牛津译林版 (2019)选择性必修 第三册Grammar and usage说课ppt课件
展开Explring the rules
What d yu knw abut the great histrian Sima Qian?
Brn in either 145 r 135 BCE, during China’s Han Dynasty, Sima Qian is “the father f Chinese histry”.
Sima Qian wrte Shi Ji, r Recrds f the Grand Histrian.
Western schlars can further understand Chinese culture thrugh the English versin f Shiji, and the publicatin f the English versin in China can als enable Chinese schlars t pay attentin t the study f the English translatin f Shiji, thus deepening the cmmunicatin between Chinese and Western civilizatins.
Read the article n page 34 and answer the fllwing questins. 1. What is the essay abut? 2. What is the greatest achievement Sima Qian made? 3. What cntributed t Sima Qian’s success?
A Explring the rules
1. What is the essay abut? The essay is abut the great histrian Sima Qian.2. What is the greatest achievement Sima Qian made? He wrte the Shiji (Recrds f the Grand Histrian).3. What cntributed t Sima Qian’s success? His father’s influence, his learning and travelling experiences, and his perseverance.
对... ...感兴趣周游全国 获取广泛的信息 继他父亲之后成为太史令 方便他接触... ... 整理可用的资源 需要艰苦的努力 有效且高效地 继续某事 被关进监狱 身体上和精神上无论顺境还是逆境
take an interest in ...
travel extensively acrss the cuntry
get a wide range f infrmatin
succeed his father as Grand Histrian
facilitate his access t ...
srt ut available resurces
Useful Expressins
require painstaking effrts
effectively and efficiently
carry n with ...
be put in prisn
physically and mentally
in gd times r bad times
Wrking ut the rules
Fcus n 基本用法
Predicative Clauses( 表语从句)
在复合句中作表语的从句叫做表语从句。位于主句的系动词之后,对主语进行解释、说明,使主语的内容具体化。表语从句也必须用陈述语序。
“主语+系动词+关联词+表语从句”
Wrk ut the rules
We can use a nun clause as the predicative f a sentence.We can use that t intrduce a predicative clause when the clause is a (1) _________. We can use whether t intrduce a predicative clause when the clause is a (2) _____________. We can use what, why, when, where, etc. t intrduce a predicative clause when the clause is a (3) ___________.
yes-n questin
Explanatin
引导表语从句的词有: 从属连词: 连接代词: 连接副词:
that / whether/as if /as thugh/ because
wh / whm / whse / which / what
when / where / why / hw
1. The mst imprtant thing is that we finish the final task.2. The questin is whether we can finish it in such a shrt time.3. The reasn why he was late is that he gt up late.
(1)从属连词: that& whether
用法归纳:a. that引导表语从句时,只起______作用,作/不作句子成分,有/没有意义。b. whether引导表语从句时,只起______作用,作/不作句子成分,通常翻译为“______”。注意,引导表语从句时通常不用if。
c. 注意下面这个结构:The reasn why ... is / was that ...
主语是reasn时,表语从句不能用because, 只能用that。
①麻烦是我把他的地址(address)丢了。 ②My suggestin is that we ___________(tell) him.
The truble is that I have lst his address.
在表“建议,劝说,命令”的名词(suggestin, advice, request, demand, prpsal, rder, 等)后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用“shuld +动词原形”(虚拟语气),shuld可省略
My suggestin is that we all ___________ (take) an active part in the cming sprts meet. 2. His prpsal was that the wrk _________________ (finish) in five hurs.
(shuld) be finished
(shuld) take
whether引导一般疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句,意思是“是否”,陈述语序。 e.g. The questin is whether it is wrth ding. My dubt is whether we can get there n time.
(注意:if不能引导表语从句。)
问题是我们是否可以依赖他。
The questin is whether we can rely n him.
whether与if均为“是否”
下列情况下只用whether:
Whether he will cme is nt clear.
The questin is whether he'll cme.
I'm nt sure abut whether we'll win.
Let me knw whether yu can cme r nt.
1. 引导主语从句并在句首
3. 从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有“r nt”
表语从句也可以由 as if/ as thugh 引导,意思是“似乎、好像”
e.g. He lked as if he was ging t cry. It seems as thugh he desn't knw the answer.
as if/ as thugh引导的表语从句如果是事实,就用陈述语气;如果与事实不符,就用虚拟语气(从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去式;从句表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用had +过去分词;从句表示将来的可能性不大,用wuld/might/culd+动词原形)。
e.g. He lks as if he were a rich man. He lked just as if he had lked ten years befre. It lks as if it might rain.
将来事实相反as if sb wuld/might/culd+d.
现在事实相反as if sb were/did sth.
过去事实相反 as if sb had dne sth.
2. 其他从属连词引导表语从句时有具体的含义, whether表示是否,because 表示因为;as if/as thugh 表示好像,似乎。
注:as if/as thugh和事实相反要虚拟,规则如下: 1、如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时。 2、从句表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用“had+过去分词”。 3、从句表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用“wuld/culd/might+动词原形 e.g., It lks as if she were drunk. be It appears as if he hadn’t met her. nt meet
because引导的表语从句常见于"This/That/It is/was because..."句型中
e.g. He was sent t the hspital. That's because he was ill. That's because we were in need f mney at that time.
That's because…强调原因;That's why…强调结果
1) He failed the math exam. That’s __________he was t careless.2) He was t careless. That’s ______ he failed the math exam.
名词reasn作主语时,表语从句用that而不用because或why引导
The reasn ____ he failed the math exam is _____ he was t careless.
1. I was late fr schl this mrning. That's ________ I stayed up t late last night. (果→因)2. I stayed up t late last night. That's ________ I was late fr schl this mrning. (因→果)3. The reasn _______ I was late fr schl this mrning is _______ I stayed up t late last night.
because引导的表语从句常用于“That's because…”结构中,说明产生上述结果的原因;why引导的表语从句说明由上述原因导致的某种结果。
1.that 不充当句子成分,无意义,只起连接作用
e.g., What I mean is (that) yu may have t face it. One reasn why Crystal has becme s famus is that he is very quick thinking.
e.g.,The questin is whether we shuld g n with this wrk. He says it is because he wanted t d s. It sunds as if smene is kncking at the dr.
注:as if/as thugh和事实相反要虚拟,规则如下: 1、如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时。 2、从句表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用“had+过去分词”。 3、从句表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用“wuld/culd/might+动词原形 e.g., It lks as if she were drunk. It appears as if he hadn’t met her.
3.由连接代词wh / whm / whse / which / what引导的表语从句
连接代词在表语从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。依据“缺什么补什么”原则确定正确的连词。所谓“缺什么补什么”是指从句与连词之间的关系。如果句子中缺主语,指人用wh,指物用what。如缺宾语,指人用whm,指物用what。如缺定语用what或which。
The prblem is will water my plants when I am away.That is I want t tell yu. Things are nt always they seem.
This museum is nt ______ it was ten years ag.
What I want t knw is rad we shuld take.
用法归纳:连接代词引导表语从句时,既起______作用,又作句子成分(通常作__________________)等。
1. She is nt wh she was.2. Exercise is what keeps us healthy.3. The winner will be whever slves that prblem.4. My part will be whatever yu give t me.
(2) 连接代词: wh, whm, whse, which, what,whatever, whever, whichever, ...
3.由连接副词when / where / why / hw 引导的表语从句
连接副词在表语从句中充当状语,可表时间、地点、原因、方式等,因此不能省略。依据“缺什么补什么”原则确定正确的连词。所谓“缺什么补什么”是指从句与连词之间的关系。如缺时间状语用when;地点状语用where。 原因状语用why;方式状语用hw。
e.g.,What he wnders is they can finish their wrk. This is ur basic interest lies. He was ill. That's he was sent t the hspital.
That was I was fifteen.
That’s yu are wrng.
The prblem is we can find him.
用法归纳:连接副词引导表语从句时,既起______作用,又作句子成分(通常作______)。
(3) 连接副词:when, where, why, hw, whenever, wherever, ...
1. The huse is where Lu Xun nce lived.2. Tmrrw is when it wuld be the mst cnvenient.3. That’s hw matters stand.4. That's why yu shuld push yurself.5. The best time t start is whenever yu are ready.
4.特殊规则:特定名词+that+(shuld)d结构
我的建议就是你做出决定之前仔细考虑一下。My advice is that yu (shuld) think it ver befre yu make a decisin.
When the subject f a sentence is a wrd like suggestin, advice, rder, demand, etc, we ften use ________________ as the verb f the predictive clause and _________can be mitted.
引导表语从句的that通常不省略, 但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略。
The truble is (that) he is ill. 2. My decisin is that all f us are t start at 6 'clck tmrrw mrning.
Applying the rules
Cmplete the sentences with prper linking wrds t frm predicative clauses.
1. I gt six bks frm the library. The questin is ________ ne I shuld read first!2. The truth is _____ there are many reasns why wars break ut.3. We have made it rule that visitrs must nt tuch the china vases. The prblem is ______ sme visitrs d nt pay attentin t it.
4. The museum was clsed. That was _______ we culdn’t see the histrical dcuments.5. The tw histrians disagree with each ther. The questin is __________ it is pssible t prve wh is right.6. Besides having the histry classes at schl, we als visit histric destinatins. That is _______ we learn abut imprtant events in histry.
Belw is an article abut the Shiji. Cmplete the article belw with prper linking wrds t frm predicative clauses.
In the first century BCE, Sima Qian cmplete the Shiji, which describes histrical events and figure frm the era f he Yellw Emperr in ancient legends t his wn time.Ttalling ver 520,000 Chinese characters and extending ver a perid f abut 3,000 years, the Shiji cnsists f 130 chapters in five categries. What makes this bk remarkable in cntent is (1) _______ it nt nly includes vivid descriptins f histrical figures such as emperrs, ministers r ther exceptinal figures, but als lists imprtant events in different perids. Anther thing t nte is (2) _______ it cvers advances in astrnmy, music, the calender and s n.
One f the main features f the Shiji is (3) ______ the bigraphies are presented -in the frm f stries rather than dry facts. Sima Qian was able t use a small number f wrds t describe a histrical event r figure vividly. Sme f the phrases emplyed in this bk are still in cnstant use.Even tday, the events and figures in the Shiji seem real when yu read abut them. Later histrians wrte 23 mre fficial histries in a similar frmat. Tgether with the Shiji, these were edited in the Qing Dynasty. That is (4) ______ these wrks became knwn as the Twenty-Fur Histries. They are amng the mst imprtant recrds f Chinese histry.
Questins: 1. What are included in the Shiji? 2. What is ne f the main features in the Shiji? 3. Hw did the Shiji influence the way t recrd Chinese histry in years t cme?
Intensive reading
Questin:1. What are included in the Shiji? It nt nly includes vivid descriptin f histrical figures, but als lists imprtant events in different perids. Mrever, it cvers advances in astrnmy, music, the calendar and s n.
Questin: 2. What is ne f the main features in the Shiji? Sima Qian used vivid stries instead f dry facts t present bigraphies.
Questin: 3. Hw did the Shiji influence the way t recrd Chinese histry in years t cme? Later histrians wrte 23 mre fficial histries in a similar frmat.
Write a shrt paragraph based n each f the situatins belw, using predicative clauses.
I’d like t jin yu in ding the prject n the First Wrld War, but my cncern is that I dn’t have much knwledge f it.
1. Tm is s nervus abut his histry test tmrrw. The prblem is that he gets stressed very easily whenever he takes a test. One way t stay relaxed is t keep calm and breathe deeply. Tm hpes it will help slve his prblem.
2. David’s new bk n wrld histry has sld 10,000 cpies! At first, his cncern was whether anyne wuld read his bk. Actually, it is a well-written bk that is als fun t read. The reasn why his bk has sld s many cpies is that David’s lve fr histry is represented in the way he writes abut the tpic.
The fact is _____ we shuld depend n urselves.The city is n lnger ______ it was ten years ag.The best mment fr the ftball star was ______ he scred the winning gal.This is ______ my father has taught me—t always face difficulties and hpe fr the best. _______surprised me mst was _____ he spke Spanish s fluently.All she’s wrried abut is __________ he is all right.The mst imprtant thing is ______ we can get thrugh the difficult times.She lks _______ she were ill.
Cnslidatin
The truble was ________ we culd manage it urselves r nt.Anther unique human characteristic is _________ we walk upright.The questin, hwever, is _________ this is what the develping cuntries need the mst.The truble is _______we have n mney.Frm space, the earth lks blue. This is _______ abut seventy-ne percent f its surface is cvered by water.The nly reasn fr my cming is __________ I hped t see yu again.The biggest questin is _________ will take charge f the cmpany.Liberty means respnsibility. That is________ mst men dread it.
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