and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts (明确肯定) formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is “intelligent”. Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day.
If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it’s worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N. B. D. — Nervous Break Down.
Intelligent people do not have N. B. D.’s because they are in charge of themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how to deal with the problems of their lives.
You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises area part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing (固定的) depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D.. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the rarest.
24. It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree ________.
A. may result in one’s inability to solve complex real life problems
B. does not indicate one’s ability to write properly worded documents
C. may make one mentally sick and physically weak
D. does not mean that one is highly intelligent
25. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that ________.
A. difficulties are but part of everyone’s life
B. depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life
C. everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances
D. good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence
26. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare?
A. Those who don’t emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.
B. Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.
C. Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer from N. B. D.’s.
D. Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances.
【答案】24. D 25. A 26. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了什么是真正的智慧。智慧的观点认为正规的教育和书本知识才是自我实现的真正标准助长了一种智力偏见。真正智慧指标是每天都过着有效、快乐的生活，每时每刻都过着这样的生活。那些认识到问题是人类的一种状态，不以没有问题来衡量幸福的人是我们所知道的最聪明的人也是最罕见的。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。由第一段中的“We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is “intelligent”. Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. (我们逐渐相信，拥有更多教育奖章、擅长某种学科的人是“聪明的”。然而，精神病院里挤满了拥有所有字母正确的证书的病人”)”可知，很多精神病人也有大学证书，但却不是聪明的人，说明拥有大学学位并不意味着一个人很聪明。故选D项。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。由最后一段中的“The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises area part of what it means to be human. (生活中的挣扎对我们每个人来说都差不多。在任何社会环境中与其他人交往的每个人都有类似的困难。分歧、冲突和妥协是人类意义的一部分)”可知，困难人人都有，也是人类意义的一部分，说明困难只是每个人生活的一部分。故选A项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。由最后一段中的“You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. (你可以开始认为自己是真正聪明的，这取决于你在面对艰难环境时的感受。生活中的挣扎对我们每个人来说都差不多。在任何社会环境中与其他人交往的每个人都有类似的困难)”和最后一段中的“But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing (固定的) depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D.. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the rarest. (但有些人能够做到这一点，以避免在这种情况下压抑和不快乐，而另一些人则崩溃或患有神经衰弱。那些将问题视为人类状况的人，而不是以没有问题来衡量幸福的人，是我们所知道的最聪明的人；也是最罕见的)”可知，生活中人人都有困境，聪明人会直面这些困难（而不以没问题而自豪），采取措施避免不快乐，可得出那些意识到生活中的困难但知道如何避免不快乐的人是聪明人，在生活中很罕见。故选B项。
C
Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting creatures,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative meaning.
So it seems contradictory to talk about habits in the same context as innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.
Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try, the more creative we become.
But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.
“The first thing needed for innovation is attraction to wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide’, just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider’.” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”
“All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware,” she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the ability to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, collaboratively and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that ability, preserving only those ways of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us use our innovative and collaborative ways of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will…and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have preserved, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.
27. Brain researchers have discovered that .
A. the forming of new habits can be guided
B. the development of habits can be predicted
C. the regulation of old habits can be transformed
D. the track of new habits can be created unconsciously
28. The underlined word“ruts”in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to .
A. zones B. connections C. situations D. tracks
29. Which of the following statements most probably agrees with Dawna Markova’s view?
A. Decision makes no sense in choices. B. Curiosity makes creative minds active.
C. Creative ideas are born of a relaxing mind. D. Formation of innovation comes from fantastic ideas.
30. The purpose of the author writing this article is to persuade us .
A. to give up our traditional habits deliberately B. to create and develop new habits consciously
C. to resist the application of standardized testing D. to believe that old habits conflict with new habits
【答案】27. A 28. D 29. B 30. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了大脑研究人员发现，新习惯的形成是可以被引导的。介绍了培养新习惯可以增加创造力。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.(但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地养成新习惯时，我们创造了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，这些路径可以让我们的思维列车跳到新的、创新的轨道上)”可知，大脑研究人员发现，新习惯的形成是可以被引导的。故选A。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits”以及后文“Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.(相反，我们刻意灌输给自己的新习惯创造了平行的路径，可以绕过那些旧的路径)”可知，不要费心去戒除旧习惯，因为一旦这些常规轨道被植入大脑，它们就会留在那里。故画线词意思是“轨道”。故选D。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段““The first thing needed for innovation is attraction to wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind.(《开放思想》的作者Dawna Markova说：“创新首先需要的是对奇迹的吸引。”)”以及“A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.(一个好的创新思考者总是在探索许多其他的可能性)”可知，B选项“好奇心使创造性思维活跃”符合Dawna Markova的观点。故选B。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try, the more creative we become.(我们可以通过有意识地培养新习惯来引导自己的改变，而不是认为自己是习惯不变的生物。事实上，我们尝试的新事物越多，我们就越有创造力)”结合文章主要说明了大脑研究人员发现，新习惯的形成是可以被引导的。介绍了培养新习惯可以增加创造力。可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是说服我们有意识地创造和发展新的习惯。故选B。
D
Americans clearly love their museums. One of the most famous, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met), saw a record 6.5 million visitors in 2015. But record attendance doesn’t necessarily translate into record revenue. Last month，the Met said it was trying to erase a USS10 million budget deficit. Meanwhile, one of its rivals，the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), was abundant in cash, but only about three million people stopped by in 2015. Why do some museums flourish while others flounder? My research leads me to believe there are three reasons: fashion, billionaires and demographics.
First, underlying the Met’s financial challenges is the problem with the acquisitions policy. Recent directors of the Met did not add much to the museum’s modern collection. The argument was that museums such as the MoMA were already providing such works in their collections and that the acquisition of contemporary art by living artists was problematic and risky. However, given the fact that museum-goers increasingly favor contemporary art, the revenue of the Met will likely fall if it isn’t able to keep up with the tastes of the customers. And by the time it might recognize this, it’s already too late to do much about it because the costs to acquire the in-demand art is sky-high. This leads to a second critical issue-the changing distribution of income and its effects on museum finance and operation.
We are living in a boom period for contemporary art. The number of auctions and art fairs has grown enormously to accommodate this growing market. In a world with about 1,800 billionaires, it only takes a relative few to drive high-end art prices to astronomical levels. Works by the German artist Gerhard Richter have generated $1.2 billion in sales in recent years. The soaring prices mean museums simply can’t keep up and must usually depend on donations to assemble the best works, or they’re priced out. Moreover, billionaires themselves are increasingly setting up their own private museums, further distancing the ability of public museums to get the good stuff.
A third interrelated problem is that demographic issues have put pressure on the revenue side. Unemployment, early retirements and the aging of the population in the US have contributed to increased attendance at museums. You might think it’s a good thing, but more traffic means higher costs, and when those additional visitors don’t result in more revenue, profitability goes down. This is because of the longstanding movement toward making museums “free” by having individuals, government or businesses “sponsor” the cost. But when that support gets reduced by budget costs or another reason, museums must either cover the cost themselves or lose patrons by suddenly charging fees. There is evidence that attendance rises when economic growth slows, but that’s also when those “sponsors” are more likely to begin to disappear.
Museums will certainly continue to exist and provide us with invaluable insights into our culture. But they must exist under economic principles, and it’d be wise for their administrators to consider the economies in their calculations.
31. According to the author ________.
A. MoMA saw a rise in donation due to its increased attendance
B. the Met failed to respond to the artistic tastes of modern visitors
C. the Met considered works of the living artists as questionable
D. MoMA added to its modern collection despite the budget deficit
32. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Billionaires control art auctions to price out public museums.
B. The boom of modern art will lead visitors to private museums.
C. The increase in visitors can hurt the profitability of museums.
D. Economic slowdowns result in a weakened interest in museums.
33. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of museums in the US?
A. Pessimistic. B. Doubtful. C. Cautious. D. Uncertain.
34. Which is the best title of the passage?
A. How can Museums Boost Revenues?
B. Should Museums Charge Entrance Fees?
C. Will Museums Survive in a Fast-changing World?
D. What Causes the Financial Challenges of Museums?
【答案】31. B 32. C 33. C 34. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了美国博物馆如今存在赤字的问题，作者认为主要是时尚、亿万富翁和人口统计数据这三个原因，并分别展开了说明。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, given the fact that museum-goers increasingly favor contemporary art, the revenue of the Met will likely fall if it isn’t able to keep up with the tastes of the customers.(然而，鉴于参观博物馆的人越来越喜欢当代艺术，如果不能跟上顾客的品味，大都会博物馆的收入可能会下降)”可知，大都会未能对现代游客的艺术品味作出反应。故选B。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“You might think it’s a good thing, but more traffic means higher costs, and when those additional visitors don’t result in more revenue, profitability goes down.(你可能认为这是一件好事，但更多的流量意味着更高的成本，而当这些额外的访客不能带来更多的收入时，盈利能力就会下降)”可推知，游客数量的增加会损害博物馆的盈利能力。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Museums will certainly continue to exist and provide us with invaluable insights into our culture. But they must exist under economic principles, and it’d be wise for their administrators to consider the economies in their calculations.(博物馆肯定会继续存在，并为我们提供了解我们文化的宝贵见解。但它们必须存在于经济原则之下，对它们的管理者来说，在计算中考虑经济是明智的)”可推知，作者对美国博物馆的未来持谨慎态度。故选C。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Americans clearly love their museums. One of the most famous, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met), saw a record 6.5 million visitors in 2015. But record attendance doesn’t necessarily translate into record revenue. Last month，the Met said it was trying to erase a USS10 million budget deficit. Meanwhile, one of its rivals，the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), was abundant in cash, but only about three million people stopped by in 2015. Why do some museums flourish while others flounder? My research leads me to believe there are three reasons: fashion, billionaires and demographics.(美国人显然喜欢他们的博物馆。其中最著名的是纽约大都会艺术博物馆，2015年参观人数达到创纪录的650万。但创纪录的上座率并不一定转化为创纪录的收入上个月，大都会博物馆说，他们正在努力消除1000万美元的预算赤字。与此同时，它的竞争对手之一现代艺术博物馆资金充裕，但2015年只有大约300万人来参观。为什么一些博物馆繁荣兴旺，而另一些却在苦苦挣扎?我的研究让我相信有三个原因：时尚、亿万富翁和人口统计数据)”结合文章主要说明了美国的博物馆如今存在赤字的问题，作者认为主要是时尚、亿万富翁和人口统计数据这三个原因，并分别展开了说明。可知，D选项“博物馆面临的财政挑战是什么？”最符合文章标题。故选D。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Website copywriting involves writing text and copy for websites. ____35____ Commercial websites may require standard sales-style copywriting, while informative or educational websites could require more structured material.
Almost all websites require some type of website copywriting. The material on a website is important not only to attract customers, but also to raise page ranks and create search engine traffic. This means that website copywriting can be somewhat different from regular writing because writers must write for two audiences.
Search engine optimization (SEO) can sometimes be important in website copywriting. SEO refers to the process of creating copy that is tailored toward catching the attention of popular search engines. ____36____.
An understanding of keywords and search engine behavior are important for SEO when writing copy for the web. ____37____ If those keywords are used properly and in the proper places within the article, more traffic will come to the website via a search engine, and the owner of the website could have the potential of making more money.
Website copywriters often have to have both a writing background and a marketing background. A person who is acting as a website copywriter for a site usually needs to be able to write active prose that inspires action. They also need to be able to drive traffic to the site so that customers can see the products for sale.
Being able to write effective sales copy may also be essential for website copywriting. ____38____ Content has to be well written in order to accomplish its goal, and adherence to standard writing rules is often a prerequisite to a well-written article.
____39____ People browsing the web tend to read differently than people reading a book or a newspaper. So the content must capture their attention quickly and be relatively easy to read, which often involves writing prose that is easily readable. Headings, bullet points, and simple language are often preferred as a result.
A. The type of copy that is required varies depending on the type of website.
B. Online companies may offer informational articles about products and services.
C. Website copywriters have to be familiar with basic grammar, style, and structure rules.
D. Internet copywriting also involves the composition of short headlines or advertisements.
E. Theoretically, the higher the SEO, the higher the number of readers that will be directed to the website.
F. Website copy not only serves the overall function of the website, but needs to capture the attention of readers.
G. This means copy for a website may have to contain certain keywords that people search when looking for something.
【答案】35. A 36. E 37. G 38. C 39. F
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了网站文案的概念以及如何创作网站文案。
【35题详解】
根据上文“Website copywriting involves writing text and copy for websites.(网站文案包括为网站编写文本和文案)”以及后文“Commercial websites may require standard sales-style copywriting, while informative or educational websites could require more structured material.(商业网站可能需要标准的销售风格的文案，而信息性或教育性网站可能需要更结构化的材料)”可知，上文对网站文案进行了解释，而后文提到了商业网站和信息性或教育性网站需要不同类型的文案，故A选项“所需的文案类型因网站类型而异”符合语境，故选A。
【36题详解】
根据上文“Search engine optimization(SEO) can sometimes be important in website copywriting. SEO refers to the process of creating copy that is tailored toward catching the attention of popular search engines.(搜索引擎优化（SEO）有时在网站文案中很重要。SEO是指为吸引热门搜索引擎的注意而制作副本的过程)”可知，本句承接上文说明SEO在吸引读者数量上的作用：SEO越高，网站的读者数量就越高。故E选项“理论上，SEO越高，网站的读者数量就越高”符合语境，故选E。
【37题详解】
根据上文“An understanding of keywords and search engine behavior are important for SEO when writing copy for the web.(了解关键词和搜索引擎的行为是重要的搜索引擎优化时写的网页拷贝)”以及后文“If those keywords are used properly and in the proper places within the article. more traffic will come to the website via a search engine, and the owner of the website could have the potential of making more money.(如果这些关键字被正确地使用在文章的适当位置。更多的流量将通过搜索引擎进入网站，网站所有者可能会有赚更多钱的潜力)”可知，上文提到了关键字的作用，后文提到关键词的使用位置会影响所有者的收入，故本句是在解释网站文案的制作中关键字的意义，故G选项“这意味着一个网站的文案可能必须包含某些关键字，人们在寻找某些东西时可以搜索”符合语境，故选G。
【38题详解】
根据上文“Being able to write effective sales copy may also be essential for website copywriting.(能够写出有效的销售文案对网站文案也很重要)”以及后文“Content has to be well written in order to accomplish its goal, and adherence to standard writing rules is often a prerequisite to a well-written article.(为了实现目标，内容必须写得很好，遵守标准的写作规则通常是一篇好文章的先决条件)”可知，后文提到了遵守写作规则是一篇好文章的先决条件，可知本句是在说明网站文案的创作需要遵循写作规则，故C选项“网站文案必须熟悉基本的语法、风格和结构规则”符合语境，故选C。
【39题详解】
根据后文“People browsing the web tend to read differently than people reading a book or a newspaper. So the content must capture their attention quickly and be relatively easy to read, which often involves writing prose that is easily readable. Headings, bullet points, and simple language are often preferred as a result.(浏览网页的人倾向于阅读不同于阅读书籍或报纸的人。因此，内容必须迅速吸引他们的注意力，并且相对容易阅读，这通常包括写易于阅读的散文。因此，标题、项目符号和简单的语言通常是首选)”可知，后文内容提到了吸引读者注意力，F选项中attention对应后文中attention。故F选项“网站文案不仅服务于网站的整体功能，还需要吸引读者的注意”符合语境，故选F。
第三部分写作（共两节，满分32分）
第一节阅读表达（共4小题；第1、2题各2分，第3题3分，第4题5分，共12分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
One of the basic expectations the public have of doctors is honesty. But what would you think if I told you that research has shown that 70 percent of doctors admitted to lying to their patients? It is inexcusable, surely? Extremely unprofessional and uncaring; a clear break of the doctor-patient relationship. Some of the lies told included reassuring patients that their wives or husbands were still alive, when in fact they were dead. This seems unimaginable but, if I am honest, I have told exactly the same lie to several patients whose spouses had died. Mrs. Walton was in her eighties and desperate to see her husband. She’d been in hospital after a fall and was in pain. She called out for him frequently and couldn’t understand why he wasn’t there to comfort her. She was becoming more and more distressed and would try to get up to find him, despite being at risk of falling again.
“He’s on his way, don’t worry,” the nurses would say and this would calm her down. I confess I said the same thing to her. She’d smile and roll her eyes and say how he was always late for things and tell the same story about him being late for their wedding nearly 60 years ago. But he wasn’t on his way. It was a lie. He’d died two years ago. The truth, if I can use that word, is that it is a kindness to lie sometimes.
Part of the natural history of many of the dementias, in particular Alzheimer’s disease which is what Mrs. Walton had, is that the sufferer loses their short-term memory and the memory of recent events, but retains memories from the distant past. Sufferers are trapped forever in a bewildering past that many realise bares little connection to the present, but are at a loss to explain. It is very distressing and tormenting and many of the behavioural difficulties that I have encountered in those with dementia relate to them feeling upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people, even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family, because they have returned back to decades ago.
They look at their adult children confused and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still toddlers. How does one deal with this? I have had countless families break down in tears in outpatient clinics or on wards, not knowing what to say or how to react as their loved one moves further and further away from them back into their distant past and they are left behind in the present. And how, as the doctor or nurse caring for these patients, does one manage the anger and outbursts of distress that comes with having no knowledge of your life for the past 10 or 20 years? The lies that doctors, nurses, carers and families tell these patients are not big, elaborate lies — they are brief reassurances intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed.
Colluding (串通) with them about this false reality they find themselves flung into is not heartless or unprofessional — it is, when done in the right way, kind and tender-hearted. That’s not to say that lying to patients with dementia unnecessarily is right or defensible or that there are not times when of course they have the right to know the truth. But what compassionate person would put another human being through the unimaginable pain of learning, for the first time again and again, repeatedly throughout the day, that their beloved one has died. It would be an unthinkable cruelness.
Sometimes, surely, honesty is simply not the best policy.
40. Write a title for this article.
41. Why do people with dementia feel upset, scared, and confused even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family?
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
43. The author says sometimes, surely, honesty is simply not the best policy. Do you agree or disagree? Why? (In about 40 words)
【答案】40. White lies don’t hurt
41. Because people with dementia have returned back to decades ago, they think they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people.
42. The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
Because lying to patients is kind and tender-hearted when done in the right way, not heartless or unprofessional.
43. Yes, I couldn’t agree more. Because sometimes being honest pays a price, the truth of which will hurt someone who can’t accept the reality.
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章通过医生和护士对患有老年痴呆症的沃尔顿太太说谎的事例得出医生和护士喜欢说谎的原因。
【40题详解】
考查主旨大意。由第一段中的“Some of the lies told included reassuring patients that their wives or husbands were still alive, when in fact they were dead. (一些谎言包括让患者放心，说他们的妻子或丈夫还活着，而事实上他们已经死了)”，第二段中的“The truth, if I can use that word, is that it is a kindness to lie sometimes. (事实上，如果我能用这个词的话，那就是有时候撒谎是一种善意)”和倒数第二段中的“The lies that doctors, nurses, carers and families tell these patients are not big, elaborate lies—they are brief reassurances intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed. (医生、护士、护理人员和家属对这些患者说的谎话并不是什么大谎话，它们只是简单的保证，旨在让患者平静下来，并让话题迅速改变)”可知，有时候说谎并不是为了欺骗，而是为了改变话题，让患者平静下来、放心，因此，从这篇文章，我们能学到“善意的谎言无伤大雅”。故答案为：White lies don’t hurt
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。由第三段中的“It is very distressing and tormenting and many of the behavioural difficulties that I have encountered in those with dementia relate to them feeling upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people, even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family, because they have returned back to decades ago. (这是非常痛苦和折磨的，我在痴呆症患者中遇到的许多行为困难都与他们感到不安、害怕和困惑有关，因为他们在一个陌生的地方，被陌生的人包围，甚至当他们在自己的家里，被家人包围时，因为他们回到了几十年前)”可知，痴呆症患者即使在自己的家里被家人包围，也会感到不安、害怕和困惑，是因为痴呆症患者回到了几十年前，他们认为自己身处一个陌生的地方，周围都是陌生的人。故答案为：Because people with dementia have returned back to decades ago, they think they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。由最后一段中的“Colluding (串通) with them about this false reality they find themselves flung into is not heartless or unprofessional — it is, when done in the right way, kind and tender-hearted. (就他们陷入的虚假现实与他们串通（即说谎）并不是无情的或不专业的——当以正确的方式进行时，它是善良和温柔的)”可知，当以正确的方式对患者撒谎时，它是善良和温柔的，而不是无情或不专业的，“heartless and unprofessional”错误。故答案为：The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
Because lying to patients is kind and tender-hearted when done in the right way, not heartless or unprofessional.
【43题详解】
开放题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。考生结合自身实际发表见解并说明原因。例如，考生同意“诚实并不是最好的政策”此观点，因为有时候诚实是要付出代价的，真相会伤害那些不能接受现实的人。故参考答案为：Yes, I couldn’t agree more. Because sometimes being honest pays a price, the truth of which will hurt someone who can’t accept the reality.
第二节书面表达（满分20分）
44. In your English class, the teacher shows this picture and asks the class to discuss it. Your classmates have different understandings. Look at the picture carefully and tell the class how you understand the picture. Write what you would say on the answer sheet.
字数要求：词数不少于100。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】What an interesting picture! A Western young man, sitting at a table, is ready to eat a bowl of noodles. He is holding two forks the same way as we Chinese hold chopsticks. He is trying so hard to pick up the noodles that he is sweating a lot. At first glance, I think it’s a bit funny, for we Chinese take it for granted that chopsticks are the tools for eating noodles. The man in the picture is trying to copy us. Obviously he is doing it the hard way. Maybe using one fork will do a better job. In my opinion, we don’t need to copy other’s ways of thinking. Sometimes a simpler way of doing things may be a better way.
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生描述这幅图片并说明自己是如何理解它的。
【详解】1.词汇积累
准备好做某事：be ready to do sth.→be prepared to do sth.
困难的：hard→difficult
以我的观点：in my opinion→from my point of view
模仿：copy→imitate
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：A Western young man, sitting at a table, is ready to eat a bowl of noodles.
拓展句：A Western young man, who is sitting at a table, is ready to eat a bowl of noodles.
【点睛】【高分句型1】He is trying so hard to pick up the noodles that he is sweating a lot. (运用了so…that引导的结果状语从句)
【高分句型2】At first glance, I think it’s a bit funny, for we Chinese take it for granted that chopsticks are the tools for eating noodles. (运用了省略that引导的宾语从句，for引导的原因状语从句，that引导的宾语从句)
2021-2022学年度第二学期高二英语期末练习题
（本卷满分100分，考试时间90分钟）
第一部分知识运用（共两节，满分30分）
第一节完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A，B，C，D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Years ago, in a small fishing village in Holland, a young boy taught the world about the rewards of unselfish service.
Because the entire village lived on fishing, a volunteer rescue team was needed in case of emergency. One night, the winds ___1___, the clouds burst and a strong storm overturned a fishing boat at sea. The crew in trouble sent out the SOS. The captain of the rescue rowboat team ___2___ the alarm and the villagers gathered in the town square overlooking the sea. When the team started their rowboat and ___3___ their way through the wild waves, the villagers waited ___4___ on the beach, holding lamps to light the way back.
An hour later, the rescue boat reappeared through the fog and the cheering villagers ran to greet them. Falling ___5___ on the sand, the volunteers reported that the rescue boat could not hold any more passengers and they had to leave one man behind. Even one more passenger would have surely ___6___ the rescue boat and all would have been lost.
Anxiously, the captain called for another volunteer team to look for the survivor. Sixteen-year-old Hans stepped forward. His mother grabbed his arm, crying, “Please don’t go. Your father died in a shipwreck (船只失事) 10 years ago and your elder brother, Paul, has been lost ___7___ for three weeks. Hans, you are all I have left.”
Hans replied, “Mother, I have to go. What if everyone said I can’t go, let someone else do it? Mother, this time I have to do my duty. When the call for ___8___ comes, we all need to take our turn and do our part.” Hans kissed his mother, joined the team and ___9___ into the night.
Another hour passed, which seemed to Hans’ mother like a century. Finally, the rescue boat dashed through the fog with Hans standing up in the bow. ____10____ his hands, the captain called, “Did you find the lost man?” Hardly able to control himself, Hans excitedly cried back, “Yes, we found him. Tell my mother it’s my elder brother, Paul!”
1. A. stilled B. calmed C. stopped D. screamed
2. A. sounded B. set C. took D. made
3. A. gathered B. followed C. fought D. walked
4. A. nervously B. angrily C. fearfully D. happily
5. A. uncomfortable B. exhausted C. disturbed D. painful
6. A. pushed B. pulled C. overturned D. settled
7. A. in the fire B. on strike C. at sea D. in the war
8 A. service B. excitement C. decision D. love
9. A. appeared B. disappeared C. came D. went
10. A. Making B. Keeping C. Showing D. Cupping
【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。哥哥由于海上事故而失踪，汉斯成了家中的独苗，但是他还是坚持去援救处于险境的渔民。他认为这是自己的责任，最终出乎意料的事情发生了——他救回了哥哥。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一天晚上，狂风呼啸，乌云密布，一场强烈的风暴将海上的一艘渔船掀翻。A. stilled(使)静止；B. calmed冷静；C. stopped停止；D. screamed呼啸而过。由下文的“the clouds burst and a strong storm overturned a fishing boat at sea”可知，此时乌云密布，一场强烈的风暴将海上的一艘渔船掀翻，说明狂风呼啸着。故选D项。
【2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：救援划艇队队长响起警报，村民们聚集在俯瞰大海的城镇广场。A. sounded鸣警报；B. set设置；C. took带走；D. made制作。由上文的“The crew in trouble sent out the SOS.”和“and the villagers gathered in the town square overlooking the sea. ”可知，陷入困境的船员发出了求救信号，事态紧急，救援划艇队队长响起警报，通知村民聚集了解此事。故选A项。
【3题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：当队员们开始划船，在狂野的海浪中奋力前进时，村民们紧张地在海滩上等待，拿着灯照亮了回来的路。A. gathered聚集；B. followed跟随；C. fought努力争取；D. walked走路。由上文的“One night, the winds ___1___ the clouds burst and a strong storm overturned a fishing boat at sea.(一天晚上，狂风呼啸，乌云密布，一场强烈的风暴将海上的一艘渔船掀翻)”可知，此时天气非常糟糕，海上狂风呼啸，行进艰难，应是奋力前进，fight one’s way (努力开辟一条路、奋力前进)。故选C项。
【4题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：当队员们开始划船，在狂野的海浪中奋力前进时，村民们紧张地在海滩上等待，拿着灯照亮了回来的路。A. nervously紧张地；B. angrily生气地；C. fearfully可怕地；D. happily快乐地。由上文语境可知，志愿者们在糟糕的天气去海上救人，其他等待的人当然紧张万分。故选A项。
【5题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：志愿者们筋疲力尽地倒在沙滩上，他们报告说，救援船无法容纳更多的乘客，他们不得不留下一个人。A. uncomfortable不舒服的；B. exhausted筋疲力尽的；C. disturbed不安的；D. painful痛苦的。由上文语境和本处的“Falling ___5___ on the sand”可知，志愿者们在糟糕的天气去海上救人，行进艰难，奋力前进，回来后应是筋疲力尽地倒在沙滩上。故选B项。
【6题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果再多出一名乘客，肯定会把救援船掀翻，所有人都会失去生命。A. pushed推；B. pulled拉；C. overturned推翻；D. settled定居。由上文的“the rescue boat could not hold any more passengers and they had to leave one man behind(救援船无法容纳更多的乘客，他们不得不留下一个人)”可知，船上多一人就会把救援船掀翻。故选C项。
【7题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：你的哥哥保罗在海上失踪了三个星期。A. in the fire在火中；B. on strike罢工；C. at sea在海上；D. in the war在战争中。由下文的“Tell my mother it’s my elder brother, Paul!(告诉我妈妈，是我哥哥保罗！)”可知，Hans在海上救回了自己的哥哥，说明之前哥哥已在海上失踪了三个星期。故选C项。
【8题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：当需要服务的时候，我们都需要尽自己的职责。A. service服务；B. excitement兴奋；C. decision决定；D. love爱。呼应上文“unselfish service”讲Hans对志愿救援服务的看法，这导致了他接下来无私的行动。故选A项。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Hans亲吻了母亲，加入了队伍，消失在夜色中。A. appeared出现；B. disappeared消失；C. came来了；D. went去。由上文语境可知，Hans和队友是出海救人，所以是消失在夜色中。故选B项。
10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：船长把双手窝成杯状喊道：“你找到那个迷路的人了吗？”A. Making制作；B. Keeping保持；C. Showing展示；D. Cupping使(手)窝成杯状。由上文语境可知，Hans和队友出海救人回来，当时狂风呼啸，在岸上的人只能把双手窝成杯状，来放大声音，让Hans听见。故选D项。
第二节语法填空（共15小题；每小题1分，共15分）
阅读下面的文章，根据文章内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers ___11___ (live) in the same way for centuries.
Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere ___12___ liked to eat frog’s legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.
This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were ___13___ use to the villagers. All they had to do was to catch them. Agreement was reached, and the children ___14___(send) into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But ___15___ dream didn’t last long.
The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and, there seemed to be more insects around lately.
The villagers decided that they couldn’t just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They would have to use the money earned ___16___(buy) pesticides (杀虫剂) and medicines. Soon there was no money left.
Then the people realized ___17___ was happening. It was the frog. They hadn’t been useless. They had been doing an important job—eating insects. Now with so many frogs ___18___(kill), the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases.
Now, the people are still poor. ___19___ in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much ____20____(deep) meaning.
【答案】11. had lived
12. who 13. no
14. were sent
15. the 16. to buy
17. what 18. killed
19. But 20. deeper
【解析】
【导语】本篇文章为记叙文。主要讲述印度一个小村庄的人们在外乡人的诱导下为了追求金钱收益捕杀青蛙，结果破坏了生态平衡。意识到这个问题后，他们及时停止了捕杀，重新回到了宁静的乡村生活。
【11题详解】
考查时态。句意：毕竟，他们的祖先几个世纪以来一直以同样的方式生活。本文以一般过去时为主，live是过去某一时间前就已经发生或完成了的动作，即过去的过去，live用过去完成时。故填had lived。
【12题详解】
考查定语从句关系词。句意：他们告诉村民，其他地方有一些人喜欢吃青蛙腿。该空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是people，指人，被不定代词some修饰，在从句中做主语，用关系代词who。故填who。
【13题详解】
考查不定代词。句意：周围的田地里有数百万只青蛙，它们对村民们毫无用处。根据下文“All they had to do was to catch them”，可知此处指“毫无用处”，用不定代词no修饰名词use。故填no。
【14题详解】
考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：达成了协议，孩子们被送到田里去抓青蛙。主语the children和谓语动词send是被动关系，事情已发生，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语the children复数，谓语复数形式。故填were sent。
【15题详解】
考查冠词。句意：但这个梦想并没有持续多久。特指前文“dream of a better future”有更好未来的梦想，用定冠词the。故填the。
【16题详解】
考查动词不定式。句意：他们将不得不用赚来的钱购买杀虫剂和药品。use sth. to do sth. (使用某物做某事)，buy用动词不定式表目的。故填to buy。
【17题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：然后人们意识到发生了什么。该空后接宾语从句，从句缺乏主语，意为“什么”，用连接代词what。故填what。
【18题详解】
考查过去分词。句意：现在有这么多青蛙被杀了，昆虫增长得更快了。此处是“with +名词/代词（宾语）+非谓语动词（宾补）”with复合结构，逻辑主语so many frogs和动词kill是被动关系，kill用过去分词作宾补。故填killed。
【19题详解】
考查连词。句意：但到了晚上，他们坐在村里的广场上，聆听昆虫和青蛙的叫声。与上文“现在，人们仍然很穷”是转折关系，用but，首字母大写。故填But。
【20题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：这些夜晚的声音现在有了更深的含义。much修饰比较级，用形容词比较级deeper作定语，修饰名词meaning。故填deeper。
第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分38分）
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A，B，C，D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
There is a connection I feel with horses that is unlike anything I have ever experienced. They can be frightening because of their size, speed and unpredictability, but they also force you to be calm. I think that was the smartest thing my first riding teacher taught me when I was seven: if you’re calm, they will be calm.
I have never owned a horse, but for a year I got to take care of a pony, Baronet, that I had found abandoned when I was 11. I had moved to England for the second time in my short life. This period was filled with anxiety and instability and there were a lot of unaccompanied moments.
I saw him one day while I was out walking in the woods. He was staring at me from where he stood, wild and dirty. I just went to him and he came to me. I found the farmer who owned him, who said he was a lost cause: “Too difficult,” he said. When I asked if I could care for him, he didn’t hesitate: “Sure, take him.”
He wasn’t trained. He was stubborn and picky and angry. He had been labelled “difficult” just as I was labelled “Sunshine Girl”. It’s not a good thing to be labelled. “Sunshine Girl” made me feel like I couldn’t complain. I didn’t want to make anyone unhappy. I always felt I had to go with the flow.
Baronet saved me that year. He gave my life a sense of purpose and meaning. I would wake up early and walk two miles to the barn to feed him and try to train him, and the moment I came home from school I would run back to the barn to spend time with him.
Looking back, I see Baronet as a wonder. In some magical way I found Baronet when I needed him most and, as sad as I was to leave him at the end of the year, when we moved yet again, I saw the progress we had made together. Seeing that I could make a difference was a huge awakening for me as a child.
21. How did the writer probably feel when moving to England?
A. Worried. B. Surprised. C. Puzzled. D. Excited.
22. What did the farmer probably mean by saying “he was a lost cause”?
A. Baronet was always alone.
B. Baronet could easily get lost.
C. Baronet could hardly survive.
D. Baronet was hard to deal with.
23. How did Baronet influence the writer?
A. It taught her not to complain.
B. It inspired her to be easygoing.
C. It helped her to get over loneliness.
D. It encouraged her to accept her label.
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者通过照顾一匹被遗弃的马，度过了人生的一段困惑时期。
【21题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“This period was filled with anxiety and instability and there were a lot of unaccompanied moments.（这段时间充满了焦虑和不稳定，有很多无人陪伴的时刻）”以及第五段中“He gave my life a sense of purpose and meaning.（他给了我人生的目标和意义）”可知，在搬去伦敦后，作者感到很困惑。故选C项。
【22题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段中“I found the farmer who owned him, who said he was a lost cause: “Too difficult,” he said（我找到了他的主人，他说 he was a lost cause：“太难了，”他说）”以及第四段中“He wasn’t trained. He was stubborn and picky and angry. He had been labelled “difficult” just as I was labelled “Sunshine Girl”.（他没有受过训练。他固执、挑剔、愤怒。他被贴上了“难对付”的标签，就像我被贴上了“阳光女孩”的标签一样）”可知，这个农民因为不能训练好Baronet，所以这个农民才说的这句话。所以划线句的意思为他认为Baronet很难训练，故选D项。
【23题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段中“Baronet saved me that year. He gave my life a sense of purpose and meaning. （那年，Baronet救了我。他给了我人生的目标和意义）”以及最后一段中“In some magical way I found Baronet when I needed him most and, as sad as I was to leave him at the end of the year, when we moved yet again, I saw the progress we had made together. Seeing that I could make a difference was a huge awakening for me as a child.（在我最需要Baronet的时候，我以某种神奇的方式找到了他，尽管我很难过在年底离开他，但当我们再次搬家时，我看到了我们在一起取得的进步。看到我能有所作为对我小时候来说是一个巨大的觉醒。）”可知，Baronet影响作者，帮她摆脱迷茫孤独。故选C项。
B
Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent (盛行的) myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels; and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts (明确肯定) formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is “intelligent”. Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day.
If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it’s worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N. B. D. — Nervous Break Down.
Intelligent people do not have N. B. D.’s because they are in charge of themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how to deal with the problems of their lives.
You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises area part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing (固定的) depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D.. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the rarest.
24. It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree ________.
A. may result in one’s inability to solve complex real life problems
B. does not indicate one’s ability to write properly worded documents
C. may make one mentally sick and physically weak
D. does not mean that one is highly intelligent
25. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that ________.
A. difficulties are but part of everyone’s life
B. depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life
C. everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances
D. good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence
26. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare?
A. Those who don’t emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.
B. Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.
C. Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer from N. B. D.’s.
D. Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances.
【答案】24. D 25. A 26. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了什么是真正的智慧。智慧的观点认为正规的教育和书本知识才是自我实现的真正标准助长了一种智力偏见。真正智慧指标是每天都过着有效、快乐的生活，每时每刻都过着这样的生活。那些认识到问题是人类的一种状态，不以没有问题来衡量幸福的人是我们所知道的最聪明的人也是最罕见的。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。由第一段中的“We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is “intelligent”. Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. (我们逐渐相信，拥有更多教育奖章、擅长某种学科的人是“聪明的”。然而，精神病院里挤满了拥有所有字母正确的证书的病人”)”可知，很多精神病人也有大学证书，但却不是聪明的人，说明拥有大学学位并不意味着一个人很聪明。故选D项。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。由最后一段中的“The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises area part of what it means to be human. (生活中的挣扎对我们每个人来说都差不多。在任何社会环境中与其他人交往的每个人都有类似的困难。分歧、冲突和妥协是人类意义的一部分)”可知，困难人人都有，也是人类意义的一部分，说明困难只是每个人生活的一部分。故选A项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。由最后一段中的“You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. (你可以开始认为自己是真正聪明的，这取决于你在面对艰难环境时的感受。生活中的挣扎对我们每个人来说都差不多。在任何社会环境中与其他人交往的每个人都有类似的困难)”和最后一段中的“But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing (固定的) depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D.. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the rarest. (但有些人能够做到这一点，以避免在这种情况下压抑和不快乐，而另一些人则崩溃或患有神经衰弱。那些将问题视为人类状况的人，而不是以没有问题来衡量幸福的人，是我们所知道的最聪明的人；也是最罕见的)”可知，生活中人人都有困境，聪明人会直面这些困难（而不以没问题而自豪），采取措施避免不快乐，可得出那些意识到生活中的困难但知道如何避免不快乐的人是聪明人，在生活中很罕见。故选B项。
C
Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting creatures,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative meaning.
So it seems contradictory to talk about habits in the same context as innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.
Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try, the more creative we become.
But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.
“The first thing needed for innovation is attraction to wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide’, just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider’.” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”
“All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware,” she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the ability to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, collaboratively and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that ability, preserving only those ways of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us use our innovative and collaborative ways of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will…and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have preserved, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.
27. Brain researchers have discovered that .
A. the forming of new habits can be guided
B. the development of habits can be predicted
C. the regulation of old habits can be transformed
D. the track of new habits can be created unconsciously
28. The underlined word“ruts”in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to .
A. zones B. connections C. situations D. tracks
29. Which of the following statements most probably agrees with Dawna Markova’s view?
A. Decision makes no sense in choices. B. Curiosity makes creative minds active.
C. Creative ideas are born of a relaxing mind. D. Formation of innovation comes from fantastic ideas.
30. The purpose of the author writing this article is to persuade us .
A. to give up our traditional habits deliberately B. to create and develop new habits consciously
C. to resist the application of standardized testing D. to believe that old habits conflict with new habits
【答案】27. A 28. D 29. B 30. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了大脑研究人员发现，新习惯的形成是可以被引导的。介绍了培养新习惯可以增加创造力。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.(但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地养成新习惯时，我们创造了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，这些路径可以让我们的思维列车跳到新的、创新的轨道上)”可知，大脑研究人员发现，新习惯的形成是可以被引导的。故选A。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits”以及后文“Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.(相反，我们刻意灌输给自己的新习惯创造了平行的路径，可以绕过那些旧的路径)”可知，不要费心去戒除旧习惯，因为一旦这些常规轨道被植入大脑，它们就会留在那里。故画线词意思是“轨道”。故选D。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段““The first thing needed for innovation is attraction to wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind.(《开放思想》的作者Dawna Markova说：“创新首先需要的是对奇迹的吸引。”)”以及“A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.(一个好的创新思考者总是在探索许多其他的可能性)”可知，B选项“好奇心使创造性思维活跃”符合Dawna Markova的观点。故选B。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try, the more creative we become.(我们可以通过有意识地培养新习惯来引导自己的改变，而不是认为自己是习惯不变的生物。事实上，我们尝试的新事物越多，我们就越有创造力)”结合文章主要说明了大脑研究人员发现，新习惯的形成是可以被引导的。介绍了培养新习惯可以增加创造力。可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是说服我们有意识地创造和发展新的习惯。故选B。
D
Americans clearly love their museums. One of the most famous, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met), saw a record 6.5 million visitors in 2015. But record attendance doesn’t necessarily translate into record revenue. Last month，the Met said it was trying to erase a USS10 million budget deficit. Meanwhile, one of its rivals，the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), was abundant in cash, but only about three million people stopped by in 2015. Why do some museums flourish while others flounder? My research leads me to believe there are three reasons: fashion, billionaires and demographics.
First, underlying the Met’s financial challenges is the problem with the acquisitions policy. Recent directors of the Met did not add much to the museum’s modern collection. The argument was that museums such as the MoMA were already providing such works in their collections and that the acquisition of contemporary art by living artists was problematic and risky. However, given the fact that museum-goers increasingly favor contemporary art, the revenue of the Met will likely fall if it isn’t able to keep up with the tastes of the customers. And by the time it might recognize this, it’s already too late to do much about it because the costs to acquire the in-demand art is sky-high. This leads to a second critical issue-the changing distribution of income and its effects on museum finance and operation.
We are living in a boom period for contemporary art. The number of auctions and art fairs has grown enormously to accommodate this growing market. In a world with about 1,800 billionaires, it only takes a relative few to drive high-end art prices to astronomical levels. Works by the German artist Gerhard Richter have generated $1.2 billion in sales in recent years. The soaring prices mean museums simply can’t keep up and must usually depend on donations to assemble the best works, or they’re priced out. Moreover, billionaires themselves are increasingly setting up their own private museums, further distancing the ability of public museums to get the good stuff.
A third interrelated problem is that demographic issues have put pressure on the revenue side. Unemployment, early retirements and the aging of the population in the US have contributed to increased attendance at museums. You might think it’s a good thing, but more traffic means higher costs, and when those additional visitors don’t result in more revenue, profitability goes down. This is because of the longstanding movement toward making museums “free” by having individuals, government or businesses “sponsor” the cost. But when that support gets reduced by budget costs or another reason, museums must either cover the cost themselves or lose patrons by suddenly charging fees. There is evidence that attendance rises when economic growth slows, but that’s also when those “sponsors” are more likely to begin to disappear.
Museums will certainly continue to exist and provide us with invaluable insights into our culture. But they must exist under economic principles, and it’d be wise for their administrators to consider the economies in their calculations.
31. According to the author ________.
A. MoMA saw a rise in donation due to its increased attendance
B. the Met failed to respond to the artistic tastes of modern visitors
C. the Met considered works of the living artists as questionable
D. MoMA added to its modern collection despite the budget deficit
32. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Billionaires control art auctions to price out public museums.
B. The boom of modern art will lead visitors to private museums.
C. The increase in visitors can hurt the profitability of museums.
D. Economic slowdowns result in a weakened interest in museums.
33. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of museums in the US?
A. Pessimistic. B. Doubtful. C. Cautious. D. Uncertain.
34. Which is the best title of the passage?
A. How can Museums Boost Revenues?
B. Should Museums Charge Entrance Fees?
C. Will Museums Survive in a Fast-changing World?
D. What Causes the Financial Challenges of Museums?
【答案】31. B 32. C 33. C 34. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了美国博物馆如今存在赤字的问题，作者认为主要是时尚、亿万富翁和人口统计数据这三个原因，并分别展开了说明。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, given the fact that museum-goers increasingly favor contemporary art, the revenue of the Met will likely fall if it isn’t able to keep up with the tastes of the customers.(然而，鉴于参观博物馆的人越来越喜欢当代艺术，如果不能跟上顾客的品味，大都会博物馆的收入可能会下降)”可知，大都会未能对现代游客的艺术品味作出反应。故选B。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“You might think it’s a good thing, but more traffic means higher costs, and when those additional visitors don’t result in more revenue, profitability goes down.(你可能认为这是一件好事，但更多的流量意味着更高的成本，而当这些额外的访客不能带来更多的收入时，盈利能力就会下降)”可推知，游客数量的增加会损害博物馆的盈利能力。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Museums will certainly continue to exist and provide us with invaluable insights into our culture. But they must exist under economic principles, and it’d be wise for their administrators to consider the economies in their calculations.(博物馆肯定会继续存在，并为我们提供了解我们文化的宝贵见解。但它们必须存在于经济原则之下，对它们的管理者来说，在计算中考虑经济是明智的)”可推知，作者对美国博物馆的未来持谨慎态度。故选C。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Americans clearly love their museums. One of the most famous, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met), saw a record 6.5 million visitors in 2015. But record attendance doesn’t necessarily translate into record revenue. Last month，the Met said it was trying to erase a USS10 million budget deficit. Meanwhile, one of its rivals，the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), was abundant in cash, but only about three million people stopped by in 2015. Why do some museums flourish while others flounder? My research leads me to believe there are three reasons: fashion, billionaires and demographics.(美国人显然喜欢他们的博物馆。其中最著名的是纽约大都会艺术博物馆，2015年参观人数达到创纪录的650万。但创纪录的上座率并不一定转化为创纪录的收入上个月，大都会博物馆说，他们正在努力消除1000万美元的预算赤字。与此同时，它的竞争对手之一现代艺术博物馆资金充裕，但2015年只有大约300万人来参观。为什么一些博物馆繁荣兴旺，而另一些却在苦苦挣扎?我的研究让我相信有三个原因：时尚、亿万富翁和人口统计数据)”结合文章主要说明了美国的博物馆如今存在赤字的问题，作者认为主要是时尚、亿万富翁和人口统计数据这三个原因，并分别展开了说明。可知，D选项“博物馆面临的财政挑战是什么？”最符合文章标题。故选D。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Website copywriting involves writing text and copy for websites. ____35____ Commercial websites may require standard sales-style copywriting, while informative or educational websites could require more structured material.
Almost all websites require some type of website copywriting. The material on a website is important not only to attract customers, but also to raise page ranks and create search engine traffic. This means that website copywriting can be somewhat different from regular writing because writers must write for two audiences.
Search engine optimization (SEO) can sometimes be important in website copywriting. SEO refers to the process of creating copy that is tailored toward catching the attention of popular search engines. ____36____.
An understanding of keywords and search engine behavior are important for SEO when writing copy for the web. ____37____ If those keywords are used properly and in the proper places within the article, more traffic will come to the website via a search engine, and the owner of the website could have the potential of making more money.
Website copywriters often have to have both a writing background and a marketing background. A person who is acting as a website copywriter for a site usually needs to be able to write active prose that inspires action. They also need to be able to drive traffic to the site so that customers can see the products for sale.
Being able to write effective sales copy may also be essential for website copywriting. ____38____ Content has to be well written in order to accomplish its goal, and adherence to standard writing rules is often a prerequisite to a well-written article.
____39____ People browsing the web tend to read differently than people reading a book or a newspaper. So the content must capture their attention quickly and be relatively easy to read, which often involves writing prose that is easily readable. Headings, bullet points, and simple language are often preferred as a result.
A. The type of copy that is required varies depending on the type of website.
B. Online companies may offer informational articles about products and services.
C. Website copywriters have to be familiar with basic grammar, style, and structure rules.
D. Internet copywriting also involves the composition of short headlines or advertisements.
E. Theoretically, the higher the SEO, the higher the number of readers that will be directed to the website.
F. Website copy not only serves the overall function of the website, but needs to capture the attention of readers.
G. This means copy for a website may have to contain certain keywords that people search when looking for something.
【答案】35. A 36. E 37. G 38. C 39. F
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了网站文案的概念以及如何创作网站文案。
【35题详解】
根据上文“Website copywriting involves writing text and copy for websites.(网站文案包括为网站编写文本和文案)”以及后文“Commercial websites may require standard sales-style copywriting, while informative or educational websites could require more structured material.(商业网站可能需要标准的销售风格的文案，而信息性或教育性网站可能需要更结构化的材料)”可知，上文对网站文案进行了解释，而后文提到了商业网站和信息性或教育性网站需要不同类型的文案，故A选项“所需的文案类型因网站类型而异”符合语境，故选A。
【36题详解】
根据上文“Search engine optimization(SEO) can sometimes be important in website copywriting. SEO refers to the process of creating copy that is tailored toward catching the attention of popular search engines.(搜索引擎优化（SEO）有时在网站文案中很重要。SEO是指为吸引热门搜索引擎的注意而制作副本的过程)”可知，本句承接上文说明SEO在吸引读者数量上的作用：SEO越高，网站的读者数量就越高。故E选项“理论上，SEO越高，网站的读者数量就越高”符合语境，故选E。
【37题详解】
根据上文“An understanding of keywords and search engine behavior are important for SEO when writing copy for the web.(了解关键词和搜索引擎的行为是重要的搜索引擎优化时写的网页拷贝)”以及后文“If those keywords are used properly and in the proper places within the article. more traffic will come to the website via a search engine, and the owner of the website could have the potential of making more money.(如果这些关键字被正确地使用在文章的适当位置。更多的流量将通过搜索引擎进入网站，网站所有者可能会有赚更多钱的潜力)”可知，上文提到了关键字的作用，后文提到关键词的使用位置会影响所有者的收入，故本句是在解释网站文案的制作中关键字的意义，故G选项“这意味着一个网站的文案可能必须包含某些关键字，人们在寻找某些东西时可以搜索”符合语境，故选G。
【38题详解】
根据上文“Being able to write effective sales copy may also be essential for website copywriting.(能够写出有效的销售文案对网站文案也很重要)”以及后文“Content has to be well written in order to accomplish its goal, and adherence to standard writing rules is often a prerequisite to a well-written article.(为了实现目标，内容必须写得很好，遵守标准的写作规则通常是一篇好文章的先决条件)”可知，后文提到了遵守写作规则是一篇好文章的先决条件，可知本句是在说明网站文案的创作需要遵循写作规则，故C选项“网站文案必须熟悉基本的语法、风格和结构规则”符合语境，故选C。
【39题详解】
根据后文“People browsing the web tend to read differently than people reading a book or a newspaper. So the content must capture their attention quickly and be relatively easy to read, which often involves writing prose that is easily readable. Headings, bullet points, and simple language are often preferred as a result.(浏览网页的人倾向于阅读不同于阅读书籍或报纸的人。因此，内容必须迅速吸引他们的注意力，并且相对容易阅读，这通常包括写易于阅读的散文。因此，标题、项目符号和简单的语言通常是首选)”可知，后文内容提到了吸引读者注意力，F选项中attention对应后文中attention。故F选项“网站文案不仅服务于网站的整体功能，还需要吸引读者的注意”符合语境，故选F。
第三部分写作（共两节，满分32分）
第一节阅读表达（共4小题；第1、2题各2分，第3题3分，第4题5分，共12分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
One of the basic expectations the public have of doctors is honesty. But what would you think if I told you that research has shown that 70 percent of doctors admitted to lying to their patients? It is inexcusable, surely? Extremely unprofessional and uncaring; a clear break of the doctor-patient relationship. Some of the lies told included reassuring patients that their wives or husbands were still alive, when in fact they were dead. This seems unimaginable but, if I am honest, I have told exactly the same lie to several patients whose spouses had died. Mrs. Walton was in her eighties and desperate to see her husband. She’d been in hospital after a fall and was in pain. She called out for him frequently and couldn’t understand why he wasn’t there to comfort her. She was becoming more and more distressed and would try to get up to find him, despite being at risk of falling again.
“He’s on his way, don’t worry,” the nurses would say and this would calm her down. I confess I said the same thing to her. She’d smile and roll her eyes and say how he was always late for things and tell the same story about him being late for their wedding nearly 60 years ago. But he wasn’t on his way. It was a lie. He’d died two years ago. The truth, if I can use that word, is that it is a kindness to lie sometimes.
Part of the natural history of many of the dementias, in particular Alzheimer’s disease which is what Mrs. Walton had, is that the sufferer loses their short-term memory and the memory of recent events, but retains memories from the distant past. Sufferers are trapped forever in a bewildering past that many realise bares little connection to the present, but are at a loss to explain. It is very distressing and tormenting and many of the behavioural difficulties that I have encountered in those with dementia relate to them feeling upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people, even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family, because they have returned back to decades ago.
They look at their adult children confused and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still toddlers. How does one deal with this? I have had countless families break down in tears in outpatient clinics or on wards, not knowing what to say or how to react as their loved one moves further and further away from them back into their distant past and they are left behind in the present. And how, as the doctor or nurse caring for these patients, does one manage the anger and outbursts of distress that comes with having no knowledge of your life for the past 10 or 20 years? The lies that doctors, nurses, carers and families tell these patients are not big, elaborate lies — they are brief reassurances intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed.
Colluding (串通) with them about this false reality they find themselves flung into is not heartless or unprofessional — it is, when done in the right way, kind and tender-hearted. That’s not to say that lying to patients with dementia unnecessarily is right or defensible or that there are not times when of course they have the right to know the truth. But what compassionate person would put another human being through the unimaginable pain of learning, for the first time again and again, repeatedly throughout the day, that their beloved one has died. It would be an unthinkable cruelness.
Sometimes, surely, honesty is simply not the best policy.
40. Write a title for this article.
41. Why do people with dementia feel upset, scared, and confused even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family?
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
43. The author says sometimes, surely, honesty is simply not the best policy. Do you agree or disagree? Why? (In about 40 words)
【答案】40. White lies don’t hurt
41. Because people with dementia have returned back to decades ago, they think they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people.
42. The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
Because lying to patients is kind and tender-hearted when done in the right way, not heartless or unprofessional.
43. Yes, I couldn’t agree more. Because sometimes being honest pays a price, the truth of which will hurt someone who can’t accept the reality.
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章通过医生和护士对患有老年痴呆症的沃尔顿太太说谎的事例得出医生和护士喜欢说谎的原因。
【40题详解】
考查主旨大意。由第一段中的“Some of the lies told included reassuring patients that their wives or husbands were still alive, when in fact they were dead. (一些谎言包括让患者放心，说他们的妻子或丈夫还活着，而事实上他们已经死了)”，第二段中的“The truth, if I can use that word, is that it is a kindness to lie sometimes. (事实上，如果我能用这个词的话，那就是有时候撒谎是一种善意)”和倒数第二段中的“The lies that doctors, nurses, carers and families tell these patients are not big, elaborate lies—they are brief reassurances intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed. (医生、护士、护理人员和家属对这些患者说的谎话并不是什么大谎话，它们只是简单的保证，旨在让患者平静下来，并让话题迅速改变)”可知，有时候说谎并不是为了欺骗，而是为了改变话题，让患者平静下来、放心，因此，从这篇文章，我们能学到“善意的谎言无伤大雅”。故答案为：White lies don’t hurt
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。由第三段中的“It is very distressing and tormenting and many of the behavioural difficulties that I have encountered in those with dementia relate to them feeling upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people, even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family, because they have returned back to decades ago. (这是非常痛苦和折磨的，我在痴呆症患者中遇到的许多行为困难都与他们感到不安、害怕和困惑有关，因为他们在一个陌生的地方，被陌生的人包围，甚至当他们在自己的家里，被家人包围时，因为他们回到了几十年前)”可知，痴呆症患者即使在自己的家里被家人包围，也会感到不安、害怕和困惑，是因为痴呆症患者回到了几十年前，他们认为自己身处一个陌生的地方，周围都是陌生的人。故答案为：Because people with dementia have returned back to decades ago, they think they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。由最后一段中的“Colluding (串通) with them about this false reality they find themselves flung into is not heartless or unprofessional — it is, when done in the right way, kind and tender-hearted. (就他们陷入的虚假现实与他们串通（即说谎）并不是无情的或不专业的——当以正确的方式进行时，它是善良和温柔的)”可知，当以正确的方式对患者撒谎时，它是善良和温柔的，而不是无情或不专业的，“heartless and unprofessional”错误。故答案为：The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
Because lying to patients is kind and tender-hearted when done in the right way, not heartless or unprofessional.
【43题详解】
开放题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。考生结合自身实际发表见解并说明原因。例如，考生同意“诚实并不是最好的政策”此观点，因为有时候诚实是要付出代价的，真相会伤害那些不能接受现实的人。故参考答案为：Yes, I couldn’t agree more. Because sometimes being honest pays a price, the truth of which will hurt someone who can’t accept the reality.
第二节书面表达（满分20分）
44. In your English class, the teacher shows this picture and asks the class to discuss it. Your classmates have different understandings. Look at the picture carefully and tell the class how you understand the picture. Write what you would say on the answer sheet.
字数要求：词数不少于100。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】What an interesting picture! A Western young man, sitting at a table, is ready to eat a bowl of noodles. He is holding two forks the same way as we Chinese hold chopsticks. He is trying so hard to pick up the noodles that he is sweating a lot. At first glance, I think it’s a bit funny, for we Chinese take it for granted that chopsticks are the tools for eating noodles. The man in the picture is trying to copy us. Obviously he is doing it the hard way. Maybe using one fork will do a better job. In my opinion, we don’t need to copy other’s ways of thinking. Sometimes a simpler way of doing things may be a better way.
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生描述这幅图片并说明自己是如何理解它的。
【详解】1.词汇积累
准备好做某事：be ready to do sth.→be prepared to do sth.
困难的：hard→difficult
以我的观点：in my opinion→from my point of view
模仿：copy→imitate
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：A Western young man, sitting at a table, is ready to eat a bowl of noodles.
拓展句：A Western young man, who is sitting at a table, is ready to eat a bowl of noodles.
【点睛】【高分句型1】He is trying so hard to pick up the noodles that he is sweating a lot. (运用了so…that引导的结果状语从句)
【高分句型2】At first glance, I think it’s a bit funny, for we Chinese take it for granted that chopsticks are the tools for eating noodles. (运用了省略that引导的宾语从句，for引导的原因状语从句，that引导的宾语从句)
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