【备战2024年高考】（全国通用版）英语新热点时文阅读29 科学技术2-试卷

高考英语新热点时文阅读-科学技术2

01

（2023·广东·校联考模拟预测）

Four Historic Firsts for Women in Space You Might not Know About

First Woman in Space

Soviet cosmonaut(宇航员)Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to go to space when she was launched with the Vostok 6 mission on June 16, 1963. She was selected from a pool of 400 applicants and five finalists. She was honorarily inlucted(入伍)into the Soviet Air Force so that she could join the Cosmonaut Corps. Tereshkova is the only woman ever to have been on a solo space mission.

First US Woman in Space

Sally Ride was the first American astronaut to go into orbit on June 18, 1983, as a crew member on the space shuttle Challenger for STS-7. Ride was one of 8, 000 people to answer an ad in the Stanford student newspaper seeking applicants for NASA．She was chosen to join the space program in 1978. She went on one additional mission and spent a total of 343 hours in space.

First Woman to Walk in Space

The first woman to walk in space, Svetlana Savitskaya, was also a cosmonaut. She was on her second mission when she space-walked as part of the Salyut 7-EP2 on July 17, 1984. She was also the first woman to have gone into space twice.

First Teacher to go to Space

Christa McAuliffe was a teacher and a civilian astronaut from Concord, NH who was killed with six other crew members when the space shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds after launch on January 28, 1986. McAuliffe was selected from more than 11, 000 applicants to participate in the NASA Teacher in Space Project. She was planning on conducting experiments and teaching two lessons from space.

1．When did Valentina Tereshkova go to space?

A．In 1963. B．In 1983. C．In 1984. D．In 1986.

2．Who was the first woman to have gone into space twice?

A．Valentina Tereshkova. B．Sally Ride.

C．Svetlana Savitskaya. D．Christa McAuliffe.

3．What is special about Christa McAuliffe?

A．She was a civilian astronaut.

B．She was on a solo space mission.

C．She conducted experiments from space successfully.

D．She was selected from 8, 000 people to join in the space project.

02

（2023·辽宁·建平县实验中学校联考二模）Deepfake Videos of Tom Cruise Raise Concern

A series of deepfake videos of Tom Cruise have gained more than 11 million views on TikTok. The creator said he never wanted to trick people. But since he has, he’s hoping the sudden influx (涌入) of attention can help bring greater awareness to the continued evolution of the technology that can create incredibly realistic fake videos of people.

“The important thing is, we didn’t want to fool people at any moment,” Chris Ume, 31, the Belgian visual effects artist behind the visual deepfake, said in an interview. “If I can help in creating awareness, or even work on detection in the future, I would love to.”

Ume created the four videos, in which it appeared to show the Hollywood star playing golf, doing a magic coin trick, and falling over while telling a story. The videos went visual, attracting attention on TikTok and across the Internet.

And though most people realized quickly that the videos were fake, even experts were impressed by their quality.

“My first thought was they’re incredibly well done,” said digital image expert HanyFarid, who is a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and specializes in image analysis. “They are funny, and they’re clever.”

But they also offer a warning: Deepfake technology that has emerged in recent years continues to evolve and improve. And while deepfake videos have not yet been effectively used in many misinformation(虚假消息) campaigns, the danger is growing.

“In the early days, you could see the potential, but it wasn’t even close to being there,” Farid said. “But this felt to me like it was a real step, like we just took a big step forward in the development of this technology.

Synthetic(合成的) digital content, otherwise known as a deepfake, can include anything from an image or video in which one person or object is visually or audibly manipulated(操纵) to say and do something that is fabricated(伪造).

Although Ume used sophisticated visual effects editing, advancements in digital editing through smartphone apps such as Reface, Facetune and even Snapchat have made techniques like face-swapping(换脸) and image altering easier and could cause serious consequences, experts say.

4．What does the creator intend to do according to the text?

A．To attract more attention. B．To earn much more money.

C．To play a trick on people. D．To show technological progress.

5．What does the word underlined in Para. 7 refer to?

A．The danger is increasing.

B．The technology is developing.

C．The deepfake videos are spreading widely.

D．The deepfake videos are effectively used.

6．What’s the author’s attitude toward the deepfake videos?

A．Negative. B．Optimistic. C．Objective. D．Pessimistic.

7．What’s the main idea of the text?

A．The deepfake videos are popular. B．The deepfake videos raise concern.

C．The deepfake videos should be stopped. D．The deepfake technology is advancing.

03

（2023·广东·校联考模拟预测）Our clothes do a lot for us. They keep us warm in the winter or cool while we’re working out. They let us dress to impress or comfortably veg out on the couch with the TV on. But some researchers think our clothes could be doing even more. Those scientists and engineers are dreaming up new ways to make clothes safer, more comfortable or just more convenient.

Some ideas for new clothes aim to protect people from harm. One new shoe design, for example, features pop-out spikes (鞋钉) on the sole that grip the ground. This could help people keep their footing on slippery or uneven ground. A new fabric coating, meanwhile, could absorb and neutralize (中和) some chemical weapons. That coating is made from a metal-organic framework that breaks down harmful compounds. It could offer protection to people in war-torn countries.

Not all advanced clothing is designed to save lives. Some could just make clothes more comfortable. One day, for instance, you may not need to layer up to stay warm. Fabric filled with nanowires could reflect your body heat back onto your skin. Electric current humming through those metal threads could provide warmth, too. This maybe especially useful for hikers, soldiers or others working in super cold conditions.

Some researchers have dream up wholly new uses for clothing —like turning wearers into walking power outlets. Flexible solar panels sewn into fabric could absorb the sun to recharge phones or other devices on the go. Another team threaded fabric with magnetized (磁化的) copper and silver to write data into fabrics. Such data-packed fabric could be used as a hands-free key or form of ID．

Many of these ideas have not yet left the lab—and they’re still pretty far from hitting retail (零售) shelves. But inventors hope these and other innovations could someday let you get more from your clothes.

8．What do the underlined words “veg out” in paragraph 1 probably mean?

A．Relax. B．Stand out. C．Work. D．Dream about.

9．Why do the new shoes feature pop-out spikes on the sole?

A．To make them comfortable. B．To make them fashionable.

C．To prevent people from slipping. D．To turn wearers into walking power outlets.

10．What kind of clothes are suitable for hikers?

A．Coats filled with nanowires. B．Shoes with pop-out spikes on the sole.

C．Clothes with a new fabric coating. D．Clothes made of data-packed fabric.

11．What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．Many of these ideas are not realistic.

B．Many smart clothes are too expensive to afford.

C．People will benefit more from their clothes in future.

D．Many comfortable clothes will come to the market soon.

04

（2023·辽宁鞍山·统考二模）Some people worry about robots taking work away from human beings, but there are a few jobs that even these people admit most of us would not want. One is cleaning up radioactive waste, particularly when it is inside a nuclear power station.

So, send in the robots? In 2011 the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station in Japan suffered a series of meltdowns after its safety systems failed following a tsunami. Robots were then sent into it to monitor radiation levels and start cleaning things up. Many got stuck, broke down or had their circuits fried by the intense radiation.

Stopping such things happening again is part of the work of the National Centre for Nuclear Robotics (NCNR). It is led by Rustam Stolkin of the University of Birmingham, and its purpose is to improve the routine use of robotics in nuclear power stations. One problem with the robots sent into the ruins of Fukushima Daiichi was that they were not particularly clever. Most were operated by someone at a safe distance. Such machines’ arms are tricky to move accurately when viewed via a video screen. Dr. Stolkin believes the answer is to equip them with artificial intelligence (AI), so that they can operate by themselves.

The nuclear industry, however, is extremely prudent. So, for the moment, AI is needed to assist human operators. For example, instead of relying on a remote human operator to operate all its controls, an AI-equipped robot faced with a pile of different objects to move would use a camera to understand those objects’ shapes and positions relative to one another. It could then plan how best to grasp each object and move it to a properly designed disposal skip.

Other members of NCNR are examining different aspects of the problem. At the University of Bristol, Tom Scott leads a group working on means for robots to identify materials, including various sorts of plastic. Gerhard Neumann of the University of Lincoln is developing advanced navigation systems. And to ensure robots’ circuits don’t get fried, Klaus McDonald Maier at the University of Essex is developing electronics to fight against the effects of radiation.

12．How did the robots perform at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011?

A．They were not capable of the task. B．They cleaned up the waste in time.

C．They were not affected by radiation. D．They found it hard to identify materials.

13．What does the underlined word “prudent” in paragraph 4 probably mean?

A．Admiring. B．Cautious. C．Successful. D．Independent.

14．Which university is trying to help robots find out what objects are made of?

A．The University of Birmingham. B．The University of Lincoln.

C．The University of Bristol. D．The University of Essex.

15．What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Will AI robots threaten more jobs? B．Could robots replace human beings?

C．Extreme robotics: cleaning up nuclear waste D．Nuclear robotics: speeding up the exploration

05

（2023·山东潍坊·统考模拟预测）Tiny traces of protein remaining in the bones and teeth of ancient humans could soon transform scientists’ efforts to uncover the secrets of the evolution of our species. Researchers from the Francis Crick Institute and the Natural History Museum believe a new technique—known as proteomics—could allow them to identify the proteins from which our ancestors’ bodies were constructed and bring new insights into the past 2 million years of humanity’s history.

The consequences of the technology would mirror the impact of the recently developed technology of ancient DNA analysis which, over the past 20 years, has helped uncover dramatic secrets about humanity’s past. The development of proteomics follows scientists’ success in analysing DNA from ancient human fossils. But the analysis of ancient DNA has limitations. “DNA is fragile and rots fairly quickly, especially in warm conditions,” said Pontus Skoglund. “So it is mainly useful for studying fossils less than 100,000 years old and found in moderately cool or cold places.” So scientists have begun to look at other methods to study the biology of ancient humans and have turned to proteins as a key target.

Our bodies are made of proteins whose manufacture(生成) is controlled by our DNA and so, by uncovering their structure, insights can be gained into the make-up of ancient individuals. Crucially, proteins survive longer in warm conditions. However, there was a downside to the use of proteins, added Skoglund. “Proteins do not carry nearly as much information as DNA．They only contain about 1% of the maximum information we could get from a DNA sample. That means that we will need a lot to be able to generate enough data. That may not be easy.”

Nevertheless, proteomics has already produced early promising results. Studies have shown that collagen proteins (胶原蛋白) found in a piece of hominin jaw-bone at Baishiya Karst matches those of Denisovans. “This is the first hint (提示) at what a Denisovan might have looked like and suggests that proteomics has a lot to offer our understanding of human evolution,” Welker told the Observer last week.

16．What’s the limitation of the ancient DAN analysis technology?

A．It has just been recently developed.

B．It is less effective than other methods.

C．DNA can’t survive long in warm conditions.

D．It can only be used to study fossils within 10,000 years.

17．What can we learn from Paragraph 3?

A．DNA determines the generating of our proteins.

B．The use of proteins can’t help generate enough data.

C．Researchers have easy access to a lot of protein samples.

D．The structure of DNA can help understand the composition of humans.

18．Which word best describes Welker’s attitude to Proteomics?

A．Cautious. B．Optimistic. C．Skeptical. D．Negative.

19．What is the text mainly about?

A．A new method to study humans’ evolution.

B．The advantages and disadvantages of Proteomics.

C．A new technique to uncover the development of history.

D．Two different techniques to uncover the evolution of humans.

参考答案：

1．A    2．C    3．A

【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了你可能不知道的女太空员的四个历史第一的事迹。

1．细节理解题。根据First Woman in Space中“Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to go to space when she was launched with the Vostok 6 mission on June 16, 1963.”（苏联宇航员瓦伦蒂娜·捷列什科娃于1963年6月16日随东方6号任务升空，成为第一位进入太空的女性。）可知，瓦伦蒂娜·捷列什科娃是1963年上太空的。故选A项。

2．细节理解题。根据First Woman to Walk in Space中“The first woman to walk in space, Svetlana Savitskaya, was also a cosmonaut.”（第一位在太空行走的女性斯维特拉娜·萨维茨卡娅也是一名宇航员。）以及“She was also the first woman to have gone into space twice.”（她也是第一个两次进入太空的女性。）可知，斯维特拉娜萨·维茨卡娅是第一个两次进入太空的女性。故选C项。

3．细节理解题。根据First Teacher to go to Space中“Christa McAuliffe was a teacher and a civilian astronaut from Concord”（克里斯塔·麦考利夫是一名教师，也是一名来自新罕布什尔州康科德的平民宇航员。）可知，克里斯塔·麦考利夫她是一名平民宇航员。故选A项。

4．D    5．A    6．C    7．B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了深度伪造的关于汤姆·克鲁斯的视频获得了许多关注，并进而介绍了关于这项深度伪造技术的看法。

4．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The creator said he never wanted to trick people. But since he has, he’s hoping the sudden influx (涌入) of attention can help bring greater awareness to the continued evolution of the technology that can create incredibly realistic fake videos of people.(创作者说他从不想欺骗别人。但既然他做到了，他希望突然涌入的注意力有助于提高人们对这项技术的持续发展的认识，这项技术可以创造出关于人的令人难以置信的逼真的假视频。)”可知，这项技术的创造者通过这些视频想让人们意识到技术的进步。故选D。

5．词义猜测题。根据第六段“But they also offer a warning: Deepfake technology that has emerged in recent years continues to evolve and improve. And while deepfake videos have not yet been effectively used in many misinformation(虚假消息) campaigns, the danger is growing.(但它们也发出了警告：近年来出现的深度伪造技术技术仍在不断发展和改进。尽管深度伪造视频尚未被有效地用于许多虚假消息活动中，但危险越来越大。)”的内容可知，这些视频发出了警告：伪造技术在不断发展和改进，其危险越来越大。由此可推测第七段应承接上文， Farid说的话中的“In the early days, you could see the potential”进一步说明这种危险的真实性，其在早些时候已经初见端倪。potential意为“可能性”，在这里表示深度伪造技术产生危险的可能性。故选A。

6．推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文讲述了深度伪造的关于汤姆·克鲁斯的视频获得了许多关注。根据文中的“The creator said”“Chris Ume, 31, the Belgian visual effects artist behind the visual deepfake, said in an interview”“said digital image expert HanyFarid”“experts say”等可看出，在介绍与深度伪造视频有关的事情时，作者主要引用创造者和专家的看法，全文并没有作者直接表明的观点，都是客观陈述其他人的观点，所以作者对这项技术的看法是客观的。故选C。

7．主旨大意题。通读全文并结合文章标题“Deepfake Videos of Tom Cruise Raise Concern”可知，本文主要讲述的是“深度伪造视频引发了关注”，B项符合题意。故选B。

8．A    9．C    10．A    11．C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了新的材料和设计能让服装更安全、更舒适，也更便利。

8．词义猜测题。根据划线单词句中的“comfortably”以及“on the couch with the TV on”（躺在沙发上看电视。）故可猜测划线单词veg out为“放松”的意思，结合选项A项Relax“放松”意思一致。故选A项。

9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Some ideas for new clothes aim to protect people from harm.  One new shoe design, for example, features pop-out spikes on the sole that grip the ground. This could help people keep their footing on slippery or uneven ground.”（一些关于新衣服的想法旨在保护人们免受伤害。例如，一种新鞋的设计特点是鞋底上的凸出的鞋钉可以抓住地面。这可以帮助人们在湿滑或不平整的地面上站稳。）可知，这款新鞋的鞋底有突出的鞋钉是为了防止人们滑倒。故选C项。

10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Fabric filled with nanowires could reflect your body heat back onto your skin. Electric current humming through those metal threads could provide warmth, too.  This maybe especially useful for hikers, soldiers or others working in super cold conditions.”（充满纳米线的织物可以将你的体温反射到你的皮肤上。电流通过这些金属线也可以提供温暖。这可能对徒步旅行者、士兵或其他在超冷条件下工作的人特别有用。）可知，填充纳米线的涂层的衣服适合徒步旅行。故选A项。

11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Many of these ideas have not yet left the lab—and they’re still pretty far from hitting retail (零售) shelves. But inventors hope these and other innovations could someday let you get more from your clothes.”（这些想法中有许多还没有走出实验室，离零售货架还有很长的路要走。但发明家们希望这些和其他的创新有一天能让你从衣服中得到更多。）可推知，在未来，人们将从他们的衣服中获益更多。故选C项。

12．A    13．B    14．C    15．C

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了机器人可以应用清理核废料的工作，介绍了其工作过程以及这一项目其它不同的研究领域。

12．细节理解题。根据第三段“One problem with the robots sent into the ruins of Fukushima Daiichi was that they were not particularly clever. Most were operated by someone at a safe distance. Such machines’ arms are tricky to move accurately when viewed via a video screen.(派往福岛第一核电站废墟的机器人有一个问题，那就是它们不是特别聪明。大多数手术都是由安全距离外的人操作的。当通过视频屏幕观看时，这种机器的手臂很难准确地移动)”可知，2011年，机器人在福岛第一核电站没有能力完成任务。故选A。

13．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“So, for the moment, AI is needed to assist human operators.(因此，目前需要人工智能来协助人类操作员)”以及“For example, instead of relying on a remote human operator to operate all its controls, an AI-equipped robot faced with a pile of different objects to move would use a camera to understand those objects’ shapes and positions relative to one another.(例如，一个配备人工智能的机器人面对一堆不同的物体需要移动时，将使用摄像头来了解这些物体的形状和相对位置，而不是依赖远程操作员来操作它的所有控制)”可知，核工业不是完全由机器人来操作的，需要人工智能来协助人类操作员，可见非常谨慎。故画线词意思是“谨慎的”。故选B。

14．细节理解题。根据最后一段“At the University of Bristol, Tom Scott leads a group working on means for robots to identify materials, including various sorts of plastic.(在布里斯托尔大学，Tom Scott领导了一个研究小组，研究机器人识别材料的方法，包括各种塑料)”可知，布里斯托尔大学正试图帮助机器人找出物体的构成。故选C。

15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Some people worry about robots taking work away from human beings, but there are a few jobs that even these people admit most of us would not want. One is cleaning up radioactive waste, particularly when it is inside a nuclear power station.(有些人担心机器人会抢走人类的工作，但即使这些人也承认，有一些工作是我们大多数人都不想要的。其中之一是清理放射性废物，特别是在核电站内的放射性废物)”结合文章主要说明了机器人可以应用清理核废料的工作，介绍了其工作过程以及这一项目其它不同的研究领域。可知，C选项“从事极端工作机器人：清理核废料”最符合文章标题。故选C。

16．C    17．A    18．B    19．A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了通过蛋白质组学的新技术来研究人类的发展。

16．细节理解题。根据文章第二段话“But the analysis of ancient DNA has limitations. “DNA is fragile and rots fairly quickly, especially in warm conditions,” said Pontus Skoglund.(但对古代DNA的分析有局限性。本图斯科格伦德说:“DNA很脆弱，腐烂得很快，尤其是在温暖的条件下。”)”可知，古代DNA分析的局限性在于温暖条件下腐烂过快，无法保存。故选C项。

17．细节理解题。根据文章第三段话“Our bodies are made of proteins whose manufacture(生成) is controlled by our DNA and so, by uncovering their structure, insights can be gained into the make-up of ancient individuals.(我们的身体是由蛋白质组成的，蛋白质的制造是由我们的DNA控制的，因此，通过揭示它们的结构，我们可以深入了解古代个体的构成。)”可知，DNA控制了我们蛋白质的制造。故选A项。

18．推理判断题。根据文章第四段话“This is the first hint (提示) at what a Denisovan might have looked like and suggests that proteomics has a lot to offer our understanding of human evolution,(这是关于丹尼索瓦人长相的第一个暗示，也表明蛋白质组学对我们理解人类进化有很大帮助，)”可知，Welker对未来蛋白质学的发展持乐观态度。故选B项。

19．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段话“Tiny traces of protein remaining in the bones and teeth of ancient humans could soon transform scientists’ efforts to uncover the secrets of the evolution of our species. Researchers from the Francis Crick Institute and the Natural History Museum believe a new technique—known as proteomics—could allow them to identify the proteins from which our ancestors’ bodies were constructed and bring new insights into the past 2 million years of humanity’s history.(古代人类骨骼和牙齿中残留的微量蛋白质可能很快就会改变科学家们揭开人类进化秘密的努力。来自弗朗西斯克里克研究所和自然历史博物馆的研究人员相信，一种被称为蛋白质组学的新技术可以让他们识别出构成我们祖先身体的蛋白质，并为过去200万年的人类历史带来新的见解。)”可知，本文讲述了通过蛋白质组学的新技术来研究人类的发展。故选A项。