高中英语2024届高考复习句子成分宾语知识讲解

高考英语句子成分宾语知识讲解一、概述宾语是动作的承受者，所以宾语一般放在及物动词之后，与及物动词一起说明主语做什么。有些不及物动词构成的短语动词也可带宾语。Man will triumph over nature.人定胜天。We must put an end to such a practice.我们必须制止这种做法。有时为了强调或是为了上下文的衔接，宾语也可置于句首。This much we have achieved; but we are not complacent.我们取得了这么多的成就，但我们并不自满。 二、宾语的形式1.单宾语宾语的表示法如下：A.名词作宾语Show your passport, please!请出示护照！B.代词作宾语They didn’t promise him anything definite.他们没有肯定地答应他什么。C.数词作宾语— Which singer do you like best?— I like the second best.— 你最喜欢哪位歌手？— 我最喜欢第二位。D.名词化的形容词作宾语They are going to erect a monument in memory of the dead.他们将树碑纪念死者。E.动名词（短语）作宾语I enjoyed working with you.和你们一道工作我很高兴。F.不定式（短语）作宾语They prefer to live in the countryside.他们宁愿住在农村。G.名词化的分词作宾语He is constantly helping the unemployed.他总是帮助那些失业的人。H.从句作宾语No one knows who will be elected mayor of this city.没有人知道谁会当选为这个城市的市长。注：a.有些宾语与动词同源，这种宾语可以称为同源宾语 (Cognate Objects)。同源宾语通常都带有一个定语，这个定语在概念上常起状语的作用。Liu Hulan died a glorious death.刘胡兰死得光荣。May you dream a sweet dream.愿你做个美梦。She sighed a deep sigh.她深深叹了口气。b.另外有些动词后面可跟宾语，表示某种姿态或表情所表示的东西。When he said these words, they all nodded their agreement.他说了这些话后，他们都点头表示同意。Then, she kissed her kids goodbye.然后，她与孩子们吻别。高中英语19-句子的成分5（宾语2）原创 王哲 与孩子一起成长learningwithkids 2023-08-02 00:00 发表于河北2.双宾语有些动词可以接双宾语，即间接宾语和直接宾语。间接宾语通常由表示人的名词或代词充当，也可由介词to或for引导。接双宾语，间接宾语用to引导的动词有：bring, deny, award, hand, give, offer, send, show, lend, pay, teach, grant, promise等；接双宾语，间接宾语用for引导的动词有：buy, fetch, get, find, make, paint, play, order, reserve, save, spare等。Will you bring me my book? (=Will you bring my book to me?)请把我的书带来好吗？Such an arrangement will save us a lot of trouble.(= Such an arrangement will save a lot of trouble for us.)这样的安排可以省我们很多麻烦。3.复合宾语复合宾语指含有补语的宾语。复合宾语主要有下面几种类型：A.名词（或代词）+不定式这一类复合宾语中的不定式多数带有to，但在make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等动词后的复合宾语中，不定式都不带to。I should prefer you not to change your plan.我倒情愿你们不改变计划。We consider it to be indispensable to our body.我们认为它是我们身体不可缺少的东西。I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.我一接到他的信就通知你。What makes you think so?什么使你这样想的？B.名词（或代词）+分词在see, hear, notice, feel, watch, keep, find, get, have等动词后，常用这一类的复合宾语，分词为现在分词还是过去分词主要根据意思决定。She could feel her heart beating violently.她可以感觉到自己的心跳得很厉害。They found the hall crowded with people.他们发现大厅里挤满了人。C.名词（或代词）+名词这一类复合宾语只是在有限的一些动词后能用，这些动词有：call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint, nominate, think, find, consider, count, leave等。We consider that a downright lie.我们认为这是彻头彻尾的谎言。They nominated Prof.Wang dean of the Chemistry Department.他们任命王老师为化学系主任。D.名词（或代词）+形容词这一类复合宾语也只是在某些动词后能用，如：make, paint, dye, cut, set, keep, drive, find, want, wish, like, imagine, turn, prove, think ,believe, consider, leave等。The least achievement makes him conceited.稍有成绩他就骄傲起来。You’d better get everything ready on time.你最好把一切按时准备好。注：a.有些复合宾语还可由名词加介词短语或副词构成。She considered herself above others.她自以为高人一等。The officer ordered them away.警官命令他们离开了。b.C类和D类复合宾语有时第一部分是一个从句、不定式或是动名词，这时一般要用it作形式宾语，把被代替的从句、不定式或动名词放在句子后面。They found it strange that no one would rescue the injured old man.他们觉得很奇怪，竟然没人营救这位受伤的老人。I felt it my duty to report it to the police.我觉得我有责任把这事报告给警察。They deemed it sheer waste of time arguing about it.他们觉得争论这件事纯粹是浪费时间。4.宾语从句起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句，它可以作及物动词及短语动词的宾语。Everybody knows that money doesn’t grow on trees.谁都知道钱不是树上长出来的。 三、直接引语和间接引语我们引用别人的话时有两种方式，一种是讲述别人的原话，并把它放在引号里，这叫直接引语；另一种是用自己的话来转述别人，并且不能用引号，这就是间接引语。间接引语通常构成一个宾语从句，两种引语都是宾语，都跟在转述动词后面，直接引语和间接引语之间可以互相转换。（1）直接引语注意事项使用直接引语时，要把引语放在“”内，引号内的第一个字母要大写，引号前要加逗号或冒号，引语末尾要加句号、问号或感叹号。The soldier demanded, “Stand still, or we’ll shoot!”士兵命令道：“站住，不然我们就开枪了！”（2）直接引语变间接引语的三点变化A.人称变化 直接引语变为间接引语时，句中的代词要根据主句中的名词或代词变化。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。 She said, “My brother wants to go with me.” 她说：“我弟弟想和我一起去。”→She said her brother wanted to go with her.He said to Kate, “How is your sister now?” 他对凯特说：“你姐姐现在怎么样了？”→He asked Kate how her sister was then.Mr.Smith said, “Jack is a good worker.” 史密斯先生说：“杰克是个好工人。”→Mr.Smith said Jack was a good worker。B.时态变化直接引语变为间接引语时，若主句为过去时态，变为间接引语的宾语从句的时态如下表：直接引语间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时 过去将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时（不变）过去进行时过去进行时（不变）cancouldmaymightmustmust / had to“I like English very much,” he said.他说：“我很喜欢英语。”→He said that he liked English very much.He said, “It will rain soon.”他说：“天很快就会下雨。”→He said that it would rain soon.注：在以下几种情况中，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。a.直接引语是客观真理、名人名言或谚语时，时态不变。The teacher said to us, “Knowledge is power.”老师对我们说：“知识就是力量。”→The teacher told us that knowledge is power.b.直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。He said, “His daughter was born in 1997.”他说：“我的女儿是1997年出生的。”→He said that his daughter was born in 1997.c.直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?” 杰克说：“约翰，我在街上碰见你时你是要去哪啊？”→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。d.直接引语如果是一般现在时，表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语时，时态不变。He said, “I get up at six every morning.” 他说：“每天早晨我六点起床。”→He said he gets up at six every morning。e.如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（如ought to, had better, used to）和已经是过去时的形式时（如could, should, would, might）不再变。Peter said, “You had better come here today.” 皮特说：“你最好今天来这儿。”→Peter said I had better go there that day.C.时间状语、地点状语、指示代词和动词的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，有些时间状语，地点状语，指示代词和动词也要作相应的变动。直接引语间接引语时间状语now 现在then 那时；当时 时间状语today 今天that day 那天时间状语tonight 今晚that night 那天晚上 时间状语this week 本周that week 上周 时间状语yesterday 昨天the day before / the previous day 前一天 时间状语the day before yesterday前天two days before 前两天 时间状语two days ago 两天前two days before 两天前 时间状语last week 上周the week before 前一周时间状语tomorrow 明天the next / following day 第二天 时间状语next week 下周the next / following week 第二个星期 指示代词this 这that 那指示代词these 这些those 那些地点状语here 这里there 那里动词come 来go 去注：直接引语转换成间接引语时的变化应视实际情况而定。假如就在当天转述，today，yesterday，tomorrow等就不需改变；如果在当地转述，here也不必改为there，come也不必改为go。另外，在过去时的转述动词之后，当转述客观真理或是为了表示转述的状态和情况到现在仍是事实时，也经常用一般现在时。　He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”他说：“光的传播速度比声音快多了。”→He said that light travels much faster than sound.（3）各类句子由直接引语变间接引语的方法　A.当直接引语为陈述句时，变为间接引语的方法是：将直接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句，跟在转述的动词之后（that也可以省略）。间接陈述句常由say, know, tell sb., state, think, consider等转述动词引导。 She said, “My sister doesn’t want to come here.” 她说：“我妹妹不愿意来这。”→She said that her sister didn’t want to go there.B.当直接引语为一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，变间接引语的方法是：将直接引语变为由if或whether引导的宾语从句跟在叙述动词之后。“Is everybody here?” The teacher asked.老师问道：“大家都到齐了么？” →The teacher asked if / whether everybody was there.“Do you like playing football or basketball?” he asked.他问我：“你喜欢踢足球还是打篮球？”→He asked me whether I liked playing football or basketball.“You’ve already got well, haven’t you?” she asked.她问我：“你已经痊愈了，是不是？”→She asked whether / if I had already got well.C.当直接引语为特殊疑问句时，变为间接引语时还用原来的疑问词引导宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序），跟在转述之后。She asked, “Where does he live?”她问：“你住在哪里？” →She asked where he lived.D.当直接引语为祈使句时，变为间接引语的方法是使用ask (tell, order, request, beg, urge等) sb.to do sth.这一结构进行转换，若祈使句为否定式则用ask (tell, order, request, beg, urge等) sb.not to do sth.，其中转述动词的选择要根据句子的语气而定。“Get up early tomorrow, Bill.” he said.他说：“比尔，明天早点起床。” →He told Bill to get up early the next day.E.直接引语如果是以“Let’s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动词（或从句）。” He said, “Let’s go to the film.” 他说：“我们去看电影吧。”→He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.F.直接引语如果是感叹句，改为间接引语时，改成用疑问代词what或疑问副词how引导的宾语从句，也可以改为that引导的从句。感叹句以间接引语的形式表示是比较少的。  He said to me, “What a beautiful park it is!”他对我说：“这个花园真漂亮啊！”→ He told me what a beautiful park it was.或 He told me that the park was quite beautiful.