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上海高考英语概要写作专项训练
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这是一份上海高考英语概要写作专项训练，共22页。试卷主要包含了Directins等内容，欢迎下载使用。
概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Nowadays, leaders the world over are busy mapping out blueprints for a new age with environmental protection high on their agenda. Sustainable development hits headlines almost every day. It is of utmost importance to restore the harmonious balance between man and nature, given the damage we’ve already done to it.
First of all, we must realize that man and nature are interactive. To begin with, we derive everything from nature. Among other things, I’m sure you’ve all tasted natural produce that is otherwise known as green food. And you must have noticed that nearly all beautifying products boast of being natural creams, natural lotions or natural gels. For man, nature has an irresistible appeal.
But on the other hand we must also realize that nature can be unruly. Nature is indeed like a riddle, some areas of which are beyond the reach of science and technology, at least in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, the advancement of science and technology will still characterize the next millennium. The coming new age will provide many opportunities, but it will be likewise run of challenges. For instance, United Nations’ demographers predict that global population could soar from its current 5.9 billion to as many as 11.2 billion by 2050. This will worsen the current scarcity of natural resources caused by environmental degradation. More conflicts over this scarcity may occur with the ghost of nuclear wars always hiding in the background. To prevent this nightmare from coming true, governments need to work closely with each other and back up their verbal commitment by actions. However, it is not enough only to ask what governments can do to achieve the harmony between man and nature. We must ask ourselves what we as individuals can do.
Can we all be economical with food, water, electricity or other resources? Can we, or rather, some greedy ones among us, stop making rare plants and animals into delicious dishes? Can we stop using the unrecyclable style of lunch boxes? If not, one day they may bury us in an ocean of white rubbish. After all, the earth is not a dustbin; it’s our common home.
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2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Stressful situations are sometimes unavoidable. Each of us perceives challenges in our own way and reaction to them also varies. How stressful our life is depends not only on us. Other people influence it as well. And this is something we cannot change.
What if we do not try to change others, but rather try and change our attitude to stress and tension that we often experience at work?
Stretching releases muscle tension that accumulates in your back, shoulders, and neck during the day. Even when your day is extremely busy, do your best and set aside at least 5-10 minutes to do some exercise. There are plenty of exercises you can practise that do not require any special equipment: yoga, or simple squats — you can pick any kind of workout to your liking. Physical activity will boost your energy level and help you calm down. Working out is beneficial for both your body and mind.
Herbs work miracles. Some of them, such as chamomile and peppermint, are a powerful tool helping to fight stress and anxiety. NASA scientists have recently carried out research into the effect of herbs and found out that peppermint scent decreases tiredness by 20% and reduces frustration by 25%, Make a smarter choice and, while at work, drink herbal tea instead of coffee.
Once you find yourself in a different surroundings you will feel much better. If your office is situated in a busy city center, then you can spend your lunch break m a sidewalk cafe. Order your favorite drink and distract yourself by watching people go by. If your office is located in an environmentally clean place, for example, near a city park. You can then refresh yourself and relax a bit before you dive back into your working routine.
Call someone who you know can understand and support you when you feel stressed. A study shows that communication with close people, such as your friends or parents, produces oxytocin in your body — the hormone that is needed to successfully fight tension and stress.
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3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
Fishy Weather
Have you ever heard someone say, “It’s raining cats and dogs”? It’s a figure of speech—no one has ever seen it truly rain cats and dogs. However, weird weather does happen. Fish, frogs, and even spiders have fallen from the sky during storms!
Some places get a lot of weird weather. Yoro, a city in Honduras, is one such place. There, animals fall from the sky so often that kids learn about it in school. However, most people don’t believe it until they see it. When Miguel Espinoza moved to Yoro, he thought the stories were just legends. Then one afternoon, he saw a dark cloud in the sky. “I felt something hit my hat, and I saw a shiny flutter,” he said. “It was a fish!” Hundreds of silver fish fell like wriggling raindrops.
Scientists can explain the raining fish. Storms with strong winds, such as waterspouts and tornadoes, can suck up water as they pass over rivers, lakes, or oceans. The winds will also suck up whatever is swimming in that water! These storms can then carry the animals for many miles. When the winds start to die down, they drop the water and animals.
Fish are the most common animals carried by storms, but they aren’t the only ones. In 2005, thousands of tiny frogs rained down on a city in Serbia. Amazingly, frogs were still alive after they fell to the ground. And in 2007, a man named Christian Gaona was visiting northern Argentina when he experienced a very creepy rain. Dozens of spiders fell from the sky! Christian snapped some pictures of the raining spiders. Otherwise, his friends might never have believed his unusual story.
Overall, animal rainstorms aren’t very common. In most years, fewer than ten animal storms are reported around the world. So don’t worry about fish bouncing off your umbrella. If they do, you’ll have your own story about very weird weather.
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4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Major trends that may affect education systems
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which promotes policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world, has been looking at the future of global education. Its head of education, Andreas Schleicher, has been talking about some major international trends affecting education systems around the world.
One trend is the widening gap between rich and poor. In OECD countries, the richest 10% have incomes 10 times greater than the poorest 10%. This inequality is a challenge for schools who want to offer equal and fair access to education for everyone.
Another trend is the rising wealth in Asia. It’s suggested that a large rise in the middle-classes in countries like India will increase demand for university places. Andreas Schleicher asks the question “What values will these newly wealthy consumers want from their schools?”
Increasing migration will also have an impact on education systems. Mobility results in more culturally diverse students eager to learn and develop good life for themselves. But that can be challenge, too, as Andreas Schleicher asks: “How should schools support pupils arriving from around the world? Will schools have a bigger role in teaching about shared values?”
Funding pressure is another issue: as our demand and expectation for education rises and more people go to university, who’s going to pay for it all? The rise in dependency on technology is another concern. What should students learn when many of their talents can be reproduced by machines? And how reliant should we be on learning from the internet?
These are just some of the issues the OECD is highlighting. But they remain irrelevant for hundreds of millions of the world’s poorest children who don’t even have access to school places or receive such low-quality education that they leave without the most basic literacy or numeracy.
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5．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The World Should Welcome the Rise of the Robots
The word “robot” was coined in 1020 by the Czech playwright Karel Capek, who imagined artificial, fully functional servants. For most of their history, however, robots have been dumb, inelegant mechanical devices sitting out of sight in factories.
Things are starting to change, however. Robots have benefited from rapid innovations in smartphones, which brought cheap cameras and sensors, fast wireless communications and powerful, smaller computer chips. More recent advances in machine learning have added software to make robots better informed about their surroundings and equipped them to make wiser decisions. Robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life. In a pandemic-ravaged world, short of workers but with lots of elderly folk to look after, having more robots to boost productivity would be a good thing.
And yet many people fear that robots will destroy jobs. A paper in 2013 by economists at Oxford University was widely misinterpreted as meaning that 47% of American jobs were at risk of being automated. In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown. The evidence suggests robots will be disruptive but ultimately beneficial for labour markets. Japan and South Korea have the highest robot penetration but very strong work-forces. A Yale University study that looked at Japanese manufacturing between 1978 and 2017 found that an increase of one robot unit per 1,000 workers boosted a company’s employment by 2.2%. Research from the Bank of Korea found that robotization moved jobs away from manufacturing into other sectors, but that there was no decrease in overall vacancies.
Inevitably, some people will be on the losing end of change even as the robots make society as a whole better off. It may trigger a political backlash, because the losers feel left behind. That is one more reason why firms and governments would do well to recognize the value of retraining and lifelong learning. As jobs change, workers should be helped to acquire new skills.
The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge. There is no reason to think the robots will revolt against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse.
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6．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
What do We Know About “Mathephobia”
Mathematician Mary de Lellis Gough, who often observed her struggling students fail to work out mathematical problems, coined the term ‘mathephobia’ in 1953. She described it as “a disease that proves fatal before its presence is detected”. Other experts have defined it as “the panic, helplessness and mental disorganization that arises among some people when they are required to solve a mathematical problem” and “a general fear of contact with mathematics”.
Sian Beilock, a cognitive scientist and her colleagues of Barnard College in New York have shown that math anxiety can start as soon as we enter formal schooling. “Math is one of the first places in school in western cultures where we really learn about whether we got something right or wrong, and are exposed to being evaluated in timed tests.”
Girls may be more prone to it than boys. Primary school teachers often have high levels of math anxiety, says Beilock, and in the US and elsewhere, they are mostly female. Since young children tend to identify with adults of the same gender, this means girls are more likely to pick up math anxiety from their female teachers. Having a female teacher with math anxiety makes girls more likely to believe gendered stereotypes about math, leading to poorer achievement.
“Once you have it, it can be self-lasting. Worrying about it can make it worse.” says Beilock, whose study of children between the ages of five and eight suggests math anxiety might weaken performance by burdening working memory. “As our ability to focus limited, our attention gets divided when we do more than one task at a time.” she says. “If you’re worried about having to do math, you may have an internal monologue saying you can’t do this and at the same time you’re trying to calculate numbers.”
When people have math anxiety, they tend to avoid the subject, as researchers from 2019 show. But since math builds on itself, avoiding it makes it harder to catch up. “Math is foundational. If you miss a certain idea, it’s harder to learn the next one.” says Darcy Hallett. “And then you can fall behind, which might make math more of a targeted anxiety compared to other topics.”
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7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Global Cooperation
In the 21st century, we’ve seen a new trend that is pushing the boundaries of human invention and innovation—global cooperation. Scientific and technical research and development is now so complicated that no one scientist can know it all. So, increasingly, innovation is coming from the combining of cutting-edge expertise (专业知识) from different scientific fields.
There are now over 8, 000 scientific journals worldwide and it is impossible to be an expert in all areas. Therefore, in this highly specialized world, scientists, medics and engineers have to cooperate in order to innovate. Professor Bob Langer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has made significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedical engineering. But he hasn’t done it on his own. He has invited experts from around the world in different fields to form a global team to design new substances which can go inside the body, deliver medicines and then dissolve. Also at MIT, when Cesar Harada heard about the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, he quit his dream job there and tried to develop a more efficient way to remove the oil. But rather than focusing on profit, he decided to ‘open-source’ the design. He shared his own ideas on the web for free and then got experts from all around the world to contribute ideas and even donations. Thanks to this free, not-for-profit way of sharing ideas and intellectual property on the internet, a boat capable of cleaning oil quickly came into being. Obviously, international cooperation based on sharing information freely has produced innovative approaches to solving problems.
It appears that the days of brilliant individuals working in their garages on their own are over. Global teams with a united purpose building on everyone’s expertise can collectively do far more than one brilliant individual. Today’s world calls for global cooperators, sharers, and not protectors of ideas.
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8．Directions：Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
To adjust you baby to the external world, educating him is your main assignment. How will you educate him? What role will he play in the world?
According to Darwin’s theory of the evolution of the species, we are a competitive species and one survives by adapting itself biologically to various environments through various ways. Competition was useful for the progress of society and for the survival of human beings.
Today, however, the challenges are different. There are environmental imbalance, deaths of thousands of children every day by starvation and countless diseases. Therefore, it is urgent that the philosophy of preparing our children for competition and power be replaced by one of preparing them for love and cooperation.
The earth is a unique home to us all. We must educate our children so that they want to preserve nature and it can in return make them more powerful and capable in society. Our children have to learn that we don’t need to practice actions that benefit only our homeland while all other countries are destroyed. The destruction of other countries and lives leads to the impossibility of the future existence of our home. We must teach our children that the main necessity of men and children is love. Love is good to ourselves, others and nature.
But it is getting harder to love. We are not capable of demonstrating hate to a flower, grabbing it and throwing it at the floor and stepping on it. It sounds insane! But we are insensitive to the extent of seeing a homeless person on the ground and pretending it’s not our problem! Our strong idea of competition has led us to total insensibility!
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9．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Changing Spring Festival
The Spring Festival, as it is celebrated today, has undergone many changes, the country’s economic development and globalization.
No Spring Festival is complete without food. People could not get good food with desired in earlier times, something that does not apply to society today. The best time celebrate was when food was available in plenty, and that was possible in spring, or the beginning of the Lunar New Year. That was the main reason why the Spring Festival acquired such great importance among Chinese people. But three decades of economic growth has ensured that people in China can enjoy a good meal whenever they want. People seem not to long for delicious food like before during the Spring Festival due to the change in people’s fortune.
In the past, celebrations were limited to events like song-and-dance duets(二人转)in North China, dragon and lion dances in South China and fireworks. And economic development and urbanization seems to have ensured various forms of entertainment and communication. People can watch the Spring Festival Gala on TV or even on the cellphone.
Many customs associated with the Spring Festival have changed, too. In the past, people used to visit relatives and friends with gifts and lots of good wishes. Today, many people, especially the youth, use their cell phones or the Internet to send their good wishes and even “gifts” to their relatives and friends. Some may say this is a sign that people have become less caring about their near and dear ones, but we can see this development as a time-and energy-saving exercise granted by the information age.
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10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Parents, teachers, and anyone who regularly deals with teenagers know how difficult the adolescent years can be. Adolescents have always been known to do wild — even dangerous — thing. Now, brain-imaging technology allows scientists to study the physical development of the brain in more detail than ever before. Their discoveries have led to a new theory of why teens act the way they do.
Recently, scientists discovered that though our brains are almost at their full size by the age of six, they are far from fully developed. Only during adolescence do our brains truly “grow up”. During this time, they go through great changes, like a computer system being upgraded. This “upgrade” was once thought to be finished by about age 12. Now, scientists have concluded that our brains continue to change until age 25. Such changes make us better at balancing our impulses (冲动) with the need to follow rules. However, a brain that is still developing does this awkwardly. The result, scientists claim, is the unpredictable behavior seen in teenagers.
The studies confirm that teens are more likely to take risks and behave in extreme ways. Fortunately, the news isn’t all negative. As brain scientist B．J. Casey points out, the teen brain inspires such behavior in order to help teenagers prepare for adult life.
One way the brain does this is by changing the way teens view risks and rewards. Researchers found that when teens think about rewards, their brains release more of the chemicals that create pleasure than an adult brain would. Researchers believe this makes the rewards seem more important than the risks and makes teens feel the excitement of new experiences more keenly than adults do.
Research into the structure of the teen brain also found that it makes social connections seem especially rewarding. As such, teens have an intense need to meet new people. It, therefore, connects social rewards with even more pleasure. In this way, the brain encourages teens to have a wide circle of friends, which is believed to make them more successful in life.
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1．A possible version
To achieve harmony between man and nature, people must be aware that although they are interactive, nature is not always at man’s mercy. Science and technology will be advancing, but population explosion will result in worsening environment. To maintain sustainable development, both governments and individuals should fulfill their promise of protecting the earth—our common home.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，要实现人与自然的和谐，人们必须认识到，虽然人与自然是相互作用的，但自然并不总是听命于人。科学技术将会进步，但人口爆炸将导致环境恶化。为了保持可持续发展，政府和个人都应该履行他们的承诺，保护地球——我们共同的家园。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①It is of utmost importance to restore the harmonious balance between man and nature, given the damage we’ve already done to it. First of all, we must realize that man and nature are interactive. For man, nature has an irresistible appeal.
②Nevertheless, the advancement of science and technology will still characterize the next millennium. For instance, United Nations’ demographers predict that global population could soar from its current 5.9 billion to as many as 11.2 billion by 2050.
③However, it is not enough only to ask what governments can do to achieve the harmony between man and nature. We must ask ourselves what we as individuals can do. After all, the earth is not a dustbin; it’s our common home.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
To achieve harmony between man and nature, people must be aware that although they are interactive, nature is not always at man’s mercy.
Science and technology will be advancing, but population explosion will result in worsening environment.
To maintain sustainable development, both governments and individuals should fulfill their promise of protecting the earth—our common home.
【点睛】[高分句型1 ]To achieve harmony between man and nature, people must be aware that although they are interactive, nature is not always at man’s mercy.运用although引导让步状语从句，对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] To maintain sustainable development, both governments and individuals should fulfill their promise of protecting the earth—our common home.用不定式作引导目的状语从句对最后两段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
2．A possible version:
Four ways to cope with stress are offered in the passage. First, workout, which releases muscle tension, builds up one’s energy and helps one calm down. Second, drink herbal tea, which fights effectively against stress and anxiety. Third, relax in new clean surroundings, where one feels better. Fourth, chatting with close people makes one less stressed.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章中提供了四种应对压力的方法。首先，锻炼，可以缓解肌肉紧张，建立一个人的能量，帮助一个人冷静下来。第二，喝花草茶，它能有效地对抗压力和焦虑。第三，在新的干净的环境中放松，让人感觉更好。第四，和亲近的人聊天可以减少压力。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①What if we do not try to change others, but rather try and change our attitude to stress and tension that we often experience at work?
②Physical activity will boost your energy level and help you calm down. Working out is beneficial for both your body and mind.
③Herbs work miracles. Some of them, such as chamomile and peppermint, are a powerful tool helping to fight stress and anxiety.
④If your office is located in an environmentally clean place, for example, near a city park. You can then refresh yourself and relax a bit before you dive back into your working routine.
⑤A study shows that communication with close people, such as your friends or parents, produces oxytocin in your body — the hormone that is needed to successfully fight tension and stress.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4、5四个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Four ways to cope with stress are offered in the passage.
First, workout, which releases muscle tension, builds up one’s energy and helps one calm down.
Second, drink herbal tea, which fights effectively against stress and anxiety.
Third, relax in new clean surroundings, where one feels better.
Fourth, chatting with close people makes one less stressed.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Four ways to cope with stress are offered in the passage.运用不定式作后置定语对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Second, drink herbal tea, which fights effectively against stress and anxiety.用which引导非限制性定语从句对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
3．One possible version:
Animals sometimes fall from the sky. In Yoro, Honduras, it has rained silver fish many times. Scientists claim waterspouts and tornadoes can pick up animals from water, which are carried for miles by the storm. When the storms stop, the animals fall. The same thing also happened to other animals in other areas, but it’s still not that common.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，动物有时会从天上掉下来。在洪都拉斯的约罗，下过很多次银鱼雨。科学家称，龙卷风和水龙卷走了水中的动物，并被风暴带到了数英里之外。当风暴停止时，动物们就会倒下。同样的事情也发生在其他地区的其他动物身上，但仍然不常见。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Fish, frogs, and even spiders have fallen from the sky during storms!
②Yoro, a city in Honduras, is one such place. Hundreds of silver fish fell like wriggling raindrops.
③Storms with strong winds, such as waterspouts and tornadoes, can suck up water as they pass over rivers, lakes, or oceans. The winds will also suck up whatever is swimming in that water! These storms can then carry the animals for many miles. When the winds start to die down, they drop the water and animals.
④Overall, animal rainstorms aren’t very common. In most years, fewer than ten animal storms are reported around the world.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Animals sometimes fall from the sky.
In Yoro, Honduras, it has rained silver fish many times.
Scientists claim waterspouts and tornadoes can pick up animals from water, which are carried for miles by the storm. When the storms stop, the animals fall.
The same thing also happened to other animals in other areas, but it’s still not that common.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Scientists claim waterspouts and tornadoes can pick up animals from water, which are carried for miles by the storm.运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句。
[高分句型2] The same thing also happened to other animals in other areas, but it’s still not that common.用一个并列句对原文最后两段内容进行概括。
4． Andreas Schleicher, OECD’S head of education, talks about some of the trends that are affecting education systems. These trends include the broadening gap between rich and poor, the increasing wealth in Asia, more and more migration, funding and increasing dependency on technology. However, for world’s poorest children, the main problem is their access to school.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了影响教育系统的一些趋势，这些趋势包括贫富差距的扩大、亚洲财富的增加、越来越多的移民及教育系统对资金和对技术的依赖等。对于贫穷的儿童来说，他们很难拥有上学的机会。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which promotes policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world, has been looking at the future of global education.
②Its head of education, Andreas Schleicher, has been talking about some major international trends affecting education systems around the world.
③One trend is the widening gap between rich and poor.
④Another trend is the rising wealth in Asia.
⑤Increasing migration will also have an impact on education systems.
⑥The rise in dependency on technology is another concern.
⑦But they remain irrelevant for hundreds of millions of the world’s poorest children who don’t even have access to school places or receive such low-quality education that they leave without the most basic literacy or numeracy.
2.缜密构思
将第①和②两个要点进行整合；将第③、④、⑤和⑥四个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
①Firstly, the widening gap between rich and poor affects education systems around the world.
②Secondly, increasing migration is another concern.
③Last but not least, the rise in dependency will have an impact on education systems.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Andreas Schleicher, OECD’S head of education, talks about some of the trends that are affecting education systems. 运用了that引导的限制性定语从句对原文第一段行了概括。
[高分句型2] These trends include the broadening gap between rich and poor, the increasing wealth in Asia, more and more migration, funding and increasing dependency on technology. 运用了现在分词作定语对原文第二段到第五段行了概括。
5．With the progress of science and technology, robots are growing rapidly under the background of the widespread application of smart phones. However, some people think robots will destroy jobs. In contrast, the potential benefits of robots in the future development, such as improved learning skills, are huge and should not be seen as a reason for mass unemployment.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，随着科技进步，机器人在智能手机广泛应用的背景下迅速成长。然而，有些人认为机器人会毁掉工作。相反，机器人在未来的发展中，其潜在的收益是巨大的，如提升学习技能，而不应该视其为造成大规模失业的理由。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Things are starting to change, however. Robots have benefited from rapid innovations in smartphones. Robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life.
②And yet many people fear that robots will destroy jobs.
③Inevitably, some people will be on the losing end of change even as the robots make society as a whole better off. As jobs change, workers should be helped to acquire new skills.
④There is no reason to think the robots will revolt against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse.
2.缜密构思
将第1、4两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
During the pandemic, robots have reached out to more elderly people.
Having more robots increases productivity, which is a good thing.
Using robots can teach governments and businesses the value of retraining and lifelong learning.
In conclusion, we should not attribute mass unemployment or some other worse situation to robots.
【点睛】[高分句型1] With the progress of science and technology, robots are growing rapidly under the background of the widespread application of smart phones. 运用with的复合结构交代了机器人使人类受益的背景，对第二段内容进行总结，写法高级。
[高分句型2]In conctrast, the potential benefits of robots in the future development, such as improved learning skills, are huge and should not be seen as a reason for mass unemployment.运用了情态动词的被动语态，以及介词短语作状语对最后三段的部分内容进行概括，用法比较高级。
6．Mathephobia is defined as a general fear of solving maths problems, which usually starts at school and is revealed through tests. Girls develop mathephobia more easily under the influence of math- anxious female teachers. Children suffer poor performance in math when burdened with worry over it. Furthermore, attempt to evade the problem may worsen the situation.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，数学恐惧症被定义为对解决数学问题的普遍恐惧。它通常从学校开始，通过测试被发现。在对数学焦虑的女教师的影响下，女生更容易产生数学恐惧症。孩子们在数学上的表现很差，因为他们对数学感到忧虑。此外，试图逃避问题可能会使情况恶化。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Other experts have defined it as “the panic, helplessness and mental disorganization that arises among some people when they are required to solve a mathematical problem” and “a general fear of contact with mathematics”.
②Sian Beilock, a cognitive scientist and her colleagues of Barnard College in New York have shown that math anxiety can start as soon as we enter formal schooling. “Math is one of the first places in school in western cultures where we really learn about whether we got something right or wrong, and are exposed to being evaluated in timed tests.”
③Girls may be more prone to it than boys. Primary school teachers often have high levels of math anxiety, says Beilock, and in the US and elsewhere, they are mostly female. Since young children tend to identify with adults of the same gender, this means girls are more likely to pick up math anxiety from their female teachers.
④“Once you have it, it can be self-lasting. Worrying about it can make it worse.” says Beilock, whose study of children between the ages of five and eight suggests math anxiety might weaken performance by burdening working memory.
⑤When people have math anxiety, they tend to avoid the subject, as researchers from 2019 show. But since math builds on itself, avoiding it makes it harder to catch up.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将3、4、5三个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Mathephobia is defined as a general fear of solving maths problems, which usually starts at school and is revealed through tests. Girls develop mathephobia more easily under the influence of math- anxious female teachers. Children suffer poor performance in math when burdened with worry over it. Furthermore, attempt to evade the problem may worsen the situation.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Mathephobia is defined as a general fear of solving maths problems, which usually starts at school and is revealed through tests.（运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括，其中which引导的非限制性定语从句表达高级)
[高分句型2] Children suffer poor performance in math when burdened with worry over it.（用when引导的时间状语从句对第四段进行了概括，从句中省略了“主语+be动词”，表达非常高级）
7．Reference answer
In this century, global cooperation in science and technology is desirable because no single scientist can be a know-all due to the complexity of research and development. Scientists are working together to make breakthroughs. They also manage to solve problems by sharing ideas and information freely. Gone are the days when one expert can make it alone. (56 words)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍说，在21世纪，我们看到了一种推动人类发明和创新边界的新趋势——全球合作，本文对全球合作出现的背景和采用的方法进行了描述。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①In the 21st century, we’ve seen a new trend that is pushing the boundaries of human invention and innovation—global cooperation. Scientific and technical research and development is now so complicated that no one scientist can know it all.
②Professor Bob Langer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has made significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedical engineering. He has invited experts from around the world in different fields to form a global team to design new substances which can go inside the body, deliver medicines and then dissolve.
③He shared his own ideas on the web for free and then got experts from all around the world to contribute ideas and even donations.
④It appears that the days of brilliant individuals working in their garages on their own are over.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行整合，将第2、3、4三个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
In this century, global cooperation in science and technology is desirable because no single scientist can be a know-all due to the complexity of research and development.
Scientists are working together to make breakthroughs.
They also manage to solve problems by sharing ideas and information freely. Gone are the days when one expert can make it alone.
【点睛】[高分句型1] In this century, global cooperation in science and technology is desirable because no single scientist can be a know-all due to the complexity of research and development.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段进行了概括，其中because引导的原因状语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2] Gone are the days when one expert can make it alone.用表语提前的部分倒装句和when引导的定语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
8．As parents, we should educate our children how to adapt to the outside world. Because the challenges are different, we are bound to teach them to love and cooperate rather than compete. Children are supposed to learn to protect nature and know the importance of love, though our sense of competition makes it hard for us to love.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在当今这个社会，作为家长，我们应该教育孩子为未来做好准备。如今我们面临的挑战已经和过去大不一样，我们应该教会孩子如何去爱和合作，而不是一味地竞争。只不过，长期的竞争已经让我们变得麻木，很难去爱。
【详解】1 要点摘录
① To adjust you baby to the external world, educating him is your main assignment.
② Therefore, it is urgent that the philosophy of preparing our children for competition and power be replaced by one of preparing them for love and cooperation.
③ We must educate our children so that they want to preserve nature and it can in return make them more powerful and capable in society.
④ But it is getting harder to love.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2要点重组，将第3、4要点进行整合
3.遣词造句
As parents, we should educate our children how to adapt to the outside world.
Because the challenges are different, we are bound to teach them to love and cooperate rather than compete.
Children are supposed to learn to protect nature and know the importance of love, though our sense of competition makes it hard for us to love.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Because the challenges are different, we are bound to teach them to love and cooperate rather than compete. 运用了一个复杂的从句对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括。其中because引导的为原因状语从句。
[高分句型2] Children are supposed to learn to protect nature and know the importance of love, though our sense of competition makes it hard for us to love.用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文的第四段和第五段进行了概括。其中though引导的为让步状语从句。
9．Today’s Spring Festival has witnessed many changes because of economic development and globalization. Firstly, people no longer desire good food so much as in earlier times because of growth of fortune. Secondly, people now enjoy a more variety of celebration, entertainment and communication. Thirdly, many customs like the way of sending wishes and gifts have changed in the information age.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了随着国家的经济发展和全球化，春节的庆祝形式也经历了许多变化。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①The Spring Festival, as it is celebrated today, has undergone many changes, the country’s economic development and globalization.
②People could not get good food with desired in earlier times, something that does not apply to society today.
③But three decades of economic growth has ensured that people in China can enjoy a good meal whenever they want. People seem not to long for delicious food like before during the Spring Festival due to the change in people’s fortune.
④And economic development and urbanization seems to have ensured various forms of entertainment and communication.
⑤Many customs associated with the Spring Festival have changed, too.
⑥In the past, people used to visit relatives and friends with gifts and lots of good wishes. Today, many people, especially the youth, use their cell phones or the Internet to send their good wishes and even “gifts” to their relatives and friends.
2. 缜密构思
将第1个要点重组；第2、3个要点整合；第5、6两个要点整合。
3. 遣词造句
Owing to the country’s economic development and globalization, the tradition of celebrating the Spring Festival has undergone many changes.
In the past, people desired to get food. But decades later, people seem not to long for delicious food like before during the Spring Festival due to the change in people’s fortune.
With the developmeng of technology, manycustoms associated with the Spring Festival have changed. Today, many people, especially the youth, use their cell phones or the Internet to send their good wishes and even “gifts” to their relatives and friends.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
Today’s Spring Festival has witnessed many changes because of economic development and globalization. （运用了现在完成时）
[高分句型2]
Thirdly, many customs like the way of sending wishes and gifts have changed in the information age.（运用了动名词短语作宾语）
10．One possible version:
Scientists discovered the cause of teenagers’ unpredictable behaviors thanks to brain-imaging technology. Studies show that brains continue to grow until age 25, so teenagers’ still-developing brains causes them to take risks. Teenagers’ brains measure risks and rewards differently than adult brains do and stimulate them to have more social connections, paving the way for their future success.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，多亏了大脑成像技术，科学家们发现了青少年不可预测行为的原因。研究表明，大脑在25岁之前会继续生长，所以青少年仍在发育的大脑会让他们冒险。青少年的大脑衡量风险和回报的方式与成年人不同，这刺激他们建立更多的社会联系，为他们未来的成功铺平道路。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Now, brain-imaging technology allows scientists to study the physical development of the brain in more detail than ever before. Their discoveries have led to a new theory of why teens act the way they do.
②Now, scientists have concluded that our brains continue to change until age 25. Such changes make us better at balancing our impulses (冲动) with the need to follow rules.
③However, a brain that is still developing does this awkwardly. The result, scientists claim, is the unpredictable behavior seen in teenagers.
④One way the brain does this is by changing the way teens view risks and rewards.
⑤Researchers believe this makes the rewards seem more important than the risks and makes teens feel the excitement of new experiences more keenly than adults do.
⑥It, therefore, connects social rewards with even more pleasure. In this way, the brain encourages teens to have a wide circle of friends, which is believed to make them more successful in life.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3和4、5、6几个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Scientists discovered the cause of teenagers’ unpredictable behaviors thanks to brain-imaging technology.
Studies show that brains continue to grow until age 25, so teenagers’ still-developing brains causes them to take risks.
Teenagers’ brains measure risks and rewards differently than adult brains do and stimulate them to have more social connections, paving the way for their future success.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：Studies show that brains continue to grow until age 25, so teenagers’ still-developing brains causes them to take risks.(运用了that引导的宾语从句)
[高分句型2]：Teenagers’ brains measure risks and rewards differently than adult brains do and stimulate them to have more social connections, paving the way for their future success. (运用了现在分词作状语)
概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Nowadays, leaders the world over are busy mapping out blueprints for a new age with environmental protection high on their agenda. Sustainable development hits headlines almost every day. It is of utmost importance to restore the harmonious balance between man and nature, given the damage we’ve already done to it.
First of all, we must realize that man and nature are interactive. To begin with, we derive everything from nature. Among other things, I’m sure you’ve all tasted natural produce that is otherwise known as green food. And you must have noticed that nearly all beautifying products boast of being natural creams, natural lotions or natural gels. For man, nature has an irresistible appeal.
But on the other hand we must also realize that nature can be unruly. Nature is indeed like a riddle, some areas of which are beyond the reach of science and technology, at least in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, the advancement of science and technology will still characterize the next millennium. The coming new age will provide many opportunities, but it will be likewise run of challenges. For instance, United Nations’ demographers predict that global population could soar from its current 5.9 billion to as many as 11.2 billion by 2050. This will worsen the current scarcity of natural resources caused by environmental degradation. More conflicts over this scarcity may occur with the ghost of nuclear wars always hiding in the background. To prevent this nightmare from coming true, governments need to work closely with each other and back up their verbal commitment by actions. However, it is not enough only to ask what governments can do to achieve the harmony between man and nature. We must ask ourselves what we as individuals can do.
Can we all be economical with food, water, electricity or other resources? Can we, or rather, some greedy ones among us, stop making rare plants and animals into delicious dishes? Can we stop using the unrecyclable style of lunch boxes? If not, one day they may bury us in an ocean of white rubbish. After all, the earth is not a dustbin; it’s our common home.
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2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Stressful situations are sometimes unavoidable. Each of us perceives challenges in our own way and reaction to them also varies. How stressful our life is depends not only on us. Other people influence it as well. And this is something we cannot change.
What if we do not try to change others, but rather try and change our attitude to stress and tension that we often experience at work?
Stretching releases muscle tension that accumulates in your back, shoulders, and neck during the day. Even when your day is extremely busy, do your best and set aside at least 5-10 minutes to do some exercise. There are plenty of exercises you can practise that do not require any special equipment: yoga, or simple squats — you can pick any kind of workout to your liking. Physical activity will boost your energy level and help you calm down. Working out is beneficial for both your body and mind.
Herbs work miracles. Some of them, such as chamomile and peppermint, are a powerful tool helping to fight stress and anxiety. NASA scientists have recently carried out research into the effect of herbs and found out that peppermint scent decreases tiredness by 20% and reduces frustration by 25%, Make a smarter choice and, while at work, drink herbal tea instead of coffee.
Once you find yourself in a different surroundings you will feel much better. If your office is situated in a busy city center, then you can spend your lunch break m a sidewalk cafe. Order your favorite drink and distract yourself by watching people go by. If your office is located in an environmentally clean place, for example, near a city park. You can then refresh yourself and relax a bit before you dive back into your working routine.
Call someone who you know can understand and support you when you feel stressed. A study shows that communication with close people, such as your friends or parents, produces oxytocin in your body — the hormone that is needed to successfully fight tension and stress.
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3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
Fishy Weather
Have you ever heard someone say, “It’s raining cats and dogs”? It’s a figure of speech—no one has ever seen it truly rain cats and dogs. However, weird weather does happen. Fish, frogs, and even spiders have fallen from the sky during storms!
Some places get a lot of weird weather. Yoro, a city in Honduras, is one such place. There, animals fall from the sky so often that kids learn about it in school. However, most people don’t believe it until they see it. When Miguel Espinoza moved to Yoro, he thought the stories were just legends. Then one afternoon, he saw a dark cloud in the sky. “I felt something hit my hat, and I saw a shiny flutter,” he said. “It was a fish!” Hundreds of silver fish fell like wriggling raindrops.
Scientists can explain the raining fish. Storms with strong winds, such as waterspouts and tornadoes, can suck up water as they pass over rivers, lakes, or oceans. The winds will also suck up whatever is swimming in that water! These storms can then carry the animals for many miles. When the winds start to die down, they drop the water and animals.
Fish are the most common animals carried by storms, but they aren’t the only ones. In 2005, thousands of tiny frogs rained down on a city in Serbia. Amazingly, frogs were still alive after they fell to the ground. And in 2007, a man named Christian Gaona was visiting northern Argentina when he experienced a very creepy rain. Dozens of spiders fell from the sky! Christian snapped some pictures of the raining spiders. Otherwise, his friends might never have believed his unusual story.
Overall, animal rainstorms aren’t very common. In most years, fewer than ten animal storms are reported around the world. So don’t worry about fish bouncing off your umbrella. If they do, you’ll have your own story about very weird weather.
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4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Major trends that may affect education systems
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which promotes policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world, has been looking at the future of global education. Its head of education, Andreas Schleicher, has been talking about some major international trends affecting education systems around the world.
One trend is the widening gap between rich and poor. In OECD countries, the richest 10% have incomes 10 times greater than the poorest 10%. This inequality is a challenge for schools who want to offer equal and fair access to education for everyone.
Another trend is the rising wealth in Asia. It’s suggested that a large rise in the middle-classes in countries like India will increase demand for university places. Andreas Schleicher asks the question “What values will these newly wealthy consumers want from their schools?”
Increasing migration will also have an impact on education systems. Mobility results in more culturally diverse students eager to learn and develop good life for themselves. But that can be challenge, too, as Andreas Schleicher asks: “How should schools support pupils arriving from around the world? Will schools have a bigger role in teaching about shared values?”
Funding pressure is another issue: as our demand and expectation for education rises and more people go to university, who’s going to pay for it all? The rise in dependency on technology is another concern. What should students learn when many of their talents can be reproduced by machines? And how reliant should we be on learning from the internet?
These are just some of the issues the OECD is highlighting. But they remain irrelevant for hundreds of millions of the world’s poorest children who don’t even have access to school places or receive such low-quality education that they leave without the most basic literacy or numeracy.
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5．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The World Should Welcome the Rise of the Robots
The word “robot” was coined in 1020 by the Czech playwright Karel Capek, who imagined artificial, fully functional servants. For most of their history, however, robots have been dumb, inelegant mechanical devices sitting out of sight in factories.
Things are starting to change, however. Robots have benefited from rapid innovations in smartphones, which brought cheap cameras and sensors, fast wireless communications and powerful, smaller computer chips. More recent advances in machine learning have added software to make robots better informed about their surroundings and equipped them to make wiser decisions. Robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life. In a pandemic-ravaged world, short of workers but with lots of elderly folk to look after, having more robots to boost productivity would be a good thing.
And yet many people fear that robots will destroy jobs. A paper in 2013 by economists at Oxford University was widely misinterpreted as meaning that 47% of American jobs were at risk of being automated. In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown. The evidence suggests robots will be disruptive but ultimately beneficial for labour markets. Japan and South Korea have the highest robot penetration but very strong work-forces. A Yale University study that looked at Japanese manufacturing between 1978 and 2017 found that an increase of one robot unit per 1,000 workers boosted a company’s employment by 2.2%. Research from the Bank of Korea found that robotization moved jobs away from manufacturing into other sectors, but that there was no decrease in overall vacancies.
Inevitably, some people will be on the losing end of change even as the robots make society as a whole better off. It may trigger a political backlash, because the losers feel left behind. That is one more reason why firms and governments would do well to recognize the value of retraining and lifelong learning. As jobs change, workers should be helped to acquire new skills.
The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge. There is no reason to think the robots will revolt against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse.
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6．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
What do We Know About “Mathephobia”
Mathematician Mary de Lellis Gough, who often observed her struggling students fail to work out mathematical problems, coined the term ‘mathephobia’ in 1953. She described it as “a disease that proves fatal before its presence is detected”. Other experts have defined it as “the panic, helplessness and mental disorganization that arises among some people when they are required to solve a mathematical problem” and “a general fear of contact with mathematics”.
Sian Beilock, a cognitive scientist and her colleagues of Barnard College in New York have shown that math anxiety can start as soon as we enter formal schooling. “Math is one of the first places in school in western cultures where we really learn about whether we got something right or wrong, and are exposed to being evaluated in timed tests.”
Girls may be more prone to it than boys. Primary school teachers often have high levels of math anxiety, says Beilock, and in the US and elsewhere, they are mostly female. Since young children tend to identify with adults of the same gender, this means girls are more likely to pick up math anxiety from their female teachers. Having a female teacher with math anxiety makes girls more likely to believe gendered stereotypes about math, leading to poorer achievement.
“Once you have it, it can be self-lasting. Worrying about it can make it worse.” says Beilock, whose study of children between the ages of five and eight suggests math anxiety might weaken performance by burdening working memory. “As our ability to focus limited, our attention gets divided when we do more than one task at a time.” she says. “If you’re worried about having to do math, you may have an internal monologue saying you can’t do this and at the same time you’re trying to calculate numbers.”
When people have math anxiety, they tend to avoid the subject, as researchers from 2019 show. But since math builds on itself, avoiding it makes it harder to catch up. “Math is foundational. If you miss a certain idea, it’s harder to learn the next one.” says Darcy Hallett. “And then you can fall behind, which might make math more of a targeted anxiety compared to other topics.”
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7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Global Cooperation
In the 21st century, we’ve seen a new trend that is pushing the boundaries of human invention and innovation—global cooperation. Scientific and technical research and development is now so complicated that no one scientist can know it all. So, increasingly, innovation is coming from the combining of cutting-edge expertise (专业知识) from different scientific fields.
There are now over 8, 000 scientific journals worldwide and it is impossible to be an expert in all areas. Therefore, in this highly specialized world, scientists, medics and engineers have to cooperate in order to innovate. Professor Bob Langer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has made significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedical engineering. But he hasn’t done it on his own. He has invited experts from around the world in different fields to form a global team to design new substances which can go inside the body, deliver medicines and then dissolve. Also at MIT, when Cesar Harada heard about the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, he quit his dream job there and tried to develop a more efficient way to remove the oil. But rather than focusing on profit, he decided to ‘open-source’ the design. He shared his own ideas on the web for free and then got experts from all around the world to contribute ideas and even donations. Thanks to this free, not-for-profit way of sharing ideas and intellectual property on the internet, a boat capable of cleaning oil quickly came into being. Obviously, international cooperation based on sharing information freely has produced innovative approaches to solving problems.
It appears that the days of brilliant individuals working in their garages on their own are over. Global teams with a united purpose building on everyone’s expertise can collectively do far more than one brilliant individual. Today’s world calls for global cooperators, sharers, and not protectors of ideas.
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8．Directions：Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
To adjust you baby to the external world, educating him is your main assignment. How will you educate him? What role will he play in the world?
According to Darwin’s theory of the evolution of the species, we are a competitive species and one survives by adapting itself biologically to various environments through various ways. Competition was useful for the progress of society and for the survival of human beings.
Today, however, the challenges are different. There are environmental imbalance, deaths of thousands of children every day by starvation and countless diseases. Therefore, it is urgent that the philosophy of preparing our children for competition and power be replaced by one of preparing them for love and cooperation.
The earth is a unique home to us all. We must educate our children so that they want to preserve nature and it can in return make them more powerful and capable in society. Our children have to learn that we don’t need to practice actions that benefit only our homeland while all other countries are destroyed. The destruction of other countries and lives leads to the impossibility of the future existence of our home. We must teach our children that the main necessity of men and children is love. Love is good to ourselves, others and nature.
But it is getting harder to love. We are not capable of demonstrating hate to a flower, grabbing it and throwing it at the floor and stepping on it. It sounds insane! But we are insensitive to the extent of seeing a homeless person on the ground and pretending it’s not our problem! Our strong idea of competition has led us to total insensibility!
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9．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Changing Spring Festival
The Spring Festival, as it is celebrated today, has undergone many changes, the country’s economic development and globalization.
No Spring Festival is complete without food. People could not get good food with desired in earlier times, something that does not apply to society today. The best time celebrate was when food was available in plenty, and that was possible in spring, or the beginning of the Lunar New Year. That was the main reason why the Spring Festival acquired such great importance among Chinese people. But three decades of economic growth has ensured that people in China can enjoy a good meal whenever they want. People seem not to long for delicious food like before during the Spring Festival due to the change in people’s fortune.
In the past, celebrations were limited to events like song-and-dance duets(二人转)in North China, dragon and lion dances in South China and fireworks. And economic development and urbanization seems to have ensured various forms of entertainment and communication. People can watch the Spring Festival Gala on TV or even on the cellphone.
Many customs associated with the Spring Festival have changed, too. In the past, people used to visit relatives and friends with gifts and lots of good wishes. Today, many people, especially the youth, use their cell phones or the Internet to send their good wishes and even “gifts” to their relatives and friends. Some may say this is a sign that people have become less caring about their near and dear ones, but we can see this development as a time-and energy-saving exercise granted by the information age.
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10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Parents, teachers, and anyone who regularly deals with teenagers know how difficult the adolescent years can be. Adolescents have always been known to do wild — even dangerous — thing. Now, brain-imaging technology allows scientists to study the physical development of the brain in more detail than ever before. Their discoveries have led to a new theory of why teens act the way they do.
Recently, scientists discovered that though our brains are almost at their full size by the age of six, they are far from fully developed. Only during adolescence do our brains truly “grow up”. During this time, they go through great changes, like a computer system being upgraded. This “upgrade” was once thought to be finished by about age 12. Now, scientists have concluded that our brains continue to change until age 25. Such changes make us better at balancing our impulses (冲动) with the need to follow rules. However, a brain that is still developing does this awkwardly. The result, scientists claim, is the unpredictable behavior seen in teenagers.
The studies confirm that teens are more likely to take risks and behave in extreme ways. Fortunately, the news isn’t all negative. As brain scientist B．J. Casey points out, the teen brain inspires such behavior in order to help teenagers prepare for adult life.
One way the brain does this is by changing the way teens view risks and rewards. Researchers found that when teens think about rewards, their brains release more of the chemicals that create pleasure than an adult brain would. Researchers believe this makes the rewards seem more important than the risks and makes teens feel the excitement of new experiences more keenly than adults do.
Research into the structure of the teen brain also found that it makes social connections seem especially rewarding. As such, teens have an intense need to meet new people. It, therefore, connects social rewards with even more pleasure. In this way, the brain encourages teens to have a wide circle of friends, which is believed to make them more successful in life.
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1．A possible version
To achieve harmony between man and nature, people must be aware that although they are interactive, nature is not always at man’s mercy. Science and technology will be advancing, but population explosion will result in worsening environment. To maintain sustainable development, both governments and individuals should fulfill their promise of protecting the earth—our common home.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，要实现人与自然的和谐，人们必须认识到，虽然人与自然是相互作用的，但自然并不总是听命于人。科学技术将会进步，但人口爆炸将导致环境恶化。为了保持可持续发展，政府和个人都应该履行他们的承诺，保护地球——我们共同的家园。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①It is of utmost importance to restore the harmonious balance between man and nature, given the damage we’ve already done to it. First of all, we must realize that man and nature are interactive. For man, nature has an irresistible appeal.
②Nevertheless, the advancement of science and technology will still characterize the next millennium. For instance, United Nations’ demographers predict that global population could soar from its current 5.9 billion to as many as 11.2 billion by 2050.
③However, it is not enough only to ask what governments can do to achieve the harmony between man and nature. We must ask ourselves what we as individuals can do. After all, the earth is not a dustbin; it’s our common home.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
To achieve harmony between man and nature, people must be aware that although they are interactive, nature is not always at man’s mercy.
Science and technology will be advancing, but population explosion will result in worsening environment.
To maintain sustainable development, both governments and individuals should fulfill their promise of protecting the earth—our common home.
【点睛】[高分句型1 ]To achieve harmony between man and nature, people must be aware that although they are interactive, nature is not always at man’s mercy.运用although引导让步状语从句，对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] To maintain sustainable development, both governments and individuals should fulfill their promise of protecting the earth—our common home.用不定式作引导目的状语从句对最后两段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
2．A possible version:
Four ways to cope with stress are offered in the passage. First, workout, which releases muscle tension, builds up one’s energy and helps one calm down. Second, drink herbal tea, which fights effectively against stress and anxiety. Third, relax in new clean surroundings, where one feels better. Fourth, chatting with close people makes one less stressed.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章中提供了四种应对压力的方法。首先，锻炼，可以缓解肌肉紧张，建立一个人的能量，帮助一个人冷静下来。第二，喝花草茶，它能有效地对抗压力和焦虑。第三，在新的干净的环境中放松，让人感觉更好。第四，和亲近的人聊天可以减少压力。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①What if we do not try to change others, but rather try and change our attitude to stress and tension that we often experience at work?
②Physical activity will boost your energy level and help you calm down. Working out is beneficial for both your body and mind.
③Herbs work miracles. Some of them, such as chamomile and peppermint, are a powerful tool helping to fight stress and anxiety.
④If your office is located in an environmentally clean place, for example, near a city park. You can then refresh yourself and relax a bit before you dive back into your working routine.
⑤A study shows that communication with close people, such as your friends or parents, produces oxytocin in your body — the hormone that is needed to successfully fight tension and stress.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4、5四个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Four ways to cope with stress are offered in the passage.
First, workout, which releases muscle tension, builds up one’s energy and helps one calm down.
Second, drink herbal tea, which fights effectively against stress and anxiety.
Third, relax in new clean surroundings, where one feels better.
Fourth, chatting with close people makes one less stressed.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Four ways to cope with stress are offered in the passage.运用不定式作后置定语对原文第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Second, drink herbal tea, which fights effectively against stress and anxiety.用which引导非限制性定语从句对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
3．One possible version:
Animals sometimes fall from the sky. In Yoro, Honduras, it has rained silver fish many times. Scientists claim waterspouts and tornadoes can pick up animals from water, which are carried for miles by the storm. When the storms stop, the animals fall. The same thing also happened to other animals in other areas, but it’s still not that common.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，动物有时会从天上掉下来。在洪都拉斯的约罗，下过很多次银鱼雨。科学家称，龙卷风和水龙卷走了水中的动物，并被风暴带到了数英里之外。当风暴停止时，动物们就会倒下。同样的事情也发生在其他地区的其他动物身上，但仍然不常见。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Fish, frogs, and even spiders have fallen from the sky during storms!
②Yoro, a city in Honduras, is one such place. Hundreds of silver fish fell like wriggling raindrops.
③Storms with strong winds, such as waterspouts and tornadoes, can suck up water as they pass over rivers, lakes, or oceans. The winds will also suck up whatever is swimming in that water! These storms can then carry the animals for many miles. When the winds start to die down, they drop the water and animals.
④Overall, animal rainstorms aren’t very common. In most years, fewer than ten animal storms are reported around the world.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Animals sometimes fall from the sky.
In Yoro, Honduras, it has rained silver fish many times.
Scientists claim waterspouts and tornadoes can pick up animals from water, which are carried for miles by the storm. When the storms stop, the animals fall.
The same thing also happened to other animals in other areas, but it’s still not that common.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Scientists claim waterspouts and tornadoes can pick up animals from water, which are carried for miles by the storm.运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句。
[高分句型2] The same thing also happened to other animals in other areas, but it’s still not that common.用一个并列句对原文最后两段内容进行概括。
4． Andreas Schleicher, OECD’S head of education, talks about some of the trends that are affecting education systems. These trends include the broadening gap between rich and poor, the increasing wealth in Asia, more and more migration, funding and increasing dependency on technology. However, for world’s poorest children, the main problem is their access to school.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了影响教育系统的一些趋势，这些趋势包括贫富差距的扩大、亚洲财富的增加、越来越多的移民及教育系统对资金和对技术的依赖等。对于贫穷的儿童来说，他们很难拥有上学的机会。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which promotes policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world, has been looking at the future of global education.
②Its head of education, Andreas Schleicher, has been talking about some major international trends affecting education systems around the world.
③One trend is the widening gap between rich and poor.
④Another trend is the rising wealth in Asia.
⑤Increasing migration will also have an impact on education systems.
⑥The rise in dependency on technology is another concern.
⑦But they remain irrelevant for hundreds of millions of the world’s poorest children who don’t even have access to school places or receive such low-quality education that they leave without the most basic literacy or numeracy.
2.缜密构思
将第①和②两个要点进行整合；将第③、④、⑤和⑥四个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
①Firstly, the widening gap between rich and poor affects education systems around the world.
②Secondly, increasing migration is another concern.
③Last but not least, the rise in dependency will have an impact on education systems.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Andreas Schleicher, OECD’S head of education, talks about some of the trends that are affecting education systems. 运用了that引导的限制性定语从句对原文第一段行了概括。
[高分句型2] These trends include the broadening gap between rich and poor, the increasing wealth in Asia, more and more migration, funding and increasing dependency on technology. 运用了现在分词作定语对原文第二段到第五段行了概括。
5．With the progress of science and technology, robots are growing rapidly under the background of the widespread application of smart phones. However, some people think robots will destroy jobs. In contrast, the potential benefits of robots in the future development, such as improved learning skills, are huge and should not be seen as a reason for mass unemployment.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，随着科技进步，机器人在智能手机广泛应用的背景下迅速成长。然而，有些人认为机器人会毁掉工作。相反，机器人在未来的发展中，其潜在的收益是巨大的，如提升学习技能，而不应该视其为造成大规模失业的理由。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Things are starting to change, however. Robots have benefited from rapid innovations in smartphones. Robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life.
②And yet many people fear that robots will destroy jobs.
③Inevitably, some people will be on the losing end of change even as the robots make society as a whole better off. As jobs change, workers should be helped to acquire new skills.
④There is no reason to think the robots will revolt against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse.
2.缜密构思
将第1、4两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
During the pandemic, robots have reached out to more elderly people.
Having more robots increases productivity, which is a good thing.
Using robots can teach governments and businesses the value of retraining and lifelong learning.
In conclusion, we should not attribute mass unemployment or some other worse situation to robots.
【点睛】[高分句型1] With the progress of science and technology, robots are growing rapidly under the background of the widespread application of smart phones. 运用with的复合结构交代了机器人使人类受益的背景，对第二段内容进行总结，写法高级。
[高分句型2]In conctrast, the potential benefits of robots in the future development, such as improved learning skills, are huge and should not be seen as a reason for mass unemployment.运用了情态动词的被动语态，以及介词短语作状语对最后三段的部分内容进行概括，用法比较高级。
6．Mathephobia is defined as a general fear of solving maths problems, which usually starts at school and is revealed through tests. Girls develop mathephobia more easily under the influence of math- anxious female teachers. Children suffer poor performance in math when burdened with worry over it. Furthermore, attempt to evade the problem may worsen the situation.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，数学恐惧症被定义为对解决数学问题的普遍恐惧。它通常从学校开始，通过测试被发现。在对数学焦虑的女教师的影响下，女生更容易产生数学恐惧症。孩子们在数学上的表现很差，因为他们对数学感到忧虑。此外，试图逃避问题可能会使情况恶化。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Other experts have defined it as “the panic, helplessness and mental disorganization that arises among some people when they are required to solve a mathematical problem” and “a general fear of contact with mathematics”.
②Sian Beilock, a cognitive scientist and her colleagues of Barnard College in New York have shown that math anxiety can start as soon as we enter formal schooling. “Math is one of the first places in school in western cultures where we really learn about whether we got something right or wrong, and are exposed to being evaluated in timed tests.”
③Girls may be more prone to it than boys. Primary school teachers often have high levels of math anxiety, says Beilock, and in the US and elsewhere, they are mostly female. Since young children tend to identify with adults of the same gender, this means girls are more likely to pick up math anxiety from their female teachers.
④“Once you have it, it can be self-lasting. Worrying about it can make it worse.” says Beilock, whose study of children between the ages of five and eight suggests math anxiety might weaken performance by burdening working memory.
⑤When people have math anxiety, they tend to avoid the subject, as researchers from 2019 show. But since math builds on itself, avoiding it makes it harder to catch up.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将3、4、5三个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Mathephobia is defined as a general fear of solving maths problems, which usually starts at school and is revealed through tests. Girls develop mathephobia more easily under the influence of math- anxious female teachers. Children suffer poor performance in math when burdened with worry over it. Furthermore, attempt to evade the problem may worsen the situation.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Mathephobia is defined as a general fear of solving maths problems, which usually starts at school and is revealed through tests.（运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括，其中which引导的非限制性定语从句表达高级)
[高分句型2] Children suffer poor performance in math when burdened with worry over it.（用when引导的时间状语从句对第四段进行了概括，从句中省略了“主语+be动词”，表达非常高级）
7．Reference answer
In this century, global cooperation in science and technology is desirable because no single scientist can be a know-all due to the complexity of research and development. Scientists are working together to make breakthroughs. They also manage to solve problems by sharing ideas and information freely. Gone are the days when one expert can make it alone. (56 words)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍说，在21世纪，我们看到了一种推动人类发明和创新边界的新趋势——全球合作，本文对全球合作出现的背景和采用的方法进行了描述。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①In the 21st century, we’ve seen a new trend that is pushing the boundaries of human invention and innovation—global cooperation. Scientific and technical research and development is now so complicated that no one scientist can know it all.
②Professor Bob Langer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has made significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedical engineering. He has invited experts from around the world in different fields to form a global team to design new substances which can go inside the body, deliver medicines and then dissolve.
③He shared his own ideas on the web for free and then got experts from all around the world to contribute ideas and even donations.
④It appears that the days of brilliant individuals working in their garages on their own are over.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行整合，将第2、3、4三个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
In this century, global cooperation in science and technology is desirable because no single scientist can be a know-all due to the complexity of research and development.
Scientists are working together to make breakthroughs.
They also manage to solve problems by sharing ideas and information freely. Gone are the days when one expert can make it alone.
【点睛】[高分句型1] In this century, global cooperation in science and technology is desirable because no single scientist can be a know-all due to the complexity of research and development.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段进行了概括，其中because引导的原因状语从句表达高级。
[高分句型2] Gone are the days when one expert can make it alone.用表语提前的部分倒装句和when引导的定语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
8．As parents, we should educate our children how to adapt to the outside world. Because the challenges are different, we are bound to teach them to love and cooperate rather than compete. Children are supposed to learn to protect nature and know the importance of love, though our sense of competition makes it hard for us to love.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在当今这个社会，作为家长，我们应该教育孩子为未来做好准备。如今我们面临的挑战已经和过去大不一样，我们应该教会孩子如何去爱和合作，而不是一味地竞争。只不过，长期的竞争已经让我们变得麻木，很难去爱。
【详解】1 要点摘录
① To adjust you baby to the external world, educating him is your main assignment.
② Therefore, it is urgent that the philosophy of preparing our children for competition and power be replaced by one of preparing them for love and cooperation.
③ We must educate our children so that they want to preserve nature and it can in return make them more powerful and capable in society.
④ But it is getting harder to love.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2要点重组，将第3、4要点进行整合
3.遣词造句
As parents, we should educate our children how to adapt to the outside world.
Because the challenges are different, we are bound to teach them to love and cooperate rather than compete.
Children are supposed to learn to protect nature and know the importance of love, though our sense of competition makes it hard for us to love.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Because the challenges are different, we are bound to teach them to love and cooperate rather than compete. 运用了一个复杂的从句对原文第二段和第三段进行了概括。其中because引导的为原因状语从句。
[高分句型2] Children are supposed to learn to protect nature and know the importance of love, though our sense of competition makes it hard for us to love.用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文的第四段和第五段进行了概括。其中though引导的为让步状语从句。
9．Today’s Spring Festival has witnessed many changes because of economic development and globalization. Firstly, people no longer desire good food so much as in earlier times because of growth of fortune. Secondly, people now enjoy a more variety of celebration, entertainment and communication. Thirdly, many customs like the way of sending wishes and gifts have changed in the information age.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了随着国家的经济发展和全球化，春节的庆祝形式也经历了许多变化。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①The Spring Festival, as it is celebrated today, has undergone many changes, the country’s economic development and globalization.
②People could not get good food with desired in earlier times, something that does not apply to society today.
③But three decades of economic growth has ensured that people in China can enjoy a good meal whenever they want. People seem not to long for delicious food like before during the Spring Festival due to the change in people’s fortune.
④And economic development and urbanization seems to have ensured various forms of entertainment and communication.
⑤Many customs associated with the Spring Festival have changed, too.
⑥In the past, people used to visit relatives and friends with gifts and lots of good wishes. Today, many people, especially the youth, use their cell phones or the Internet to send their good wishes and even “gifts” to their relatives and friends.
2. 缜密构思
将第1个要点重组；第2、3个要点整合；第5、6两个要点整合。
3. 遣词造句
Owing to the country’s economic development and globalization, the tradition of celebrating the Spring Festival has undergone many changes.
In the past, people desired to get food. But decades later, people seem not to long for delicious food like before during the Spring Festival due to the change in people’s fortune.
With the developmeng of technology, manycustoms associated with the Spring Festival have changed. Today, many people, especially the youth, use their cell phones or the Internet to send their good wishes and even “gifts” to their relatives and friends.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
Today’s Spring Festival has witnessed many changes because of economic development and globalization. （运用了现在完成时）
[高分句型2]
Thirdly, many customs like the way of sending wishes and gifts have changed in the information age.（运用了动名词短语作宾语）
10．One possible version:
Scientists discovered the cause of teenagers’ unpredictable behaviors thanks to brain-imaging technology. Studies show that brains continue to grow until age 25, so teenagers’ still-developing brains causes them to take risks. Teenagers’ brains measure risks and rewards differently than adult brains do and stimulate them to have more social connections, paving the way for their future success.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，多亏了大脑成像技术，科学家们发现了青少年不可预测行为的原因。研究表明，大脑在25岁之前会继续生长，所以青少年仍在发育的大脑会让他们冒险。青少年的大脑衡量风险和回报的方式与成年人不同，这刺激他们建立更多的社会联系，为他们未来的成功铺平道路。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Now, brain-imaging technology allows scientists to study the physical development of the brain in more detail than ever before. Their discoveries have led to a new theory of why teens act the way they do.
②Now, scientists have concluded that our brains continue to change until age 25. Such changes make us better at balancing our impulses (冲动) with the need to follow rules.
③However, a brain that is still developing does this awkwardly. The result, scientists claim, is the unpredictable behavior seen in teenagers.
④One way the brain does this is by changing the way teens view risks and rewards.
⑤Researchers believe this makes the rewards seem more important than the risks and makes teens feel the excitement of new experiences more keenly than adults do.
⑥It, therefore, connects social rewards with even more pleasure. In this way, the brain encourages teens to have a wide circle of friends, which is believed to make them more successful in life.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3和4、5、6几个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Scientists discovered the cause of teenagers’ unpredictable behaviors thanks to brain-imaging technology.
Studies show that brains continue to grow until age 25, so teenagers’ still-developing brains causes them to take risks.
Teenagers’ brains measure risks and rewards differently than adult brains do and stimulate them to have more social connections, paving the way for their future success.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：Studies show that brains continue to grow until age 25, so teenagers’ still-developing brains causes them to take risks.(运用了that引导的宾语从句)
[高分句型2]：Teenagers’ brains measure risks and rewards differently than adult brains do and stimulate them to have more social connections, paving the way for their future success. (运用了现在分词作状语)
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