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专题01 动词(时态、语态、非谓语)-备战2024年初中英语中考单元知识点一遍过(牛津译林版)
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这是一份专题01 动词(时态、语态、非谓语)-备战2024年初中英语中考单元知识点一遍过(牛津译林版),共29页。
专题01 动词(时态、语态、非谓语)
动词的考察方向:
1. 时态
2. 语态
3. 非谓语动词
4. 动词辨析和动词词组辨析
一)、时态
1. 一般现在时
(1) 一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词原形表示,如果主语是第三人称单数,则在动词原形后加.s或-es,即用动词的第三人称单数形式。
(2)一般现在时的用法
①表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。与often,always,usually,sometimes, once a week,every day等表示频度的副词和时间状语连用。
例如:I often take a bus to school.我经常坐公共汽车去上学。
②表示客观事实或普遍真理。
例如:Light travels faster than sound.光比声音传播得快。
③当主句为一般将来时时,在以if,as soon as,until,when等引导的时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
【主将从现】
例如:When I grow up, l will go to America.当我长大后,我会去美国。
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go to the zoo.如果明天不下雨,我们就去动物园。
注意:和if用法相同的连词可以进行补充:until, as soon as, unless(if... not), when, after, before等。 但注意when,after, before双重身份的词,并不是看到上面三个词就用主将从现。
④在某些以here,there开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。(了解)
例如:There goes the bell. 铃响了。
(3) 与一般现在时连用的时间状语
①表示频度的副词always,often,usually,sometimes等。
②on Sunday, on Monday afternoon, every year等时间状语。
③once a year,twice a month,three times a week之类的时间状语。
例1.一Is your mother a teacher?
—Yes, she is. She at a junior high school.
A. taught B. teaches C. will teach D. is teaching
【答案】B
【解析】此题关注的是母亲现在的工作情况,故用一般现在时,又主语为单数第三人称,动词应为单数第三人称形式。
例2.“Life is like walking in the snow,” Granny used to say,“because every step .”
A. has shown B. is showing C. shows D. showed
【答案】 C
【解析】扔奶过去常说:“生活就好像在雪中行走,每一步都要留下足迹。”引号中是说话当时的情景,可以不用过去时,根据说话的需要该用什么时态就用什么时态。另外本题中奶奶的话是个警句,泛指世间的哲理,所以要用一般现在时表示。
例3. If we now to protect the environment, we'll live to regret it.
A. hadn't acted B. haven't acted
C. don't act D. won't act
【答案】C
【解析】句意:如果现在我们不采取行动保护环境,将来我们会后悔的。根据语法要求,在复合句中,如果主句谓语动词为一般将来时,时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来的动作或状态。
例4.My parents in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.
A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live
【答案】A
【解析】统观全句三个谓语动词“居住”“出生(were born)”“从未住过别处(have never lived anywhere else)”,因为用到现在完成时,可知到目前为止其父母一直住在香港。因此可以推断第一句要表达的意思是其父母现在居住在香港的状况。所以要用一般现在时表示。
2、一般过去时
(1)一般过去时的用法
① 表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。如:
She traveled every winter.她过去每年冬天去旅行。
② 表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。如:
My grandpa often told us stories on summer evenings.我爷爷常在夏夜给我们讲故事。
③ used to+动词原形,表示过去的习惯性动作而现在已经不再发生了。如:
We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.我们以前常常在山区里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)
④ 在虚拟条件句中,对现在或将来情况的假想陈述时,条件句一般用过去时。如:
She would enter a good university if she didn't die.如果她还活着,她会上一所好大学。
⑤ 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,用一般过去时代替过去将来时,表示过去将来的动作。如:
He told me that he wouldn't go back until his mother promised.他对我说直到他妈妈答应他才会回家。(一般过去时代替过去将来时)
(2)一般过去时的构成
① 一般过去时用动词的过去式表示,其规则动词变化方法如下表所示:
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加-ed
pack→packed
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为ied
carry→carried
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字母加-ed
plan→planned
以不发音的e结尾的动词
直接加-d
like→liked provide→provided
② was用于第一、三人称单数,were用于其他人称。
③ 注意以元音字母加y结尾的动词,直接加-ed。如:play→played,
例1.—A nice car ! Is it yours?
—No, it isn't. I it from a friend of mine two days ago.
A. borrow B. have borrowed
C. will borrow D. borrowed
【答案】D
【解析】思路点拨:此题有具体明确的过去时间two days ago,故叙述的事情发生在过去,用一般过去时。
例2.—Kevin, you look worried. Anything wrong?
—Well, I a test and I'm waiting for the result.
A. will take B. took
C. had taken D. take
【答案】B
【解析】句意:—Kevin,你看起来有些担心的样子。有什么麻烦的事吗?一嗯,我参加了一个测试,正在等结果呢。根据waiting for the result可知考试已结束了,是完成了的动作,因此排除一般现在时的D项和一般将来时的A项。C项为过去完成时,应该表示过去的过去发生的动作和行为,但本题中并没有这样的时间状语。
例3. Our friendship quickly over the weeks that flowed.
A. had developed B. was developing
C. would develop D. developed
【答案】D
【解析】思路点拨:句意:我们的友谊在接下来的几周里迅速发展。本题所给的时间状语为over the weeks that followed(在接下来的几周里),从followed就可看出“迅速发展”是在过去的一段时间里发生的动作,所以要用一般过去时表示。
3、一般将来时
(1)表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,其结构是“will+动词原形”。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
例如:tomorrow,next week,in a few days,next Saturday,in+一段时间等。
e.g. Will you be back in two days?你两天后会回来吗?
注意:当句中主语是I或we时,一般使用shall,表示征求对方意见。
e.g. Where shall we meet tomorrow?明天我们在哪里碰面?
(2)be going to+动词原形,表示计划、打算做某事,表示已决定的并很可能发生的事。
e.g. “What are you going to do next Sunday?下周日你打算干什么?
Look at the clouds. There is going to be a storm.看那些乌云,暴风雨就要来临了。(客观现象)
备注:一般将来时中有特殊疑问词how soon, 若答句中是in +一段时间,我们选择特殊疑问词时注意选择how soon.
(3)有些动词如come, go, stay, arrive, leave, begin, start等,其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期要发生的动作。如:
I'm leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我计划去北京。
(4)某些动词的一般现在时可以表示计划、安排将要做的事情,此种用法常常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、上下课等。如:
We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8 o'clock.我们必须快点,第一节课将在8点开始。
(5) be about to do表示马上就要发生的事。一般不再与具体的时间状语连用。如:
Don't go out. We're about to have dinner.别出去了,我们很快就要吃饭。
I was about to start when it began to rain.我刚要出发就下起雨来了。
(6)be to do表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。如:
The president is to visit China next week.总统下周来访问中国。
例1. Stop smoking, Joe! You yourself if you keep on doing it like that!
A. will kill B. have killed
C. kill D. killed
【答案】A
【解析】思路点拨:该条件状语从句中的一般现在时表示将来,故主句应用一般将来时。
例2. —Do you think Mom and Dad late? 一No. Swiss Air is usually on time.
A. were B. will be
C. would be D. have been
【答案】B
【解析】句意:一你认为妈妈和爸爸会晚点吗?一不,瑞士航空公司通常是准点的。问话是个复合句,主句是Do you think,其后是宾语从句,宾语从句表示出说话人当时对将要发生的情况的担心。主句是一般现在时,将要发生的情况当然要用一般将来时表示。
例3. We very early so we packed the night before.
A. leave B. had left C. were leaving D. have left
【答案】C
【解析】思路点拨:句意:我们打算一大早就出发,所以头天晚上我们就收拾好东西了。本题考查进行时表示将来时态的用法。leave和pack两个动作都是过去范畴的动作,因此排除与过去时无关的A,D项。又对于pack来说leave是还没发生的动作,既然题中已给出packed是过去时,那么leave就应该是过去将来时。C项were leaving是过去进行时表示将来的动作。
4、现在进行时
(1)表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。
(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。
e.g. The students are working on the farm these days. 学生们这些天一直在农场劳动。
(3)用现在进行时表示将来。
常用这种结构的动词有:go,come,leave,stay,start,begin等,表示即将发生或安排好要做的事情。
e.g. We are leaving for Shanghai.我们就要动身去上海了。
The bus is coming soon.公共汽车就快来了。
(4)当时间状语为now,these days 等或当句子中含有look,listen,can you see,can’t you see之类的暗示词时,要用现在进行时
批注:下列这些动词一般不能用现在进行时
①表示感觉的动词,如see,hear等
②表示喜欢或厌恶的动词,如like,love,hate等;表示希望的动词,如want,would like等
③表示状态的动词,如be等
④表示归属的动词,如have等
⑤表示思维,知识或理解能力的动词,如know,think,forget等
(6) 现在分词的构成形式:
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加-ing
try→trying
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字母加-ing
regret→regretting
ban→banning
以不发音的e结尾的动词
去掉e, 加-ing
hate→hating
date→dating
例1. Don't disturb Allen now. He for the Spelling Bee competition.
A. prepares B. prepared C. is preparing D. will prepare
【答案】C
【解析】根据题干中的时间标志词now可以清晰地看出Allen此时此刻正在为拼写竞赛做准备,故用现在进行时。
例2. —I'm not finished with my dinner yet.
—But our friends for us.
A. will wait B. wait C. have waited D. are waiting
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查现在进行时的用法。分析对话语境可知,虽然说话人还没吃完饭。但是有朋友们等着,也得结束吃饭去会朋友了。因为“没吃完饭(I'm notfinished)”是一般现在时,所以“朋友们在等着”应该也是目前正在发生的动作,要用现在进行时表示。
5、过去进行时
(1)过去进行时的概念:过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作或存在的状态
(不强调动作是否已经完成)。
(2) 过去进行时的构成:过去进行时由“was/were+动词的现在分词”构成。
过去进行时常和表示过去具体时间的
词或短语连用(at that time,at ten yesterday等)或通过上下文来提示。
(3)过去进行时的用法:
①表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
例如:Millie was cleaning her bedroom at 8 p.m. yesterday. 昨晚八点钟的时候米莉在打扫她的卧室。
②表示在过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作。
例如:We were working on the farm those days. 那些天我们正在农场上劳动。
③表示过去某一动作发生时,另一动作也在同时进行。
例如:They were making notes while we were reading.我们看书的时候他们正在记笔记。
④表示过去不断重复的动作。
例如:When he worked here, John was always making mistakes. 约翰在这儿工作时总是犯错。
(4)注意含有when或while引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中过去进行时的运用:
①主句中的动作先于从句中的动作发生,且进行的时间较长时,主句用过去进行时,从句常用一般过去时。
例如:He was watching TV when the phone rang.
②从句中的动作先于主句中的动作发生,且进行的时间较长时,从句用过去进行时,主句用一般过去时。
例如:Jim came in while Kate was watching TV.
在凯特正在看电视的时候,吉姆进来了。
③若主句、从句动作开始时间不存在先后关系(即同时发生)或无所谓先后时,主从句可同时使用过去进行时,此时的时间状语从句一般由while来引导。
例如:They were making notes while we were reading. 我们看书的时候他们正在记笔记。
注意:在上述情况中,若动词为表示动作的瞬间动词时,一般都应用一般过去时,而不用过去进行时。
Luckily, when l went to see him, he was at home. 幸运的是,我去看他时,他在家。
(5) go,come,leave,arrive,start等动词,其过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发生的动作。
例1. I saw Jeff in the park. He on the grass and reading a book.
A. sits B. sat C. is sitting D. was sitting
【答案】D
【解析】此句中动作发生在过去,而在我看到的时候是一个过去的时间点,故应用过去进行时。另外,reading也明确地提示我们此题应用进行时。
6、 现在完成时
(1)表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有:lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里),since then, up to now, so far(至今)等。如:
Mary has been ill since last Sunday.玛丽从上个星期天开始就生病了。
I have lived in Korea for two years.我已经在韩国住7两年了。
(2)表示一件发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响,注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语有:already, just(刚刚),yet, never, before等。如:
He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.)他关掉灯了。
The concert has started. ( =The concert is on now.)音乐会开始了。
(3)几个副词在现在完成时中的用法
①just意为“刚刚”,表示动作刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过去分词之间;
e.g. He has just come back from America
②ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词和过去分词之间;
e.g. Have you ever been to London?你去过伦敦吗?
注意:重点考点have been in+地点+时间段,表示“在/来某地多久”;have gone to+地点,表示“去了某地”。(人已走,尚未回。只用于第三人称。)have been to+地点,表示“去过某地”。(人已回)。务必熟记它们的意思。
Jim has gone to New York with his family.吉姆和他的家人去了纽约。
Have you ever been to New York?你去过纽约吗?
The Greens have been in New York for three years.格林一家在纽约(生活)已有3年了。
Mr Li has been at this school for ten years.李先生在这个学校已有10年了。
The Greens are in Nanjing now. They have been here for half a year. 格林一家现在在南京。他们在这儿已有半年了。
例1.The unemployment rate(失业率)in this district(地区) from 6% to 5%in the past two years.
A. has fallen B. had fallen C. is falling D. was falling
【答案】A
【解析】句意:在过去的两年中,本地区的失业率已经从6%降低到了5 %。本题考查现在完成时的用法。题干中给出的时间状语是in the past two years,意为“在过去的两年中”,也就是说在“最近的两年中”到目前为止的两年中,从过去一个时刻开始,一直延续到现在完成的动作要用现在完成时表示。
例2.We our new neighbours yet,so we don't know their names.
A. don't meet B. won't meet
C. haven't met D. hadn't met
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我们还没见过我们的新部居,所以不知道他们的姓名。根据后句可知,本题讲述的是现在的事情。又由于前句中的yet,可知到目前为止还没见到新部居,yet常用于现在完成时的否定句,故选C。
例3.—Where is your father, Leo?
一He is in Hainan on vacation. He for two weeks.
A. has been away B. has left
C. has gone D. left
【答案】A
【解析】句意:一利奥,你父亲在哪儿?一他在海南度假。他离开有两周了。leave, go是瞬间动词,不能和表示一段时间的状语for two weeks连用;而be away表状态,可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
非延续性动词和延续性动词的转换:
买buy-have 借borrow-keep
结婚get married-be married
离开leave-be away 回来come back-be back
生病fall ill-be ill 死亡die-be dead
关闭turn off-be off 打开turn on-be on
动身leave for-be off to 变成become-be
返回return-be back 开始begin-be on
睡觉go to bed-sleep 穿put on-have on/wear
来/去come/go-be in/away 参加join-be a member of
感冒take/get/catch a cold-have a cold
入睡go to sleep- be asleep 到达get to/arrive in(at)/reach-be in
区别一般过去时和现在完成时:
(1)现在完成时表示始于过去,持续到现在这一段时间的动作或状态;而一般过去时却表示在过去发生,并在过去结束的动作或状态。如:
John lives in London. He has lived there for seven years.约翰住在伦敦,他在那里住了七年。
(2)选择现在完成时还是一般过去时,常常取决于讲话人头脑中是否有一个尚未结束的隐含时间区。如:
Have you seen the film?你已经看过这部电影了吗?(电影还在播放)
Did you see the film?你看了这部电影?(电影播放过了)
(第一句暗示现在电影正在放映,问话人想了解听话人对电影的看法如何;第二句暗示电影放映过了,与现在无关,问话人只问听话人是否看了电影那个事实。)
(3)现在完成时常用于提供新的信息,因此,两人对话时往往先用现在完成时,如果继续谈到具体的事物、时间、地点、方法,须用一般过去时。如:
一Have you watched the football match?你看足球赛了吗?
—Yes, I have.是的,我看过了。
—When did you watch it?你什么时候看的?
—I watched it yesterday.我昨天看的。
二)、语态
语态问题是一个关系问题,语态所要解决的就是主语和谓语之间的关系。这种关系只能有两种:要么主语是谓语动词动作的发出者(即主动语态),要么主语是谓语动词动作的承受者(被动语态)。语态也是动词的一种形式。
v 被动语态的构成和用法
(1)英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的,而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表:
(2)被动语态的用法
①不知道谁是动作的执行者。如:The car was made in China.这辆汽车是中国产的。
②由于某种原因没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。如:English is widely used in the world.英语在世界上被广泛使用。
③需要强调动作的承受者。如:Professor Black will be invited to the meeting. Black教授将被邀参加会议。
例1. Over $ 30,000_______for a children's hospital by a British girl several months ago.
A, is raised B, was raised
C. will be raised D. has been raised
【答案】B.
【解析】主语是Over $ 30 , 000,它和raise“筹集”之间是被动关系,要用被动语态;再结合several months ago可知,要用一般过去时的被动语态。
v 主动语态变被动语态的方法
1.主动语态和被动语态可以互相转换:
2.语态转换的几种类型
例1. The university will invite many graduates to celebrate its 100th birthday.
Many graduates will by the university to celebrate its 100th birthday.
【答案】be invited
【解析】主动语态变为被动语态时,通常遵循以下三个步骤:①首先把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 ②再把主动语态的谓语动词改为与其时态相对应的被动形式,且与被动语态的主语保持人称和数的一致。③最后将主动语态的主语改为介词by的宾语,置于句后。“by+宾语”在句中常省略。
例2.My father bought me a watch yesterday.
(改为被动语态)A watch me yesterday.
【答案】was bought for
【解析】这是一个含双宾语的主动句变为被动句,注意不要遗漏了间接宾语前的介词。
例3.At last the boy was made and began to laugh.
A. stop crying B. to stop to cry
C. to stop crying D. stop to cry
【答案】C
【解析】在把“make/let等使役动词十宾语+省略to的不定式”结构变为被动语态时,要把省略的不定式符号to还原;stop to do sth“停下来去做某事”,stop doing sth“停止做某事”。
例4. In many places in China, the old over 90 not only by their family but also by the government.
A. is taking good care B. are taken good care of
C. is taking good care of D. are taken good care
【答案】B
【解析】句意:在中国的许多地方,超过90岁的老人不仅被他们的家庭好好照顾着,而且也被政府好好照顾着。注意:the old指一类人,谓语动词用复数形式;在短语动词的被动语态中,介词或副词不能省略。
带双宾语的主动句如何变为被动句?
(1)通常把指“人”的间接宾语变为主语,指“物”的直接宾语保留不变。如:
He told us a story.→We were told a story ( by him).他给我们讲了一个故事。
My father gave me a new pen. →I was given a new pen by my father.我爸爸给我一支新钢笔。
(2)如果要把指“物”的直接宾语变为主语,间接宾语前有时要加介词to(在send, pass, write, give, show, bring等动词之后)或for(在buy, cook, make, order, choose等动词之后)。如:
My teacher gave me some advice.
→Some advice was given to me by my teacher.我的老师给我提了一些建议。
My mother bought me a new bag.
→A new bag was bought for me by my mother.我妈妈给我买了一个新包。
感官动词或表示“变化”的动词不能用于被动语态。需要记住的单词有:
look(看起来) sound(听起来) taste(尝起来) smell(闻起来) continue(继续) feel(摸起夹.感受) seem(似乎) remain(仍然) keep(保持) prove(证明)
v 在口语中常用“get+过去分词”来表示被动
get married结婚
get hurt受伤
get dressed穿衣服
get lost迷路
get+过去分词 get drunk喝醉了
get paid获得报酬
get started行动起来
get treated得到治疗
get elected当选
例如:She got married last week.她上周结婚了。
The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周得到一次治疗。
He fell off the car and got killed.他从汽车上掉下来,摔死了。
例1. Watch out the fire or you'll .
A. be burnt B. burn
C. get burnt D. got burnt
【答案】C
【解析】考查“get+过去分词”表示被动意义的用法。根据句意“当心火,否则你会被烧伤的”,可知you'll后接动词原形。
v 有些动词主动形式表示被动的含义
有些被动形式表示主动的含义
(1)有些不及物动词的主动形式可表被动意义。这样的动词有act, open, close, catch, sell, read, keep, draw, drive, write等。如:The shop opens at six in the morning.这家商店早上六点开门营业。
(2)一些表示感知的连系动词如look, feel, sound, taste, smell等常用主动形式表被动意义。如:The red apple tastes delicious.这个红苹果很好吃。
(3)在need, want, require, deserve等动词后面常接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如:Your desk needs repairing.你的课桌需要修理了。
(4)动词不定式作定语,与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且又和句中另外一个名词或代词构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,这时不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如:My teacher gave me some homework to do.我的老师给我布置了一些家庭作业去做。(to do与homework构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和me构成逻辑上的主谓关系)
(5)当动词不定式作表语形容词easy, hard, difficult, impossible, good等的状语,又和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,该不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如:English is easy to learn.英语容易学。
(6)在“too ... to”和“enough to”结构中,如果句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语,这时动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如:The water is too dirty to drink.水太脏,不能喝。
例1. —Do you know the song Where has the time gone?
一Sure. It beautiful. I like it a lot.
A. smells B. tastes C. sounds D. looks
【答案】C
【解析】此题考查连系动词,考生须明确此类动词没有被动语态。根据句意可知《时间都去哪儿了》这首歌曲应该是“听起来优美”,进而可知答案。
例2. —Three-D printing technology could be used to build a house in less than 24 hours.
一It amazing. It's my first time to get to know the news.
A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. tastes
【答案】C
三)、非谓语动词
非谓语动词:在句中不单独作谓语的动词叫非谓语动词。
例: He likes to read the novel.
例:He enjoyed traveling around world.
例:John made Tom go with him.
解析:英语的单句中,可能有两个动词,动词2根据动词1的而变化。(to do, doing, done等形式,就是非谓语动词)
非谓语动词的种类
1.不定式 to do 有还没有做的含义.
2.动名词doing 表示抽象的名词意义
3.现在分词doing 表示主动或进行的意义.
4.过去分词done 表示被动或完成的意义.
一、动词不定式考点:
1.作主语: It + be + adj. + (for/of sb.) + 动词不定式.
It is _______ _______ us _______ _______ the environment. 对我们来说,保护环境很重要。
【答案】It is important for us to protect the environment.
【解析】用介词for,句中的形容词一般是necessary、important、difficult、hard等词,该题中有important,所以用for。
注意:在kind, good, nice, clever等表示人的品质、特征的形容词后,不用for而用of。
It is very _______ _______ you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好了。
【答案】It is very kind of you to help me.
【解析】根据用法如果句中的形容词是kind, good, nice, clever等表示人的品质、特征的形容词后,不用for而用of。
2.作宾语:不定式只能做某些动词的宾语,一般不作介词的宾语(but, except除外)。
1)一些谓语动词只能用不定式作宾语,如:would like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。
Would you like _______ _______ _______ _______ tonight? 你今晚想去看电影么?
【答案】to watch a film.
【解析】根据固定搭配,would like to do sth 可知,该题用 to do的结构即可。
2)在find, think等后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在后面。
I find ____________________________ every day. 我发现每天读英语很容易。
【答案】it very easy to read English.
【解析】根据固定句式:sb find/think/believe it adj to do sth,常用it作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。
3)不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用作宾语,相当于一个宾语从句。
The teacher is telling the students ________________ / _________________.
老师正在告诉学生们要做什么。
【答案】what to do/ what they should do.
【解析】根据固定句式特殊疑问词后加动词不定式可以换成特殊疑问词+一个宾语从句(主+谓的结构即可)。
3.作宾语补足语:
1)“动词+宾语+to do”结构,如:tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage等。
Lucy asked _______ _______ _______ _______ the radio. Lucy请他调小收音机的音量。
【答案】him to turn down,
【解析】根据固定搭配,ask sb to do sth可知,再根据把....音量调低用 turn down。
2)“动词+宾语+动词原形”结构,这些动词有:一感(feel),二听(hear, listen to),三让(let, make, have),四看(look at, see, watch, notice)半帮助(help)。其被动需加上to。
The boss _______ _______ _______ the whole day.
=They were _______ _______ _______ the whole day. 老板让他们工作了一整天。
【答案】made them work/ made to work
【解析】根据固定短语make sb do sth, 它的被动语态为sb be made to do sth,要还原to。
4.作定语:不定式作定语,要放在所修饰的词的后面。
There is _______ _______ _______ _______. 没什么可担心的。
【答案】nothing to worry about.
【解析】根据不定式放在不定代词后作定语可知,再根据担心用worry about。
5. 作状语: I went to the library _______ _______ _______. 我去图书馆学英语了。(表目的)
【答案】to learn English.
【解析】用to+do放在句首或句中来表示目的,译为为了.....。
不定式和含有to的固定短语的区别
有些短语中所含有的介词为to,它后面需要接名词、代词或动词-ing形式,并不是动词不定式。
1. pay attention to 注意……
You should pay attention to _______ _______. 你应该注意你的行为举止。
【答案】your behaviors.
【解析】考察单词,行为举止,用behavior即可。
2. devote … to 献身于,致力于
He has _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ the disabled people. 他一生致力于帮助残疾人。
【答案】devoted all his life to helping.
【解析】根据固定搭配devote … to doing sth献身于,致力于。
3. look forward to期盼,盼望 I am looking forward to seeing you again. 我期盼着再见到你。
4. prefer … to … 与……相比更喜欢……
I prefer staying at home to going out. 与出去相比,我更喜欢待在家里。
5. get/be used to … 习惯于……,适应……
She is quite used to working hard. 她很习惯努力工作。
动词-ing考点:
1. 动名词作主语:谓语动词用单数。
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ your health. 吃得太多对你的健康有害。
【答案】Eating too much is bad for.
【解析】根据固定搭配,be bad for可知。
2. 作表语: His hobby is _______ _______. 他的爱好是集邮。
【答案】collecting stamps.
【解析】根据固定搭配 集邮,collect stamps。
3. 作定语:She is _______ _______ _______ _______. 她在阅览室里面。
【答案】in the reading room。
4. 英语中有一些动词(短语)后面常跟动名词作宾语
She practices ________ volleyball every day. (play)
Do you mind ________ the door? (open)
【答案】playing/ opening
【解析】根据practise、mind、enjoy、risk后接动词的ing形式。
5. ing做补语:Don’t keep us _____________________. 不要让我们等得太久。
I heard him _____________________. 我听到他正在教室里唱歌。
【答案】waiting too long/ singing in the classroom
某些动词后接to do、doing、done的区别
1. regret to do sth. & regret doing sth.
I regret ______________ that I failed the exam. 我很遗憾的告诉你我考试没及格。
【答案】to tell you
【解析】根据固定搭配 regret to do sth表示遗憾做某事
I don’t regret ___________my thoughts. 我不后悔告诉她我的想法。
【答案】telling her
2. can’t help (to) do sth. & can’t help doing sth.
She can’t help ________________ because she is busy _____________.
【答案】clean the room, making cakes
她不能帮忙清理房间,因为她正忙着做蛋糕。
I couldn’t help _____________________. 我不禁回想起过去。
【答案】remembering the past
3. 部分词doing做宾语,to do做补语
advise doing / advise sb. to do allow doing/ allow sb. to do
I advise ______ till the proper time. (wait)
My parents don’t allow me _________ out at night.(go)
【答案】waiting、to go
4. need, require, want后跟不定式和动名词的区别
The garden needs ______________ / ______________. 这个花园需要浇水了。
【答案】watering、to be watered
5. doing & done
Don’t leave the water __________ while you brush your teeth. (run)
The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ___________. (hear)
【答案】running heard
过去分词:
1. 现在完成时&被动语态中出现
2. 表示被动
3. 固定搭配:have/make sth done
4. 表示形容词的用法:lost、worried等
【练习】
一、用动词的适当形式填空
1. Can't you see I'm busy __________? (cook)
2. It's a great shame for me __________ in front of so many people. (laugh at)
3. We could not help __________ after we heard the story. (laugh)
4. Would you please __________ me an English-Chinese dictionary when you come? (bring)
5. I'm sorry to have kept you __________. (wait)
6. Some students prefer _______ (chat) with their friends on the Internet to _______ (do) their homework on weekends.
7. –Why are you so excited? –Peter invited me _______ (go) on a trip to Purple Mountain.
8. How kind you are! You always do what you can _______ (help) me.
9. Tom often makes his brother _______ (cry), but yesterday he was made _______ (cry) by his brother.
10. I would rather _______ (stay) at home than go shopping with you.
11. I used to _______ up late, but now I am used to _______ up early in the morning. (get)
12. I can’t help you. I am busy _______ my homework. (do)
13. I have difficulty _________ all the words. (remember)
14. My father and I had fun ________ the interesting film yesterday. (watch)
15. The book by Mo Yan is worth ________. (read)
16. He prefers ______ (stay) at home to ______ (go) to school.
【答案】
1. cooking 2. to be laughed at 3. laughing 4. bring 5. waiting
6. chatting , doing 7. to go 8. to help 9. crying, to cry 10. stay
11. get, getting 12. doing 13. remembering 14. watching
15. reading 16. staying going
二、单项选择
1. He is not good at English, so it is not easy for him to make himself _______.
A. understand B. understanding C. understood D. understands
2. ‘Can’t you read?’ Mary said, _______ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
3. I fell down and broke three of my teeth. I wonder how to get my false teeth _______.
A. fix B. fixing C. fixed D. to fix
4. _______ a post office, I stopped _______ some stamps.
A. Passed; buying B. Passing; to buy C. Having passed; buy D. Pass; to buy
【答案】B A D B
链接中考:
(2022扬州中考)4. Xia Sen ________ a simple life and saves her money for donations.
A. lives B. lived C. was living D. will live
【答案】A
【解析】句意:夏森过着简朴的生活,攒钱捐款。
考查动词时态。根据“and saves her money for donations”可知句子描述现在的情况,用一般现在时,主语是第三人称单数,谓语动词用单三。故选A。
(2022扬州中考)8. In such cheerful conversation the time ________ all too quickly.
A. went up B. went down C. went by D. went back
【答案】C
【解析】句意:在这么欢快的对话中,时间流逝地很快。
考查动词短语。went up上升;went down沉下;went by流逝;went back追溯。根据“the time”及“too quickly”可知,表达时间流逝地快。用短语“went by”。故选C。
(2022扬州中考)10. —May I speak to Wang Li?
—Sorry, she is not at home. She ________ since last month.
A. left B. has left C. has been away D. went away
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——我可以和王丽说话吗?——对不起,她不在家。从上个月开始,她就离开了。
考查时态。根据“since last month
(2022扬州中考)11. ________ the people locked inside, the firemen broke down the door.
A. Reach B. To reach C. Reaching D. To reaching
【答案】B
【解析】句意:为了接触被锁在里面的人,消防员破门而入。
(2022扬州中考)12. People in cold areas ________ warm colours to calm colours in their homes.
A. protect B. prefer C. pronounce D. practise
【答案】B
【解析】句意:寒冷地区的人们更喜欢家中是暖色系,而不是冷色系。
考查动词辨析。protect保护;prefer更喜欢;pronounce发音;practise练习。根据“People in cold areas...warm colours to calm colours”以及常识可知寒冷地区的人更喜欢暖色系,prefer...to“与……相比,更喜欢……”。故选B。
(2022扬州中考)13. —I hear that you took part in a forest clean-up activity last Sunday.
—Yes, it ________ by our school green club to protect forests.
A. organizes B. organized C. was organized D. will be organized
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——我听说你上周日参加了森林清理活动。——是的。我们学校的环保俱乐部组织了这次活动来保护森林。
考查动词的时态和语态。根据“last Sunday”可知是过去的事,是一般过去时。主语“it”指的是“a forest clean-up activity”,和动词之间是被动关系,表达“被组织”用一般过去时的被动结构“was organized”。故选C。
(2022宿迁中考)3. —Good news! The Shenzhou XIV manned spacecraft has been sent into space successfully.
—That ________ exciting and encouraging!
A. turns B. tastes C. sounds D. smells
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——好消息!神舟十四号载人飞船已经成功发射到太空。——这听起来令人兴奋和鼓舞!考查动词辨析。turns转变;tastes尝起来;sounds听起来;smells闻起来。根据“Good news! The Shenzhou XIV manned spacecraft has been sent into space successfully”可知是这个消息听起来很令人兴奋。故选C。
(2022宿迁中考)8. —Miss Li, can you tell me how to improve my writing skills?
—Certainly. I advise you ________ a diary in English every day.
A. to keep B. keeping C. kept D. keep
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——李老师,你能告诉我如何提高我的写作技巧吗?——当然。我建议你每天用英语写日记。考查非谓语动词。advise sb. to do sth.“建议某人做某事”,动词不定式作宾语补足语。故选A。
(2022宿迁中考)9. —Andy, what were you doing at this time yesterday afternoon?
—I ________ the film The Battle at Lake Changjin with my sister.
A. watch B. watched C. was watching D. am watching
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——Andy,昨天下午这个时候你在干什么?——我跟我的妹妹正在看电影《长津湖》。
考查动词时态。根据问句“were you doing”可知,答语也用过去进行时表示过去某个时刻正在发生的事情,故选C。
(2022宿迁中考)11. Each of us in our group wants to make friends with Gary, because he is modest and never ________ .
A. shows off B. takes off C. puts off D. gives off
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我们小组中的每个人都想和加里交朋友,因为他很谦虚,从不炫耀。
考查动词短语。shows off炫耀;takes off脱下;puts off拖迟;gives off发出;根据“because he is modest and never”可知,她从不炫耀,故选A。
(2022连云港中考)11. The traditional Chinese lunar calendar a year 24 solar terms (节气).
A. divide...into B. mixes...with C. translates...into D. covers... with
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词的固定词组搭配。这句话的意思是“传统的中国阴历把一年分成了24个节气”考察短语divide.............into..............。
(2022无锡中考)6. —Dad, what’s for dinner? It ________ nice!
—I’m cooking chicken soup.
A. tastes B. smells C. looks D. feels
【答案】B
【解析】考查系动词的词义辨析。这句话意思是:爸爸,晚饭要吃什么?这闻起来好香啊?
(2022无锡中考)7. The chief engineer announced that they ______ a space lab on the space station around the end of 2022.
A. have built B. had built C. will build D. would build
【答案】D
【解析】考查宾语从句中的动词的时态。这句话的意思是:这位首席工程师宣布大约在2022年底前他们将会在太空站上建造一个太空实验室。因为宣布是过去宣布的,所以将会建造也需要用过去的将来时态,即would build.
(2022无锡中考)12. UNICEF, part of the United Nations, ______ in Europe in 1946 after World War II.
A. set up B. was set up C. took up D.was taken up
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词的被动语态。这个机构是1946年被建造的,属于过去发生的事情,所以用was set up.
(2022无锡中考)13. —Does the colour red represent good things in Chinese culture?
—Yes. But writing one’s name in red is not good, and we usually ________ it.
A. avoid B. advise C. allow D. accept
(2022泰州中考)3. Schools should ________ students to form good working habits through labor(劳动) education.
A. force B. encourage C. warn D. promise
【答案】B
【解析】句意:学校应当鼓励学生通过劳动教育形成良好的工作习惯。
考查动词辨析。force强迫;encourage鼓励;warn警告;promise许诺。根据“Schools should...students to form good working habits through labor(劳动) education.”可知,是鼓励学生通过劳动教育形成良好的工作习惯。故选B。
(2022泰州中考)5. COVID-19(新冠肺炎) ________ the world, and many people’s life changes a lot.
A. influenced B. is influencing C. is influenced D. was influenced
【答案】B
【解析】句意:新冠肺炎正在影响世界,许多人的生活发生了很大变化。
考查现在进行时。 新冠肺炎影响世界是正在发生的,用现在进行时,故选B。
(2022泰州中考)8. If you want to keep healthy, going to bed early and getting up early is highly ________.
A. recommended B. challenged C. translated D. influenced
【答案】A
【解析】句意:如果你想保持健康,强烈建议早睡早起。
考查动词辨析。recommended推荐,建议;challenged挑战;translated翻译;influenced影响。根据“If you want to keep healthy, going to bed early and getting up early is highly...”可知,“早睡早起”是保持健康的建议,故选A。
(2022苏州市中考)32. His parents hope he can follow his heart when he _________(选择)his job.
【答案】chooses
【解析】句意:他的父母希望他在选择工作时能听从自己的心意。choose“选择”,时态是一般现在时,主语是he,动词用三单,故填chooses。
(2022苏州市中考)38.You can’t make much progress in study without m_________ your time well.
【答案】(m)anaging
【解析】句意:如果你不能很好地管理你的时间,你就不能在学习上取得很大的进步。 根据“You can’t make much progress in study without … your time well.”及首字母可知,不能很好地管理自己的时间,就不能取得进步,manage“管理”,without是介词,后接动名词,故填(m)anaging。
(2022扬州市中考)54. If we drop litter in a public place, we’ll be ________ by the police.(罚款)
【答案】fined
【解析】句意:如果我们在公共场所丢垃圾,我们会被警察罚款。罚款:fine,主语we和谓语fine之间是被动关系,此处用过去分词和be动词构成被动语态。故填fined。
(2022宿迁市中考)58. When I have difficulty in making a choice, Mr Wu will o__________ me some suggestions.
【答案】(o)ffer
【解析】句意:当我难以做出选择时,吴先生会给我一些建议。根据“When I have difficulty in making a choice...me some suggestions”及首字母提示可知,此处指的是offer“提供,给予”,will后接动词原形,故填(o)ffer。
(2022宿迁市中考)59. The charity is trying to help those who can’t __________ (have enough money to pay for something) medical treatment.
【答案】afford
【解析】句意:该慈善机构正在努力帮助那些负担不起医疗费用的人。根据英文提示“have enough money to pay for something”可知,此处是afford“支付得起”,can’t后接动词原形,故填afford。
(2022连云港市中考)54. Five minutes ago, Linda (锁) the door and left with her mum.
【答案】 54.locked
(2022无锡市中考)45.My brother’s flight was _____________ (cancel) because of the bad weather.
【答案】 45. cancel(l)ed
(2022无锡市中考)
动词填空
46.In the coming summer vacation, I _____________ (attend) a DIY course.
47.—Lily, I have difficulty _____________ (read) comic strips in English.
—Don’t worry. Let’s read some together.
48.Eric is a sports fan and always _____________ (follow) the latest sports news.
49.Remember to wash hands often and be sure _____________ (wear) masks correctly.
50.Fan Jinshi _____________ (do) a lot to protect Dunhuang culture for many years.
51.—Why didn’t you reply to my Wechat?
—Sorry. I _____________ (help) my neighbour look after her baby.
52.Su Yiming _____________ (achieve) his dream in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics.
53.You _____________ (expect) to be more organized in high school. So you can keep a diary.
【答案】
46. will attend 47. reading 48. follows 49. to wear 50. has done
51. was helping 52. achieved 53. are expected
(2022泰州市中考)64. Jiangsu automatic(自动化) test of listening and speaking _______ (hold) in April every year.
【答案】is held
【解析】句意:听说江苏省自动化考试在每年的4月举行。主语是动作的承受者,结合“every year”可知,是一般现在时的被动语态,故填is held。
(2022泰州市中考)65. Our country has made laws ________ (protect) biodiversity(生物多样性) of the Yangtze River.
【答案】to protect
【解析】句意:我国已制定法律保护长江生物多样性。根据“Our country has made laws ... (protect) biodiversity(生物多样性) of the Yangtze River.”可知,“制定法律”的目的是“保护生物多样性”,protect“保护”,是动词,此处应用动词不定式作目的状语,故填to protect。
(2022泰州市中考)67. Gu Ailing has a gift for ________ (ski) and won high praise in Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.
【答案】skiing
【解析】句意:谷爱凌有滑雪天赋,在北京2022年冬奥会上获得好评。ski“滑雪”,动词。因空前有介词“for”,其后跟动名词形式。故填skiing。
(2022镇江市中考)45. Sorry, hamburgers in our shop have been sold out. Do you mind _______ (取消) your order?
【答案】cancelling/canceling
【解析】句意:对不起,我们店里的汉堡包已经卖完了。你介意取消订单吗?cancel“取消”,是动词,固定短语mind doing sth“介意做某事”,故填cancelling/canceling。
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