上海高考英语阅读理解专项训练

这是一份上海高考英语阅读理解专项训练，共53页。试卷主要包含了 Theism， Daism， Determinism， Cynicism， Platnism， Aristtelianism， Kantianism， 4 millin)等内容，欢迎下载使用。

阅读理解
Why isn’t science better? Look at career incentives.
There are often substantial gaps between the idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.
All too often, however, what should be just isn’t so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn out not to replicate (复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them — but the amount that doesn’t is too much for comfort.
But there are also ways in which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment’s results after the fact are just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.
It’s not like we don’t know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears. Why? Why aren’t scientific methods better than they are? In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.
In the 1970s, psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures for social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students’ performance on standardized tests, teachers respond by teaching “to the test”. In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.
We can see this principle—often summarized as “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for tenure (终身教授) grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist?
An oft-used metric (标准，度量) is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.
If scientists are motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try to game the system (钻空子). And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud (欺诈). If malicious (恶意的) fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.
However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.
1．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Scientists are expected to persistently devoted to exploration of reality.
B．The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.
C．Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments’ results.
D．The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.
2．What does deaf ears in the fourth paragraph probably refer to?
A．The public. B．The incentive initiators.
C．The peer researchers. D．The high-impact journal editors.
3．Which of the following does the author probably agree with?
A．Good scientists excel in seeking resources and securing research positions.
B．Competition for resources pushes researchers to publish in a more productive way.
C．All the credentialed scholars and researchers will take up university professorships.
D．The number of publication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.
4．According to the author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research?
A．High-impact journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.
B．The peer-review process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.
C．Researchers are motivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system.
D．Career incentives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.

The Meaning of Life According to Different Philosophies
Can the meaning of life be told in a word? Why live? Here we visualized the most prominent philosophies that tackled this question over the past 5000 years.
1. Theism: Dates back to prehistoric times
Theism is the proposition that God or a Supreme Being exists. The meaning of life is then prescribed by the God that one believes in. Theism dates back to the dawn of humanity where it was practiced in its various forms depending on what a group of humans believed their god to be like.
2. Daoism: 5th Century BC
Daoism offers people a painless way of finding life’s meaning through Wu Wei “action without intention” or “naturalness”. Such action leads to finding the Dao, which is “the way”.
3. Determinism: 6th Century BC
Determinism is the idea that all events happen as a result of previously existing causes. Since nothing can be changed in a pre-determined world; a person cannot have free will. One of its well-known representatives is the French philosopher and mathematician & Rene Descartes (1596- 1650).
4. Cynicism: 4th Century BC
The Cynics attempt to offer people the possibility of happiness and freedom from suffering in the age of uncertainty. The meaning of life is mental lucidity and self-sufficiency. To achieve self-sufficiency, a person must become free from external influences—such as wealth, fame, and power, then he will regain the clear comprehensibility of life and forge ahead and advance bravely.
5. Platonism: 4th Century BC
For the Greek philosopher & Plato (c. 428-c. 347 BC), the meaning of life is the pursuit of knowledge. In his book Apology, Plato quotes his teacher & Socrates (c. 470-399 BC) saying that “the unexamined life is not worth living”. In a nutshell, Platonism is the idea that there exist such things as “pure forms” which are abstractions. An abstraction is something that neither exists in space nor time. Knowledge of “pure forms” is the meaning of life. Plato’s most influential work is ‘The Republic’ published around 375 BC．
6. Aristotelianism: 3rd Century BC
The Greek philosopher & Aristotle (385-322 BC) reminds us that no one lives a good life in order to achieve some other goal. Being a good person in itself is sufficient. Virtue is the goal.
Virtue and the rules of ethics are not a theoretical concept according to Aristotle. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics is the best known work on his thinking.
7. Kantianism: in 1785
Kantianism proposes that every human action should be judged according to a universal maxim, or principle. If an action violates a principle, then a person failed their duty toward humans. So, the meaning of life is in continuously fulfilling your duty to follow universal principles, and human beings possess this set of cognition from historical and dimensional viewpoints, so that the sensory materials can be formed into knowledge.
5．According to the passage, the underlined word “lucidity” most probably refers to something ________.
A．anxiety and grief B．free from obscurity
C．resentment and envy D．self-esteem and self-confidence
6．What is the main difference between the approaches of Platonism and Kantianism?
A．Kantianism belongs to the school of thought which takes idealism(唯心) into account, while Platonism focuses on pragmatic(实用的) ideas.
B．Platonissn emphasizes examined facts more than Kantianism.
C．Kantianism proposes the temporal and spacial concept from sensing intuition(直觉), which doesn’t exist in the abstraction of Platonism.
D．Platonism render virtues indispensable while Kantianism takes morality as the ultimate pursuit of life.
7．If you plan to write a report based on the Facts about the schools of thought, please rearrange the facts to complete the report as follows.
The Philosophies of LifeⅠ. Reason and Rules
...
Ⅱ. Spontaneity and Virtue
...
Ⅲ. Divine(神的) and Destiny
...
A．Ⅰ. Theory 4, 5, 7;    Ⅱ. Theory 2, 6;    Ⅲ. Theory 1, 3
B．Ⅰ. Theory 5, 7, 6;    Ⅱ. Theory 2, 3;    Ⅲ. Theory 1, 4
C．Ⅰ. Theory 3, 4, 5;    Ⅱ. Theory 1, 6;    Ⅲ. Theory 2, 7
D．Ⅰ. Theory 3, 6, 7;    Ⅱ. Theory 1, 5;    Ⅲ. Theory 2, 4

In an annual Marist Poll, released in December, “fake news” ranked as the second-most annoying phrase Americans hear. But however overused or misused the term has become, fake news isn’t likely to go away soon. Instead the questions “How do we spot it?” and “What can we do about it?” are likely to loom even larger.
Social networks such as Facebook and Twitter are pledging to police themselves more vigorously. France and Germany, with strong concerns about the attempts of “fake news” to influence recent elections, are taking legislative action.
Beginning Jan. 1, online posts on major German social media sites (Facebook, etc.) deemed to contain “obviously illegal” material, such as hate speech or fake news, risk fines of as much as e50 million ($60. 4 million). Individual citizens can report content they think qualifies. Earlier this week French President Emmanuel Macron proposed new legislation that he said would “evolve our legal system to protect our democracy from fake news.” The law would make more transparent the sources of online content, and would have the power to block or remove anything determined to be “fake”.
Desirable perspective would be an empowered citizenry, alert to detecting, and rejecting, fake news when they see it. Several US states have begun to fight fake news by ramping up the teaching of news media literacy in schools. “I don’t think it’s a partisan issue to appreciate the importance of good information and the teaching of tools for navigating” news online, said Hans Zeiger, a Republican state senator in Washington State who cosponsored a bill on the topic last year. “There is such a thing as an objective source versus other kinds of sources,” he told The Associated Press, “and that’s an appropriate thing for schools to be teaching.”
Media literacy is being encouraged to be part of courses on subjects from civics to language arts. The prevalence of fake news during the US presidential campaign seem to be driving at least some of these efforts. Students from middle school to college can be “easily duped” by sites they visit online, and they need to be better equipped to use their reasoning ability to sort truth from fiction and detect bias, concluded a study published by researchers at Stanford University. Students should be able to not only cite sources for material they present in their schoolwork but also be able to explain why the sources are credible.
To be responsible citizens, adults need to take on this same task of winnowing the tares from the wheat as they go about the important job of learning what’s happening in the world.
8．It can he inferred from the first two paragraphs that ________.
A．the issue of fake news can be brought under control through police intervention
B．fake news is undergoing legislative supervision worldwide
C．social networks incline to give a free hand to their users’ expression
D．how to deal with fake news will become a matter of public concern
9．To which of the following is Hans Zeiger most likely to agree?
A．Republicans played a major role in media literacy education.
B．Citizens’ rights to ban fake news should be granted through legislation.
C．Schools should be responsible for the media literacy education.
D．Teaching tools are essential to improving citizen’s media literacy.
10．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Students’ reliance on social media leads to greater political engagement.
B．Students should become more rational at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace.
C．The target of the new legislation is to keep democracy immune from the impact of fake news.
D．The choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.
11．What is the author’s main attitude towards citizens’ ability?
A．to learn the lessons of young people
B．to identify the truth and discard the fiction
C．to never trust news from the media giants
D．to assume responsibility for educating teenagers’ literacy

Literature opens up a new world for the reader. Whenever I feel upset by anything or stressed out about the little or big things in life, going back to my books gives me an escape from the harsh reality I am surrounded with.
For me, English Literature isn’t just reading extensively or collecting knowledge from various sources and assembling them, it is so much more. Since my childhood, I have been fascinated by how the authors, poets, and, more importantly, playwrights convey passion and sentiments. I personally find it so difficult to convey my feelings and emotions in a set of words, but it continues to fascinate me as to how they accomplish to cede their sentiments almost perfectly in a string of words. For example: “Lines along my face, they dull my eyes, yet keep on dying, because I love to live.” She says that by facing the challenges and pain presented by life to her, there are now lines of resignation and sadness on her face. The sufferings given by life are such that her eyes have lost their light and have become dull. Yet the wonders of life give her the power to continue.
What I like the most about literature is that we are shaken out from our comfort zone when we read literary masterpieces. A lot of books may not glorify the protagonists but give an insight into why a particular character behaved in a certain manner.
Being an ardent lover of history, I have always been intrigued by the evolution of English literature over the ages. Take the books by Charles Dickens or Jane Austen for example, you can clearly see they have always shown the other side of the world, the sufferings experienced by the working class. Even their comedies do not feel like comedies at all. However, after the Victorian era ended and Modernism started, the modern literature’s influence (I believe) was WW1 and WW2. When you read “Gone with the Wind” and read about people like Ashley Wilkes, you begin to question the purpose of fighting wars. They have always written of times which transcend their own. They have shown rebellions of their ardors averse to the understandings of the society. These rebellions against the society’s established dogmas have been one of the main themes of the literature of those times. But there is a clear contrast between the Victorian literature and the modern literature. All of the writers always took on the moral code, character and conscience. The evolution of literature is totally unique in its own way.
English Literature has opened my mind towards intellectual activities and has helped to define my feelings and emotions with beautifully weaved words.
12．The underlined word “resignation” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________.
A．dismission B．retirement C．happiness D．obedience
13．Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding the satisfaction that English literature brought to the author?
A．Adaptability to the status quo. B．Reflections on the characters’ behaviors.
C．Relief from the actualities. D．Knowledge about the times.
14．According to the passage, it can be inferred that ________.
A．The leading character in the literary works outweighs the minor roles in inspiring readers
B．In the context of a set era, almost all writers have identical literary genre
C．The end of the Victorian era marked the beginning of questioning the purpose of the battlefield
D．I find it hard to convey emotions while I was absorbed in the expressiveness of the literature
15．Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?
A．How English literature speaks my heart? B．How literary giants help me advance ahead?
C．Why literature is a microcosm of society? D．Why I love studying English Literature?

Cathy and Wayne N. who have been married five years are in their late 20’s and childless. The last time a member of Cathy’s family asked, “When are you going to start a family?” Her answer was “We are a family!”
Cathy and Wayne belong to a growing number of young married couples who are deciding not to have children. A recent survey showed that in the last five years the percentage of wives aged 25 to 29 who did not want children had almost doubled and among those 18 to 24 it had almost tripled. What lies behind this decision which seems to fly in the face of biology and society?
Perhaps the most public outspoken childless couple are Ellen Peck, author of The Baby Trap, and her husband, William, an advertising executive who is president of the National Organization for Non-parents. The Pecks insist neither they nor the organization is against parenthood, just against the social pressures that push people into parenthood whether it is what they really want and need or not.
“It’s a life-style choice,” Ellen says. “We chose freedom and spontaneity (自发性), privacy and leisure. It’s also a question of where you want to give your efforts — within your own family or in the larger community. This generation faces serious questions about the continuity of life and as well as its quality. Our grandchildren may have to buy tickets to see the last redwoods or line up to get their oxygen ration. There are men who complain about being caught in a traffic jam for hours on their home to their five kids but can’t make the association between the children and the traffic jam. In a world seriously threatened by the consequences of overpopulation we’re concerned with making life without children acceptable and respectable. Too many children are born as a result of cultural pressure. And the results show up in the statistics on divorce and child-abuse.”
Her husband adds, “Every friend, relative and business associate is pressuring you to have kids ‘and find what you’re missing.’ Too many people discover too late that what they were missing was something they were totally unsuited for.”
And Ellen again, “From the first doll to soap operas to cocktail parties, the pressure is always there to be parents. But let’s take a 1ook at the rate of parental failure. Perhaps parenthood should be regarded as a specialized occupation like being a doctor. Some people are good at it and they should have children; others aren’t, and they should feel they have other alternatives.”
16．By asking “When are you going to start a family”, the member of Cathy’s family meant “_______”.
A．when are you going to move into a new house
B．when are you going to buy a house
C．when are you going to get married
D．when are you going to have a child
17．In the second paragraph, the phrase “to fly in the face of” most probably means _______.
A．to popularize
B．to follow
C．to go against
D．to strengthen
18．According to the third paragraph, the Pecks hold that _______.
A．all young couples should not give in before the social pressures
B．no pressure should be imposed on couples about parenthood
C．strong measures should be taken to help childless couples
D．childless couples face no problems of divorce or child-abuse
19．According to Ellen,what has caused many of the problems we face today?
A．Overpopulation.
B．Environmental pollution.
C．Cultural progress.
D．Life-style choice.

The most important determining factor of success or failure—at work and in life—is self-awareness, the ability to understand who we are, how others see us, and how we fit into the world.
For millions of years, the ancestors of humans evolved painfully slowly. However, about 150,000 years ago there was an explosive development in the human brain where, among other things, we gained the ability to examine our own thoughts, feelings and behaviors, as well as to see things from another’s point of view. Not only did this transformation create the foundation for art, spiritual practices and language, but it came with a survival advantage for our ancestors, who had to work together in order to survive.
Though we may not face the same day-to-day threats to our existence, self-awareness is no less critical. There is strong scientific evidence that people who know themselves and how others see them are happier. They are smarter, superior students. They raise more mature children. They also tend to be more creative, confident and less aggressive.
But for most people it is easier to choose self-delusion (自我欺骗) rather than the cold hard truth. Our increasingly “me” focused society makes it easier to fall into this trap. Recent generations have grown up in a World obsessed with self-esteem (自负), constantly being reminded of their special qualities. Not only are our assessments often flawed (有缺陷), but we are usually terrible judges of our own performance and abilities—from leadership skills to achievements at school and work. What’s scary is that the least competent people are usually the most confident in their abilities.
How can we avoid this fate? We must work on two specific types of insight. Internal self-awareness is an inward understanding of our passions and aspirations, strengths and weaknesses and so on. And external self-awareness, knowing how others see you, means understanding yourself from the outside in.
For those looking to gain true insight, remember that other people often see us more objectively than we see ourselves and that self-examination can have hidden trap that make insight actually impossible.
20．The first three paragraphs mainly talk about _______.
A．the significance of self-awareness in human survival and advancement
B．the sharp contrast between self-awareness of today and the past
C．the necessity of a shift in self-awareness to satisfy the needs today
D．the intelligence gap between modern men and their ancestors
21．What’s the problem with “me” focused society nowadays?
A．People’s performance and abilities are overlooked.
B．Competent people tend to be unconfident of their leadership skills.
C．It’s difficult to obtain an objective assessment of ourselves.
D．Modern people fail to bring their special qualities into full play.
22．Which of the following is an example of external self-awareness?
A．You listen to the comments about you from others.
B．You are fully aware of your strengths and weaknesses.
C．You reflect your behaviors thoroughly every day.
D．You carefully compare your behavior with that of others.
23．In the last paragraph, the author suggests that we should _______.
A．develop true insight to judge people more objectively B．try to avoid the trap set by others
C．gain more insight by means of self-examination D．pay more attention to external self-awareness

What is PayQwiq?
PayQwiq is a fast and secure payment service that helps you go quickly through the Tesco checkout. It lets you add your credit or debit card details to the app so you can use your smartphone to pay for your shopping with just one scan. Not only that but it collects your Clubcard points automatically. This means you can now go wallet-free in all UK Tesco stores. So why not give it a go? It only takes a moment to download and you will receive these benefits:
Collect your Clubcard points automatically
Pay for your weekly shop up to £250
Use payQwiq offline, even with no signal
Track your spending in Tesco
Sign up to PayQwiq and collect 100 extra Clubcard points for each week you pay with the app, for up to 5 weeks—that’s up to 500 extra points.
Available to new customers who sign up by 3 September 2018 and make all payments by 31 October 2018. One offer per customer. Only one qualifying deal per week will collect the extra points. Additional payments in the same week will not receive extra points. Clubcard points will be added to a future Clubcard statement.
How does it work?
Head to the App Store or Google Play to download the PayQwiq app.
As soon as you’ve added your card details, you’ll be ready to shop using just your phone.
And there’s no need to worry about your bank details being stored on your phone—they’re all securely protected in our data centers. So not only it is quicker and easier, it’s safer too.
24．If customers use PayQwiq in UK Tesco stores, they can _______.
A．get Clubcard points automatically B．pay for their weekly shop without limit
C．budget their everyday spending D．win 500 extra points at a time
25．From the passage we can learn that _______.
A．users must sign up by 3 September 2018
B．users needn’t add their payment card information
C．PayQwiq can guarantee both convenience and safety
D．PayQwiq can be downloaded only from the App Store
26．What is the purpose of this passage?
A．To stress the importance of PayQwiq. B．To popularize the use of PayQwiq.
C．To describe the feasibility of PayQwiq. D．To ensure the safety of PayQwiq.

Dinner and a movie was a two-part affair, but increasingly, the two have merged into a single experience, allowing moviegoers to get fries and a beer while they watch the latest superhero blockbuster. Full-service theaters have become a Friday-night pastime as American as, well, going to the movies.
Dine-in cinemas are not altogether new. In the late 1980s, brothers Mike and Brian McMenamin opened one in Portland, Ore. A decade later, inspired by the McMenamins, Tim and Karrie League began pairing trendy beer with hits like The Craft at the Alamo Drafthouse in Austin. But in recent years, the trend has expanded from niche (小众) to mainstream. There are now 29 Alamo locations nationwide, from Omaha to El Paso.
Full-service theaters appeal to a broader, more regionally diverse customer base. At Movie Tavernin Roswell, Ga., for instance, you can order popcorn shrimp and a “Jumbo Jar” margarita while watching Jumanji:Welcome to the Jungle. AMC, the biggest U.S. movie-theater company, launched Dine-In, where meals can be ordered with the push of a button. iPic Theaters offers something similar to a first-class flying experience: leather reclining chairs and a menu developed by a James Beard Award-winning chef. For the most upscale experience, you’ll have to fly to Paris, where Europa Corp First Class, owned by The Fifth Element director Luc Besson, serves top-ranking food and service, such as champagne, caviar(鱼子酱) and Pierre Hermé macarons.
The rise in full-service moviegoing is a coincidence with declining ticket sales across the industry more broadly. North American movie attendance in 2017 dropped to what appears to be a 27-year low. The downward tendency is the continuation of a 15-year trend. Between lots of uninspired remakes hitting theaters, younger audiences choosing to consume content on their smartphones and the dramatic rise in the popularity of streaming(流媒体), it’s no wonder that theater owners are seeking creative ways to tempt customers off their couches. It’s working: despite a 2% decline in movie attendance over four years, AMC Dine-In achieved 4% growth in just two.
Full-service theaters are not without criticism. Though the servers attempt to do it on their tiptoes, many find them distracting when serving food. Some others prefer to eat post-movie for a chance to discuss what they’ve just watched. And as expensive as traditional theater discount tickets have become, prices tend to get higher once some fancy dishes are on the menu.
But for those with the funds, the full-service theater offers reason enough to quit online movies.
27．The combination of a dinner and a movie________.
A．introduces the latest movies and the best food
B．is a new business model appearing in recent years
C．is gaining much popularity in the downward trend of ticket sales
D．allows people to eat and watch a movie at the same time at home
28．The underlined word “upscale” is closest in meaning to________.
A．comfortable B．luxurious C．delicious D．creative
29．Which of the following statements is true about the passage?
A．Full-service theatres provide a perfect experience to their audiences.
B．Full-service theatres are a creative way to boost ticket sales.
C．Directors came up with the concept of full-service theatres.
D．2017 saw the first ticket sales decrease in North America over the past 27 years.
30．The passage is intended to ________.
A．introduce an increasingly popular recreation
B．call on people to go to full-service theaters
C．argue whether full-service theaters are beneficial
D．blame streaming for the decrease in movie attendance

Some say everyday miracles are predestined (注定的) -- All that’s necessary is readiness, the right circumstance for the appointed meeting. And it can happen anywhere.
In 1999, 11-year-old Kevin Stephan was a bat boy for his younger brother’s Little League team in Lancaster, New York. It was an early evening in late July. Kevin was standing on the grass away from the plate, where another youngster was warming up for the next game. Swinging his bat back and forth, and giving it all the power an elementary school kid could give, the boy brought the bat back hard and hit Kevin in the chest. His heart stopped.
When Kevin fell to the ground, the mother of one of the players rushed out of the stands to his aid. Penny Brown hadn’t planned to be there that day, but at the last minute, she changed her shift (轮班) at the hospital, and she was given the night off. Penny bent over the senseless boy, his face already starting to turn blue, and giving CPR, breathing into his mouth and giving chest compressions (按压). And he came to life.
After his recovery, he became a volunteer junior firefighter, learning some of the emergency first-aid techniques that had saved his life. He studied hard in school and was saving money for college by working as a dishwasher in a local restaurant in his spare time.
Kevin, now 17, was working in the kitchen when he heard people screaming, customers in confusion, employees rushing toward a table. He hurried into the main room and saw a woman there, her face turning blue, her hands at her throat. She was choking (哽住).
Quickly Kevin stepped behind her, wrapped his arms around her and clasped his hands. Then, using skills he’d first learned in Scouts, the food that was trapped in the woman’s throat was freed. The color began to return to her face.
“The food was stuck. I couldn’t breathe,” she said. She thought she was dying. “I was very frightened.”
Who was the woman?
Penny Brown.
31．Kevin Stephan fell to the ground and fainted probably because ________.
A．he was too excited when watching the game
B．he suffered heart attack all of a sudden
C．he stood close to the boy who was swinging his bat
D．he swung the bat too hard to keep his balance
32．Which of the following statements is True of Kevin Stephan?
A．He worked part-time in a local restaurant to save money for college
B．He was hit on the face by a boy and almost lost his life
C．He was a volunteer junior firefighter, teaching the players first-aid skills
D．He saved Penny Brown though he didn’t really know how to deal with food choke
33．Why did Penny Brown change her shift and was given the night off that night?
A．She was there to give her son directions
B．She came to watch her son’s game and cheered him
C．She was a little worried about his son’s safety
D．She volunteered to give medical services
34．After reading the passage, we can learn that________.
A．working part-time is a good way to save money for college.
B．when Penny Brown knew it was Kevin who had saved her, she would probably feel sad.
C．if Kevin didn’t learn the first-aid techniques, the miracle wouldn’t have happened.
D．Kevin’s parents would not be worried about his safety any longer.

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare actual decisions made by people with theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Supporters of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheet can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the relevant considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted (多层面的), there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question “What will I do after graduation?” A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a brief statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to “What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?”
35．Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
A．Listing the consequences of each solution.
B．Calculating a numerical summary of each solution.
C．Deciding which consequences are most important.
D．Writing down all possible solutions.
36．According to decision-worksheet theory, an optional decision is defined as one that ________.
A．has the fewest variables to consider B．uses the most decision worksheets
C．has the most points assigned to it D．is agreed by the greatest number of people
37．The author states that “On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once” to explain that ________.
A．most decisions involve seven steps B．human mental capacity has limitations
C．some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions D．people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
38．What does the passage mainly discuss?
A．A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
B．A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions.
C．Research on how people make decisions.
D．Differences between long-range and short-range decision making.

Everyone knows what makes a good story. Our hero starts their journey as a flawed being. In scene after scene, they face challenges that push them down new paths. By the end of the talc, they overcome setbacks and become a better person in the process.
We love these plots in the novels we read but the principles of a good story offer much more than entertainment. Recent research shows that the narratives we tell ourselves about our lives can powerfully help us recover from stress. People who generate tales of struggling and turning over a new leaf from their own lives appear to have much better mental health. Professor Dan McAdams put forward this idea and discovered that whether someone can describe having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of mental health. Another key theme involved is finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events.
McAdams invited 14 and 15-year-olds to join in an experiment to write about their experiences of failure and success. Half of them were then given extra instructions to describe the ways they had made their success a reality and how the failure had changed them for the better. Eight weeks later, members of this group reported greater persistence and better grades in their schoolwork.
Exciting as these results are, some experts sound a few notes of caution. They worry that, hearing about the power of self-narratives, many people may feel they have to find a positive turning point in life. If they can’t, they could end up feeling guilty about having somehow “failed”.
Clearly, self-narratives aren’t the panacea. Nevertheless, if you hope for self-improvement, you can use the findings to good effect. By recognizing ourselves as the hero at the center of our own struggles, we can all become the author of our own destiny and change ourselves for the better.
39．What does the research focus on?
A．The causes of stress.
B．The principles of narrative.
C．The connection between struggle and well-being.
D．The link between mental health and self-narratives.
40．Why is the experiment mentioned in paragraph 3?
A．To give proof. B．To make predictions.
C．To draw a conclusion. D．To make comparisons.
41．What does the underlined word “panacea” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Attempt to get rid of worries. B．Means of recognizing yourself.
C．Solution to adolescent problems. D．Guarantee to become better people.
42．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Embrace Life Struggles B．Be Your Own Hero
C．Ways to Make a Good Story D．The Power of Self-improvement

Imagine a plate holding two strawberries, identical in appearance. One came out of a supermarket box, meaning it was probably harvested when it was still unripe. By the time it reached the plate it may have been off the vine for two weeks. The other strawberry was picked from a garden minutes before being eaten.
Supermarket strawberries are not entirely without advantages: they are convenient and still available even in winter months. But the two berries differ from each other in the same way that hearing music in a concert hall differs from listening to it on an old CD player. The home-grown fruit is an eatable case for making a home garden.
Your columnist, who long considered gardening a complete waste of time, advances this argument with great enthusiasm. Planting cool-weather greens, as gardeners across the north-east of America are now doing, can seem nonsense, since convenient, continuously well-stocked supermarket shelves are available all week. But the same could be said of cooking: there are many cheap and decent restaurants around, so why bother to make your own meals?
That attitude misconstrues the ultimate appeal of gardening: it mistakes the product for the purpose. It is true that a garden can produce tomatoes and carrots of incomparable sweetness, and celtuce and herbs that taste like themselves rather than the plastic they are usually packaged in. While finding, let’s say, celtuce in the shops can take some time, effort, and expense, growing your own vegetables ensures a reliable supply.
On the other hand, a garden, especially in the early  years, can produce little but frustration. Green hands may plant the wrong crops for their soil. And even expert gardeners can lose a season’s harvest to uncooperative weather.
No matter. The real joy of gardening is the time spent doing it. The deepest pleasure-as with cooking. Writing or almost anything worthwhile — is in the work itself. To garden is to patiently, lovingly and diligently help life become strong and healthy, in the ground and above it.
43．What can we know about the supermarket strawberries?
A．They look distinct from home-grown ones. B．They give out pleasant and fresh smell.
C．They are picked days before fully grown. D．They are planted typically in winter.
44．What does the underlined word “misconstrues“ mean in paragraph 4?
A．Misinterprets. B．Transforms. C．Mistrusts. D．Highlights.
45．Why does the author mention the failures in gardening?
A．To warn readers not to take up gardening easily.
B．To advise readers to work in harmony with nature.
C．To make readers reflect on the methods of gardening.
D．To help readers have a whole picture of gardening.
46．What is the author’s opinion on gardening?
A．It’s a difficult and time-consuming process. B．Products of gardening make it worthwhile.
C．The time and efforts invested make it a delight. D．It reduces the cost of purchasing vegetables.

A six-year-old longing to keep a unicorn in her backyard figured she’d get the hard part out of the way first.
Last November, Madeline wrote a letter to the Los Angeles County Department of Animal Care and Control with a straightforward request. “Dear LA County, I would like your approval if I can have a unicorn in my backyard if I can find one. Please send me a letter in response.”
Director Mayeda replied two weeks later. The department does in fact license unicorns, she said, under certain conditions. Those include polishing the unicorn’s horn at least once a month with a soft cloth, feeding it watermelon at least once a week, covering it with only nontoxic and biodegradable sparkles and giving it regular access to sunlight, moonbeams and rainbows. And, because unicorns are indeed very rare to find, the department is also giving Madeline a toy unicorn to keep her company during her search, as a token of appreciation.
“It is always rewarding to hear from young people who thoughtfully consider the requirements of providing a loving home for animals,” Mayeda wrote in the letter. “I like your sense of responsible pet ownership to seek permission in advance to keep a unicorn in Los Angeles County.”
Mayeda told the Washington Post that this is the first time the department has received a request for a license for a unicorn or any mythical creature. They were impressed with the first-grader for wanting to ask permission in the first place, and doing her research to work out how to go about that. She and her colleagues deal with a lot of “life-and-death” issues on the job, whether that’s seeing cases of animal abuse or animals hurting people or making decisions about having to put down dangerous or sick animals. So Madeline’s letter has considerably brightened their spirits, and she is due to visit the department this week to discuss her unicorn license application. Safe to say, she’s in for a magical surprise.
47．Why did Madeline write the letter?
A．To apply to visit a unicorn. B．To learn to provide animal care.
C．To ask permission to keep a pet. D．To figure out how to find a unicorn.
48．What can we learn from paragraph 3?
A．Her application was disapproved. B．Requirements should be met for the license.
C．She was presented with a live unicorn. D．Guidance was given for her search.
49．Which of the following best describes Mayeda?
A．Imaginative. B．Sensitive. C．Flexible. D．Convincing.
50．Why does the department think the letter “has brightened their spirits”?
A．Because it is the first application letter for a pet.
B．Because animal protection is a life-and-death issue.
C．Because they are worn out with their daily work.
D．Because they are touched with the girl’s deeds.

Gifts in Wills could be the key to protecting the future of human health
Our experience of COVID-19shows how suddenly a global health challenge can appear. As someone interested in science, you will understand that while nobody can predict what we will face next, we can be certain that the future will bring many more threats to human health.
As Chair of the Medical Research Foundation-the charitable arm of the Medical Research Council-I have seen the incredible impact that individuals who remember the Foundation in their Wills can have on the future of our health and wellbeing here in the UK. These gifts fund research and researchers which can have far-reaching implications for human health.
With a gift in your Will you can play a key role in providing the science that will protect the health of future generations.
Right now, the Foundation is funding research to tackle antimicrobial resistance, and investing in researchers like Dr Myrsini Kaforou - who will make the fight against antimicrobial resistance her life’s work.
Without support at the crucial early stages, researchers like Dr Kaforou can be forced to abandon their passion and leave science altogether, with an immeasurable loss to future human health.
Gifts in Wills provide the long term funding and security that allows the Foundation to invest in projects like Dr Kaforou’s and lay the foundations for quality research in years to come. Your Will can fund the rational response to health challenges that medical science provides.
“As scientists, our duty is to secure the future of research for the generations that follow.”
Professor Fiona Watt, President of the Medical Research Foundation and Executive Chair of the Medical Research Council.
While we don’t know what the future holds for human health in the UK, we do know that research, and the brilliant scientists driving that research forward, are the key to meeting those challenges for years to come.
But many of these scientists rely on the generosity and foresight of fellow members of the public - people like you, who understand the power of science and are willing to leave a gift to medical research in their Wills. At the Medical Research Foundation, over 90% of our voluntary income comes from individuals who choose to include a gift in their Will- they are crucial in the Foundation’s ability to fund research that will enable the next generation of scientists to make real world discoveries in the future. A gift in your Will to the Medical Research Foundation is an excellent investment and will have a lasting impact on science and on the future of human health in the UK.
Get your free guide to supporting research in your Will.
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To request your free guide to gifts in Wills fill in this form and return to Freepost, MEDICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION. You don’t need a stamp OR visit medicalresearchfoundation.org.uk/support-us/wills
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Medical Research Foundation is a charity registered in England and Wales (Reg. Charity No.1138223).
51．What can be learned about the Medical Research Foundation?
A．It is a UK-based medical center for rare diseases.
B．It is breaking ground in tackling antimicrobial resistance.
C．It is famous for training next generations of scientists.
D．It is a section of the Medical Research Council.
52．If Jenny would like to be kept informed of the work of the Medical Research Foundation via email, she should________.
A．fill in the form at the bottom
B．scan the QR code on the right
C．click the provided website link
D．send an email to the foundation
53．The whole page is devoted to________.
A．advocating one charitable agency
B．introducing some brilliant scientists
C．launching an appeal for donations
D．raising awareness of global health challenges

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Now there is a new home-based treatment which comes from the research on the ear and brain. It uses high frequency stimulation, through music, to re-build and organize brain connections. The result, for most listeners, is relief or reduction of tinnitus and related conditions.
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For a free DVD and information pack call the Sound Therapy national enquiry line on 1300 55 77 96.
54．According to the advertisement, which of the following is TRUE of tinnitus?
A．20% of the sufferers visit doctors for it.
B．It may result in numerous health issues.
C．It is caused by sleeplessness and anxiety.
D．Tinnitus specialists may lose hearing.
55．How does the Sound Therapy program work?
A．By reducing one’s exposure to noise.
B．By offering patients tinnitus relief pills.
C．By hiring the best doctors and researchers.
D．By using music to improve brain connections.
56．By calling 1300557796, one can ________.
A．discuss with ENT doctors. B．buy some DVD info packs
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Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behaviour agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. “I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. “The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realise they’re doing it,” says Dr. David. “They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous.”
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David. “Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”
57．People in the 18th and 19th centuries used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night because they had _________.
A．no drive and ambition B．no electric lighting
C．the best sleep habits D．nothing to do in the evening
58．According to Dr. David, Americans _________.
A．are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life
B．often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit
C．do not know how to relax themselves properly
D．can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep
59．Many Americans believe that _________.
A．sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy
B．they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday life
C．to sleep is something one can do at any time of the day
D．enough sleep promotes people’s drive and ambition
60．The underlined word “subjects” in Paragraph 4 refers to _________．
A．the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
B．special branches of knowledge that are being studied
C．people whose behaviour or reactions are being studied
D．the psychological consequences of sleep deficit

Scholars and researchers have tried to discover what personality characteristics go along with success in intercultural experiences. Their findings have often been unclear or incomplete. But three characteristics stand out in their reports: patience, a sense of humour, and the awareness of being unclear.
Patience, of course, is the ability to keep calm even when things do not go as one wants them to, or hopes they will, or has been sure they will. Impatience sometimes brings improvements in relations with other people, but usually it does not.
A person with a sense of humour is less likely to take things too seriously and more ready to see the humour in her own reactions. The value of a sense of humour really needs to be paid more attention to.
“The awareness of being unclear” is a more difficult concept than patience or a sense of humour. Foreigners often find themselves in situations that are unclear to the newcomers. That is, they do not know what is happening in the situation. Perhaps they do not understand the local language well enough, or they do not know how some system or organisation works, or they can’t be sure of different people’s roles in what is going on. “It’s like I just got here from the moon,” a Chinese graduate student who newly arrived in the United States said. “Things are just so different here.”
61．The passage mainly tells us _________.
A．that it’s not easy to travel abroad
B．that humour is very important in communication
C．three characteristics in dealing with foreigners successfully
D．three main ways useful for communicating with foreigners
62．According to the passage, what characteristic should be most focused on?
A．Patience.
B．The awareness of being unclear.
C．The sense of humour.
D．Understanding each other.
63．“The awareness of being unclear” refers to  _________.
A．knowing the meaning of an exact situation
B．not stating clearly what happens
C．the ability to keep calm
D．being aware of the unclear situation

Comfort Inn Bel Eyre Hotel Perth
Between Perth City and the national and international airports. Experience, affordable and convenient accommodation at the Comfort Inn, Bel Eyre, Perth.
Priced: From $50 per person, per night, 2 share
Includes: FREE Perth Welcome Tours Half day Perth tour for each passenger 3+ nights
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Comfort Inn Wentworth Plaza Hotel Perth
Near the Perth Entertainment Centre, in the heart of Perth’s central business district
This older traditional style hotel has kept its classic historical heritage; it offers guests a modern feel combined with comfortable rooms and first-class service.
Priced: From $59 per person, per night, 2 share
Includes: FREE Perth Welcome Tours Half day Perth tour for each passenger 3+ nights
FREE Airport Transfers Arrival transfers to your property
FREE Continental Breakfast Excluding Family Suites
FREE Parking
Flag Motor Lodge Hotel Belmont Perth
Near the Swan River, in Rivervale
Conveniently located between the Perth Airport and the Perth city centre, the Flag Motor Lodge, Perth offers comfortable, affordable accommodation ideal for families or the individual travellers. Perth Hotel Accommodation.
Priced: From $39 per person, per night, 2 share
Includes: FREE Perth Welcome Tours Half day Perth tour for each passenger 3+ nights
FREE Airport Transfers Arrival transfers to your property
FREE In House Movies
Ibis Hotel Perth
Central Perth city, close to the Bus Station.
Centrally located in the heart of Perth, the Hotel Ibis Perth is a perfect base from which to explore Western Australian capital city with the Murray and Hay Street Malls just 300 metres away.
Priced: From $49 per person, per night, 2 share
Includes: FREE Perth Welcome Tours Half day Perth tour for each passenger 3+ nights
FREE Airport Transfers Arrival transfers to your property
FREE Child’s Breakfast Max. 2 children, when eating with 2 paying adults
64．If you hope to save money, you should choose _________.
A．Comfort Inn Bel Eyre Hotel Perth B．Comfort Inn Wentworth Plaza Hotel Perth
C．Flag Motor Lodge Hotel Belmont Perth D．Ibis Hotel Perth
65．Suppose you stay in Comfort Inn Wentworth Plaza Hotel Perth, you will find it easier to _________.
A．get entertainment B．enjoy the sights in the Swan River
C．go to the bus station D．have lunch
66．What makes Ibis Hotel Perth special?
A．It offers free Airport Transfers Arrival. B．It is near the Perth Airport.
C．It serves free breakfast. D．It lies close to street malls.
67．It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
A．Ibis Hotel has fascinating scenes
B．when eating with adults, children are all free in Ibis Hotel Perth
C．Comfort Inn Wentworth Plaza Hotel Perth has more appeal for car-driving visitors
D．Flag Motor Lodge is easy to attract visitors

One of the joys of growing up in the leafy suburbs of London was the freedom of living inside a wood. The street where my parents’ house sits runs through one comer of Epping Forest, a carefully manicured (修剪的) greenbelt to retain a sense of unspoilt wilderness. As a result, my brother and I were immediately able to go out of our back gate to climb trees, build dens in the bushes and swing on ropes hung from boughs.
My three boys also have a place, called Glamis Adventure Playground, where they can easily escape their parents, swing on ropes, and even pitch tents for an overnight camp, despite growing up in one of the UK’s most deprived and densely populated boroughs. It’s an oasis of fun for young people constructed on a wasteland with the aim of enabling children to create their own fun.
The tragedy, however, is that they may be the last generation of inner-city kids to experience such freedom. Adventure playgrounds such as Glamis are now an endangered species, according to recent research by Play England, which found that 15 per cent of the 147 sites in operation just five years ago are now shut. Many of the playgrounds, run by local authorities, would end up getting killed off by funding cuts begun in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis.
But even those that still survive today remain at risk due to health and safety concerns and a downplaying by government of play as an essential part of the developmental process, according to Play England chair of trustees Anita Grant.
“Adventure playgrounds are built on trust, autonomy and freedom by children making their own games without the adults telling them what to do,” Grant says. “But there is a new way of discussing play where people talk about learning through play. As soon as you start viewing play like this, as something that needs outcomes, it stops being play for children.”
Another threat to adventure playgrounds is more pernicious than funding cuts: a fear about letting children out on their own to play. Research conducted in 2020 for the British Children’s Play Survey found the average age children were allowed out on their own was 11, two years later than their parents’ generation.
“The professionalization of parenting” — the idea that there is a recipe for children becoming well-rounded adults that has encouraged mums and dads to micromanage their offspring — is to blame. “Taking risks is a really important part of a child’s development but that often conflicts with what people feel is their responsibility as parents,” Dodd says. “Freedom of play is undervalued because we want our children to get a new skill that we can put on social media and brag about.” Typically, children must now play in a way that is being defined by adults.
68．Which of the following is NOT a reason why adventure playgrounds are becoming rare?
A．Parents tend to be afraid of letting kids play outside by themselves for safety’s sake.
B．Parents and kids are switching their attention from adventure playgrounds to social media.
C．The essential role of play in the developmental process is undervalued by the government.
D．the local authorities running these adventure playgrounds have economic difficulties.
69．The expression “in the wake of” in Paragraph 3 may mean ________.
A．irrelevant to B．compared with
C．coming after D．independent of
70．We may infer from the last paragraph that________.
A．Parents agree on a standard definition of play, which shouldn’t involve risk-taking.
B．Parents think social media can help their kids acquire new skills that they can brag about.
C．Parents prefer to consult a professional recipe so that their kids may become well-rounded adults.
D．Parents involve themselves too much in children’s play in the name of parental responsibility.
71．The best title of this passage may be ________.
A．Children’s play, nowadays a grown-up matter.
B．Children’s play, barely an essential part of development.
C．Children’s play, definitely a learning process.
D．Children’s play, always an undervalued skill.

The World Is Our Classroom
Tonight, our family was going out to play under the full moon.
We first started going on full moon walks for ourselves, because my husband Todd and I, loved them and we needed these little doses of moonlight to stay happy and to function in society. But after we became parents, we did this for our children. We wanted Sierra and Bryce to see that there is much magic in the natural world and that most of it is accessible to anyone. We also wanted to show them that it was not necessary to travel far from home to have an adventure, learn, and experience something new. Nearly every month, our family went into the night to “play” by the full moon.
Once we arrived at our location that evening, Sierra and I stood holding hands, waiting to cheer the full moon in its rising. A thin sliver of the apricot (杏黄色) moon poked above the shape of the Blue Mountain Ridge. Everyone stood up and witnessed its rising. More of the moon came out until it turned into a brilliant orange sphere. Todd explained to Sierra and Bryce that the moon makes no light of its own, but simply acts like a mirror, reflecting the sunlight back to us long after the sun has sunk below the horizon.
“Does the moon’s face change?” Bryce asked. I told him that the moon rotates with the earth, but it does not spin on its axis like the earth does. The same side of the moon is always facing earth. We never see the other side, the far side of the moon. Sierra remarked that the moon looked larger and closer when it was rising. I explained that it is an optical illusion (视错觉) because it is so close to the horizon that the moon tricks our eyes into comparing it with nearby objects to create the impression of increased size.
Much of the knowledge that Todd and I shared with the kids had been learned from our past life experiences. If we did not possess the knowledge to explain and educate, we looked it up, either beforehand to enhance the experience, or afterwards, together, after we wondered and came up with a list of questions.
Sometimes all it takes is going outdoors and gazing up at the heavens.
72．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Going on a hike through the forest.
B．Going outdoors to watch full moon.
C．Visiting a museum to learn about space.
D．Traveling far from home to have an adventure.
73．Which of the following statements is true about the children on the family outing?
A．It was a rare chance for them to play under the full moon.
B．They felt forced to watch the moon coming out with their parents.
C．They remained curious and kept digging deeper about the moon.
D．They knew the answers to all the questions put up by their parents.
74．What can we learn from paragraph 5?
A．The author and her husband did not make much effort to teach their children.
B．The author left some questions for the children to get them thinking after each trip.
C．The author and her husband gained all the knowledge from their past experiences.
D．The author and her husband sometimes looked up information in advance to better educate their children.
75．Choose the best sentence to complete the last paragraph.
A．As we stared up at the sky, a brilliant shooting star raced across the sky.
B．Families have to spend a ton of money on entertainment in order to have fun and learn.
C．Opportunities to seek magical experiences and learning is right in your neighborhood.
D．The wonder state often occurs when you don’t quite understand what or why something is.














参考答案：
1．A 2．A 3．B 4．D

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了科学家们应该用最严格和最怀疑的方法，无情地探索现实的结构。作者认为但是科学未能发展的更好的原因在于激励。大多数科学家对了解世界真的很感兴趣，而且是诚实的。激励的问题在于，它们可以在个人没有任何意图的情况下塑造文化规范。
1．细节理解他。根据第二段的“And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.(科学家们应该用最严格和最怀疑的方法，无情地探索现实的结构)”以及最后一段的“However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest.(然而，我相信大多数科学家对了解世界是真正感兴趣的，也是诚实的)”可知，总体上来说，科学家们一直致力于对现实的探索。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据第五段“It’s not like we don’t know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears.(并不是说我们不知道如何做得更好。研究科学方法的科学家已经知道可行的补救方法几十年了。不幸的是，他们的建议经常被置若罔闻)”可推知，deaf ears指的是大众，即大众经常对科学家的建议置若罔闻。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第七段的“Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. (由于对资源的这种竞争，必须对科学家进行评估和比较)”和第八段的“An oft-used metric (标准，度量) is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different.(一个常用的指标是一个人在同行评议期刊上发表的文章数量，以及这些期刊的地位。像这样的指标可以直接比较研究人员，否则他们的工作可能会有很大的不同)”推知，作者认为资源竞争促使研究人员以更有成效的方式发表文章。故选B。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.(激励的问题在于，它们可以在个人没有任何意图的情况下形成文化规范)”可知，作者认为科学家的职业激励应该考虑他们的个人意愿。故选D。
5．B 6．D 7．A

【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章介绍了试图揭示生命意义的7个哲学流派。
5．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“To achieve self-sufficiency, a person must become free from external influences—such as wealth, fame, and power, then he will regain the clear comprehensibility of life and forge ahead and advance bravely.(要达到自我满足，一个人必须摆脱外在的影响，如财富、名声、权力，然后他将重新获得对生活的清晰理解，勇敢地前行和前进。)”中“free from external influences”和“regain the clear comprehensibility of life”可推知，犬儒主义推崇的是“摆脱外在的影响”和“对生活的清晰理解”，即保持“头脑清醒”，进而实现自我满足。所以“mental lucidity”是指“头脑清醒”，划线词lucidity指“清醒，不晦涩”，与free from obscurity同义。故选B项。
6．推理判断题。根据5. Platonism: 4th Century BC部分中“For the Greek philosopher & Plato (c. 428-c. 347 BC), the meaning of life is the pursuit of knowledge... In a nutshell, Platonism is the idea that there exist such things as “pure forms” which are abstractions. An abstraction is something that neither exists in space nor time. Knowledge of “pure forms” is the meaning of life.(为希腊哲学家和柏拉图(c. 428-c. 347 BC) ，生命的意义是对知识的追求……简而言之，柏拉图主义认为存在抽象的“纯粹形式”。抽象是既不存在于空间也不存在于时间的东西。“纯粹形式”的知识是生命的意义。)”可知，柏拉图哲学认为生命的意义是对知识的追求，这是一种好的品质即“virtue”；根据7. Kantianism: in 1785部分中“Kantianism proposes that every human action should be judged according to a universal maxim, or principle. If an action violates a principle, then a person failed their duty toward humans. So, the meaning of life is in continuously fulfilling your duty to follow universal principles, and human beings possess this set of cognition from historical and dimensional viewpoints, so that the sensory materials can be formed into knowledge.(康德主义主张，人类的每一个行为都应该根据一个普遍的准则或原则来判断。如果一个行为违反了原则，那么这个人就没有履行对人类的责任。所以，生命的意义在于不断地履行自己的义务，遵循普遍的原则，人类从历史和次元的角度拥有这一套认知，从而使感官材料形成知识。)”可知，康德主义认为生命的意义在于不断地履行道德义务。由此可知，柏拉图主义和康德主义的主要区别是，柏拉图主义认为美德是不可或缺的，而康德主义则认为道德是人生的终极追求。故选D项。
7．细节理解题。根据1. Theism: Dates back to prehistoric times部分中“Theism is the proposition that God or a Supreme Being exists.(有神论认为上帝或至高无上的存在。)”和3. Determinism: 6th Century BC部分中“Determinism is the idea that all events happen as a result of previously existing causes.(决定论认为所有事件的发生都是先前存在的原因的结果。)”可知，一神论和决定论与神学与宿命有关，属于第三类；根据2. Daoism: 5th Century BC部分中“Daoism offers people a painless way of finding life’s meaning through Wu Wei “action without intention” or “naturalness”.(道教通过无为，即“不作为”或“自然”为人们提供了一种寻找生命意义的无痛方式。)”和6. Aristotelianism: 3rd Century BC部分中“The Greek philosopher & Aristotle (385-322 BC) reminds us that no one lives a good life in order to achieve some other goal. Being a good person in itself is sufficient. Virtue is the goal.(希腊哲学家亚里士多德(公元前385-322年)提醒我们，没有人过着美好的生活是为了实现其他目标。做一个好人本身就足够了。美德是目标。)”可知，道教和亚里斯多德哲学与自发性和美德，属于第二类；根据4. Cynicism: 4th Century BC部分中“To achieve self-sufficiency, a person must become free from external influences(为了达到自给自足，一个人必须摆脱外界的影响)”、5. Platonism: 4th Century BC部分中“In a nutshell, Platonism is the idea that there exist such things as “pure forms” which are abstractions. An abstraction is something that neither exists in space nor time.(简而言之，柏拉图主义认为存在抽象的“纯粹形式”。抽象是既不存在于空间也不存在于时间的东西。)”和7. Kantianism: in 1785部分中“Kantianism proposes that every human action should be judged according to a universal maxim, or principle.(康德主义主张，人类的每一个行为都应该根据一个普遍的准则或原则来判断。)”可知，犬儒主义、柏拉图哲学和康德主义与理性与规则有关，属于第一类。故选A项。
8．D 9．C 10．B 11．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。在12月发布的年度马里斯特民意调查中，“假新闻”被列为美国人听到的第二讨厌的短语。但是，无论这个词被过度使用或误用，假新闻都不太可能很快消失。相反，“我们如何发现它？”和“我们能对此做些什么？”的问题可能会更加突出。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“In an annual Marist Poll, released in December, “fake news” ranked as the second-most annoying phrase Americans hear.( 在12月发布的年度马里斯特民意调查中，“假新闻”被列为美国人听到的第二讨厌的短语)”以及第二段“Social networks such as Facebook and Twitter are pledging to police themselves more vigorously. France and Germany, with strong concerns about the attempts of “fake news” to influence recent elections, are taking legislative action(脸书和推特等社交网络承诺将更加积极地监管自己。法国和德国对“假新闻”试图影响最近的选举表示强烈担忧，正在采取立法行动)”可推理出，如何处理假新闻将成为公众关注的问题，故选D项。
9．推理判断题。根据第四段“Several US states have begun to fight fake news by ramping up the teaching of news media literacy in schools(美国几个州已经开始通过加强学校新闻媒体素养的教学来打击假新闻)”以及““There is such a thing as an objective source versus other kinds of sources,” he told The Associated Press, “and that’s an appropriate thing for schools to be teaching.”(他告诉美联社：“与其他类型的来源相比，有一种客观的来源，这对学校来说是一件合适的事情。”)”可推理出，汉斯·泽格认为学校应负责媒介素养教育，故选C项。
10．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Students from middle school to college can be “easily duped” by sites they visit online, and they need to be better equipped to use their reasoning ability to sort truth from fiction and detect bias, concluded a study published by researchers at Stanford University.(斯坦福大学研究人员发表的一项研究得出结论，从中学到大学的学生都很容易被他们访问的网站“欺骗”，他们需要更好地利用自己的推理能力来区分真实与虚构，并检测偏见)”可知，在网络空间里，学生们应该更加理性地将事实与虚构区分开来，故选B项。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To be responsible citizens, adults need to take on this same task of winnowing the tares from the wheat as they go about the important job of learning what’s happening in the world(为了成为负责任的公民，成年人需要承担起同样的任务，在了解世界上正在发生的事情的同时，要分清事实)”可推理出，作者认为公民应当承担起青少年教育的责任，故选D项。
12．D 13．A 14．B 15．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者喜欢英国文学的原因。
12．词句猜测题。根据第二段的“She says that by facing the challenges and pain presented by life to her, there are now lines of resignation and sadness on her face. The sufferings given by life are such that her eyes have lost their light and have become dull. (她说，面对生活给她带来的挑战和痛苦，她的脸上现在有了resignation和悲伤的线条。生活的苦难使她的眼睛失去了光彩，变得暗淡无光)”可知，生活的苦难让她的眼睛变得暗淡无光。由此可知，面对挑战和痛苦她对生活变得顺从。因此猜测，划线词意为“顺从”，与obedience同义。故选D。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Whenever I feel upset by anything or stressed out about the little or big things in life, going back to my books gives me an escape from the harsh reality I am surrounded with.(每当我为生活中的小事或大事感到心烦意乱或压力很大时，回到我的书中让我逃离我所包围的残酷现实)”可知，英国文学能让作者从现实中解脱出来；根据第二段的“I personally find it so difficult to convey my feelings and emotions in a set of words, but it continues to fascinate me as to how they accomplish to cede their sentiments almost perfectly in a string of words. (我个人觉得很难用一组文字来表达我的感受和情绪，但他们是如何在一串文字中几乎完美地表达自己的情感的，这一直让我着迷)”可知，英国文学让作者对人物进行反思；根据第四段的“What I like the most about literature is that we are shaken out from our comfort zone when we read literary masterpieces. (我最喜欢文学的一点是，当我们阅读文学名著时，我们会从自己的舒适区中挣脱出来)”可知，英国文学让作者走出自己的舒适区；根据倒数第二段的“Being an ardent lover of history, I have always been intrigued by the evolution of English literature over the ages.  (作为一个狂热的历史爱好者，我一直对英国文学的历史演变很感兴趣)”可知，英国文学让作者了解时代的知识。A项“Adaptability to the status quo.(对现状的适应)”文章没有提到。故选A。
14．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Take the books by Charles Dickens or Jane Austen for example, you can clearly see they have always shown the other side of the world, the sufferings experienced by the working class.(以查尔斯·狄更斯或简·奥斯汀的书为例，你可以清楚地看到他们总是展示世界的另一面，工人阶级所经历的苦难)”和“They have always written of times which transcend their own. They have shown rebellions of their ardors averse to the understandings of the society. These rebellions against the society’s established dogmas have been one of the main themes of the literature of those times.(他们总是写超越他们自己的时代。他们对社会的理解表现出了热情的叛逆。这些对社会既定教条的反叛一直是那个时代文学的主题之一)”推知，在一个固定的时代背景下，几乎所有的作家都有相同的文学体裁。故选B。
15．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段的“Literature opens up a new world for the reader.(文学为读者打开了一个新世界)”，第二段的“For me, English Literature isn’t just reading extensively or collecting knowledge from various sources and assembling them, it is so much more.(对我来说，英国文学不仅仅是广泛阅读或从各种来源收集知识并将它们组合起来，它要多得多)”，第三段的“What I like the most about literature is that we are shaken out from our comfort zone when we read literary masterpieces. (我最喜欢文学的一点是，当我们阅读文学名著时，我们会从自己的舒适区中挣脱出来)”，第四段的“Being an ardent lover of history, I have always been intrigued by the evolution of English literature over the ages.  (作为一个狂热的历史爱好者，我一直对英国文学的历史演变很感兴趣)”，以及最后一段“English Literature has opened my mind towards intellectual activities and has helped to define my feelings and emotions with beautifully weaved words.(英国文学打开了我对智力活动的思维，并帮助我用优美的文字来定义我的感受和情感)”可知，文章主要介绍了作者喜欢英国文学的原因。故选D。
16．D 17．C 18．B 19．A

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了越来越多的年轻夫妇不愿意要孩子的原因。
16．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Cathy and Wayne N. who have been married five years are in their late 20’s and childless. The last time a member of Cathy’s family asked, “When are you going to start a family?” Her answer was “We are a family!”(凯西和韦恩已经结婚5年了，他们都快30岁了，没有孩子。凯茜的家人最后一次问:“你什么时候成立一个家庭？”她的回答是:“我们是一家人！”)”可知，当问“你打算什么时候成立一个家庭”时，凯西的家人的意思是“你打算什么时候生孩子”。故选D。
17．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“A recent survey showed that in the last five years the percentage of wives aged 25 to 29 who did not want children had almost doubled and among those 18 to 24 it had almost tripled.(最近的一项调查显示，在过去五年中，25至29岁的妻子不想要孩子的比例几乎翻了一番，而在18至24岁的妻子中，这一比例几乎增加了两倍。)”和第三段“The Pecks insist neither they nor the organization is against parenthood, just against the social pressures that push people into parenthood whether it is what they really want and need or not.(佩克斯夫妇坚称，他们和该组织都不反对为人父母，只是反对迫使人们为人父母的社会压力，不管他们是否真的想要和需要。)”可知，划线词所在的句子意思是：这个看似与生物学和社会背道而驰的决定背后隐藏着什么？由此可知，to fly in the face of意为“公然反对”。故选C。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The Pecks insist neither they nor the organization is against parenthood, just against the social pressures that push people into parenthood whether it is what they really want and need or not.(佩克斯夫妇坚称，他们和该组织都不反对为人父母，只是反对迫使人们为人父母的社会压力，不管他们是否真的想要和需要。)”可知，佩克斯夫妇认为不应该在为人父母的问题上给夫妻施加压力。故选B。
19．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“In a world seriously threatened by the consequences of overpopulation we’re concerned with making life without children acceptable and respectable.(在一个受到人口过剩后果严重威胁的世界里，我们关心的是如何让没有孩子的生活变得可以接受和受人尊敬。)”可知，根据艾伦的说法，人口过剩导致了我们今天面临的许多问题。故选A。
20．A 21．C 22．A 23．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了自我意识在人类生存和进步中的重要性，以及如今社会以“我”为中心存在的问题。
20．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The most important determining factor of success or failure—at work and in life—is self-awareness, the ability to understand who we are, how others see us, and how we fit into the world.(在工作和生活中，决定成功或失败的最重要因素是自我意识，了解自己是谁、别人如何看待我们以及我们如何融入这个世界的能力)”；第二段中“However, about 150,000 years ago there was an explosive development in the human brain where, among other things, we gained the ability to examine our own thoughts, feelings and behaviors, as well as to see things from another’s point of view. Not only did this transformation create the foundation for art, spiritual practices and language, but it came with a survival advantage for our ancestors, who had to work together in order to survive.(然而，大约在15万年前，人类的大脑发生了一次爆炸性的发展，其中，我们获得了审视自己的思想、感觉和行为的能力，以及从他人的角度看问题的能力。这种转变不仅为艺术、精神实践和语言创造了基础，而且为我们的祖先带来了生存优势，他们必须共同努力才能生存)”以及第三段中“Though we may not face the same day-to-day threats to our existence, self-awareness is no less critical.(虽然我们可能不会每天面对同样的威胁，但自我意识同样重要)”可知，前三段主要讨论了自我意识在人类生存和进步中的重要性。故选A。
21．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“But for most people it is easier to choose self-delusion (自我欺骗) rather than the cold hard truth. Our increasingly “me” focused society makes it easier to fall into this trap. Recent generations have grown up in a World obsessed with self-esteem (自负), constantly being reminded of their special qualities. Not only are our assessments often flawed (有缺陷), but we are usually terrible judges of our own performance and abilities—from leadership skills to achievements at school and work. What’s scary is that the least competent people are usually the most confident in their abilities.(但对大多数人来说，选择自欺欺人比选择冷酷无情的事实更容易。我们这个越来越以“我”为中心的社会更容易陷入这个陷阱。最近几代人成长在一个迷恋自尊的世界里，不断地被提醒自己的特殊品质。不仅我们的评估常常有缺陷，而且我们通常对自己的表现和能力——从领导技能到学校和工作中的成就——的判断也很糟糕。可怕的是，能力最差的人通常对自己的能力最自信)”可知，当今以“我”为中心的社会存在的问题是很难对自己做出客观的评价。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“And external self-awareness, knowing how others see you, means understanding yourself from the outside in.(外部自我意识，知道别人怎么看你，意味着从外到内了解你自己)”可知，A选项“你听别人对你的评价”是外部自我意识的例子。故选A。
23．细节理解题。根据最后一段“For those looking to gain true insight, remember that other people often see us more objectively than we see ourselves and that self-examination can have hidden trap that make insight actually impossible.(对于那些想要获得真知灼见的人，请记住，别人对我们的看法往往比我们对自己的看法更客观，而自我反省可能隐藏着陷阱，使真知灼见实际上不可能实现)”可知，在最后一段，作者建议我们应该更加注意外在的自我意识。故选D。
24．A 25．C 26．B

【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了名为PayQwiq的支付服务，介绍了其提供的好处以及工作方式。
24．细节理解题。根据第一段“Not only that but it collects your Clubcard points automatically.(不仅如此，它还会自动收集你的会员卡积分)”可知，如果顾客在英国乐购商店使用PayQwiq，他们可以自动获得会员卡积分。故选A。
25．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“As soon as you’ve added your card details, you’ll be ready to shop using just your phone.(一旦你添加了信用卡的详细信息，你就可以只用手机购物了)”以及最后一段“And there’s no need to worry about your bank details being stored on your phone—they’re all securely protected in our data centers.(你也不必担心你的银行信息会被存储在手机上——它们都在我们的数据中心得到安全保护)”可知，PayQwiq既方便又安全。故选C。
26．推理判断题。根据第一段“PayQwiq is a fast and secure payment service that helps you go quickly through the Tesco checkout. (PayQwiq是一种快速安全的支付服务，可以帮助您快速通过Tesco结账)”结合文章主要介绍了名为PayQwiq的支付服务，介绍了其提供的好处以及工作方式。可推知，这篇文章的目的是推广PayQwiq的使用。故选B。
27．C 28．B 29．B 30．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述了晚餐和看电影是两部分，但是人们却越来越多地将其结合成一个单一的体验，让看电影的人在观看最新的超级英雄大片的同时还能吃薯条和啤酒，全方位服务的剧院已经成为美国人周五晚上的消遣方式。
27．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The rise in full-service moviegoing is a coincidence with declining ticket sales across the industry more broadly.(全方位服务观影的兴起与整个行业电影票销售的下滑不谋而合。)”可知吃饭和看电影的结合在门票销售下降的趋势中越来越受欢迎。故选C项。
28．词句猜测题。根据划线词之前“iPic Theaters offers something similar to a first-class flying experience: leather reclining chairs and a menu developed by a James Beard Award-winning chef.( iPic剧院提供类似头等舱的飞行体验：皮革躺椅和由James Beard获奖厨师开发的菜单。)”以及划线词之后“you’ll have to fly to Paris, where Europa Corp First Class, owned by The Fifth Element director Luc Besson, serves top-ranking food and service, such as champagne, caviar(鱼子酱) and Pierre Hermé macarons.(你必须飞到巴黎，在那里由The Fifth Element director的导演Luc Besson所拥有的欧罗巴公司头等舱将提供服务一流的食品和服务，如香槟、鱼子酱和Pierre Hermé macarons。)”可知这次经历的级别和花费都非常高，所以划线词的意思与B项luxurious(奢华的)意思相近。故选B项。
29．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“The rise in full-service movie going goes with declining ticket sales across the industry more broadly.(全方位服务观影的兴起与整个行业的票房收入普遍下滑相伴而生。)”可知，全方位服务的剧院是随着票房收入下降产生的，是一种促进门票销售的创新方式。故选B项。
30．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了晚餐和看电影是两部分，但是人们却越来越多地将其结合成一个单一的体验，让看电影的人在观看最新的超级英雄大片的同时还能吃薯条和啤酒，全方位服务的剧院已经成为美国人周五晚上的消遣方式，所以这篇文章的目的是介绍一种日益流行的娱乐活动。故选A项。
31．B 32．A 33．B 34．C

【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Kevin Stephan在作球童时，被棒球击中了胸口，心跳停止。一位球员的母亲Penny Brown救了他。随后Kevin Stephan开始学习急救措施，一次在餐厅做兼职时，一位女士被卡住，Kevin Stephan用自己学到过的急救措施救了这个女士，结果这位女士正是当年救他的Penny Brown。
31．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Swinging his bat back and forth, and giving it all the power an elementary school kid could give, the boy brought the bat back hard and hit Kevin in the chest. His heart stopped.(男孩挥舞着球棒，使出了一个小学生所能发挥的全部力量，他猛地把球棒反击回来，击中了 Kevin的胸口。他的心跳停止了)”可知，Kevin Stephan摔倒在地，昏倒了可能是因为球击中他的胸口，导致心脏突然受到袭击。故选B。
32．细节理解题。根据第四段中“He studied hard in school and was saving money for college by working as a dishwasher in a local restaurant in his spare time.(他在学校努力学习，业余时间在当地一家餐馆当洗碗工，为上大学攒钱)”可知，Kevin Stephan在当地一家餐馆做兼职，为上大学攒钱，故选A。
33．推理判断题。根据第三段中“When Kevin fell to the ground, the mother of one of the players rushed out of the stands to his aid. Penny Brown hadn’t planned to be there that day, but at the last minute, she changed her shift (轮班) at the hospital, and she was given the night off.(当 Kevin倒在地上时，其中一名球员的母亲冲出看台帮助他。Penny Brown本来没打算那天去的，但最后一刻，她换了医院的班，今晚不用去了)”可推知，Penny Brown换班是为了来看她儿子的比赛，为他加油，故选B。
34．推理判断题。根据第六段“Quickly Kevin stepped behind her, wrapped his arms around her and clasped his hands. Then, using skills he’d first learned in Scouts, the food that was trapped in the woman’s throat was freed. The color began to return to her face.(Kevin 很快走到她身后，用双臂环抱着她，紧紧地握住她的手。然后，使用他第一次在童子军学到的技能，被困在女人喉咙里的食物被释放出来。她的脸开始恢复血色)”和最后两句“Who was the woman?Penny Brown.(那个女人是谁？Penny Brown)”可知，Kevin用自己学到的急救措施，救了这个曾经救过他性命的女士。由此可推知，如果Kevin没有学会急救技巧奇迹就不会发生了。故选C。
35．A 36．C 37．B 38．A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了心理学领域的研究人员发现，做出一项重要决定的最好方法之一，比如选择一所大学，或从事投资的企业，涉及使用一个决定工作表。
35．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. (工作表要求以清晰简洁的方式定义问题，然后列出所有可能的解决方案)”可知，在制定决策工作表时，要列出问题的所有可能解决方案。故选A。
36．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Supporters of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. (工作表程序的支持者认为，它将产生最优的，即最好的决策)”和“The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision. (得分最高的选项是最佳决策)”可知，根据决策工作表理论，最优决策被定义为拥有分配给它的最多点数。故选C。
37．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.(纸笔决策程序的好处之一是，它允许人们处理比他们的大脑通常能理解和记住的更多的变量)”可推知，作者指出“平均而言，人们可以同时在他们的头脑中保留大约七个想法”来解释人的心智能力是有限的。故选B。
38．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. (心理学领域的研究人员发现，做出重要决定的最佳方法之一，比如选择上一所大学或投资一家企业，涉及到决策工作表的使用)”及全文可知，这篇文章主要讨论了辅助做出复杂决策的工具。故选A。
39．D 40．A 41．D 42．B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了最近的研究表明，我们对自己生活的描述可以有力地帮助我们从压力中恢复过来。那些讲述自己在生活中挣扎并重新开始的人似乎有更好的心理健康。
39．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Recent research shows that the narratives we tell ourselves about our lives can powerfully help us recover from stress. People who generate tales of struggling and turning over a new leaf from their own lives appear to have much better mental health. Professor Dan McAdams put forward this idea and discovered that whether someone can describe having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of mental health.(最近的研究表明，我们对自己生活的描述可以有力地帮助我们从压力中恢复过来。那些讲述自己在生活中挣扎并重新开始的人似乎有更好的心理健康。丹·麦克亚当斯教授提出了这一观点，并发现一个人是否能描述自己对过去的事情有一定的控制能力，这是一个重要的心理健康预测指标)”可知，研究的重点是心理健康和自我叙述之间的联系。故选D。
40．推理判断题。根据第三段“McAdams invited 14 and 15-year-olds to join in an experiment to write about their experiences of failure and success. Half of them were then given extra instructions to describe the ways they had made their success a reality and how the failure had changed them for the better. Eight weeks later, members of this group reported greater persistence and better grades in their schoolwork.(麦克亚当斯邀请了14岁和15岁的孩子参加一个实验，写下他们失败和成功的经历。然后，他们中的一半人被给予额外的指示，描述他们是如何使成功成为现实的，以及失败是如何使他们变得更好的。八周后，这组学生表现出了更强的毅力和更好的学业成绩)”可推知，在第3段中提到这个实验是为了提供证据。故选A。
41．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Exciting as these results are, some experts sound a few notes of caution. They worry that, hearing about the power of self-narratives, many people may feel they have to find a positive turning point in life. If they can’t, they could end up feeling guilty about having somehow “failed”.(尽管这些结果令人兴奋，但一些专家提出了一些警告。他们担心，听到自我叙述的力量，许多人可能会觉得他们必须找到生活中的积极转折点。如果他们做不到，他们可能会因为某种程度上的“失败”而感到内疚)”可知，自我叙述并不能保证就可以成为更好的人。故画线词意思是“保证成为更好的人”。故选D。
42．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Nevertheless, if you hope for self-improvement, you can use the findings to good effect. By recognizing ourselves as the hero at the center of our own struggles, we can all become the author of our own destiny and change ourselves for the better.(然而，如果你希望自我改善，你可以利用这些发现来取得好的效果。认识到自己是奋斗中的英雄，我们都能成为自己命运的主宰，让自己变得更好)”结合文章主要说明了最近的研究表明，我们对自己生活的描述可以有力地帮助我们从压力中恢复过来。那些讲述自己在生活中挣扎并重新开始的人似乎有更好的心理健康。可知，故B选项“做自己的英雄”最符合文章标题。故选B。
43．C 44．A 45．D 46．C

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章以超市里的草莓为例，论述了自己对从事园艺的看法。
43．细节理解题。根据第一段中“One came out of a supermarket box, meaning it was probably harvested when it was still unripe. By the time it reached the plate it may have been off the vine for two weeks. (其中一颗是从超市的盒子里拿出来的，这意味着它可能是在尚未成熟的时候收获的。当它到达盘子的时候，它可能已经离开藤蔓两个星期了)”可知，超市里的草莓在完全长大前几天采摘。故选C。
44．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“the ultimate appeal of gardening: it mistakes the product for the purpose”可知，这种态度错误地把产品当成了目的，即这种态度误解了园艺的最终吸引力。故画线词意思是“误解”。故选A。
45．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, a garden, especially in the early  years, can produce little but frustration. Green hands may plant the wrong crops for their soil. And even expert gardeners can lose a season’s harvest to uncooperative weather. (另一方面，一个花园，尤其是在最初的几年，只能产生挫折。新手可能不适合自己的土地而种植错误的作物。即使是专业的园丁也会因为不配合的天气而失去一季的收成)”可推知，作者提到园艺上的失败是为了帮助读者对园艺有一个全面的了解。故选D。
46．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The real joy of gardening is the time spent doing it. The deepest pleasure-as with cooking. Writing or almost anything worthwhile — is in the work itself. To garden is to patiently, lovingly and diligently help life become strong and healthy, in the ground and above it. (园艺的真正乐趣在于花在上面的时间。最深的快乐——就像烹饪一样。写作或几乎任何有价值的事情——都在工作本身。园艺就是耐心、爱心和勤奋地帮助生命变得强壮和健康，无论是在地里还是在地上”可知，作者认为园艺投入的时间和精力使它成为一种乐趣。故选C。
47．C 48．B 49．B 50．D

【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要说明了六岁的孩子Madeline写信给洛杉矶县动物保护与控制部门，希望获得许可养一只独角兽。
47．细节理解题。根据第二段“Last November, Madeline wrote a letter to the Los Angeles County Department of Animal Care and Control with a straightforward request. “Dear LA County, I would like your approval if I can have a unicorn in my backyard if I can find one. Please send me a letter in response.”(去年11月，马德琳给洛杉矶县动物保护与控制部门写了一封信，直截了当地提出了要求。“亲爱的洛杉矶县，如果我能在后院找到一只独角兽，我希望得到你的批准。请回信给我。”)”可知，Madeline写这封信是为了请求允许养宠物。故选C。
48．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Director Mayeda replied two weeks later. The department does in fact license unicorns, she said, under certain conditions. Those include polishing the unicorn’s horn at least once a month with a soft cloth, feeding it watermelon at least once a week, covering it with only nontoxic and biodegradable sparkles and giving it regular access to sunlight, moonbeams and rainbows. And, because unicorns are indeed very rare to find, the department is also giving Madeline a toy unicorn to keep her company during her search, as a token of appreciation.(两周后，Mayeda局长回复了我。她说，在某些条件下，该部门确实向独角兽发放了许可证。这些措施包括每月至少用软布擦拭一次独角兽的角，每周至少给它喂一次西瓜，只在它身上涂上无毒和可生物降解的火花，并定期让它接触阳光、月光和彩虹。而且，由于独角兽确实非常罕见，该部门还送给马德琳一个玩具独角兽，在她寻找的过程中陪伴她，作为感谢的象征)”可知，要获得许可应满足一些要求。故选B。
49．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““It is always rewarding to hear from young people who thoughtfully consider the requirements of providing a loving home for animals,” Mayeda wrote in the letter. “I like your sense of responsible pet ownership to seek permission in advance to keep a unicorn in Los Angeles County.”(Mayeda在信中写道：“听到年轻人深思熟虑地考虑为动物提供一个充满爱的家的要求，总是令人欣慰的。我喜欢你这种负责任的养宠物意识，在洛杉矶县养独角兽之前要事先征得许可。”)”可推知，Mayeda很体贴谨慎。故选B。
50．推理判断题。根据最后一段“They were impressed with the first-grader for wanting to ask permission in the first place, and doing her research to work out how to go about that. (他们对这位一年级学生印象深刻，因为她一开始就想申请许可，并通过研究来找出如何做到这一点。)”和“So Madeline’s letter has considerably brightened their spirits, and she is due to visit the department this week to discuss her unicorn license application. Safe to say, she’s in for a magical surprise.(因此，Madeline的信大大振奋了他们的精神，她将于本周访问该部门，讨论她的独角兽许可证申请。可以肯定地说，她会有一个神奇的惊喜)”可知，该部门认为这封信“振奋了他们的精神”因为他们被女孩认真的行为感动了。故选D。
51．D 52．A 53．C

【详解】本文是一篇应用文，以广告的形式说明了遗嘱中的礼物可能是保护人类健康未来的关键。
4．细节理解题。根据文章上半部分的“As Chair of the Medical Research Foundation-the charitable arm of the Medical  Research Council(作为医学研究基金会——医学研究理事会的慈善机构的主席)”可知，医学研究基金会是医学研究委员会的一个部门。故选D。
5．细节理解题。根据文章下半部分的“To request your free guide to gifts in Wills fill in this form and return to Freepost, MEDICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION(如欲索取免费的遗嘱赠礼指南，请填写此表格并寄回医学研究基金会)”可知，如果珍妮想通过电子邮件了解医学研究基金会的工作，她应该填写下面的表格。故选A。
6．推理判断题。根据正文部分最后一段的“A gift in your Will to the Medical Research Foundation is an excellent investment and will have a lasting impact on science and on the future of human health in the UK.(在你的遗嘱中给医学研究基金会的一份礼物是一项极好的投资，将对英国的科学和人类健康的未来产生持久的影响。)”和“Get your free guide to supporting research in your Will.(在遗嘱中获得支持研究的免费指南)”可知，这整篇文章是致力于发起捐款呼吁的，故选C。
54．B 55．D 56．C

【详解】本文为应用文。文章是一则广告，介绍了耳鸣的症状和如何治疗耳鸣。
7．细节理解题。根据文章右栏第一段最后一句“It is often accompanied by dizziness, certain degree of sound sensitivity,blocked-ear or hearing loss. (常伴有头晕、一定程度的声音敏感、耳塞或听力损失。)”可知，耳鸣常伴有其他的症状，即可能会导致许多健康问题。故选B项。
8．细节理解题。根据右栏第二段第二句“It use high frequeny stimulation,through music,to re-buildand organize brain connections. (它利用高频率的刺激，通过音乐，重建和组织大脑连接。)”可知，声音疗法的原理是通过高频率的刺激，通过音乐重建和大脑的联系。故选D项。
9．细节理解题。根据左侧最后一段“To learn exactly how our program works and get a FREE DVD info pack, visit our website www.mysoundtheraphy.com/rd or call 1300557796 and discuss your needswith one of our consultants. (要确切了解我们的计划如何运作并获得免费的DVD信息包，请访问我们的网站 www.mysoundtheraphy.com/rd 或致电1300557796与我们的一位顾问讨论您的需求。)”可知，打1300557796这个电话可以了解更多信息，获得免费DVD，还可以销售顾问探讨自己的详细需求。故选C项。
57．B 58．B 59．A 60．C

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了从最近的调查来看，大多数睡眠行为方面的专家都认为，瞌睡在全国几乎是一种流行病。介绍了睡眠不足的原因。
57．细节理解题。根据第二段“The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night.(我们睡眠不足危机的开始可以追溯到一个世纪前灯泡的发明。从18世纪和19世纪的日记和其他个人记录中，睡眠科学家得出结论，过去人们平均每晚睡9.5个小时)”可知，18、19世纪的人们因为没有电灯，每晚睡9.5个小时。故选B。
58．细节理解题。根据第二段中““People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realise they’re doing it,” says Dr. David. “They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous.”(大卫博士说：“人们在睡眠上作弊，他们甚至都没有意识到自己在这么做。他们认为自己睡6.5个小时就可以了，但实际上他们需要7.5个小时、8个小时甚至更多才能感到理想的精力充沛。”)”可知，大卫博士认为美国人经常忽视睡眠不足的后果。故选B。
59．细节理解题。根据第二段中““People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realise they’re doing it,” says Dr. David. “They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous.”(大卫博士说：“人们在睡眠上作弊，他们甚至都没有意识到自己在这么做。他们认为自己睡6.5个小时就可以了，但实际上他们需要7.5个小时、8个小时甚至更多才能感到理想的精力充沛。”)”和第三段中“Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme.(研究人员说，也许睡眠最无情的强盗是一天的复杂性。每当来自工作、家庭、朋友和社区的压力增加时，许多人认为睡眠是他计划中最便宜的项目)”可知，许多美国人认为，当一个人忙碌时，睡眠是首先可以牺牲的东西。故选A。
60．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“To determine the consequences of sleep deficit”以及后文“through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier”可知，研究人员进行了一系列心理和表现测试，例如让被研究的人添加一列数字，或回忆几分钟前读给他们听的一段话，来确定睡眠不足的后果，故画线词指的是“其行为或反应被研究的人”。故选C。
61．C 62．B 63．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要谈论的是影响人格特征与跨文化体验的成功的三个特点。
61．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scholars and researchers have tried to discover what personality characteristics go along with success in intercultural experiences. Their findings have often been unclear or incomplete. But three characteristics stand out in their reports: patience, a sense of humour, and the awareness of being unclear.”（学者和研究人员试图发现什么样的人格特征与跨文化体验的成功有关。他们的发现往往是不清楚或不完整的。但在他们的报告中，有三个特点最为突出：耐心、幽默感和含糊不清的意识。）可知，本文主要谈论的是影响人格特征与跨文化体验的成功的三个特点。故选C。
62．细节理解题。根据第四段第一句““The awareness of being unclear” is a more difficult concept than patience or a sense of humour.”（“不清楚的意识”是一个比耐心或幽默感更难的概念。可知相比耐心或更幽默，“不清楚的意识”是尤其要关注的。故选B。
63．词句猜测题。根据第四段的前三句““The awareness of being unclear” is a more difficult concept than patience or a sense of humour. Foreigners often find themselves in situations that are unclear to the newcomers. That is, they do not know what is happening in the situation.”（“不清楚的意识”是一个比耐心或幽默感更难的概念。外国人经常发现自己处于新来者不清楚的情况下。也就是说，他们不知道在这种情况下发生了什么。）可知，“不清楚的意识”是指外国人对于他们所在的情形不知道何去何从。故选D。
64．C 65．A 66．D 67．C

【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个酒店的情况，包括地理位置、服务以及价格等信息。
64．细节理解题。根据第一部分“Priced: From $50 per person, per night(价格：每人每晚50美元起)”；第二部分中“Priced: From $59 per person, per night(价格：每人每晚59美元起)”；第三部分中“Priced: From $39 per person, per night(价格：每人每晚39美元起)”以及最后一部分中“Priced: From $49 per person, per night(价格：每人每晚49美元起)”可知，每天每人花钱最少的是$39，也就是在Flag Motor Lodge Hotel Belmont Perth。故选C。
65．细节理解题。根据Comfort Inn Wentworth Plaza Hotel Perth部分中“Near the Perth Entertainment Centre, in the heart of Perth’s central business district(靠近珀斯娱乐中心，位于珀斯中央商务区的中心)”可知，假设你住在Comfort Inn Wentworth Plaza Hotel Perth，你会发现很容易得到娱乐。故选A。
66．细节理解题。根据最后一部分“Centrally located in the heart of Perth, the Hotel Ibis Perth is a perfect base from which to explore Western Australian capital city with the Murray and Hay Street Malls just 300 metres away.(宜必思珀斯酒店位于珀斯市中心，是一个完美的基地，从探索西澳大利亚首都的默里和海伊街购物中心仅300米远)”可知，Ibis Hotel Perth的特别之处在于靠近商业街。故选D。
67．推理判断题。根据Comfort Inn Wentworth Plaza Hotel Perth部分中“FREE Parking(免费停车)”可推知，Comfort Inn Wentworth Plaza Hotel Perth更能吸引驾车游客。故选C。
68．B 69．C 70．D 71．A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了冒险游乐场越来越少的原因，揭示其中最重要的原因是父母参与管理孩子的玩耍，让孩子失去了玩耍的自由，让玩耍成为了大人的事情。
68．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Many of the playgrounds, run by local authorities, would end up getting killed off by funding cuts begun in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis.(许多由地方政府经营的游乐场在2008年金融危机后开始削减资金，最终将被淘汰)”可推知D项“经营这些冒险乐园的地方政府面临经济困难”是冒险游乐场越来越少的原因之一；根据第四段中“But even those that still survive today remain at risk due to health and safety concerns and a downplaying by government of play as an essential part of the developmental process (但是，由于健康和安全方面的担忧，和政府不将玩耍视为孩子发展过程的重要组成部分等原因，使用那些即使今天仍然存在的冒险游乐场也面临着危险)”可知C项“政府低估了冒险游乐场在孩子发展过程中发挥的重要作用”是冒险游乐场越来越少的原因之一；根据第六段中“Another threat to adventure playgrounds is more pernicious than funding cuts: a fear about letting children out on their own to play.(险游乐场面临的另一个威胁比资金削减更有害：害怕让孩子们自己出去玩)”可知A项“出于安全考虑，父母往往不敢让孩子自己在外面玩”也是冒险游乐场越来越少的原因之一。只有B项“家长和孩子们的注意力正从冒险游乐场转向社交媒体”未提及，不是冒险游乐场越来越少的原因。故选B项。
69．词句猜测题。结合常识和划线词所在句中“funding cuts”和“the 2008 financial crisis”可推知，经费削减与2008年金融危机相关。结合选项，“in the wake of...”应该是指“紧跟着……”，表示两件事情的先后关系。与动词短语“come after”意思相近。故选C项。
70．推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘The professionalization of parenting’ — the idea that there is a recipe for children becoming well-rounded adults that has encouraged mums and dads to micromanage their offspring — is to blame. ‘Taking risks is a really important part of a child’s development but that often conflicts with what people feel is their responsibility as parents,’ Dodd says. ‘Freedom of play is undervalued because we want our children to get a new skill that we can put on social media and brag about.’ Typically, children must now play in a way that is being defined by adults.(“育儿的职业化”理念认为有一种方法可以让孩子成为全面发展的成年人，这鼓励了父母对他们的孩子进行微观管理，这种观点是罪魁祸首。多德说：“冒险是孩子成长过程中非常重要的一部分，但这往往与人们认为自己作为父母的责任相冲突。”“玩耍的自由被低估了，因为我们希望我们的孩子学会一项新技能，我们可以在社交媒体上炫耀。”通常情况下，孩子们现在必须以成年人定义的方式玩耍。)”可知，孩子的成长过程中需要冒险，而“育儿的职业化”的理念鼓励父母对他们的孩子进行微观管理，剥夺了玩耍的自由，孩子们现在必须以成年人定义的方式玩耍。由此推知，现在的生活中父母以父母责任的名义过多地参与了孩子的玩耍。故选D项。
71．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第六段中“Another threat to adventure playgrounds is more pernicious than funding cuts: a fear about letting children out on their own to play.(冒险游乐场面临的另一个威胁比资金削减更有害：害怕让孩子们自己出去玩)”、最后一段中“‘The professionalization of parenting’ — the idea that there is a recipe for children becoming well-rounded adults that has encouraged mums and dads to micromanage their offspring — is to blame.(“育儿的职业化”理念认为有一种方法可以让孩子成为全面发展的成年人，这鼓励了父母对他们的孩子进行微观管理，这种观点是罪魁祸首)”和“Typically, children must now play in a way that is being defined by adults.(通常情况下，孩子们现在必须以成年人定义的方式玩耍)”可推知，本文分析了冒险游乐场越来越少的原因，其中最重要的原因是父母参与管理孩子的玩耍，让孩子失去了玩耍的自由，让玩耍成为了大人的事情。故A项“Children’s play, nowadays a grown-up matter.(孩子们的玩耍，成了大人的事)”是最佳标题。故选A项。
72．B 73．C 74．D 75．C

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者全家在满月下出去玩的经历。作者认为世界是他们的教室。在月下作者和孩子们探讨了有关月球的知识。
72．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“We first started going on full moon walks for ourselves, because my husband Todd and1I, loved them and we needed these little doses of moonlight to stay happy and to function in society.  But after we became parents, we did this for our children.（我们最初是为了自己在月圆之夜散步，因为我丈夫托德和我都很喜欢，我们需要这些小量的月光来保持快乐，并在社会上发挥作用。但当了父母后，我们就为孩子们做这件事）”可知，第一段中划线的“this”指的是“到户外看满月”。故选B。
73．细节理解题。根据第四段中“‘Does the moon’s face change?’ Bryce asked. I told him that the moon rotates with the earth, but it does not spin on its axis like the earth does. The same side of the moon is always facing earth. We never see the other side, the far side of the moon. Sierra remarked that the moon looked larger and closer when it was rising.（‘月亮的脸会变吗?’布莱斯问。我告诉他月球和地球一起旋转，但它不像地球那样绕着自己的轴旋转。月球的同一面总是对着地球。我们从未见过月球的另一面。塞拉说月亮升起的时候看起来又大又近）”可知，他们保持好奇，继续深入挖掘关于月球的知识。故选C。
74．细节理解题。根据第五段中“If we did not possess the knowledge to explain and educate, we looked it up, either beforehand to enhance the experience, or afterwards, together, after we wondered and came up with a list of questions. （如果我们不具备解释和教育的知识，我们就会事先去查，以增强经验，或者在我们想过并提出一系列问题后一起去查）”可知，为了更好地教育孩子，作者和丈夫有时会提前查询信息。故选D。
75．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Sometimes all it takes is going outdoors and gazing up at the heavens.（有时候只需要走到户外，仰望天空）”结合本文标题“世界是我们的教室”可知，本文主要探讨利用身边的事物、现象等来增加孩子的知识。因此C项Opportunities to seek magical experiences and learning is right in your neighborhood.（寻找神奇体验和学习的机会就在你的附近）能与最后一段构成完整的内容。故选C。