【备战2024年高考】英语 （全国通用版）2023年新高考I卷阅读理解ABCD（真题透析+变式训练）试卷

这是一份【备战2024年高考】英语 （全国通用版）2023年新高考I卷阅读理解ABCD（真题透析+变式训练）试卷，共28页。试卷主要包含了充分利用并列成分，75，cuntless adj， bike 熟义，strategic adj，cver v，depart v等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2023年新高考I卷阅读理解ABCD 真题透析+变式训练
第一部分
命题分析+秒选技能
第二部分
真题评析(真题呈现+全解全析+阅读高频词+长难句回顾)
第三部分
真题变式练
命题分析
阅读理解文章体裁可以分为：应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文
虽然阅读理解的材料内容千变万化，但考试中的考查方式是有限的，只要能够掌握以下几种主要类型题目的阅读技巧，那么阅读理解拿高分，甚至拿满分就是可以做到的了。
阅读理解题的速选技能，需要结合下面几种题型：主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题，词义猜测题。
近三年高考阅读理解题，细节题占有较大比例，难度一般不大，答案大都可以从文章中直接找到依据；推理判断题呈不断上升的趋势，且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查考生对英语语言的理解能力，因此难度比往年有所增加；主旨题的考查占有十分重要的位置，一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题、标题或目的设题，这类题目考查的范围是基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等；词义题所要求的词或词组往往是熟词新意，有的是中学课本中没出现过的，仅考查词或短语在该篇短文中的含义；观点态度题也在高考中有所体现。
秒选技能
词汇层面——巧跨生词障碍:
在阅读过程中，对于无关紧要的词汇要学着“跳过去”，比如人名、地名、组织名等。对影响阅读质量、影响解题的关键生词要“猜出来”。
句意层面——巧破长难句型
对于阅读中设题处的长难句要学会分析。分析长难句的核心技法是根据五种基本句式摘出句子主干——主谓(宾)，特别注意：
1.一个句子有且只有一个谓语，如果一个句子有了两个或两个以上的谓语，则必有连词或从句的出现；
2.去除所有修饰成分，包括介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等；
3.充分利用并列成分。
语篇层面——熟悉体裁特点
不同类型的语篇有不同的(命题)特点。考虑语篇，要考虑语篇的体裁、发展线索、框架结构、语篇的立论句等。
解题层面——知晓选项特征
阅读理解正确选项往往通过同义改写、抽象概括、原词复现、正话反说等方式转化而来，而错误选项通常具有张冠李戴、无中生有、偷换概念、正误参半等方式而对考生形成干扰。
（一）细节理解题在考查形式上分为两种：细节查找题与细节推理题。
1. 细节查找题：比较简单，只要能看懂文章，从文章中找到问题定位的关键词句，就可以顺利解题。
2. 细节推断题：需要借助同义词转换，概念解析，归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行变换，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别。
（二）推理判断题
这是阅读理解的重难点所在，考查形式也多种多样，除了细节理解，还有结局趋势预测题，文章来源推测题，作者态度观点推测题。
1. 阅读全文，理解文章大意：具体可以参考主旨大意题的解题步骤，切忌主观臆断，常识经验来代替文章内容或观点。
2. 避免误入命题陷阱：第一类陷阱是把第一类陷阱是把原文中的关键词或限定词去掉或用其他词进行替换。比如把张三当李四，把部分当全部，把否定当肯定，把将来发生当成已经发生等。第二类陷阱是在选项中设置一些与问题无关的干扰项。这些干扰项本身可能是文章中的原句，但是与问题无关；或者这些选项内容本身符合常识，但是作者在文中没有提及或者与作者观点不符。
（三）词义猜测题
这种类型的题，主要分为以下三种：
1. 猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义；
2. 对文中的多义词或词组进行定义；
3. 判断某个代词的指代的对象。
这类题型应在精读中应当注意：
1.分析长难句。
2.注意熟词生义，一词多义。
（四）主旨大意题分为两种：一种是要求归纳标题，另一种是归纳段落大意或者文章中心思想。
1. 注意文章的首句和尾句，以及therefore, thus, but, however, in short这些很可能提示文章主旨的词语。
2. 分段概括大意，逐项排除最终确定答案。需要注意避免出现概括不够，如：以偏概全，过度解读等人为的主观臆断性错误。

真题呈现
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
（2023年全国新高考I卷）A篇阅读理解 应用文
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
Prices

Hand Brake, Three Gears
Foot Brake, No Gears
1 hour
€7.50
€5.00
3 hours
€11.00
€7.50
1 day (24 hours)
€14.75
€9.75
Each additional day
€8.00
€6.00
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
21. What is an advantage of MacBike?
A. It gives children a discount. B. It of offers many types of bikes.
C. It organizes free cycle tours. D. It has over 2,500 rental shops.
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days?
A. €15.75. B. €19.50. C. €22.75. D. €29.50.
23. Where does the guided city tour start?
A. The Gooyer, Windmill. B. The Skinny Bridge.
C. Heineken Brewery. D. Dam Square.
全解全析
【篇章解读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了在阿姆斯特丹进行自行车租赁和雇佣导游的操作方式，价格等细节。
21.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes. (我们提供种类繁多的最新自行车，包括有脚刹的基本自行车、有手刹和带排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车和儿童自行车)”可推知，MacBike的优势是它提供许多类型的自行车。故选B。
22. 【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据定价表可知，租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车一天需要14.75欧元，额外增加天数每天8欧元。所以租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车两天需要14.75+8=22.75欧元。故选C。
23. 【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. (旅游团每小时从大坝广场出发，每天下午1点开始)”可知，导游城市之旅从大坝广场开始。故选D。
阅读高频词
1.economical adj. 经济实惠的；节约的；简练的
2.sustainable adj. （计划、方法、体制）可持续的，持续性的；（自然资源）可持续的，不破坏环境的 ；站得住脚的；
3.explore v. 探讨，探究；考察，探索；（用手或身体其他部位）探查，仔细检查；
4.square n. 正方形，正方形物；广场；平方，二次幂；古板守旧的人，不谙时尚的人;
5.lovely adj. 可爱的，迷人的；令人愉快的，美好的；亲切和善的；（用于表示对某事物感;
6.countless adj. 无数的，数不尽的,
7. bike 熟义：n. 自行车，脚踏车，单车；摩托车 文章义：v. 骑自行车（单车）； 用自行车（或摩托车）投递（信件，包裹）,
8.strategic adj. 战略（性）的， 策略（上）的；（计划或战略上）有用的，重要的；
9.cover v. 覆盖，遮盖；包括，涉及；报道；占（一片面积）；行走（一段路程）；掩护；翻唱；
10.depart v. 启程，出发；背离，违背；离职
长难句回顾
With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you.
【句意】我们在战略位置的五家租赁店存放了2500多辆自行车，确保您随时都有一辆自行车可用。
【解析】本句是主从复合句。with的宾语补足语作状语，主句中there is…是make sure的宾语从句。
（2023年全国新高考I卷）B 篇 阅读理解 记叙文
真题呈现
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs?
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou?
A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
27. What is the basis for John’s work?
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
全解全析
【篇章解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了John Todd从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利用自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。
24. 【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. (当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱)”以及第二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? (在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。
25. 【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks, John added the sludge. (几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去)”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. (他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水)”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。
26. 【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. (这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水)”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。
27.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair. (你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式)”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。
阅读高频词
1.process n.过程，进程；
2.trap v. [熟词生义]吸收，留存；
3. chemical n.[学术词]化学品；
4. figure v. (经过考虑后)认为，以为；
5. substance n. [课标新增词]物质；
6.construct v.建造，修建；
7.clear adj. [熟词生义]透明的；
8.develop v.[熟词生义]开发，研制；
9. treat v. [熟词生义](利用化学物质或反应)处理；
10.review v.回顾，反思；
11.application n.[派生词](尤指理论、发现等的)应用，运用；
12.erase v.消除，清除；
13.diverse adj.不同的，多种多样的
长难句回顾
1. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.
【句意】例如，一条污浊的小溪，在流经植物和微小生物栖息的岩石后，通常会变得清澈。
【解析】本句中for example为插入语，after flowing through plants and along rocks... 为时间状语，其中包含一个由where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词rocks。
（2023年新高考I卷）C 篇阅读理解 说明文

真题呈现
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
28. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29 What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
全解全析
【篇章解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
28. 【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
29. 【答案】A
【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
30. 【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
31. 【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
阅读高频词
1.detailed adj.详细的；
2.exploration n探讨，研究；work v奏效，起作用；
3.examination n研究，考察；
4.increasingly adv越来越多地；
5.intolerable adj.无法忍受的；
6.conclude v.[学术词]结束；
7.optional adj.[学术词]可选择的；
8.massive adj.大量的；
9.value v.[名词动化]重视，珍视；
10.run v.[熟词生义] 组织；
11.perform v.执行；
12.participant n.[学术词]参与者；
13.trap n.陷阱，困境；
14.encounter v.[学术词]遭遇(尤指问题)；
15.sustainable adj. [学术词]可持续的；
16.mindless adj.毫无目标的，无须动脑筋的；
17.practice n实践，做法；
18. advocate v.[学术词|提倡；
19.promote v.[学术词]促进；
20. present v.[熟词生义]描述；
21.make the case for为……阐明理由；
22.move on to开始做(别的事)；
23.step away from不靠近，远离；
24. carry out 实施，执行；
25.draw on 利用；
26.be designed to do sth 目的是做某事；
27.act on 根据……行事；
28.view...as 将……看作；
29.be meant to do sth旨在做某事；
30.be aimed at旨在，目的是；
长难句回顾
1.In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
【句意】在第一部分中，我论述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先探讨了到底是什么样的力量使得许多人的数字生活越来越难以忍受，然后对数字极简主义生活准则进行详细讨论。
【解析】starting with...为分词结构作状语；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词forces。
2.At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
【句意】在这三十天结束时，你可以恢复少量精心挑选的，你认为将对你所珍视的东西大有裨益的线上活动。
【解析】that引导定语从句，修饰先行词online activities; you value为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰先行词the things。
3.You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
【句意】你将了解到这些参与者的故事，知悉哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到了哪些你应当避免的陷阱。
【解析】learn后有两个由what引导的宾语从句，that引导定语从句，修饰先行词traps。
4.In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use.
【句意】在这些章节中，我探讨了独处的重要性，以及培养高质量休闲活动的必要性等问题，以取代现在大多数人漫无目的地使用电子设备而花费的时间。
【解析】most now spend on ..为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰先行词 the time，most意为“大多数人”
（2023年新高考I卷）D 篇阅读理解 说明文
真题呈现
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35 What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
全解全析
【篇章解读】本文是一篇说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
32. 【答案】B
【解析】段落大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
33. 【答案】D
【答案】细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. (从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. (这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
34. 【答案】C
【答案】推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
35. 【答案】D
【答案】推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
阅读高频词
1.illustrate v说明，阐明；
2.wisdom n智慧；
3.average n 平均数；
4.independent adj.独立的；
5.estimate n.估算；
6.accurate adj. 准确的；
7.average v.[名词动化]算出……的平均数；
8.classic adj.经典的；
9.individual n.个人，个体；
10.response n.反应；
11.frequently adv.经常地；
12.reason v.思考，推理;
13.global adj.[熟词生义]整体的，全面的；
14.potential adj.潜在的；
15.enormous adj. 巨大的；
16. in some cases 在某些情况下；
17.capitalize on 充分利用；
18.tend to do sth 倾向于做某事；
19.cancel out 抵消，对消；
20.result in导致
长难句回顾
1.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
【句意】这项研究的重要发现是，当大的群体被进一步分成更小的群体并允许讨论时，这些群体(估算)的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
【解析】本句主干是个主系表结构：the key finding of the study was that...; that引导的表语从句由一个主从复合句构成，其中 when 引导的条件状语从句中又包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 smaller groups，主句 the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals中的those 指代the averages。
真题变式练 (应用文，记叙文，说明文限时练)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Passage 1（应用文）
（2023·广东梅州·统考三模）The Road Trip To Tlaxcala
Tlaxcala, located in east central Mexico, is well worth visiting. And you’re welcome to this wonderful place!
Day 1: Pick up a car in Mexico City and drive out over the foothills of Popocatepetl Volcano. Head toward Tlaxcala City, stopping on the route to see the amazing murals(壁画) at Cacaxtla, an archaeological site with 1000-year-old ruins. After entering Tlaxcala’s historic center, you can walk over to the Catedral de Nuestra Senora de la Asunción to see its carved wooden ceiling in the Spanish Mudejar style.
Day 2: After breakfast, drive east to Contla, a village known for cloth. From Contla, drive southeast to Huamantla. The town’s central square is an ideal place to catch a quick snack of ice cream. Continue south to Ixtenco, a traditional Otomí community, for lunch in the kitchen of the Baltazar family. After lunch, drive north to the 17th-century Hacienda Tenexac, in Terrenate, where you’ll spend a peaceful night.
Day 3: Following a great breakfast prepared by Tenexac’s chef, Paz Yano Breton, join her for a tour of the residential quarters, which are crowded with amazing furniture collected over the past 200 years. Then head west to the industrial city of Apizaco. After lunch, a short drive north takes you into open fields.
Day 4: Wake at dawn for a 40-minute hike to the top of a hill behind the retreat. As the sun rises, you’ll enjoy a great view. After checking out, your next stop should be the town of Tlaxco for breakfast. From Tlaxco, head west through the Llanos de Apan, an agricultural region. And then stop for lunch at Xoletongo, and after lunch, head back to Mexico City.
1．What will visitors do on Day 1?
A．Visit 2000-year-old ruins. B．Appreciate special architecture.
C．Enjoy amazing murals in Tlaxcala. D．Travel around the city center by car.
2．What is Contla famous for?
A．Material. B．Agriculture. C．Ice cream. D．Archaeology.
3．Where can visitors enjoy the wonderful sunrise?
A．In Terrenate. B．In Tlaxco. C．In Apizaco. D．In Xoletongo
【篇章导读】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了去墨西哥的城市——特拉斯卡拉旅游的日程安排。
1．【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“After entering Tlaxcala’s historic center, you can walk over to the Catedral de Nuestra Senora de la Asunción to see its carved wooden ceiling in the Spanish Mudejar style.(进入特拉斯卡拉的历史中心后，你可以走到大教堂Asunción去看西班牙Mudejar建筑风格的雕刻木天花板。)”可知，第一天游客可以去大教堂参观西班牙Mudejar建筑风格的雕刻木天花板，也就是可以参观特殊的建筑。故选B项。
2．【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“After breakfast, drive east to Contla, a village known for cloth.(早餐后，驱车向东前往Contla，一个以布料闻名的村庄。)”可知，Contla是一个以布料闻名的村庄。故选A项。
3．【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Then head west to the industrial city of Apizaco. After lunch, a short drive north takes you into open fields.(然后向西前往工业城市Apizaco。午饭后，向北开一小段车就到了开阔的田野。)”以及第五段中的“Wake at dawn for a 40-minute hike to the top of a hill behind the retreat. As the sun rises, you’ll enjoy a great view. (黎明时分醒来，徒步40分钟到达度假村后面的山顶。当太阳升起时，你会欣赏到美丽的景色。)”可知，向西前往Apizaco，午饭后，可以开车到开阔的田野，黎明时分徒步到达山顶，太阳升起的时候可以欣赏到美丽的景色，也就是说在Apizaco可以欣赏到美妙的日出。故选C项。
Passage 2(应用文)
（2023·湖南娄底·统考模拟预测）
Artwork Contest-Create a Character!
Are you an artist? Do you love testing your creative abilities? This may be the perfect contest for you! For this contest,we want you to create your own character. You must create a backstory for the character and give it a name make sure to leave these in the author’s notes section of your submission!
Your character must be completely original. Any character that is not created from your own idea and work will not be considered for the contest.
Rules:
·You must be a teen (aged 13-19) with a Teen Ink account to enter.
·No inappropriate content.
·Submissions must relate to the topic (Create a Character).
Guidelines and Details:
·All art mediums are accepted.
·There is no limit to the number of pieces you can submit.
·Give your character a name and backstory. Leave these in the “Author’s Comments”section of your submission.
How to Submit:
·Submit entries through our website. All entries submitted to Teen Ink are automatically considered for the contest. See our submission guidelines for more information. ·Include the words“Character Contest“ in your submission’s title.
·Submit your reviews to the “Artwork” category on our site. Select the art type that is relevant to what you are submitting.
Prizes:
·Honorable mentions will have their characters published in our magazine.
·The overall winner will receive a $ 200 Amazon gift card.
4．What is the requirement for your submission?
A．It must be original work. B．It must be about your own life.
C．It must include a story of yourself. D．It must include several characters.
5．Which of the following is there a limit to for your submission?
A．The form of art. B．The age of a participant.
C．The number of pieces submitted. D．The name given to your character.
6．What do we know about Teen Ink?
A．It’s a magazine. B．It’s an art club.
C．It’s an art school. D．It’s a student organization.
【篇章导读】本文是应用文。文章主要介绍一场艺术作品比赛的具体情况和要求。
4．【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Your character must be completely original.(你的角色必须是完全原创的。)”可知，比赛要求作品创作的角色必须是完全原创的。故选A。
5．【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据Rules部分“You must be a teen(aged 13—l9) with a Teen Ink account to enter. (您必须是拥有青少年墨迹帐户的青少年（13-19岁）才能进入。)”可知，要求参赛者的年龄是13-19岁的青少年。故选B。
6．【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据How to Submit部分“All entries submitted to Teen Ink are automatically considered for the contest. (所有提交给青少年墨迹的参赛作品都会自动被考虑参加比赛。)”和Prizes部分“Honorable mentions will have their characters published in our magazine. (荣誉人物将在我们的杂志上发表。)”可知，青少年墨迹是一家杂志社。故选A。
Passage 3（记叙文）
（2023·江苏·统考三模）Ken Campbell had last attempted running at high school. When his wife, Susan, injured her foot, she needed support to rejoin her running group, so Campbell went along to keep her company and share in the recovery. “We were just walking at the beginning,” he says. “And I was heavy. I weighed over 90kg.” But as the weeks and months passed, the weight fell away, Susan recovered — and Campbell’s abilities grew. At the age of 63, he ran 50km, and at 70, he ran through the night to complete a 100km ultramarathon.
So how does someone with no sporting precedent (先例) become an ultradistance runner in his 60s and 70s? Susan had run marathons before her injury. But for Campbell, the turning point came when Susan’s Fleet Feet running group took to the trails in the Sierra Nevada foothills near their home in Citrus Heights, California.
Campbell went out to visit Susan’s group, and “the trails were a terrible mess. It had been raining. And I was running in my road shoes. Slipping and sliding and falling. And I was struggling. I thought, well, I like this a lot but I could do better.”
What he liked above all was the feeling of “being enveloped by the trail, being embraced by the closeness of the vegetation and the nearness of the river. I was walking where Native people had walked for thousands of years and where miners had walked on their way to gold.”
Running the 100km ultramarathon took Campbell 16 hours. When Campbell crossed the finish line at 3am, Susan handed him a 100km sticker to display on the back of his truck. He already had a 50km one on there. “It is a public proclamation (声明) that you are part of this community,” he says. “Wherever we park, I see a line of vehicles with their various stickers and I feel that we area tribe (部落).”
Campbell suffered arthritis before he started running, and is “a candidate for knee replacement”. But for now, he is holding off on surgery. It could put an end to the running — but the “sense of wellbeing and accomplishment will carry me on forever”, he says. “If I can’t run, I will walk.”
7．What enabled Campbell to take up running again?
A．He lost weight. B．He trained overnight.
C．His wife accompanied him. D．His wife shared her experience.
8．What did Campbell discover while keeping his wife company on a tail run?
A．The joy of being out in the wild. B．The hardships of Native people.
C．The pleasure of gold mining. D．The mysteries of nature.
9．What did the stickers on the back of Campbell’s truck bring him?
A．A discount on parking. B．A sense of belonging.
C．An enormous income. D．An honour to his wife.
10．What can we learn about Campbell from the text?
A．He’s a determined man. B．He’s a people-pleaser.
C．He is easy to content. D．He is hard to cope with.
【篇章导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述的是Ken Campbell在妻子受伤恢复期间帮助其能重新加入跑步小组时，提高了跑步的能力并开始跑马拉松的故事。
7．【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的““And I was heavy. I weighed over 90kg.” But as the weeks and months passed, the weight fell away, Susan recovered — and Campbell’s abilities grew.(“我很重。我体重超过90公斤。”但几周、几个月过去了，体重减轻了，苏珊恢复了健康，坎贝尔的能力也增强了)”可知，在陪妻子受伤恢复期间，Campbell减了肥，增加了跑步的能力。故选A项。
8．【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Campbell went out to visit Susan’s group, and “the trails were a terrible mess. It had been raining. And I was running in my road shoes. Slipping and sliding and falling. And I was struggling. I thought, well, I like this a lot but I could do better.”(坎贝尔去拜访苏珊的旅行团，“小径上一片狼藉。天一直在下雨。我穿着我的路鞋跑步。滑，滑，掉。我很挣扎。我想，嗯，我很喜欢这个，但我可以做得更好。”)”以及第四段中的“What he liked above all was the feeling of “being enveloped by the trail, being embraced by the closeness of the vegetation and the nearness of the river.(他最喜欢的是那种“被小径包围，被茂密的植被和河流所拥抱”的感觉)”可知，在陪伴她妻子在小路上跑步时，他很喜欢小路上的那种感觉。由此推知，Campbell找到了在野外的那种快乐。故选A项。
9．【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的““It is a public proclamation (声明) that you are part of this community,” he says. “Wherever we park, I see a line of vehicles with their various stickers and I feel that we area tribe (部落).”(“这是一个公开的宣言，表明你是这个社区的一部分，”他说。“无论我们在哪里停车，我都会看到一排贴着各种贴纸的车辆，我觉得我们是部落。”)”可知，无论Campbell走到哪里，看到这些带有贴纸的车辆，就会感觉到他们的部落。由此可知，见到这些贴纸，Campbell有一种归属感。故选B项。
10．【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据尾段“Campbell suffered arthritis before he started running, and is “a candidate for knee replacement”. But for now, he is holding off on surgery. It could put an end to the running ― but the “sense of wellbeing and accomplishment will carry me on forever”, he says. “If I can’t run, I will walk.”(坎贝尔在开始跑步之前患有关节炎，是“膝关节置换术的候选人”。但现在，他推迟了手术。他说，这可能会结束跑步，但“幸福感和成就感将永远支撑着我”。“如果我不能跑，我就走。”)”可知，Campbell在开始跑步前患有关节炎，但是他为了跑步推迟手术，这样他觉得是“幸福感和成就感”在支撑着他，由此推知，Campbell是个意志坚定的人。故选A项。
Passage 4（记叙文）
（2023·广东佛山·统考模拟预测）Ledet, a native of Lake Charles and his sister were raised by his single mom. “It was as tough as you can imagine. Sometimes, we had to dig in trash cans for pizzas and not yet rotten fruit,” said Ledet. When he graduated from high school, there were only two options he had — go to the military or get a job. So, in 2004, the U. S. Navy became his job.
But life has a way of offering second chances. During a conversation with his wife, Mallory, he realized that college is not just for rich people, he can go to college too. With Mallory’s help, he applied to Southern University. But as he also needed to make money for his family, Ledet took a job at Baton Rouge General Medical Center as a security guard.
It was a job that changed his path. While working there, he became inspired and wanted to become a physician. So he started asking as many physicians as he could whether he could shadow them. And a lot of them told him security guards don’t become doctors. But one doctor, Dr. Patrick Greiffenstein, honored Ledet’s request. He did what was necessary so that Ledet could officially follow him as he did surgeries and cared for patients. Ledet was dedicated from the start. “He desired to learn and he read on his own and he looked up things, so it seemed obvious that this was real for him. He would stay late and then go into his shift the next morning or do a shift and come join us in the morning, ”said Greiffenstein.
Ledet went on to graduate from Southern University with a double major: chemistry and biology. But a bachelor’s degree would not be the end of his academic pursuits. He earned his doctor’s degree from NYU School of Medicine. Still, he wanted to be a medical doctor.
11．What do we know about Russell Ledet’s early life?
A．He came from poor family. B．He dropped out of school.
C．He enjoyed being a Navy. D．He dreamed to be a doctor.
12．What does the underlined word “shadow” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Look after. B．Work with. C．Rely on. D．Learn from.
13．What personalities does Ledet have?
A．Devoted and humble. B．Patient and sensitive.
C．Caring and talented. D．Determined and ambitious.
14．What message does Ledet’s experience convey?
A．Clothes do not make a man. B．Your life is what you make it.
C．While there is life，there is hope. D．All things come to those who wait.
【篇章导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Ledet的奋斗故事，Ledet和妹妹是由单亲妈妈抚养长大的，从小生活贫困。后来Ledet从妻子那儿得知每个人都拥有上大学的机会，于是，他通过自己的努力最终获得了博士学位。
11．【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Ledet, a native of Lake Charles and his sister were raised by his single mom. “It was as tough as you can imagine. Sometimes, we had to dig in trash cans for pizzas and not yet rotten fruit,” said Ledet.(Ledet是查尔斯湖的本地人，他和妹妹是由他的单身母亲抚养长大的。“这和你想象的一样艰难。有时，我们不得不在垃圾桶里翻找披萨和尚未腐烂的水果。”Ledet说)”可知，Ledet出身贫苦家庭。故选A。
12．【答案】D
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“And a lot of them told him security guards don’t become doctors. But one doctor, Dr. Patrick Greiffenstein, honored Ledet’s request. He did what was necessary so that Ledet could officially follow him as he did surgeries and cared for patients.(很多人告诉他保安不会成为医生。但有一位医生Patrick Greifenstein尊重了Ledet的请求。他做了必要的事情，这样Ledet就可以正式跟随他做手术和照顾病人)”可知，划线单词指的是Ledet询问医生自己是否可以向他们学习以成为医生。故划线单词的意思和“向某人学习”相似。选项A“Look after(照顾)”；选项B“Work with(共事)”；选项C“Rely on(依赖)”；选项D“Learn from(向……学习)”。故选D。
13．【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“During a conversation with his wife, Mallory, he realized that college is not just for rich people, he can go to college too. With Mallory’s help, he applied to Southern University.(在与妻子Mallory的一次谈话中，他意识到大学不仅仅是为富人准备的，他也可以上大学。在Mallory的帮助下，他申请了南方大学)”以及文章第三段“It was a job that changed his path. While working there, he became inspired and wanted to become a physician.(这份工作改变了他的人生道路。在那里工作期间，他受到启发，想成为一名医生。)”以及第三段“Ledet was dedicated from the start.( Ledet从一开始就很专注)”可推知，Ledet是一个有决心、有毅力、有志向的人。故选D。
14．【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“During a conversation with his wife, Mallory, he realized that college is not just for rich people, he can go to college too. With Mallory’s help, he applied to Southern University.(在与妻子Mallory的一次谈话中，他意识到大学不仅仅是为富人准备的，他也可以上大学。在Mallory的帮助下，他申请了南方大学)”可知，Ledet从妻子那儿知道每个人都可以上大学，于是申请了大学。再根据文章第三段“It was a job that changed his path. While working there, he became inspired and wanted to become a physician.(这份工作改变了他的人生道路。在那里工作期间，他受到启发，想成为一名医生)”以及最后一段“Ledet went on to graduate from Southern University with a double major: chemistry and biology. But a bachelor’s degree would not be the end of his academic pursuits. He earned his doctor’s degree from NYU School of Medicine. Still, he wanted to be a medical doctor.(Ledet毕业于南方大学，主修化学和生物双学位。但学士学位并不是他学术追求的终点。他在纽约大学医学院获得博士学位。尽管如此，他还是想成为一名医生)”可知，Ledet通过自己的努力成为了自己想要成为的人。由此推知，Ledet的经历传达了“Your life is what you make it.(你的生活是你自己创造的)”。故选B。
Passage 5（说明文）
（2023·山东济南·山东师范大学附中校考模拟预测）
Pretending sickness may get harder. Slipping a day off work by nervously coughing down the phone to your boss might not work. Very soon your company might be able to tell whether your symptoms are real, just from your voice.
An Indian research team tried to tell a “cold voice” from a healthy voice. Their research makes use of the fact that human speech, like any musical instrument, does not produce single frequencies of sounds. Even the best trained singers cannot hit pure notes like those from tuning forks. The dominant notes in the human voice are instead accompanied by a series of higher pitch (音高) tones.
Together these sets of notes fit into mathematical patterns called harmonics (和声), with tones having frequencies that are multiples of the original note. For example, the pitch of the second harmonic note is twice the frequency of the main note and so on. The loudness of these harmonics in speech tends to fade as they proceed up the frequency scale. The team reasoned that infection with a cold might change how this decline happened.
To find out, the scientists made use of an unusual resource: recordings of the voices of 630 people in Germany, 111 of whom were suffering from a cold. Each was asked to count from one to 40 and describe what they did at the weekend. They also read aloud a fable The North Wind and the Sun, which has been a popular text for speech research since 1949. By breaking down each person’s speech into its spectrum (声谱) of component wavelengths, the researchers could identify the dominant frequency and the harmonics in each case. They then used machine-learning to analyse the relationships between the loudness of these harmonics and found patterns that could distinguish the cold voices from the healthy voices.
The team’s diagnosis of cold voice shows a 70% accuracy. Faced with another dull Monday at the office, would you take the risk?
15．On what basis is the research performed?
A．Human speeches vary in frequencies.
B．Training has no effect on human notes.
C．Humans speak like musical instruments.
D．Higher pitch notes dominate human voices.
16．What may reduce the volume of human harmonics?
A．The pitch of harmonics. B．A pretended cold voice.
C．The sets of human notes. D．Higher sound frequencies.
17．Why are the participants required to read the fable?
A．It is easy to understand. B．It is valuable in literature.
C．It is popular with speakers. D．It is suitable for the research.
18．What does the author want to tell us?
A．Human speech reflects health B．Pretending sickness is a trend.
C．Voice changes with conditions. D．Changing voice is of great risk.
【篇章导读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述印度的一个研究小组试图区分感冒的声音和健康的声音。
15．【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Their research makes use of the fact that human speech, like any musical instrument, does not produce single frequencies of sounds.(他们的研究利用了这样一个事实，即人类的语言和任何乐器一样，不会产生单一频率的声音)”可知，该研究理论基础是人的语言频率是不同的。故选A项。
16．【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The loudness of these harmonics in speech tends to fade as they proceed up the frequency scale. (这些和声在语音中的响度往往会随着它们在频率范围内的上升而减弱)”可知，较高的声音频率会减少人类和声的响度。故选D项。
17．【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。由文章第四段“By breaking down each person’s speech into its spectrum (声谱) of component wavelengths, the researchers could identify the dominant frequency and the harmonics in each case. They then used machine-learning to analyse the relationships between the loudness of these harmonics and found patterns that could distinguish the cold voices from the healthy voices.(通过将每个人的语音分解为其分量波长谱，研究人员可以识别出每种情况下的主频和和声。然后，他们使用机器学习来分析这些和声的响度之间的关系，并找到了可以区分感冒声音和健康声音的模式)”可知，测试者被要求读寓言是因为可用他们的声音来分析。由此推知，这样做是为了配合该研究。故选D项。
18．【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The loudness of these harmonics in speech tends to fade as they proceed up the frequency scale. The team reasoned that infection with a cold might change how this decline happened.(这些和声在语音中的响度往往会随着它们在频率范围内的上升而减弱。研究小组推断，感染感冒可能会改变这种下降的发生方式)”以及联系上下文可推知，作者想告诉我们声音随着环境的变化而变化。故选C项。
Passage 6（说明文）
（2023·湖北·华中师大一附中校考模拟预测）Have you ever taken a personality test and found the results to be scarily accurate, checked your horoscope (星象学) and had everything come true or taken an online quiz that told you precisely what your favorite Disney princess means about you? Well, we certainly have done so too many times, so we decided to do a little investigation into how Internet quizzes, magazines and horoscope books seem to know us so well.
We discovered that we’ve all been falling victim to the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them, despite the fact that the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone. It was named after P.T. Barnum, a famous 19th century showman, who would famously say, “There’s a fool born every minute.”
Indeed, Barnum proved to be right, as pseudoscience (伪科学) — such as astrology and personality test — remains popular to this day. The Barnum effect explains why extremely general statements, such as the results of your personality test, seem so specific to you. Don’t believe us? Well, late psychology professor Bertram Forer offered some proof.
In a historic study, Forer conducted a personality test to his students. Forer copied statements such as “You have a great need for other people to like and admire you.” and “You have a tendency to be critical of yourself” from the newspaper’s horoscope column and gave a test to every student, Forer asked his students to rate the accuracy of the test from one to five, with “one” being the least accurate and “five” being the most accurate. The average rating was 4.26. The universally high ratings from students on the personality test supported the Barnum effect.
One of the most important factors when reproducing this study is to keep the statements as vague as possible, with a mix of mostly positive and some negative content. For example, using the phrase “at times” makes for a powerful Barnum Effect. See “At times you are extroverted and sociable, while at other times you are introverted and reserved”— who would not agree with that statement?
So, keep in mind that we are not immune to the Barnum effect. Take everything you hear with several grains of salt.
19．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2?
A．To present a controversial opinion. B．To provide an example of an idea.
C．To offer a solution to a problem. D．To define the meaning of a term.
20．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．Potential application of the Barnum effect. B．Further explanation of the Barnum effect.
C．Supporting evidence for the Barnum effect. D．A reasonable doubt of the research process.
21．Why do so many people believe the statements in horoscope and personality tests?
A．They are so specific. B．They are ambiguous.
C．They are positive. D．They are believable.
22．How is the passage organized?
A．Problem—solution. B．Cause—effect.
C．Phenomenon—analysis. D．Claim—counterclaim.
【篇章导读】这是一篇说明文。文章提出了“很多人相信占卜和性格测试等”这一现象并分析了其原因。
19．【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“We discovered that we’ve all been falling victim to the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them, despite the fact that the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone. It was named after P.T. Barnum, a famous 19th century showman, who would famously say, “There’s a fool born every minute.”(我们发现我们都成了巴纳姆效应的受害者。巴纳姆效应是一种现象，当人们认为性格描述只适用于他们时，尽管事实上这些描述中充满了适用于所有人的信息。它是以19世纪著名的表演家P.T.巴纳姆的名字命名的，他有句名言：“每分钟都有一个傻瓜出生。”)”可知，文章第二段主要解释了巴纳姆效应的概念。由此推知，第二段的目的是给“巴纳姆效应”这一专业术语下定义。故选D项。
20．【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第三段最后一句“Don’t believe us? Well, late psychology professor Bertram Forer offered some proof.(不相信我们？嗯，已故的心理学教授Bertram Forer提供了一些证据)”和第四段“In a historic study, Forer conducted a personality test to his students. Forer copied statements such as “You have a great need for other people to like and admire you.” and “You have a tendency to be critical of yourself” from the newspaper’s horoscope column and gave a test to every student, Forer asked his students to rate the accuracy of the test from one to five, with “one” being the least accurate and “five” being the most accurate. The average rating was 4.26. The universally high ratings from students on the personality test supported the Barnum effect.(在一项历史研究中，弗莱尔对他的学生进行了性格测试。永远复制这样的话：“你非常需要别人喜欢和钦佩你。”和“你有挑剔自己的倾向”，然后给每个学生做了一个测试，让他的学生给测试的准确性打分，从1到5，“1”是最不准确的，“5”是最准确的。平均评分为4.26分。学生们在性格测试中普遍获得的高分支持了巴纳姆效应)”可知，文章第四段通过Forer对学生的性格测试，为巴纳姆效应提供论据。故选C项。
21．【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“We discovered that we’ve all been falling victim to the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them, despite the fact that the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone.(我们发现我们都成了巴纳姆效应的受害者。巴纳姆效应是一种现象，当人们认为性格描述只适用于他们时，尽管事实上这些描述中充满了适用于所有人的信息)”以及倒数第二段“One of the most important factors when reproducing this study is to keep the statements as vague as possible, with a mix of mostly positive and some negative content.(在复制这项研究时，最重要的因素之一是让陈述尽可能模糊，主要是积极的内容和一些消极的内容)”可推知，很多人相信占卜和性格描述，是因为这些描述中充满了适用于所有人的信息，也就是说这些描述其实是很模棱两可的。故选B项。
22．【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。阅读文章可知，文章第一段提出了“很多人相信占卜和性格测试等”这一现象，而后面几个段落都在分析其原因。由此可知，本文的篇章结构为“现象——分析”。故选C项。