2020年天津高考数学试卷-(含答案)
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这是一份2020年天津高考数学试卷-(含答案),共106页。
2020年天津高考试卷目录
1. 2020年天津高考语文试卷及答案
2. 2020年天津高考数学试卷及答案
3. 2020年天津高考英语试卷及答案
4. 2020年天津高考物理试卷及答案
5. 2020年天津高考化学试卷及答案
6. 2020年天津高考政治试卷及答案
7. 2020年天津高考历史试卷及答案
8. 2020年天津高考地理试卷及答案
9. 2020年天津高考生物试卷及答案
自主命题地区:
北京卷、天津卷、天津卷、浙江卷、上海卷
海南卷:语文、数学、英语使用新课标全国卷Ⅱ,其他科目自主命题
2020年天津高考语文试卷
第I卷
注意事项:
1.每小题选出答案后,用铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
2.本卷共11小题,每小题3分,共33分。在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是最符合题目要求的。
一、(9分)
阅读下面一段文字,完成1~3题。
“世界那么大,我想去看看”——这句流行语生动反映出人们在精神消费方面的愿望。纵观古今,人类从没有像今天这样( )于旅游。一场完美的旅行,必须要选择一家称心如意的酒店。那么在古代,外出旅行或者出门办事,人们如何解决住宿问题呢?
西周早期,统治者在通往都城的道路上广修客舍,便于各地诸侯入朝纳贡和朝觐时休息。春秋战国时期,名为“传舍”或“逆旅”的客舍也出现了。西汉初期,各地均在交通要道上设立驿馆。南北朝时,许多王公贵族发现经营旅馆存在巨大商机,竞相建置,旅馆林立城中。唐朝繁盛,各国使者纷纷到大唐学习、取经。为了彰显唐人风度,官方旅馆的建设被提上日程。与此同时,民间旅馆的发展也相当可观。据《太平广记》记载了岐州富豪开设的私家旅馆,可以容纳千人食宿,不可谓世所罕见。宋朝商品经济发达,在临安,私营旅馆临街而立,热闹非凡,尤其是西湖岸边的湖景旅馆,密密匝臣,令人( )。陆游那句“小楼一夜听春雨,深巷明朝卖杏花”,就是在杭州西湖砖街巷的一家湖景旅馆里写的。明初,全国要冲均设驿馆、递铺,“十里一铺、六十里一驿”的( )最常见。至晚清,中国的旅馆业走上了近代化之路。
(取材于刘中才《回到古代住旅馆》)
1.依次填入文中括号内的词语,最恰当的组是
A.热衷 左顾右盼 局面 B.热衷 眼花缭乱 格局
C.热心 眼花缭乱 局面 D.热心 左顾右盼 格局
2.文中画线句子有语病,下列修改正确的一项是
A.据《太平广记》记载,岐州富豪开设的私家旅馆可以容纳千人食宿,不可谓世所罕见。
B.《太平广记》记载了岐州富豪开设私家旅馆,可以容纳千人食宿,不可谓世所罕见。
C.《太平广记》记载的岐州富豪开设私家旅馆,可以容纳千人食宿,可谓世所罕见。
D.据《太平广记》记载,岐州富豪开设的私家旅馆可以容纳千人食宿,可谓世所罕见。
3.下列与选文相关的文学常识,对应不正确的一项是
A
客舍青青柳色新
王维
《送元二使安西》
绝句
B
舍相如广成传
司马迁
《廉颇蔺相如列传》
散文
C
夫天地者万物之逆旅也
李白
《梦游天姥吟留别》
乐府诗
D
驿外断桥边,寂寞开无主
陆游
《卜算子·咏梅》
词
二、(9分)
阅读下面的文字,完成4~6题。
材料一
阅读是人类特有的活动。在阅读方面,人类与动物并不是全无关联。动物能否看懂环境,往往决定着它能否安全地生存下去。人既要阅读作为客观世界的环境,也要阅读以符号为中介的书籍。
当人越来越多地阅读书籍的时候,人对客观自然环境或环境的阅读也发生了变化。这就是说,人在“看”自然、“看”其他存在物、“看”其他人时,已经带着自身有价值取向的意义和理解结构是“看”客观世界了。阅读就是一个通过编码符号进行的意义再生或过程。
通过阅读,我们可以与几千年之前的老子、孔子的思想世界联系起来,也可以与远在欧美的哈贝马斯、罗尔斯的精神世界联系起来。有了这两个维度的精神联系,我们每个人的精神世界都得以丰富起来。
(取材于韩震《阅读的本质》)
材料二
2019年,我国成年国民中,11.1%的国民阅读10本及以上纸质图书,此外还有7.6%的国民阅读10本及以上电子书。
2019年我国成年国民人均纸质书报刊和电子书阅读量见下表:
(取材于刘彬《第十七次全国国民阅读调查报告发布》)
材料三
千百年来,书籍都是人类文化的标志,是发达文明的象征。然而,互联网的出现正影响着人类的生活方式和思维模式,纸质书的未来正愈发显得不那么确定。还有什么能阻止书籍的数字化进程?是人类的情感,还是书籍超越文本载体的价值所在?
上世纪后期,唐·麦肯齐提出的“文本社会学”理论认为,承载文本的物质形式(书)会影响到文本所要传达的意义。许多当代学者不再只是关心书页上的文字,而开始关注书籍作为一个整体的重要性,包括封面、字体、配图等书籍的各个要素。如果按照时间顺序将同一文本的不同版本的封面进行排列,我们就会发现,公众对文本及作者的文化取向和态度一直在不断地变化。印刷字体和封面一样,能够代表书籍所处的时代。不断翻新的技术使在书内大批量印刷图像成为可能,同时也为书籍打上时代的烙印。
机械印刷技术的发展使得同一版本的书与书之间几乎没有区别。然而随着时间的推移,不同的读者或收藏家会在书上留下自己的印记,从那些标记、批注或藏书票中,我们可以分析读者和文本之间的私密关系,也可以了解一本书可能产生的时代影响。一篇文稿从编辑到付印是一个极其复杂的过程,任何差错以及随之而来的修正,都可能带来网一版本书籍的个体多样性。从中,我们成可以看出作者的意图改变,或可以窥见时局的风向特变。纸质书的装帧过程也给后人留下了意想不到的遗产。在一本1630年左右的书籍装帧中,人们发现了17世纪平期一位书商的记录,其中提到莎士比亚的另一出剧作《爱的功劳》。早有学者提出过莎翁曾写过对应《爱的徒劳》的另一剧本,这个发现显然为这种观点提供了证据。
“书籍成为历史”的说法是悲观的,但“历史”的含义同样也是积极的,它让人们认识到书籍是人类历史文化遗产的一部分,拥有值得保护和诠释的丰富意义。
(取材于陆纡文《数字化时代,我们如何解读快质书的价值》)
4.根据材料一、材料二,下列理解不正确的一项是
A.无论动物还是人类,都需要对周围环境进行“阅读”。
B.无论阅读纸质书还是电子书,都是一个意义再生成的过程。
C.无论纸质书还是电子书,2019年成年国民中至少有7.6%的人阅读量不少于10本。
D.无论纸质书还是报纸、期刊,其2019年人均阅读量都比电子书大。
5.根据以上三则材料,下列理解正确的项是
A.纸质书和电子书分别从两个维度呈现不同的精神世界,都是人类文化遗产的一部分。
B.阅读书籍影响人们对客观世界的阅读,所以成年人更愿意选择纸质读物。
C.电子书无法承载“文本社会学”信息,直接影响了成年读者对各类读物的选择。
D.因为物质形式本身和印刷装帧流传所产生的意义,纸质书难以被电子书彻底取代。
6.下列表述不符合“文本社会学”理论的一项是
A.学校环保社团利用废旧书刊的书页制作成折纸工艺品,进行公益售卖。
B.宋代雕版书多用歇、颜字体,特色鲜明,墨色清润,刻写精良,为后世所重。
C.书籍会因为阅读者留下的签名、批注等独特个人印记而增加收藏价值。
D.同一书籍因传抄、印刷、装订而产生的版本差异,给书籍打上鲜明的时代格印。
三、(15分)
阅读下面的文言文,完成7~11题。
吾家在唐为辅相者六人,廉直忠孝,世载令闻。念后世不可事伪国、苟富贵,以辱先人,始弃官不仕。东徙渡江,夷于编氓。孝悌行于家,忠信著于乡,家法凛然,久而弗改。宋兴,海内一统。陆氏乃与时俱兴,百余年间文儒继出,有公有卿,子孙宦学相承,复为宋世家,亦可谓盛矣!
然游于此切有惧焉,天下之事,常成于困约,而败于奢靡。游童子时,先君谆谆为言,太傅①出入朝廷四十余年,终身未尝为越产;家人有少变其旧者,辄不怿;晚归鲁墟,旧庐一椽不可加也。楚公②少时尤苦贫,革带敝,以绳续绝处。秦国夫人③尝作新襦,积钱累月乃能就,一日覆羹污之,至泣涕不食。姑嫁石氏,归宁,食有笼饼,亟起辞谢曰:“昏耄不省是谁生日也。”左右或匿笑。楚公叹曰:“吾家故时,数日乃啜羹,岁时或生日乃食笼饼,若曹岂知耶?”是时楚公见贵显,顾以啜羹食饼为泰,愀然叹息如此。游生晚,所闻已略;然少于游者,又将不闻。而旧俗方已大坏。厌黎藿,慕膏粱,往往更以上世之事为讳,使不闻。此风放而不还,且有陷于危辱之地、沦于市井、降于皂隶者矣。复思如往时安乐耕桑之业、终身无愧悔,可得耶?
呜呼!仕而至公卿命也退而为农亦命也若夫挠节以求贵市道以营利吾家之所深耻。子孙戒之,尚无堕厥初。
(节选自宋·陆游《放翁家训·序》)
【注】①太傅:陆游的高祖。②楚公:陆游的祖父。③秦国夫人:陆游的祖母。
出作入息,农之治生也;居肆成事,工之治生也;贸迁有无,商之治生也;膏油继晷,士之治生也。然士为四民之首,尤当砥砺表率,效古人体天地、育万物之志,今一生不能治,何云大丈夫哉!
治生非必蝇营营逐逐、妄取于人之谓也。若利己妨人,非唯明有物议、幽有鬼神,于心不安,况其祸有不可胜言者矣,此岂善治生欤?
夫俭者,守家第一法也。故凡日用奉养,一以节省为本,不可过多。宁使家有赢余,毋使仓有告匮。且奢侈之人,神气必耗,欲念炽而意气自满,贫穷至而廉耻不顾。俭之不可忽也若是夫!
(节选自宋·叶梦得《石林治生家训要略》)
7.对下列各句中加点词的解释,不正确的一项是
A.世载令闻 令:美好
B.革带敝 敝:破旧
C.厌藜藿 厌:满足
D.毋使仓有告匮 匮:缺乏
8.下列各句中加点词的意义和用法,相同的一组是
A.以辱先人 夫夷以近,则游者众
B.积钱累月乃能就 设九宾于廷,臣乃敢上璧
C.且有陷于危辱之地 臣死且不避,卮酒安足辞
D.贫穷至而廉耻不顾 木欣欣以向荣,泉涓涓而始流
9.文中画波浪线的句子,断句最合理的一项是
A.仕而至公卿/命也/退而为农/亦命也/若夫挠节以求贵/市道以营利/吾家之所深耻
B.仕而至公卿/命也/退而为农/亦命也/若夫挠节以求贵市/道以营利吾家之所/深耻
C.仕而至公卿命也/退而为农/亦命也/若夫挠节以求贵市/道以营利吾家之所/深耻
D.仕而至公卿命也/退而为农/亦命也若夫/挠节以求贵/市道以营利/吾家之所深耻
10.下列句子全都符合陆游所说“常成于困约”的一组是
①东徙渡江,夷于编氓 ②终身未尝为越产
③旧庐一椽不可加也 ④革带敝,以绳续绝处
⑤归宁,食有笼饼,亟起辞谢 ⑥沦于市井、 降于皂隶
A.①③⑤ B.②③④
C.①④⑤ D.②④⑥
11.下列对文章的理解与分析, 不恰当的一项是
A.陆游缅怀了旧时家风,针对当时有族人贪图享乐的现象,表达了对家风难继的忧虑。
B.叶氏家训告诚族人应该节制欲望,谦逊恭谨,修身养性,以利于守家治生。
C.陆氏家族复兴,缘于坚守家风;叶氏族人以先祖中的土农工商为榜样,各安其分。
D.陆文借祖先的实例阐明家训的主旨,叶文通过假设来论说不善治生的危害。
2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(天津卷)
语 文
第Ⅱ卷
注意事项:
1.用黑色墨水的钢笔或签字笔将答案写在答题卡上。
2.本卷共10小题,共114分。
四、(25分)
12. 把文言文阅读材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(8分)
(1)家人有少变其旧者,辄不怿。(4分)
(2)况其祸有不可胜言者矣,此岂善治生欤?(4分)
13. 请概括陆游、叶梦得二人对家风的要求有何异同。(3分)
14. 阅读下面这首唐诗,按要求作答。(8分)
纪村事 [唐]韦庄
绿蔓映双扉,循墙一径微。雨多庭果烂,稻熟渚禽肥。
酿酒迎新社,遥砧送暮晖。数声牛上笛,何处饷田注归。
[注] 饷田:到田间送饭
(1)下列对这首诗的理解和赏析,不恰当的一项是(3分)
A. 首联写绿植光影映照门扉,墙边小路才草木中若隐若现,显得生机勃勃。
B.颔联写院中果子腐烂,水边禽鸟肥美,营造出农闲时节慵懒闲散的宁静氛围。
C.全诗视听结合,动静相宜,虚实相生,用语平朴,意境优美,富有意趣。
D.本诗撷取若干乡村景象,自然与人文融合,呈现出浓郁的田园生活气息。
(2)“酿酒迎新社,遥砧送暮晖”描写了什么样的乡村场景?(2分)
(3)“数声牛上笛”有人觉得“一声”更佳,你同意吗?请结合诗句说明理由。(3分)
15.在横线处填写作品原句。(6分)
(1)山不厌高,海不厌深。周公吐哺,____________。(曹操《短歌行》)
(2)斧斤以时入山林,_______________。(《寡人之于国也》)
(3)_____________,两朝开济老臣心。(杜甫《蜀相》)
(4)回首向来萧瑟处,归去,_____________。(苏轼《定风波》)
(5)在“停课不停学”期间的云班会上讨论“学习和思考的关系”,你想强调思考的重要性,可以引用荀子《劝学》中的“______________,_____________”。
五、(22分)
阅读下面的文章,完成16~20题。
线条之美
梁 衡
我第一次对线条感兴趣,是有人送我一个细长的瓶子,里面装着一种很名贵的牡丹油。但我“买椟还珠”,目不见油,竟被这个瓶子惊呆了。它的设计非常简洁,并没有常见的鼓肚、细腰、高脚、束口等扭扭捏捏的俗套。如果把瓶盖去掉,就剩下左右两条对称的弧线。但这线条的干净,让你觉得是窗前的月光,空明如水;或是草原深处的歌声,直飘来你的心底。我神魂颠倒,在手中把玩、摩挲不停。工作时置于案头,常会忍不住抬头看两眼。
初中学几何时就知道,空间中先有一个点;点一动,它的轨迹就生成了一条线。所谓轨迹者,只是我们的想象,或者是一物划过之后,在我们的脑海里的视觉驻留。原来这线条的美正在似有似无之间,是自带几分幻美的东西。主客交融,亦幻亦真,天光云影,想象无穷。正是因了它的来无踪,去无影,永不停,却又永无结果,也就让你永不会失望。线条,一种虚幻的、没有穷尽的,可以寄托我们任何理想、情感和审美的美。
点动生线,线动生面,在大千世界里,这线永处于一种过渡之中。当它静卧于纸面时就含而不露,或如枪戟之威,或如少女之娴;而一旦横空出世,就如羽镝之鸣,星过夜空。这线内藏着无尽的势能与动能。所以中国画的白描,不要颜色,也不要西画的透视、光影,只需一根线,就能表现出人物的喜怒哀乐,山水的磅礴雄浑。那线的起落、走势、轻重、弯曲等,居然能分出几十种手法,灵动地捕捉各种美感。叶落霜天,花开早春,大河狂舞,烈马嘶鸣。确实在大自然中,从天边群山的轮廓,到眼前的一片树叶、一枚花瓣,都是曲线的杰作。无论平面还是立体的艺术,一线便可定格一个美丽的瞬间,同时也吐纳着作者内心的块垒。曹植的《洛神赋》:“翩若惊鸿,婉若游龙……髣髴兮若轻云之蔽月,飘飖兮若流风之回雪……秾纤得衷,修短合度。肩若削成,腰如约素。”简直是一幅美人线描图。张岱的名篇《湖心亭看雪》写雪后西湖的风景,“天与云与山与水,上下一白。湖上影子,惟长堤一痕、湖心亭一点、与余舟一芥,舟中人两三粒而已。”你看一痕、一点、一芥、一粒,虽是文字,作者却如画家一般纯熟地运用了点和线的表现手法。
线条既然有这样的魔力,便为所有艺术之不可或缺,或者算是艺术之母了吧。最典型的是书法艺术,洗尽铅华,只剩了白纸上一丝黑线的游走。那飞扬狂舞的草书,漏痕、飞白、悬针、垂露等等,恨不能将人间所有的线条式样收来,再融入作者的情感,飞墨于纸。或如晴空霹雳,或如灯下细语。就这样牵着人的神经,几千年来书不完、变无穷、说不够、赏不尽。再如舞蹈,一个舞蹈家的表演实际上是无数条曲线在空间做着力与势、虚与实、有与无的曼妙组合,不停地在我们的脑海里形成视觉的叠加。正如纸上绝不会有两幅相同的草书,台上也绝不会有两个相同的舞姿。这永不休止的奇幻变化,怎么能不教你的神经止不住地兴奋呢。至于音乐,那是声音加时间的艺术,是不同声音的线条在不同时间段上的游走,轻轻地按摩着我们的神经,形成听觉上的驻留。所谓余音绕梁,三日不绝。其实那梁上绕着的是些乐谱的彩色线条。
线条魅力的最高体现在于我们的人体。人,除作为生产力的第一要素外,还是世间高贵的审美对象。郭兰英唱:“姑娘好像花一样,小伙心胸多宽广。”奚秀兰唱:“阿里山的姑娘美如水呀,阿里山的少年壮如山。”这些都是在说他们身上阴柔至美或阳刚至强的线条。于是就专门产生了美术界的人体绘画、摄影、雕塑,舞台上的舞蹈、戏剧、模特,竞技场上的体操、健美、杂技等等。这些都是人对自身形体线条的欣赏、开发与利用。
线的魅力不止于具体的人或物,还常常注入主观精神,可囊括一个时代,代表一个地域,成了一个国家或一段历史的符号。秦篆、汉隶、魏碑、唐楷,还有春秋的金文、商代的甲骨,这每一种字体的线条,就是贴在那个朝代门楣上的标签。新中国成立之初,林徽因受命参与设计国徽与人民英雄纪念碑的浮雕。其时她已重病在身,研究出方案后便让学生去画草图。一周之后交来作业,她只看了一眼,便大声说:“这怎么行?这是康乾线条,你给我到汉唐去找,到霍去病墓上去找。”多年前,当我初读到这段资料时就奇怪,只用铅笔在白纸上勾出的一根细线,就能看出它是康熙、乾隆,还是大汉、盛唐?带着这个疑问,我终于在去年有缘亲到霍去病墓上走了一趟。那著名的《马踏匈奴》,还有石牛、石马等作品,线条拙朴、雄浑、苍凉,虽时隔两千年,仍然传递着那个时代的辉煌、开放、不拘一格与国家的强盛。康乾时期中国的封建社会已是强弩之末,线条繁缛奢华,怎能表现当时新中国的如日初升呢?
美哉!博大精深的线条。
(选自《人民日报》,有删节)
16.下列对文章的理解与分析,不恰当的两项是(4分)
A.第一段中“买椟还珠”加引号,语带自嘲,强调了礼物的珍费,突出了朋友所赠之物带给“我”的惊艳感受。
B.第三段谈到中西方绘画技法,突出了中国画白描技法中线条的丰富表现力,语气中含有对中国文化的自豪感。
C.文章引用《洛神赋》文句,意在赞美曹植的艺术想象力,丰富了线条美的内涵,增添了本文的文化韵味。
D.文中写了舞蹈和音乐两种艺术形式,通过线条在空间里的组合和在时间中的游走来阐释线条奇幻的动态之美。
E.全文从“物”“人”“理”等方面组织材料,由实入虚,脉络清晰,思路严谨,内容丰富,繁而不乱。
17.请赏析文中画线句子。(5分)
18.文末引入林徽因的故事有何效果?(4分)
19.纵观全文,线条对创造美有哪些作用?(4分)
20.请参照《线条之美》的审美角度点评下面这首描写劳动者的小诗。(5分)
脊 梁
罗长城
一条力的弧线,
一道破土的犁圈,
一条飞来的彩虹,
一架厚的青峦。
六、(10分)
21.在某校读书交流活动中,有同学说“我就读不进《红楼梦》”,有同学说“我就不爱读《三国演义》”,还有同学说“《论语》读起来才没劲呢”。请针对此现象,任选上述三本书中的一本,结合小说情节或《论语》名句,谈谈如何“走进经典”。要求100字左右。(6分)
22.为使文段语意连贯,逻辑严密,请选择最恰当选项,填写在序号处的横线上。(4分)
“天河一号”超级计算机落户天津,命名为“天河”,取天津与“银河团队”合作发展之意。如今,新一代百亿亿次超级计算机“天河三号”已进入开放应用阶段。近年来,创新团队在“卡脖子”处下功夫,在关键处尽全力应对:
身处世界前所未有的大变局时代—— ① ;
身处全球新一轮科技革命前夜—— ② ;
身处国家民族决战决胜时期—— ③ ;
身处随时竞争的拼杀时刻—— ④ 。
(取材于余艳《大国引擎》)
A.以我为主,在战略必争领域强势崛起
B.全方位研判,高标准筹划,破解突出矛盾
C.创新驱动,以崭新的“中国速度”冲锋
D.聚焦前沿,瞄准核心技术制高点和突破口
七、(60分)
22.阅读下面的材料,根据要求写作。(60分)
“中国面孔”是全球热播纪录片里充满家国情怀的杜甫,是用中医药造福人类荣获诺贝尔奖的屠呦呦,是医务工作者厚重防护服下疲惫的笑脸,是快递小哥在寂静街巷里传送温暖的双手……也是用各种方式共同形塑“中国面孔”的你和我。
走过2020年的春天,你对“中国面孔”又有什么新的思考和感悟?请写一篇文章。
要求:①自选角度,自拟标题 ②文体不限(诗歌除外),文体特征明显
③不少于800字 ④不得抄袭,不得套作
2020年天津高考语文试卷答案
1. B 2.D 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B
12.(1)如果家里有人稍微改变他的旧制,(太傅)就不高兴。
(2)更何况有难以说得尽的灾祸,这难道尽善于治家谋生吗?
13. 陆侧重有气节、道义,叶侧重做世人治生表率。两人都认为要节俭,不能营营逐利。
14. (1)B
(2)为准备祭祀、祈大手体农人在忙于酿酒;暮色渐浓,远处飘来揭衣的声音。描写了忙碌而祥君的农村以活场景。
(3)不同意。“数声”好。“数声”动静结合,突显了环境的优美、牧童的悠闲快乐,营造出乡村热闹、轻松、愉悦的氛围。
同意。“一声”好。“一声”以动衬静,突显了环境的寂静清幽,营造出乡村宁静和谐的氛围。
15.(1)天下归心 (2)材木不可胜用也
(3)三顾频烦天下计 (4)也无风雨也无晴
(5)吾尝终日而思矣不如须臾之所学也
16.AC
17.运用拟人、通感(比喻)和排比的修辞方法,生动有力地展现了线条赋予草书简约而富于变化的艺术活力,体现了线条在书法艺术中的重要作用。
18.引故事使文章生动,作例证有力证明了线条可以体现时代的精神气质,深化了主题,借线条这一象征符号寄托对新生共和国的美好期待。
19. ①寄托理想、情感和审美
②蕴藏艺术能量
③体现人体之美
④是各种艺术形式的基础
⑤承载主观精神,是时代和国家的象征
20. 运用角度,合理解释探究主题,语言表达
21. 结合情节或语句、方法表达。
22. ①B②D③A④C
25. 略
2020年天津高考数学试卷
第Ⅰ卷
注意事项:
1.每小题选出答案后,用铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
2.本卷共9小题,每小题5分,共45分.
参考公式:
·如果事件与事件互斥,那么.
·如果事件与事件相互独立,那么.
·球的表面积公式,其中表示球的半径.
一.选择题:在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的.
1.设全集,集合,则
A. B. C. D.
2.设,则“”是“”的
A.充分不必要条件 B.必要不充分条件 C.充要条件 D.既不充分也不必要条件
3.函数的图象大致为
A B
C D
4.从一批零件中抽取80个,测量其直径(单位:),将所得数据分为9组:
,并整理得到如下频率分布直方图,则在被抽取的零件中,直径落在区间内的个数为
A.10 B.18 C.20 D.36
5.若棱长为的正方体的顶点都在同一球面上,则该球的表面积为
A. B. C. D.
6.设,则的大小关系为
A. B. C. D.
7.设双曲线的方程为,过抛物线的焦点和点的直线为.若的一条渐近线与平行,另一条渐近线与垂直,则双曲线的方程为
A. B. C. D.
8.已知函数.给出下列结论:
①的最小正周期为;
②是的最大值;
③把函数的图象上所有点向左平移个单位长度,可得到函数的图象.
其中所有正确结论的序号是
A.① B.①③ C.②③ D.①②③
9.已知函数若函数恰有4个零点,则的取值范围是
A. B.
C. D.
第Ⅱ卷
注意事项:
1.用黑色墨水的钢笔或签字笔将答案写在答题卡上.
2.本卷共11小题,共105分.
二.填空题:本大题共6小题,每小题5分,共30分.试题中包含两个空的,答对1个的给3分,全部答对的给5分.
10.是虚数单位,复数_________.
11.在的展开式中,的系数是_________.
12.已知直线和圆相交于两点.若,则的值为_________.
13.已知甲、乙两球落入盒子的概率分别为和.假定两球是否落入盒子互不影响,则甲、乙两球都落入盒子的概率为_________;甲、乙两球至少有一个落入盒子的概率为_________.
14.已知,且,则的最小值为_________.
15.如图,在四边形中,,,且,则实数的值为_________,若是线段上的动点,且,则的最小值为_________.
三.解答题:本大题共5小题,共75分.解答应写出文字说明,证明过程或演算步骤.
16.(本小题满分14分)
在中,角所对的边分别为.已知.
(Ⅰ)求角的大小;
(Ⅱ)求的值;
(Ⅲ)求的值.
17.(本小题满分15分)
如图,在三棱柱中,平面,,点分别在棱和棱上,且为棱的中点.
(Ⅰ)求证:;
(Ⅱ)求二面角的正弦值;
(Ⅲ)求直线与平面所成角的正弦值.
18.(本小题满分15分)
已知椭圆的一个顶点为,右焦点为,且,其中为原点.
(Ⅰ)求椭圆的方程;
(Ⅱ)已知点满足,点在椭圆上(异于椭圆的顶点),直线与以为圆心的圆相切于点,且为线段的中点.求直线的方程.
19.(本小题满分15分)
已知为等差数列,为等比数列,.
(Ⅰ)求和的通项公式;
(Ⅱ)记的前项和为,求证:;
(Ⅲ)对任意的正整数,设求数列的前项和.
20.(本小题满分16分)
已知函数,为的导函数.
(Ⅰ)当时,
(i)求曲线在点处的切线方程;
(ii)求函数的单调区间和极值;
(Ⅱ)当时,求证:对任意的,且,有.
2020年天津高考数学试卷答案
1.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.D
10. 11.10 12.5 13.; 14.4 15.;
16.(Ⅰ)解:在中,由余弦定理及,有.又因为,所以.
(Ⅱ)解:在中,由正弦定理及,可得.
(Ⅲ)解:由及,可得,
进而.
所以,.
17.依题意,以为原点,分别以的方向为轴,轴,轴的正方向建立空间直角坐标系(如图),可得,,.
(Ⅰ)证明:依题意,,,从而,所以.
(Ⅱ)解:依题意,是平面的一个法向量,,.设为平面的法向量,则即不妨设,可得.
因此有,于是.
所以,二面角的正弦值为.
(Ⅲ)解:依题意,.由(Ⅱ)知为平面的一个法向量,于是.
所以,直线与平面所成角的正弦值为.
18.(Ⅰ)解:由已知可得.记半焦距为,由可得.又由,可得.所以,椭圆的方程为.
(Ⅱ)解:因为直线与以为圆心的圆相切于点,所以.依题意,直线和直线的斜率均存在.设直线的方程为.由方程组消去,可得,解得,或.依题意,可得点的坐标为.因为为线段的中点,点的坐标为,所以点的坐标为.由,得点的坐标为,故直线的斜率为,即.又因为,所以,整理得,解得,或.
所以,直线的方程为,或.
19.(Ⅰ)解:设等差数列的公差为,等比数列的公比为.由,,可得,从而的通项公式为.由,又,可得,解得,从而的通项公式为.
(Ⅱ)证明:由(Ⅰ)可得,故,,从而,所以.
(Ⅲ)解:当为奇数时,;当为偶数时,.
对任意的正整数,有,
和. ①
由①得. ②
由①②得,从而得.因此,.
所以,数列的前项和为.
20.(Ⅰ)(i)解:当时,,故.可得,,所以曲线在点处的切线方程为,即.
(ii)解:依题意,.从而可得,整理可得.令,解得.
当变化时,的变化情况如下表:
1
-
0
+
↘
极小值
↗
所以,函数的单调递减区间为,单调递增区间为;的极小值为,无极大值.
(Ⅱ)证明:由,得.
对任意的,且,令,则
. ①
令.当时,,由此可得在单调递增,所以当时,,即.
因为,,
所以,
. ②
由(Ⅰ)(ii)可知,当时,,即,
故. ③
由①②③可得.所以,当时,对任意的,且,有.
2020年天津高考英语试卷
第I卷
注意事项:
1. 每小题选出答案后,用铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
2. 本卷共55小题,共95分。
第一部分:英语知识运用(共两节,满分45分)
第一节:单项填空(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)
从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
例:Stand over there ___________ you’ll be able to see it better.
A. or B. and C. but D. while
答案是B。
1. Jim says we ______ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
A. must B. can C. need D. should
2. —You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It’s because I ______ a lot these days.
A. have been practising B. was practising C. would practise D. had practised
3. —Next time you visit Bob, remember to give him a call in advance.
—______. I will.
A. My pleasure B. No wonder C. Good point D. Never mind
4. ______ us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.
A. To help B. Helped C. Helping D. Being helped
5. —Shall I order a taxi for Sarah to go to the airport tonight?
—______. I’ll drive her there.
A. Have a try B. Don’t mention it C. Don’t bother D. Go ahead
6. Dr. Rowan, ______ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
A. whose B. of whom C. of which D. which
7. According to Professor Johnson, we don’t have to read the book if we don’t want to, as it is ______.
A. worthwhile B. necessary C. optional D. serious
8. I never worried about my son while I was away because my mother ______ him.
A. drank a toast to B. played a joke on C. kept an eye on D. made an apology to
9. The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ______ around that level ever since.
A. are remaining B. have remained C. is remaining D. has remained
10. —Why do people like pop music? I hate it so much.
—______ it is not your style, that doesn’t mean it is bad.
A. Only if B. Even though C. Now that D. In case
11. We offered to give Sharon a ride home, but she ______, saying that she felt like walking.
A. understood B. accepted C. compromised D. declined
12. For my fifth birthday, my mother baked me a cake ______ a monkey.
A. in the shape of B. beyond the reach of C. at the mercy of D. on the side of
13. We can’t ______ buying a new printer for our company. The one we have doesn’t work.
A. take up B. carry out C. keep on D. put off
14. The dancer’s incredible performance had the audience on its feet ______ for 10 minutes at the end of the show.
A. being clapped B. clap C. clapped D. clapping
15. The student completed this experiment to make come true ______ Professor Joseph had said.
A. that B. what C. when D. where
第二节:完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从16~35各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
Detective Ashley Jones works at a police department in England. He has recently made a significant 16 —loneliness is a serious social problem that can contribute to depression and even crimes, but it can be 17 in a clever way. The 18 ? Chat benches.
Jones got the idea after he had talked with an elderly lady who had been cheated of her 19 . The lady would get a call from a stranger every morning who 20 made her believe that he was her friend, and then she lent him about £31,000. Jones was 21 when she said that she didn’t actually 22 being cheated. “Otherwise, I would never speak to another person for weeks on end,” she said.
This led Jones to the conclusion that there are too many extremely 23 people in his community, who are easy targets of cheating. So he 24 to do something about it. He 25 the police department to allow him to 26 a couple of “chat benches” in two of their local parks. Then he hung a colorful sign on each of the benches that 27 :“HAPPY TO CHAT”. Just a few days after the signs went up, he found people sitting there and engaging in active and 28 conversations.
The idea is catching on 29 . There are now over 40 chat benches throughout England. More new chat benches have sprung up across the UK and beyond. All who participated have gained a(n) 30 outcome from getting involved. Jones’ idea has been fully 31 — the “HAPPY TO CHAT” benches help 32 the invisible social barrier that keeps people from saying hello.
This effort is not just a(n) 33 at being community minded — it’s also a 34 measure. It prevents people who are cut off from society falling victim to cheaters.
The Chat Bench is a fantastic new project that 35 those of all ages to interact and get to know each other in the future.
16. A. choice B. discovery C. visit D. promise
17. A. experienced B. suffered C. prevented D. felt
18. A. solution B. puzzle C. excuse D. intention
19. A. pleasure B. prize C. credit D. money
20. A. eventually B. frequently C. previously D. occasionally
21. A. ashamed B. shocked C. excited D. amused
22. A. mind B. forgive C. risk D. enjoy
23. A. active B. lonely C. cautious D. stubborn
24. A. learned B. refused C. pretended D. decided
25. A. forced B. ordered C. convinced D. taught
26. A. put away B. make out C. tear apart D. set up
27. A. read B. claimed C. meant D. implied
28. A. formal B. joyful C. awkward D. crazy
29. A. randomly B. slowly C. quickly D. purposefully
30. A. positive B. disappointing C. correct D. embarrassing
31. A. realized B. examined C. discussed D. formed
32. A. break down B. put up C. keep off D. take out
33. A. glance B. attempt C. knock D. attack
34. A. heart-breaking B. risk-taking C. face-saving D. crime-cutting
35. A. forbids B. appoints C. encourages D. troubles
第二部分:阅读理解(共20小题;每小题2. 5分,满分50分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
A
How to Use a Modern Public Library
Has it been a while since your last visit to a public library? If so, you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better. It’s been years since they were dusty little rooms with books. They have transformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge, meet interesting people, or find out how to start a business.
Check out a book. While libraries still loan out(出借)books, you’ll find it easier to get a copy of whatever you’re looking for, thanks to a cooperative network of area libraries. Via such networks, libraries share their books with each other through the use of delivery a vehicles. Once the book you’ve requested is delivered to the nearest branch, they will inform you by e-mail, so you can pick it up.
Check out other items. The library is now a multimedia zone, loaded with information in many formats(载体形式). You can borrow movies on DVDs, music on CDs, and popular magazines. Some libraries even loan out toys and games. If a popular magazine you want isn’t offered and the library keeps a list of such requests, they may bring it in when enough interest is shown.
Join targeted reading groups. Libraries will often hold reading-group sessions targeted to various age groups. Perhaps you’d like to learn a language or improve your English. The library may sponsor a language group you could join. If you have difficulties reading, ask about special reading opportunities. Your library might be able to accommodate you. And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.
Start a business using the help of your local library. If you want to have a business of your own, your local library can become a launch space for it. In library books and computers, you can find information on starting a business. Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about business management shared through chambers of commerce(商会)and government agencies, and they will offer printing, faxing and database services you need.
36. Public libraries connected by a cooperative network benefit readers by______.
A. sharing their books on the Internet
B. giving access to online reading at a library branch
C. sending a needed book to a library branch nearby
D. making the checkout procedures diverse
37. According to Paragraph 3, what items may be checked out from a public library?
A. A magazine and an e-book. B. A game and an oil painting.
C. A music CD and a kid’s toy. D. A DVD and a video player.
38. As is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a half-hour Story Time allows ______.
A. the kid to learn a new language
B. the parent to enjoy quiet reading
C. the kid to overcome reading difficulties
D. the parent to meet their program sponsor
39. Your local library can help you start a business by ______.
A. providing relevant information and supporting services
B. offering professional advice on business management
C. supplying useful information of your potential buyers
D. arranging meetings with government officials
40. What is the purpose of the passage?
A. To point out the importance of public libraries.
B. To encourage people to work in public libraries.
C. To introduce the improved services of public libraries.
D. To call for the modernization of public library systems.
B
“They tell me that you’d like to make a statue(塑像)of me — is that correct, Miss Vinnie Ream?”
The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl. Asking a favor of the President of the United States was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl.
“Yes, sir,” she replied, her dark eyes meeting his. “I wouldn’t have dared to ask you, but my teacher, Mr. Mills, says I am ready. I plan to make it in an admirable manner. ”
President Lincoln smiled. “Painters, sculptors — they’ve all tried to make the best of this ordinary face, but I’m afraid there’s not much hope. What did you have in mind, Miss Ream? A bust(半身像)?”
Before Vinnie could say yes, the President hurried on, a shade of apology in his voice. “Of course — I shouldn’t have asked. A full-length pose would be much too big a project for a young woman your size. ”
Vinnie’s face turned red. She realized she looked like a child, with her tiny figure. “Small does not mean weak, sir,” she defended herself. “I was born in the country of Wisconsin. I’ve driven teams of horses and carried water. Making a full-length clay(粘土)figure would not exhaust my strength — and that is what I intend to do!”
The President’s eyes, brightened at her show of spirit. “Sorry, madam, I have underestimated you as I didn’t know your background. ”
But his smile faded as he rubbed his beard with bony fingers, in thought. “Miss Ream,” he sighed, “I’d like to let you do it, but as you know, we are in the middle of a war. How could I possibly take the time to pose for a sculpture now? I hardly have a minute to myself. ”
Vinnie glanced around and noted the size of his office. “I work quickly,” she said. Her voice was soft but confident as she pointed to the corner near the windows. “If I were to bring my clay here and work for three hours every afternoon, I could complete most of the project while you are at your desk. ”
The President seemed to consider her idea seriously. He got up and shook Vinnie’s hand warmly, “I’ve heard that you are a talented young woman, and I have found you charming and intelligent as well. I cannot make my decision immediately, but you will hear from me soon. ”
The very next day, Vinnie received an invitation from the President.
41. What gave Vinnie confidence to make her request of President Lincoln?
A. Her aggressive personality. B. Mr. Mills’s encouraging remark.
C. President Lincoln’s gentle voice. D. Her interest in a challenging job.
42. How did President Lincoln first respond to Vinnie’s request?
A. Pleased. B. Thrilled. C. Regretful. D. Doubtful.
43. Vinnie confirmed her ability to make a full-length statue by highlighting ______.
A. her experience from other projects B. her innocent childhood in the country
C. the heavy labor she had done before D. the skill she picked up in Wisconsin
44. Vinnie wanted to choose the corner near the windows to ______.
A. achieve effects of natural lighting B. keep all her tools within easy reach
C. observe the President at a right angle D. avoid disturbing the President’s work
45. What message does the story convey?
A. A strong-willed soul can reach his goal. B. Experience helps to promote excellence.
C. Ups and downs make one strong. D. Devotion requires enthusiasm.
C
For people, who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the officer can’t let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let’s say you are at the airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱)a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯)are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, a "spotsound" creates a circle of sound in one targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.
46. What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD?
A. It causes temporary hearing loss. B. It slows down a running man.
C. It makes it easy to identify a suspect. D. It keeps the suspect from hurting others.
47. The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to ________.
A. silence the people around you B. remove the sound of commercials
C. block the incoming sound waves D. stop unwanted sound from affecting you
48. What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share?
A. They travel in circles. B. They clear the atmosphere.
C. They can be transformed into energy. D. They can be directed onto a specific area.
49. Directed sound can be used for ________.
A. creative designs of restaurant menus B. ideal sound effects on the theater stage
C. different choices of music for businesses D. strict control over any suspicious customer
50. What does the passage focus on?
A. How professionals invented sound products. B. Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C. The growing interest in the study of sound. D. How sound engineers work in their studios.
D
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges(驱策力)count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, "Why? Why? Why?"
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
"The great man," said Mencius(孟子), "is he who does not lose his child’s heart. "Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
51. In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________.
A. propose a definition B. make a comparison
C. reach a conclusion D. present an argument
52. What does the example of Galileo tell us?
A. Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.
B. Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C. Creativity results from challenging authority.
D. Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
53. What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?
A. Observe the unknown around you. B. Develop a questioning mind.
C. Lead a life of adventure. D. Follow the fashion.
54. What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A. Gaining success helps you become an expert.
B. The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C. Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D. You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
55. What could be the best title or the passage?
A. Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B. Reflections on Human Nature
C. The Keys to Achievement D. Never Too Late to Learn
第Ⅱ卷
注意事项:
1. 用黑色墨水的钢笔或签字笔将答案写在答题卡上。
2. 本卷共6小题,共35分。
第三部分:写作
第一节:阅读表达(共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分)
阅读短文,按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
As any younger brother will tell you, having a big brother involves a lot of walking in someone else’s shadow, especially when you have a brother who is a typical example of "cool". For years I wanted to do everything my elder brother Tyson did, but no matter how hard I tried, I was always the neglected (被忽略的) one. My legs just weren’t made to run like his. I could never play football or basketball well.
I probably would have continued trying to keep up with him for the rest of my high school career, but when my family moved, everything changed. Tyson left for college, so I had to start at a new school all by myself. This new start gave me an opportunity to redefine myself and discover an entirely new version of "cool".
I don’t know what made me decide to try some new activities at the new school, but one day I chanced to show up for an after-school meeting of the Science Olympiad team. I had always been fascinated with chemistry, biology, and math, but since those interests hadn’t fit. Tyson’s definition of "cool", I had never pursued them. On this day, for some reason, I did.
As we organized teams, prepared resources and practiced answering questions, I felt more connected than I ever had to any sports team. I didn’t feel as though I needed to keep up with anybody else; I was finally with peers who understood me. It was so good to feel accepted for what I’m good at. For the first time in my life, I actually felt cool. Now I know who I am! I’m Tyson’s little brother, but that’s only part of my identity. I’m a cool guy in my own way, too. I’m relieved to know that "cool" has a much broader definition than what I used to think.
56. How do you understand the underlined part in Paragraph 1? (no more than 8 words)
57. What changes offered a new start to the author after his family moved? (no more than 15 words)
58. According to Paragraph 3, what marked the turning point in the author’s growth? (no more than 7 words)
59. What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? (no more than 10 words)
60. What is your example of “cool”? Please explain why. (no more than 20 words)
第二节:书面表达(满分25分)
假设你是晨光中学高三学生李津。你校于6月8日举办了成人礼活动,你的英国朋友Chris很想了解该活动。你于当晚给Chris回一封电子邮件,介绍关情况,内容包括:
(1)成人礼活动内容(成长点滴回顾、观看校友抗疫事迹录像等);
(2)对活动的感受;
(3)对自己未来的展望。
注意:
(1)词数不少于100;
(2)可适当加入细节,使内容充实、行文连贯;
(3)开头已给出,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:
成人礼 the coming-of age ceremony
新冠脑炎 COVID-19
Dear Chris,
I’m so glad to hear from you. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Jin
2020年天津高考英语试卷答案
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. B
11. D 12. A 13. D 14. D 15. B 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. D 20. A
21. B 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. A
31. A 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. C 36. C 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. C
41. B 42. D 43. C 44. D 45. A 46. A 47. D 48. C 49. C 50. B
51. D 52. D 53. B 54. C 55. C
Some possible answers:
56. Receiving less attention than someone else.
Or: Being/Feeling less successful than someone else.
Or: Being/Feeling neglected.
57. That his brother left for college and he changed schools.
Or: Tyson’s leaving for college and the author’s going to/attending a new school.
58. Joining the Science Olympiad team.
Or: That he joined the Science Olympiad team.
Or: Discovering his true interests(in science).
59. (How) the author discovered a broader definition of "cool".
Or: He has discovered his own way to be cool.
Or: He found his own identity.
60. Playing football well is cool because I can show how strong I am.
Or: Playing the piano is cool because it can give me joy.
Or: Helping the poor is cool because it can give them hope and bring me pleasure.
2020年天津高考物理试卷
第Ⅰ卷
注意事项:
1.每题选出答案后,用铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
2.本卷共8题,每题5分,共40分。
一、单项选择题(每小题5分,共25分。每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是正确的)
1.在物理学发展的进程中,人们通过对某些重要物理实验的深入观察和研究,获得正确的理论认识。下列图示的实验中导致发现原子具有核式结构的是
2.北斗问天,国之夙愿。我国北斗三号系统的收官之星是地球静止轨道卫星,其轨道半径约为地球半径的7倍。与近地轨道卫星相比,地球静止轨道卫星
A.周期大 B.线速度大 C.角速度大 D.加速度大
3.新冠肺炎疫情突发,中华儿女风雨同舟、守望相助,筑起了抗击疫情的巍峨长城。志愿者用非接触式体温测量仪,通过人体辐射的红外线测量体温,防控人员用紫外线灯在无人的环境下消杀病毒,为人民健康保驾护航。红外线和紫外线相比较
A.红外线的光子能量比紫外线的大
B.真空中红外线的波长比紫外线的长
C.真空中红外线的传播速度比紫外线的大
D.红外线能发生偏振现象,而紫外线不能
4.一列简谐横波沿x轴正方向传播,周期为T,时的波形如图所示。时
A.质点a速度方向沿y轴负方向
B.质点b沿x轴正方向迁移了1m
C.质点c的加速度为零
D.质点d的位移为-5cm
5.水枪是孩子们喜爱的玩具,常见的气压式水枪储水罐示意如图。从储水罐充气口充入气体,达到一定压强后,关闭充气口。扣动扳机将阀门M打开,水即从枪口喷出。若在水不断喷出的过程中,罐内气体温度始终保持不变,则气体
A.压强变大 B.对外界做功 C.对外界放热 D.分子平均动能变大
二、不定项选择题(每小题5分,共15分。每小题给出的四个选项中,都有多个选项是正确的。全部选对的得5分,选对但不全的得3分,选错或不答的得0分)
6.手机无线充电是比较新颖的充电方式。如图所示,电磁感应式无线充电的原理与变压器类似,通过分别安装在充电基座和接收能量装置上的线圈,利用产生的磁场传递能量。当充电基座上的送电线圈通入正弦式交变电流后,就会在邻近的受电线圈中感应出电流,最终实现为手机电池充电。在充电过程中
A.送电线圈中电流产生的磁场呈周期性变化
B.受电线圈中感应电流产生的磁场恒定不变
C.送电线圈和受电线圈通过互感现象实现能量传递
D.手机和基座无需导线连接,这样传递能量没有损失
7.如图所示,在Oxy平面的第一象限内存在方向垂直纸面向里,磁感应强度大小为B的匀强磁场。一带电粒子从y轴上的M点射入磁场,速度方向与y轴正方向的夹角。粒子经过磁场偏转后在N点(图中未画出)垂直穿过x轴。已知,粒子电荷量为q,质量为m,重力不计。则
A.粒子带负电荷
B.粒子速度大小为
C.粒子在磁场中运动的轨道半径为a
D.N与O点相距
8.复兴号动车在世界上首次实现速度350 km/h自动驾驶功能,成为我国高铁自主创新的又一重大标志性成果。一列质量为m的动车,初速度为,以恒定功率P在平直轨道上运动,经时间t达到该功率下的最大速度,设动车行驶过程所受到的阻力F保持不变。动车在时间t内
A.做匀加速直线运动
B.加速度逐渐减小
C.牵引力的功率
D.牵引力做功
第Ⅱ卷
注意事项:
1.用黑色墨水的钢笔或签字笔将答案写在答题卡上。
2.本卷共4题,共60分。
9.(12分)
(1)某实验小组利用图1所示装置测定平抛运动的初速度。把白纸和复写纸叠放一起固定在竖直木板上,在桌面上固定一个斜面,斜面的底边ab与桌子边缘及木板均平行。每次改变木板和桌边之间的距离,让钢球从斜面顶端同一位置滚下,通过碰撞复写纸,在白纸上记录钢球的落点。
图1
①为了正确完成实验,以下做法必要的是________。
A.实验时应保持桌面水平
B.每次应使钢球从静止开始释放
C.使斜面的底边ab与桌边重合
D.选择对钢球摩擦力尽可能小的斜面
②实验小组每次将木板向远离桌子的方向移动,在白纸上记录了钢球的4个落点,相邻两点之间的距离依次为,示意如图2。重力加速度,钢球平抛的初速度为________m/s。
③图1装置中,木板上悬挂一条铅垂线,其作用是________。
(2)某实验小组选用以下器材测定电池组的电动势和内阻,要求测量结果尽量准确。
电压表 (量程,内阻约为)
电流表 (量程,内阻约为)
滑动变阻器 (,额定电流)
待测电池组 (电动势约为,内阻约为)
开关、导线若干
①该小组连接的实物电路如图所示,经仔细检查,发现电路中有一条导线连接不当,这条导线对应的编号是________。
②改正这条导线的连接后开始实验,闭合开关前,滑动变阻器的滑片P应置于滑动变阻器的________端(填“a”或者“b”)
③实验中发现调节滑动变阻器时,电流表读数变化明显但电压表读数变化不明显。为了解决这个问题,在电池组负极和开关之间串联一个阻值为的电阻,之后该小组得到了几组电压表读数U和对应的电流表读数I,并作出图像,如图所示。根据图像可知,电池组的电动势为________V,内阻为________。(结果均保留两位有效数字)
10.(14分)如图所示,垂直于纸面向里的匀强磁场,磁感应强度B随时间t均匀变化。正方形硬质金属框abcd放置在磁场中,金属框平面与磁场方向垂直,电阻,边长。求
(1)在到时间内,金属框中的感应电动势E;
(2)时,金属框ab边受到的安培力F的大小和方向;
(3)在到时间内,金属框中电流的电功率P。
11.(16分)长为l的轻绳上端固定,下端系着质量为的小球A,处于静止状态。A受到一个水平瞬时冲量后在竖直平面内做圆周运动,恰好能通过圆周轨迹的最高点。当A回到最低点时,质量为的小球B与之迎面正碰,碰后A、B粘在一起,仍做圆周运动,并能通过圆周轨迹的最高点。不计空气阻力,重力加速度为g,求
(1)A受到的水平瞬时冲量I的大小;
(2)碰撞前瞬间B的动能至少多大?
12.(18分)多反射飞行时间质谱仪是一种测量离子质量的新型实验仪器,其基本原理如图所示,从离子源A处飘出的离子初速度不计,经电压为U的匀强电场加速后射入质量分析器。质量分析器由两个反射区和长为l的漂移管(无场区域)构成,开始时反射区1、2均未加电场,当离子第一次进入漂移管时,两反射区开始加上电场强度大小相等、方向相反的匀强电场,其电场强度足够大,使得进入反射区的离子能够反射回漂移管。离子在质量分析器中经多次往复即将进入反射区2时,撤去反射区的电场,离子打在荧光屏B上被探测到,可测得离子从A到B的总飞行时间。设实验所用离子的电荷量均为q,不计离子重力。
(1)求质量为m的离子第一次通过漂移管所用的时间;
(2)反射区加上电场,电场强度大小为E,求离子能进入反射区的最大距离x;
(3)已知质量为的离子总飞行时间为,待测离子的总飞行时间为,两种离子在质量分析器中反射相同次数,求待测离子质量。
2020年天津高考物理试卷答案
1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.AC 7.AD 8.BC
Ⅱ卷共4题,共60分
9.(12分)
(1)①AB ②2 ③方便将木板调整到竖直平面
(2)①5 ②a ③2.9 0.80
10.(14分)
(1)在到的时间内,磁感应强度的变化量,设穿过金属框的磁通量变化量为,有
①
由于磁场均匀变化,金属框中产生的电动势是恒定的,有
②
联立①②式,代入数据,解得
③
(2)设金属框中的电流为I,由闭合电路欧姆定律,有
④
由图可知,时,磁感应强度为,金属框ab边受到的安培力
⑤
联立①②④⑤式,代入数据,解得
⑥
方向垂直于ab向左。 ⑦
(3)在到时间内,金属框中电流的电功率
⑧
联立①②④⑧式,代入数据,解得
⑨
11.(16分)
(1)A恰好能通过圆周轨迹的最高点,此时轻绳的拉力刚好为零,设A在最高点时的速度大小为v,由牛顿第二定律,有
①
A从最低点到最高点的过程中机械能守恒,取轨迹最低点处重力势能为零,设A在最低点的速度大小为,有
②
由动量定理,有
③
联立①②③式,得
④
(2)设两球粘在一起时的速度大小为,A、B粘在一起后恰能通过圆周轨迹的最高点,需满足
⑤
要达到上述条件,碰后两球速度方向必须与碰前B的速度方向相同,以此方向为正方向,设B碰前瞬间的速度大小为,由动量守恒定律,有
⑥
又 ⑦
联立①②⑤⑥⑦式,得碰撞前瞬间B的动能至少为
⑧
12.(18分)
(1)设离子经加速电场加速后的速度大小为v,有
①
离子在漂移管中做匀速直线运动,则
②
联立①②式,得
③
(2)根据动能定理,有
④
得 ⑤
(3)离子在加速电场中运动和反射区电场中每次单向运动均为匀变速直线运动,平均速度大小均相等,设其为,有
⑥
通过⑤式可知,离子在反射区的电场中运动路程是与离子本身无关的,所以不同离子在电场区运动的总路程相等,设为,在无场区的总路程设为,根据题目条件可知,离子在无场区速度大小恒为v,设离子的总飞行时间为。有
⑦
联立①⑥⑦式,得
⑧
可见,离子从A到B的总飞行时间与成正比。由题意可得
可得
⑨
2020年天津高考化学试卷
第I卷
相对原子质量:H 1 O 16 S 32 Co 59 Cu 64 Zn 65 Ba 137
1.在全国人民众志成城抗击新冠病毒期间,使用的“84消毒液”的主要有效成分是
A.NaOH B.NaCl C. NaClO D. Na2CO3
2.晋朝葛洪的《肘后备急方》中记载:“青蒿一握,以水二升渍,绞取汁,尽服之……”,受此启发为人类做出巨大贡献的科学家是
A.屠呦呦 B.钟南山 C.侯德榜 D.张青莲
3.下列说法错误的是
A.淀粉和纤维素均可水解产生葡萄糖
B.油脂的水解反应可用于生产甘油
C.氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本结构单元
D.淀粉、纤维素和油脂均是天然高分子
4.下列离子方程式书写正确的是
A.CaCO3与稀硝酸反应:
B.FeSO4溶液与溴水反应:
C.NaOH溶液与过量H2C2O4溶液反应:
D.C6H5ONa溶液中通入少量CO2:
5.下列实验仪器或装置的选择正确的是
配制50.00 mL
0.1000 mol.L−1
Na2CO3溶液
除去Cl2中的HCl
蒸馏用冷凝管
盛装Na2SiO3溶液的试剂瓶
A
B
C
D
6.检验下列物质所选用的试剂正确的是
待检验物质
所用试剂
A
海水中的碘元素
淀粉溶液
B
SO2气体
澄清石灰水
C
溶液中的Cu2+
氨水
D
溶液中的NH4+
NaOH溶液,湿润的蓝色石蕊试纸
7.常温下,下列有关电解质溶液的说法错误的是
A.相同浓度的 HCOONa和NaF两溶液,前者的pH较大,则
B.相同浓度的CH3COOH和CH3COONa两溶液等体积混合后pH约为4.7,则溶液中
C.FeS溶于稀硫酸,而CuS不溶于稀硫酸,则
D.在溶液中,
8.短周期元素X、Y、Z、W的原子序数依次增大。用表中信息判断下列说法正确的是
最高价 元素
氧化物的水化物
X
Y
Z
W
分子式
H3ZO4
溶液对应的pH(25℃)
1.00
13.00
1.57
0.70
A.元素电负性:Z
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